TunoJZ02u51, 2a3emHbZX pe4eBbZX :J-1CaHpoe
JU1JUUI P. WCKAEBA
(IlepMb)AKTyaJibHOCTb paCCMOTpemrn nmorronm ra3eTHbIX )1(8HpOB o6ycJIOBJie Ha Heo6xo,D;I1MOCTblO Teopen1ąecKoro OCMbICJiemrn: Tex H3MeHeHHH, KOTO pb!e KOCHYJIHCb COBpeMeHHOH )l(ypHaJIHCTCKOH npaKTHKH. liccrre,n:oBaTe JISI MH y)l(e 6hIJIH OTMe'-leHbl TaKHe H3MeHeHHH B HeH, KaK yc11rreHHe HHq>OpMaTHBHOro Haąarra, pe3KaH 8KTHBH3a�HH JIH'-IHOCTHOH TeH,n:eH�HH, yTBep)l(,n:eHHe ,n:HarrorH'-IHOCTH KaK q>yH,n:aMeHTaJibHOro Ka'-leCTBa ra3eTHOH pe'-IH H B006�e )l(ypttaJIHCTCKOro TBOp'-leCTBa, - Bee 3TO B nepByIO oąepe,n:b OTp83HJIOCb Ha )l(aHpOBOH nepeCTpOHKe ra3eTbl (Kai1,n:a
1992;
KaKOpHHa1992; Ko)l(HHa, ,[(ycKaeBa,
1993; CorrraHHK
1 996 11 MH . .n:p.). IlpaB,n:a, MHeHHH
yąeHbIX pacxo,n:HTCH B ou.eHKe rny6HHhl 3THX npeo6pa30B8HHH. EcJIHr.J:I. CorrraHHK rOBOpHT JIHlllb O HeKOTOpbIX H3MeHeHHHX CTapOH CHCTeMhl
(HC'-le3HOBeHJ1H O,D:Hl1X 11 o cpopMHpOBaHHH ,n:pyrnx )l(aHpOB)(1 996),
TO J1 . E . Kpoi1ąHK 6onee Ka Terop11ąett : «BMecTe co cTapoi1 c11cTeMoi1 opraHH3aU.HH CMl1 pyxHyrra 11 npe)l(HHH KrraccHq>HKa�HH )l(attpoB».lI
,n:arree: «Ilpe)l(HHH KJiaCCHlpHKa�HH ycrnperra - a 'łTO B3aMeH?»(2000: 1 30).
TeM C8Mb!M aKTyaJibHOCTh nocTaHOBKH npo6rreMbl THnorror1111 ra3eTHbIX )l(aHpOB COBepllleHHO O'łeBH,D:Ha.KaKHe H3MeHeHHH B CHCTeMe )l(aHpOB OTMe'-leHhl HCCJie,n:oBaTeJIHMH? C ra3eTHbIX norroc npe)l(J:I:e Bcero 11cąe3rra nepeJ:I:OBaH cTaTbH, nocKOJibKY npHcy�He ew AHpeKTHBHOCTb, pHTOpH'-IHOCTb, JI03yHroBOCTb, MeHTOpCKHH Jl:HJ];aKTH3M CTaHOBHTCH Tenepb HeyMeCTHbIMH. 3Ha'-IHTeJibHO ocrra6JI5110T CBOH n03H�lfH T8KHe «CHJibHO B03J:I:eHCTBY10�He» )1(8Hpbl, KaK oąepK, cperrbeToH. Ilo 3aMe'-laH1110 E.B. KaKopHHOH, BcrreJ:I:CTBHe o6�ei1 TeHJ:I:eH�HH K «CHH)l(eHHIO» CTHJIH cperrbeTOHHbie npaBHJia nocTpOeHHH TeK CTOB CTaHOBHTCH cnpaBeJ:I:JIHBbIMH s OTHOllleHHH scex TeKCTOB (KaKOpHHa
1 992). B
CBSł3H C nOBbJWem1eM «CTaTyca» OT,nenbHbIX ronoCOB B )Kypttan11CTCKOM o6�eHHI1 WHpOKO pacnpOCTp8HSłlOTCSł )K8Hpbl, B OCHOBe KOTOpbIX ne)KHT ,n11anor: 6ece,na, 3Kcnpecc-11HTepBbIO, 3Kcnpecc-onpocbI, 3KCKTI103HBHbie HHTepBblO. AKTHBJ138U.HSI TII1'-IHOCTHOH TeH,neHU.1111 OTpa3HTIOCb B pacnpo CTpaHeHHH T8KHX )K8HpOB, K8K 3CCe, KOMMeHTap11H, nporHO3, 11cnoBeJJ;b. Yc11neH11e 11H<pOpM8U.HOHHOH <pyHKU.1111 B ra3eTe cnoco6CTBOB8J10 pacnpocTpaHeHHIO )K8HpOB )KypHaJJHCTCKOfO paccne,noBaHHSł, Bepc1111 , CBSł38HHbIX co cneu.11<pl1'łeCKHMI1 cnoco6aMH nony'łeHHSł HH<pOpMau.1111.
B
u.enoM OTMe'łaeTCSł ynpa3,nHeHHe )1(8HpOBb!X neperopo,noK, npOHCXOJJ:HT 38MeTH8Sł 3BOJJlOU.11Sl CHCTeMbl )1(8HpOB: OJJ:HH )1(8Hpbl 11C'łe3aIOT, IlOSlBJJSłlOTCSl HOBbJe, HeKOTOpbie TpaHC<pOpMHPYIOTCSł, B3811MOJJ:eHCTBYIOT 11 CHHTe3Hpy10-TCSł. «)KaHp <pHKCHpyeT CJJ:Bl1fl1 B AYXOBHOH )KJ13HI1 o6�eCTBa J,j MeHSłeTCSł BMeCTe C HeH . 3To ,naeT OCHOB8HJ1Sł YBH,neTb B )1(8Hpax J,j 'łepe3 )1(8Hpbl «,nBH)KeHHe BpeMeHH» (TenJ1SłWHHa1 997: 29)
1.
CnpaBeMHBhIM npe,ncTaBJ1S1eTCS1 cy)K,nett11e A.H.TennHWHHOH o TOM , 'łTO ,nBe B3811MOCBSł38HHbie TeH,neHU.1111 - 8KTHBH8Sł 3BOJ1IOU.11Sł )K8HpOB, C OJJ:HOH CTOpOHbl, 11 CB060JJ:H8Sł KOM6HH8U.HSł np113H8KOB pa3J111'łHbIX )K8HpOB B OAHOM npOI13Be,neHJ111, C ,npyroH, CO3JJ:8J111 npe,nnOCbIJ1KI1 AJJSł nocTpOeHHSł HOBOH Teop1111 )1(8HpOB, T.e. y'łeHHSł, npe,nnonara10�ero Heo6xo,D;HMOCTb 113MeHeHHSł HOpM bl B COOTBeTCTBHH C noCTOSłHHO o6HOBJ1SłIO�eHCSł npaKTHKOH (TaM )Ke:
30).
«CoBpeMeHHOe COCTOSłHHe H3y'łeHHSł <pyHKU.110H8-J1bHblX CTI1J1eH, B 'ł8CTHOCTI1 ny6JJHU.11CTH'łeCKOfO, H8CTOSłTeJ1bHO Tpe6yeT Ha,D;e)KHOfO J111HfBOCTHJ111CTH'łeCKOfO on11caHI1Sł CHCTe M bl )K8HpOB, COCT8BJ1Słl0�11X B COBOKynHOCTH ny6JJHU.11CTH'łeCKI1H CTHJ1b» (,[(pOHSłeBa2000: 1 5 6).
TI03TOMY O,D;Ha 113 8KTY8JJbHblX npo6JJeM CTHJIHCTHKH COBpeMeHHblX CMH - nOHCKH p83HOTTJ18HOBblX penpo,n;yKTHBHbIX <pOpM TeKCTOBOH ,neS1TeJ1bHOCTI1 KaK o6pa3U.OB onTHM8J1bHOfO pe'łeBoro B3811MO,D;eHCTBl1Sł B ny6n11u.11cTI1'łeCKHX TeKCTax. He OTK83blB8SłCb OT Tpa,D;HU.HOHHOH KJ18CCH<pl1K8U.1111 )KypH8J111CTCKHX )1(8HpOB, 11CTTOJ1b3yeMOH npaKTHK8MH, Mbl npeti:naraeM nOCMOTpeTb Ha )K8HpOBYIO cneu.11<p11Ky COU.118JlbHOro op11eHTI1pOB8HI1Sł, ocy�eCTBJ1SłeMoro )KypH8JJHCTI1KOH , C Cp.: M.M. 6axnrn m1can: «B KalKAYIO :moxy 3a,L\alOT TOH onpe.L1eJieHHbIe lKaHpbI» (6axnrn 1 979, 271) ..z:i:.c.
Jh1xaąes, 06pa111a,11 BHHMaHHe Ha TO, '!TO lKaHp- KaTeropHll HCTOp11ąecKal1, YTBeplK,L\aJI: «JlHTeparypHble lKaHpb!. . . noCTORHHO MeHRIOTCll H CMeHRIOTCll. JJ:eno He TOJlbKO B TOM, 'łTO OL\HH lKaHpbl npHXOL\llT Ha CMeHy ApyrHM . . . ,L\eJIO e111e B TOM, 'łTO "MeHRIOJnCR CaMble npuH4unbl 6blOe/leHUR :>ICGHp06, MeHl!IOTCR munbl U xapaKmep lKaHpOB, ux ljJyHK4uu B my U/lU uHy/0 :;noxy" (J111xaąes 1 986: 55).TunOJI02Wl 2a3emHblX petJe8blX :>ICaHp08 Jll1JII-UI P. )],YCKAEBA
Apyroił CTOpOHhI: o60CHOBaTb np!ilHI..VUlhl KJiaCC!ilQ)!ilKaQ!il!il ra3eTHhIX )KaHpOB B acneKTe )];!ila11or11'-JeCKOH TeOp!il!il, paCCMOTpeTb T11nhI !il xapaKTep )KattpoB, onpeAem1eMhie npe,n:JIO)KeHHhIM!il np!ilHQ!ilnaM!il.
ra3eTHhie )KaHphl paccMa-rp!ilBaIOTCSI HaMl1 KaK HOpMaTl1BHble Q)OpMhl AYXOBHOH (Bo3,n:eiłcTBy101..Qe-KoMMYH!ilKaT11BHOH) pe'-IeBoił .n;eSITeJibHOCT!il. IIp!il TaKOM, q>yHKQ!ilOHaJlhHO-CTl1Jl!ilCT!il'-IeCKOM nOHl1MaH!il!il ny6JI!ilQl1CT!ilK!i12 caMhI M 061..Q11M Kp!i1Tep 11eM .l(JISI BbI.l(eJieHl1SI QlYHKQ110HaJibHbIX CTl1JieH CTaHOBSITC.SI OCHOBHhie B!il.l(hl COQ!ilaJibHOH AYXOBHOH AeSITeJibHOCT!il. ,ll;JIH QlYHKQ!ilOHaJihHO-CT!ilJil1CT!il'-IeCKOH KJiaCC!ilQ)!ilKaQ!il!il 6a30Bh!M Q)aKTOpOM SIBJISieTCSI «q>OpMa o6mecTB eHHOro C03HaHl1 SI » , COOTHOCl1TeJibHaSI C COOTBeTCTBYIOI..Qeił eił CQ)epoił ,n:eSITeJlhHOCT!il !il 061..QeH!ilSI (KO)KHHa
1968),
'-!TO « n 0 3 B O JI Sl eT H a M eTl1Th c y I..Q H O CT H hl H n a p a M eTp T 11 n o n o r 11 3 a Q 11 !il MaKpocT1111eił» (Ca1111MOBCK11H2002).
II o EaxT11Hy, «H3bIKOBhie, 111111 Q)YHKQHOHaJibHhie, CTl1Jll1 eCTb He '-ITO !ilHOe, KaK )KaHpOBhie CT!i1Jll1 onpeAe JieHHhIX c</Jep 11enoee11ecKou oeRmenbHOcmu u o6U{eHWl» (EaxrnH2000: 254),
cne,n:oBaTeJihHO, QlYHKQl10HaJihHbIH CTl1Jlb 3a.n;aeT !il )l{aHpOBOe CBOeo6pa3!ile, a !ilMeHHO 061..QyIO ycTaHOBKY 11cnOJih30BaH!ilSI Sl3hIKOBbIX cpe,ll;CTB 11 cnoco6 pe'-leBOH opraHl13aQ!ill1» (ConraHl1K1 978: 7)
.[(Jl.SI OT.l(eJihHhIX )l{aHpOB. ITo:noMy AaJibHeiłnrne KJiaCCl1Q)l1KaQ110HHhie nOApa3AeJieHl1SI pe'-IeBhIX )l{attpoB B.A. Ca11HMOBCK11ił npe.l(JlaraeT npoBOJl:!ilTh Ha octtoBe BHyTpetttteił .l(l1Q)Q)epeHQ!ilaQ!il11 B!il.l(OB .n:yxoBHOH COQ!ilOKYJihTypttoił .n;eHTeJibHOCT!il c y'-IeTOM ee pa3HOBl1.l(HOCTeił 11 neneił. IIo MHeHl1IO 11cc11e,ll;OBaTeJIS1, OCHOBHhie B HAbI ,n:yxoBHOH coQ110KYJihTyptt o ił .n;eHTeJihHOCTl1, BhICTynaIOI..Q!il e 3KCTpaJI!ilHrBHCT!il'-IeCKOH OCHOBOH COOTBeTCTBYIOI..QHX QlYHKQ110HaJibHhIX CT1111eił, .l(OJI)l{Hhl paccMaTp!ilBaTbCSI KaK 11epapx11'-JeCKl1 opraHl130BaHHhie2 TepMHHbl ny611Ul,/UC/11U'łecKUU Cl11lUlb H ny6J1Ul,/UC/11UKa Mbl ynoi-pe6mleM KaK CHHOHHMbl. Cp.:
«B
OCHOBe pa3JIH'-!eHHll TTOHllTHH ny6nHUHCTH'-!eCKHH CTHJ!b - ll3blK ny6nHUHCTHKH nelKHT Y3KOe TTOHHMaHHe CTHJ!ll, npH KOTOpOM OTHOWeHHe Ha3BaHHbIX e)lHHHU OKa3bIBaeTCll CKopee KOJIH'!eCTBeHHbIM, 'leM Ka'!eCTBeHHbIM. Eonee WHpoKal! TpaKTOBKa CTHJlll, npHHHMaJO(Ual! BO BHHMaHHe .usa THna noKaJaTenei-1 (HHTpaJJHHfBHCTH'leCKHX H JKCTpaJJHHfBHCTH'leCKHX. -n.,n:.),
OKa3bIBaeTCll npe.unO'ITHTeJlbHee, TTOCKOJlbKY no3-BOnlleT .ueTaJlbHO xapaKTepH3OBaTb ll3bIKOBbie CYIUHOCTH H TeM caMbIM ycTaHOBHTb H X CXO)lCTBO H OTJIH'!Hll, a TaKlKe cneuH<j>H'leCKOe s H X cocrase» (BeIUHKOBa199 1 : 24).
KpoMe Toro, ny6nHUHCTH'leCKHMH C'IHTaeM KaK HH<j>OpMaUHOHHbie, TaK H aHaJIHTH'!eCKHe TeKCTbl. Cp.: <<,/J;aBHHH cnop llBJJl!eTCll JIH ny6nHUHCTHKOH HOBOCTHal! HH<j>opMaUHll -6eccMblCJleH: i1J06oe C006(UeHHe, ony6nHKOBaHHOe B C M l1, paCC'IHTaHHOe Ha onpe .ueneHHOe socnpHllTHe ay.uHTOpHei1 H Hecymee Ha ce6e ne'!aTb JJH'IHOCTH asTopa, -ny6JJHUHCTH'IHO» (KpOH'IHK2000: 141).
465
30 - Stylistyka ...Cl1CTeMbl '-laCTHbIX )l:eHTenbHOCTeH 11 06pa3y10w;11x 11X Tl1fl0Bb!X )l:eHCTBl1H , ne)l(aw;11x B OCHOBe rpy n n pe '-leBbIX )l(aHpOB 11 OT)l:eflhHbIX )l(aHpOB (Canl1MOBCKl1H 2002). I1ccne.uoBaTenh B CBOl1X BblBO)l:aX on11paeTCH Ha 11)]:eIO
M.M.
EaXTHHa o TeKCTax KaK «11)]:eonor11'-1eCKOM npeJIOMJieHl1H 6hITl1H», B KOTOpbIX o6beKTl1B11pyeTCH 11)]:eonor11'-1eCKOe TBOp'-leCTBO, T.e . .UYXOBHaH C01..J.110KYflbTYPHaH )l:eSITeJibHOCTb KOMMYHl1KaHTOB. I1MeHHO 3Ta 11)]:eSIM . M .
EaxT11Ha SIBJI SieTcsr O.UH11M H3 MeTOAonor11qecK11x np1rnu.11noB <pyHKU.110HaJibHOH CTl1Jil1CTl1Kl1, 113yqa10w;eił n11HrBl1CTl1'-1eCKOe CBOeo6pa311e cou.11aJibHbIX pa3HOBl1)]:HOCTeH pe'-111, COOTHOCl1TeJibHbIX C pa3Hb!Ml1 <popMa Ml1 o6rn;eCTBeHHOro C03HaHl1H, a T3K)l(e - «11)]:eonor11'-1eCKOro» TBOp'-leCTBa (K0)1(11Ha1968; 1 970; 1 993).
I1 cx o.usr 113 CKa3aH H O r o , Cl1CTeMa )l(aHpO Bbl X <p O p M ra3eTHOH ny6n11u.11CTl1Kl1 BblCTynaeT KaK MaTep11aJIH3aU.11H (([,fepapx11'-1eCKl1 opraHl130-BaHHOH Cl1CTeMbl '-13CTHbIX OeRmellbHOCmeu U o6pa3y10U{UX UX muno- 6blX oeucmeuu» B non11T11Ko-11.ueonor11'-lecKoił ccpepe 06rn;ett11sr. I1p11 3TOM Ka)l()l:asr '-laCTHaH )l:eHTeJibHOCTb ocyw.ecTBJISieTCH TeM 11Jil1 11Hb!M cnoco6oM paAH AOCTl1)1(eH11H KaKoił-To KOMMyH11KaT11BHOH u,ellu. Ecn11 pe'-leBOH )l(aHp paccMaTp11 B 3 T b KaK M O ,UeJib p e a n 11 3 a u_ 1111 K O M M Y H l1 K 3 T l1 B H O H u.eneyCTaHOBKl1 (CaJil1MOBCKl1H
2002),
TO T11nonor1110 )l(aHpOBbIX <popM ra3eTHOH ny6Jil11..J.11CTl1Kl1 3aKOHOMepHO npe,ucTaBl1Tb KaK pean113au_1110 B .uaHHOH c<pepe KOMMYHUKamueHblX i,eneu )l(ypHan11cTa.KaK11e )l(e KOMMYHl1K3Tl1BHbie u.eneycTaHOBKl1 SIBJISIIOTCSI Tl1fl0Bb!Ml1 B )l(ypHaJil1CTl1Ke? O6ecne'-1eH11e <pyHK1..J.110H11pOBaHHSI )l(ypHaJil1CTl1Kl1 K3K cneu.11 cp 11 ąecKoro cou.11aJibHoro 11HcT11TyTa npe.unonaraeT n p o<pe cc11ottaflhHOe ocyw.ecTBJieH11e K0MnJieKca pa3Jil1'-1Hb!X B11.U0B .uesrTeJibH0CTl1, B OCHOBe Bhl,UeJieHl1H 3Tl1X Bl1AOB AeHTeJibHOCTl1 - pa3HOB11.UH0CTl1 BbI TT0flHSieMhIX KOMMYHUKQmU6HblX 14eneu. I1y6n11- U.11CTl1'-leCKl1H Tl1TT T B 0 p '-leCTBa H a n p a B JieH Ha B bi n 0 JI H e H 11 e B n e p B y 10 O '-l e pe,Ub non11Tl1K0-l1,Ueonor11ąecKHX 3a_uaq (ropOXOB
1 975;
CKyJieHKO1 986;
I1on11TOJIOrHH,1 993; ITpoxopoB
1998; M11cOH)l(Hl1KOB
2000; CoJIOBbeB
200 l
11 MH. Ap. ) . ITpaBOMepHO np11 aHaJIH3e Q)YHKU.110HaJibHOH np11pOAbl ny6Jil11..J.11CTl1'-leCKOro T11na TBOp'-leCTBa 11CXO,U11Tb 113 noJI0)l(eHl1Sl o TOM, '-ITO «)l(ypHaJIHCTHKa 11 n0Jil1Tl1Ka, npe,ucTaBJIHH co6oił caMOCTOHTeJibHbie SIBJieHMH, 0Ka3bIBalOTCH CBSI3aHHbIMH HCTOpH'-leCKH 11 Q)YHKI..J.110H3JibHO» (KyTeHHHKOB1 999: 6).
BnOJIHe o60CHOB3HHO norrHTHK0-11,UeonorH'-leCKaHTunofl02UJl za3em1-1b1X pe'leBblX :>1Ca1-1poe
Jll1Jll1Sl P. t(YCKAEBAJJ;eS!TeJibHOCTb paccMaTJHrnaeTCSI B <PYHKQHOHaJibHOH CTHJIHCTlifKe B KaY:eCTBe 3KCTPaJIHHrBHCTH'łeCKOH OCHOBbl ny6rrHQHCTH'łeCKOro CTHni.
OTe'łeCTBeHHbIMH nc11xonoraMH noJIHTlif'łeCKaSI JJ;eS!TeJibHOCTb TPaKTyeTCSI KaK c6op, o6pa60TKa H OQeHKa HH!pOpMaQHH, Bbipa6oTKa ynpaBJieH qecKoro, non11T11ąecKoro perneH11S1 11 ero np11MeHeH11e (I1CHxonor11si
1 999:
547).
KaK BHJJ;HM, B 3TOM psi;:J;y BhIJJ;emooTCSI TpH 3Tana: a) c6op HH!pOpMaQHH, 6) ee o6pa60TKa AJISI cpopMHpOBaHHSI MHeHHSI o co6paHHblX cpaKTaX JJ;eHCTBHTeJibHO CTH c QeJiblO B) o6ec n eY:eHHSI y npaBJieHY:eCK0ro, TT0JIHTH'łeCK0ro perneHHSI lif ero npHMeHeHHSI. I1p11ąeM oco6eHHOCTblO np0X0)l(JJ;eHHSI 3TOH JJ;eS!TeJibHOCTH SIBJIS!eTCSI TeCHeHrnasi B3aHM0CBSl3b TPeX YKa3aHHbIX 3TanoB: Ka)l(JJ;hIH npeJJ;rnecrnyIOI..QHH BX0A11T B nocneJJ;yIOI..QHH, 11 nocneJJ;yIOI..Q11H He M0)KeT ocyI..QeCTBJIS!TbCSI 6e3 npeJJ;hIAYI..Ql1X (TaM )Ke). 3Tan c6opa H o6pa60TKH HH!pOpMaQHH y)Ke BKJIIO'łaeT 0QeHKY coo6I..QeHHH no CTeneHl1 11X Ba)KH0CTl1 11 «HHTepeCH0CTH» MS! lJ:HTaTensi, HO rnaBH0e MS! 3Toro 3Tana - nonyąeHHe cBeJJ;eHHH o MHpe. O;:J;HaKo 6onee norrHasi QeHH0CTH0-TT03HaBaTeJibHaSI KOHCTPYKQHH o M11pe HeB03M0�Ha 6e3 cneJJ;yIOI..Qero 3Tana, npeJJ;nonaraIOI..Qero oQeHO'łHbIH aHan113 JJ;eHCTBH TeJibHOCTH, KOTOpb!H ocyI..QeCTBJIS!eTCSI Ha 0CH0Be c6opa 11 o6pa60TKH 11H!pOpMaQHH, T.e. Ha 0CH0Be npeJJ;bIJJ;yI..Qero 3Tana. TpeTHH 3Tan, Bbipa6oTKH ynpaBnettąecKoro pernett11si, y)Ke BKJIIOY:aeT B ce6si 11 c6op H o6pa6oTKY 11H!p OpMaQ1111, 11 ee OQeH0Y:HOe JJ;11arHOCTHp0Batt 11e. ITOHSITHO, 'łT0 Bbipa6oTKa ynpaBnettąecKoro perneHHSI C0CT0HTCSI JlHlllb np11 ycnoBHH C03JJ;aHHSI 11H!pOpMaQ110HHOro nonsi Cl1TyaQHl1 H ero 0QeHKl1.CMM HBJISIIOTcsi 0AHHM H3 KaHanoB, no KoTopoMy oco6bIM o6pa3oM ocyI..QeCTBJIS!łOTCSI Bee TpH CTaJJ;HH TT0Jil1THY:eCKl1X JJ;eHCTBl1H, pe3yJibTaT0M K0T0phIX CTaHOBHTCSI C0Q11aJibHaSI op11eHTaQHSI ayJJ;HT0pHH, cnoco6-CTBYIOI..QaSI Bbipa6oTKe y Hee, C OJJ;HOH CT0p0Hhl, «yMeHl1SI pa3611 paTbCSI B OKpy)l(aJOI..QeH o6CTaHOBKe, nOHl1MaTb 11 0QeHHBaTb C0QHaJibHbie SIBJieHHSI, BbISIBJIS!Tb HX 3Ha'łHMOCTb MS! ce6si H BITl1SIHHe Ha npoTeKaIOI..Q11e npoQeCCbl H, C .u;pyroii CTOp0HbI, B C00TBeTCTBl1H C 3Tl1M onpeJJ;eJIS!Tb CBOe K HHM OTH0WeHHe, Bbipa6aTbIBaTb Qemi 11 HanpaBrreHHSI JJ;eS!TeITbH0CTH (ITpoxopoB
1998: 5 1 ).
He cnyąaHHO 06bilJ:HO roB0pS!T o ABYX HanpaBJieHl1SIX B C0QHaITbH0M op11eHTl1p0BaHHl1 - )KypHaJIHCTbI, CTPeMS!Cb opHeHTHp0BaTb B M11pe C06bITHH H JIIO,D;eH, CHaY:ana co611pa10T CBeJJ;eHHSI 06 3Tl1X co6bITHSIX 113 Cp. TilK)l(e KBanmj>11Kau1110 ny6m!UHCTH'łeCKHX TeKCTOB B 3apy6e)l(HQH JIHHfBHCTHKe KaK .!IBJieHHH nOJIHTH'łeCKOfO ,!lHCKypca.
JilO,Z:VIX, B Hl1X y'iaCTBYIOI.1J.11X, 11 C006I.1J.aIOT 06 3T0M ay,n11Top1111, 3aTeM, ou,eH11Ball 11 attan11311pyll C06bJTl1ll 11 ,nel!TenbH0CTb nro,ndi, «,n11arH0-CT11py10T» ,neiłcTB11TenhHOCTb. OcyI.1J.eCTBnJ1.si npo6neMHhIH attan113 11 Bb1pa-6aTb1BaR ynpaBneH'ieCK0e pewemrn, 0HH opHeHTHPYlOT ay,nHT0pmo Ha ,neiłcTB11R B onpe,neneHH0M HanpaBneH11H (f'pywHH
1979;
ITpoxopoB1998).
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OpHeHTHpOBaHHe B OKpy)l(aJOI.1J.eH o6CTaHOBKe np0HCX0,UHT 6naro,nap51 penpe3eHTau,1111 B )l(ypttan11CTHKe ,nHarttocT11py10I.1J.ero :nana cou,11anbttoro op11eHTl1p0BaHHll, 1..1,enb K0T0poro - «0TTHCaH11e HeTTOBTOpHMOH, CTHXl1HHOH nornKH noBce,nHeBH0CTH» (ConOBbeB
2001 : 435).
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TunOR02UR 2a3emHblX pe'łeBblX :HCaHpOB Jll1Jll151 P. ,llYCKAEBA
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E.A.
fpyw11Ha, npO.sIBJI.sieTC.sI B ,n;ayx H n o c Ta c .sr x : OTp a )K aIO �e ił ( M o,n;eJI 11 p y 10 �e ił , o n HC bI B a IO � e ił , cpHKCHpyro�eił) H ynpaBJIS!IO�eił (nanpaBJieHHOH Ha npeo6pa30BaHHe 3TOH .n;eHCTBHTeJibHOCTH)( 1 979: 3-5).
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2002: 1 82),
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2.
OueHO'IHblC lK3HPbl6 Bee Ha3BaHHll lKaHpaM 6blJIH ,11.aHbl no TOH ,1J.OMHHHpy10meił KOMMYHHKaTHBHOH ueneyCTaHOBKe B3aHMO,UeHCTBHll aBTOpa H 1.JHTaTeJill, KOTopal! onpe,11.enlleT cj>opMHpoBaHHe lKaHpa, no3TOMY 6bIJIH npe,11.JIOlKeHbl, HanpHMep, TaKHe Ha3BaHHll, KaK «Xo,11. co6bITHH», «TipocrpaHCTBO ,ueiłCTBHH», «TipH'IHHbl co6bITHll» H T.,U. Mbl nown11 no TaKOMY nyrH, on11pal!Cb Ha TPa.11.HUHIO, CJIOlKHBWYIOCll B JIHHfBHCTH'leCKOM lKaHpose,11.emm, r.11.e ,ueneHHe lKaHpOB ocymeCTBJilleTCll Ha OCHOBe Be,11.ymeił KOMMYHHKaTHBHOH ueneycraHOBKH . .[(aHHal! TPa.11.HUHll yCTOH'IHBa, ylKe He0,11.HOKpaTHO anpo611poBaHa. B LJaCTHOCTH, B OTHOWeHHH pa3fOBOpHOH pe'IH no HJIJIOKYTHBHOH uen11 Bbl,11.eJilllOTCll lKaHpbl npHBeTCTBHll, 6naro,uapHOCTH, H3BHHeHHll, KOMilJIHMeHTa, COBeTa, wyrKH H T.,11.. B pe3yJibTaTe npo ee,11.eHHOro HaMH 11ccne.11.osaHH l1 6blJIH BblllBJieHbl THnOBble HJIJIOKyrHBHble ueneyCTaHOBKH' 3Ha'IHMbie,1J.Jll! ra3eTHo-ny6JIHUHCTH'leCKOro CTHJill, H Ha 3TOH OCH O Be 6bIJIH ,UaHbl Ha3BaHHll Bbl,11.eJieHHblM petJeBbIM lKaHpaM. B pa6oTe 6bIJI c.11.enaH nepBbIH 3Tan - lKaHpbl o6H apylKeHbl, on11caHbl. .[(yMaeTCll, 1.JTO, KOr,11.a nocne,uy10m11e HCCJie,UOBaTeJibCKHe 3a,11.atJH nOTPe6y10T KOppeKTHpOBKH Ha3BaHHH on11caHHbIX lKaHpOB, 3Ta pa6oTa 6y,ueT B .11.an bHeiłweM ocymeCTBJil!TbCll.
fpynnLI lK3Hp0B OueHKa )lHHaMHKH OuenKa CTaTHKH OueHKa BblCKa3bJBaHHił 3. Ilo6v.UHTe./lbHble lK3HDbl CTuMynupoaattue npaKTH'leCKoił aKTHBH0CTH CrnMynupoaattue Bb16opa CrnMynupoaattue KoppeKuuu .ueiłCTauił
TunOJI02UR zaJemHblX petteBblX J1Ca1ipOB
JJHJJHR P. ,llYCKAEBA HaJuaqeuue
«OueHKa H nporH03 o6weCTBeHHLIX H3MeHeHHił»; «OueHKa nocne.uoaaTeJlbH0CTH o6weCTBeHHbIX
H3Metteuuił»
«OuettKa llBJleHHJI»; «OuenKa C0CT0JIHHJI .uen» «OuettKa 'IVlKHX BblCKaJbIBaHHH»
«Onpe.ueneuue ueneił u 3a.uaq o6wecTBeHHoił ,!leli-TeJlbH0CTH»; «npeMOlKeHHe cnoco6oB peweHHJI npo6neMb1»; «O6ocuoaattue nporpaMMbI
,!leHCTBHH»
«no6YlK.Uettue K Bb16opy aapuaHTa pewettull o6w-ecTBeHHOH npo6neMbI»; «no6ylK.UeHHe K BbI6opy aaouattTa nooroaMMbI .ueiłCTBHił»
«n o6ylK.UeHHe K KoppeKUHH npe.unpHHllTblX .ueił-CTBHił»; «no6ylK,!leHue K K0ppeKUHH tteaepttoił
M0,!leJlH vnoaaneH'leCKOH ,!leJ!TeJlbH0CTH»
TaK11M o6paJOM, HaMM npe,nrraraeTCH TPeXtIJieHHaH KJiaccmpMKaU.11H )l(aHpOB ra3eTHOH ny6JI11U.MCT11KM Ha OCHOBe Tex TBOptieCK11X u.erreycTaHOBOK B3aMMO}].eHCTBl1H )l(ypHanMCTa M a.u.pecaTa, KOTOpbie cpopMMPYIOTCH B npou.ecce ocyILI.eCTBJIHeMoro )l(ypHaJI11CTl1KOH co u.11aJibHOro OpMeHTl1- posaHMH. BbIJ].eJi e H H bi e u.erreycTaHOB Kl1 B bI CTyn alOT H e M 3 O JI11 p O B aH H O , a B3al1MOJ].eHCTBYIOT .u.pyr C .u.pyroM 11 npeJ].CTaBJIHIDT Cl1CTeMy, B KOTOpOH peantt3yeTCSI COU.MaJibHOe opMeHT11pOBaHMe B )l(ypHaJIMCTl1Ke. )KaHpbl raJeTHOH peą11 pa3JIM'łaIOTCH CTPYKTYPHbIMM pa3HOBl1}].HOCTHMM, nocKOJibKY TOT MJIM 11HOH aBTOpCKl1H 3aMbICeJI pean113yeTCH B pa3Hb!X cpopMax - MOHOJIOfl1'łeCKOH, }].11aJIOrnąecKOH, Me)l(TeKCTOBOH, r.u.e penJIMKl1 U.MKJIOB, opraHl13YIOILI.11X )l(aHp, npe.u.crasrreHbl no-paJHOMy.
B
)l(attpe, MOHOJIOrM'łeCKOM no cpopMe, OCHOBHaH 'łaCTb U.11KJIOB O}].HOKOMnOHeHTHaH, T.K. BTOpaH penJIMKa He 3Kcnrr11u.11pyeTCH, a Jll1illb Y'łl1TbJBaeTCSI, no.u.pa3yMeBaeTCH.B
co 6CTBeHHO .u.11anor11'łeCK OH CTpyKType )l(aHpa pa3Hble penJil1Kl1 np11Ha}].J1e)l(aT pa3Hb! M JI11U.aM.B
Me)l(TeKCTOBOM Bap11aHTe )l(aHpa penJil1KM U.11KJIOB npe.u.CTaBrreHbl OT}].eJibHbIMM TeKCTaM11, H O , 06be}].11HeHHbie u.erreycTaHOBKOH, OHl1, TeM He MeHee, COCTaBJIHIDT )l(aHpOBYJO u.errOCTHOCTb. ,[(11cpcpepeHu.11au.11H ra3eTHbIX pe'łeBbIX )l(aHpOB ocyILI.eCTBJISleTCH Ha e}].11HOM OCHOBaHl111, no JJ.BYM HanpasrreHl1HM: «no sepTMKaJIM», Kor.u.a )l(aHpbI .u.errHTCH Ha rpynnhI, 11 no «rop113OHTarrm>, Kor.u.a)KaHpbl ,neJUITCSI BHYTpl1 rpyrm. Ka)K,łl:b!M 113 BhIAeJieHHbIX HaMl1 BTOpW-IHbIX )KaHpOB npe,nCTaBJieH 60JibWl1M 'łl1CJIOM pa3HOB11AHOCTeH. Bee 11ccne,noBaTeJI11 B 06rraCT11 Jil1HrBl1CTl1'łeCKOro )KaHpOBe,neHl1SI OTMe'łaIOT OTCYTCTBl1e 'łeTKl1X rpaHl1L( Me)K.ny )KaHpaMH (CM., B 'łaCTHOCTH, pa60TbI: EapaHOB
1993;
<l>e,noclOK1997;
lllMeJieBa1 997
11 MH . .np.), TeM 6onee 3TO np11cyl.L(e )KypHaJIHCTCKOMY TBOp'łeCTBy, xapaKTepHOM oco6eHHOCTblO KOTOporo SIBJUI- eTCSI nepermeTeH11e CTepeOTHnHoro 11 TBOp'łeCKoro. Bcne,nCTBHe 'łaCTOM noBTOpS!eMOCTH KOMMYHHKaTHBHbIX ,neMCTBl111 B )KypHaJil1CTHKe TBOp'łeCKl1e HaXOAK11 6bICTpO nepeXOASIT B pa3pS!A CTepeOTHTTHblX KOMMYHl1KaTl1BHbIX ,neHCTBl111, B pe3yJTbTaTe ąero B 3TOM CTHJie CKJI8AbJBaeTCSI O'-łeHb CJI0)KH8SI )KaHpOBaSI Cl1CTeMa.,Ae11CTB11TeJibHO, np11 peaJIH38L(Im Ji!HAHBHAYaJibHOro aBTOpCKOro 3aMbICJTa o6pa3ylOTCSI KJTaCCbl TeKCTOB, B KOTOpbIX Ha6JTJO,naeTCSI nepece- 'łeHHe, HaCJIOeH11e )KaHpOB mrn cy6)KaHpOBbIX l.(11KJIOB OAHOH rpynnhI, TaK11e )KaHpOBhie MO,nerr11 Ha3hIBaIOTCSI r11nep)KaHpaMl1. I1p11 nepece'łeHl111 pa3Hb!X )KaHpOBblX rpynn npoHCXOA11T Ka'łeCTBeHHaSI nepecTpOHKa )KaHpOB :
BTOp11'łHbll1 )KaHp (Hanp11Mep, HHQ)OpMal(HOHHbIH) BXOAHT B COCTaB 6onee CJIO)KHOro (Hanp11Mep, OL(eHO'łHOro ), npeo6pa3ySICb B HeM. Hanp11Mep, Allil pearr113al(HH 6orree CJTO)KHOH L(erreyCTaHOBKJil 113MeHSleTCSI MOAaJlbHOCTb )KaHpa (113 11HQ)OpMal.(110HHOl1 OHa CTaHOBHTCSI OL(eHO'łHOH), )KaHpOBa51 cxeMa o6oral.L(aeTc51 aHarr11T11'łecK011 paMKOH. BoT noąeMy pa3Jil1'łeH o6beM )KaHpOBOH MOAeJIH: OHa MO)KeT HMeTb CTaTyc L(eJioro TeKCTa, MO)KeT, 6y,ny'łH cy6)KaHpOM, cpyHKL(l10HHpOBaTb KaK 'łaCTb r11nep)KaHpa. KpoMe Toro, )KaHpOBaSI cxeMa MO)KeT aKTYaJIH3HpOBaTbC51 B MaKPOAHaJTOrl1'łHOCTl1, Kor.na penJIHKl1 XOTSI 6hI OAHOro 113 l.(11KJIOB pa3BepHyTbl B pa3Hb!X TeKCTax; B Henocpe,nCTBeHHOH AHaJTOrl1'łHOCTl1, Kor.na l1HTepnper11pyeT He )KypHaJT11CT, a ,npyroe Jil1L(O, 11, HaKOHel(, MO)KeT 6hITb nepe,naHa BO BHyTpeHHeił ,n11arrorH'łHOCTl1, Kor.na 11HTepnpeTal.(11SI ocyl.L(eCTBJISleTC51 OAH11M Jll1L(OM -)KypHaJil1CTOM. TaKl1M o6pa30M, XOTSI 6e3 )KaHpOBbIX CTepeOTl1TTOB TBOp'łeCTBO
7
TO)Ke HeB03MO)KH0 , caMa )Ke TBOp'łeCKaSI )KypHaJil1CTCKa51 ,nesiTeJTbHOCTb, KOHe'łHO, ropa3AO 6oraqe CTepeOTl1TTOB.
7 Cp. c BblCKaJb!BaHHllMH M.M.liaXTHHa: <<Mbl fOBOpHM TOilbKO onpe.neneHHblMH pe'ieBblMH lKaHpaMH» (
1979, 257);
«Ecn11 6b! pe'łeBblX lKaHpOB He Cyll-leCTBOBano 11 Mbl He Bna.nen11 6b! HMH, ecn11 6b1 HaM np11xo.n11nocb 11x coJ,naBaTb BnepBbie B npouecce pe'iH, cBo6o.nHo 11 Bne pBbie CTpOHTb KaJK,noe Bb!CKaJblBaHHe, pe<ieBoe 061l-leHHe 6b1no 6b! HeBOJMOlKHO»(1 979,
258).
Tunofl02Wl 2a3em1-tblX pe'łeBblX J1Ca1-tpoB
JlHJlWI P . .LIYCKAEBA
B CTaTbe 6 blna npe.nno)l( eHa KnaC CHQH!Kal.(H51 )l(aHpOB r a 3 eTH O H ny6nHI.(HCTHKH H a OCHOBe Tex nm@Bb!X TBOp'-IeCKHX I.(eneycTaHOBOK, KOTO pble cpop MHPYJOTC51 B npol.(ecce ocyl..I.(eCTBn51eMoro )l(ypHanHCTHKOH8 COI.(HanbHOro opHeHTHpOBaHHH. BbI,neneHHbie )Ka Hpoo6pa3yJO I..I.(He I.(eneycTaHOBKH B3aHMo,neHCTBYJOT .npyr C ,npyroM H npe,ncTaBil51lOT CHCTeMy, B KOTOpOH peanH3yeTC51 COI.(HanbHOe opHeHTHpOBaHHe B )l(ypttanHCTHKe. IlpH'-IeM Ka)K_na51 I.(eneycTaHOBKa KOppeKTHpyeTCH )l(aHpOBOH rHnOTe30H a.npecaTa H Bonnol..I.(aeTC51 BO B3aHMO,neHCTBHH C HeH - B 3TOM npo51Bn51eTCH .n:1-rnnorH1.JecKa51 npHpo,na )l(attpoBbIX Mo,neneH .
. KaKHM o6pa30M COOTHOCHTC51 npe,ncTaBneHHa51 B CTaTbe THnonorH51 C Tpa,nHI.(H O H H O H K n a c c H q> HK a l.( H e H )l( y p H a n H C T CKHX )l( a H p o B ? Ilpe,nCTaBnHeTc51 o6o cHoB aHHhI M YTBep)l(.n;eHHe, BbI CKa3aHHOe
A.H.
TennHUJHHOH o TOM, '-ITO «KnaccHq>HKal.(HH )l(aHpOB MoryT 6hITb pa3HbIMH, nocTpOeHHbIMH Ha pa3HbIX MeTo,nonorH'-IeCKHX OCHOBaHHHX»( 1 997).
B CTaTbe H onHCaHa .n:pyraH THnonorH51 )l(aHpOB, KaK B03MO)l(Hb!H BapHaHT HX CHCTeMaTH3al.(HH. KnaccHq>HKal.(H51 ITO3BOIT51eT YBH,neTb )l(aHpoo6pa3yJOI..I.(yJO cpyHKI.(HJO AHano rH'-I H O CTH B )l(ypH anHCTHKe. )l{aHpoBaH CHCTe M a , noCTpOeHHaH C y'-IeTOM cpyH,naMeHTanbHOro Ka'-IeCTBa )l(yp HanHCTCKHX TeKCTOB , 6onee pa3B epHyTO H CHCTeMHO npe.n;cTaBn51eT TeXHOnorHJO nocTpoeHH51 )l(ypHanHCTCKOro TeKCTa BO B 3aHM OAeMCTBHH aBTOpa H a.n:pecaTa, OHa noKa3bIBaeT, KaKHMH npHeMaMH H cnoco6aMH BbICTpaHBaeTCH yKa3aHHOe B3aHMO,neHCTBHe B pa3Hb!X )l(aHpax.YB513aTb npe,nnaraeMyJO B CTaTbe Knaccmf>HKal.(HJO pe'-IeBbIX )l(aHpOB ny6nHI.(HCTHKH c OTHOCHTenbHO npOTHBOpe'-IHBOH, HO ecTeCTBeHHO H ,naBHO CITO)l(HBUieHCH Tpa,nHI.(HOHHOH KnaccmjmKal.(HeH )KaHpOB-TeKCTOTHnOB He Bcer.n:a BO3MO)1(HO, nO CKOITbKY HaUJa THnonorH51 noCTpoeHa Ha e,nHHOM OCHOB aHHH, Tpa,nHI.(HOHHa51 )l(e CHCTe M a )l( a HpOB B bI CTp aHB an a C b noCTeneHHO, no Mepe OCO3HaHH51 KaKHX-TO 3Ha'-IHMbIX M H )l(ypHanHCTHKH Tex HnH HHblX )l(aHpOBbIX '-IepT (B Tpa,nHI.(HOHHOM Knaccmf>HKal.(HH B OCHOBY nono)l(eHbl pa3 H bl e npHH I.(HITbI). BbI51BneH Hbie HaMH )l(aHpbl M oryT COOTHOCHTbCH C KaKHMH-TO H3 Tpa,nHI.(HOHHOH CHCTeMbl (HanpHMep, 3aMeTKOM), a MoryT TeKCTbl, OTHOC511..I.(HeC51 K O,nHOMY H TOMY )l(e Knaccy B Tpa,nHI.(HOHHOH KnaccHcp11Kal.(HH, HanpHMep HHTepBbJO, CTaTbH, OKa3aTbC51 B HaUJeM CHCTeMe pa3Hb1MH )l(aHpaMH.
8 Iionee no,npo6Ho 06 3T0M CM.: jJUG.IIOZU'łeCKQJI npupooa 2a1emHblX pe'łe6b/X :J/CaHp06, TTepMb
2004. - 276
C.ITo MHeHHIO
