Central European Review of Economics & Finance Vol. 17, No. 1(2017), pp. 5–32
Tadeusz Sporek1
RISING SIGNIFICANCE OF GLOBALIZATION IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Globalization should be treated as a process of spreading, in the world scale, the connections which are typical for the local economic conditions. This phenomenon is associated with the creation of transnational culture and progressively deepening network of social interactions. The mass exchange of people, commodities, services and capitol on the global scale is carried out through modern means of communication and transport technologies. This process includes also long-distance migration of SHRSOH7KHJOREDOL]DWLRQFDQPHDQERWKSRWHQWLDOSURÀWVDQGQHZFKDQFHVEXWRQWKHRWKHUKDQGLW
can cause serious threats and huge challenges. A direction of its development and prevention from LWVQHJDWLYHUHVXOWVGHSHQGVRQSRVVLELOLWLHVWRLQÁXHQFHWKLVSURFHVVE\SDUWLFXODUFRXQWULHVDQG
grouping, including societies. It is obvious, that the present shape of the globalization bears injus- tice, increases inequalities and threats, so is must be corrected to a common favour.
-(/&ODVVLÀFDWLRQ&RGHV F6, F60, F62, F340.
Keywords: globalization, world economy, trade turnover, foreign direct investment, mergers and takeovers.
Introduction
0RGHUQLQWHUQDWLRQDOUHODWLRQVDUHFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\DELJVWLPXODWLRQRI
HFRQRPLFDQGSROLWLFDOFRRSHUDWLRQSURFHVVHV7KHLUGHYHORSLQJVWDUWHGDI- ter the cold war ended. Collapse of the double pole system enabled many countries to join a creation a new structure of international relations, by ULVLQJGHPRFUDWL]DWLRQEULQJLQJDUHIRUPWRRSHQQDWLRQDOHFRQRPLHVWUDGH
13URIHVVRURI(FRQRPLFV'HSDUWDPHQWRI,QWHUQDWLRQDO(FRQRPLFV8QLYHUVLW\RI(FRQRPLFV
in Katowice, Poland.
OLEHUDOL]DWLRQDQGDÁRZRISURGXFWLRQIDFWRUVLQÁXHQFLQJWKHLUUHLQWHJUDWLRQ
with the world economy.
*OREDOHFRQRP\LVDQHFRQRPLFV\VWHPDQHZRUJDQLVPLQZKLFKWKHUH
DUHJOREDOUHODWLRQVWRDFWDQGOHDGHFRQRPLFDFWLYLW\FRPPXQLFDWHDQG
WUDQVIHULQWKHZKROHJOREH 2]LHZLF]S ,WLVQRWDQRWLRQHTXLYD- OHQWWRWKHZRUOGHFRQRP\/LNHDWUDGLWLRQDOZRUOGHFRQRP\ZDVDSURJHQLWRU
of the present economy, the modern world economy creates basis to the JOREDOHFRQRP\
7KHZRUOGHFRQRP\EHFRPHVWKHJOREDOHFRQRP\E\PHUJLQJQDWLRQDO
HFRQRPLHVLQWRRQHRUJDQLVP0RUHDQGPRUHVXEMHFWVDFWLQWKHJOREDO
DUHQDFUHDWLQJELJJHUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHP$WWKHWLPHDGRPLQDWLYHUROH
in development of economic relations don’t have national countries, but over national institutions and structures. A dominative role of industry in the world HFRQRP\LVUHSODFHGE\HFRQRP\EDVHGRQNQRZOHGJH
$V\VWHPRIWKHJOREDOHFRQRP\LVUHDOL]HGE\PDQ\FKDQJHVERWKLQHFRQ- RP\DQGLQRWKHUEUDQFKHV7KHUHDUHUHIRUPVRSHQLQJ$VLDQFRXQWULHVHV- SHFLDOO\&KLQDDQG,QGLDMRLQLQJHFRQRPLHVRI0LGGOH(DVW(XURSHLQWRWKH
ZRUOGHFRQRP\VLJQLÀFDQWIDOORIWUDQVSRUWFRVWPXOWLODWHUDOOLEHUDOL]DWLRQRI
WUDGHGHUHJXODWLRQRIWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQPDUNHWVDIDVWSURJUHVVLQLQIRU- PDWLFVDQGWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ 6SRUHN.R]DNS²
1. Globalization’s characteristics
%\WKHODWHVWVWDWLVWLFVRI,QWHUQDWLRQDO0RQHWDU\)XQGLQ86
VWUHQJWKHQHGLWVGRPLQDWLYHSRVLWLRQLQJURVVGRPHVWLFSURGXFWUHDFKLQJDQ
DPRXQWRIELOOLRQ86'DQG&KLQDJRWVHFRQGSRVLWLRQZLWK ELOOLRQ
86'VLQFHRYHUWDNLQJ-DSDQ²ELOOLRQ86'DQG*HUPDQ\²ELO- OLRQ86'
7KHIXOOSLFWXUHRIFRXQWULHVZLWKWKHLUJURVVGRPHVWLFSURGXFWLQ
SUHVHQWVWDEOH
$JURZLQJQXPEHURIPHPEHULQWKH:RUOG7UDGH2UJDQL]DWLRQVKRZVDQ
LQFUHDVHRIPHDQLQJRILQWHUQDWLRQDOVROXWLRQFRQFHUQLQJWUDGHDQGLQWHUHVW
ELJJHUQXPEHURIFRXQWULHVLQUXOHVRI:72LQHFRQRPLFUHODWLRQV$QXPEHU
RIWUDGHDJUHHPHQWVDQGHFRQRPLFJURXSUHJLVWHUHGLQ:72WLOO-DQXDU\
DQXPEHURIUHJLRQDOWUDGHDJUHHPHQWVURVHRYHU 6SRUHN
S ²
%\$*ZLD]GDWKHJOREDOHFRQRP\PHDQLQJWKHHFRQRP\ZKLFKZRUNLQ
WKHZKROHSODQHWZKHUHJRWWRDWRWDOLQWHUQDWLRQDOL]DWLRQRIGLIIHUHQWSURGXF- tion factors, in a result of many various political, market and cost, is already
DIDFW,WKDSSHQHGWKDQNVWRSULYDWHÀUPVHVSHFLDOO\RYHUQDWLRQDOFRUSRUD- tions. (Gwiazda, 2000).
Table 1. Gross domestic product of the biggest world economics in 2014 (billion USD)
USA
China
Japan 5.228
Germany 3.747
)UDQFH 2.862
*UHDW%ULWDLQ 2.627
Russia
%UD]LO
Italy
Canada
India
Australia
Mexico
Spain
South Korea
Indonesia 863
Turkey
Holland 830
Saudi Arabia 747
Switzerland 672
Sweden 579
Poland 544
%HOJLXP 528
Norway 527
Taiwan
$UJHQWLQD 497
Austria 440
Colombia 389
Venezuela 377
Republic of South Africa
Source:,QWHUQDWLRQDO0RQHWDU\)XQG²:RUOG(FRQRPLF2XWORRNYDOXHLQSUHVHQWSULFHV
+RZHYHUZHFDQSROHPLFL]HLIWKHJOREDOHFRQRP\DVDV\VWHPIXOO\LQWH- JUDWHGZRUNVDOUHDG\WRGD\
%\:6]\PDĽVNLVWLOOH[LVWLQJFXVWRPVSROLWLFDOEDUULHUVDQGLQIUDVWUXFWXU- al differences, as well as differences in economic politics between countries, VWLOOPDNHLPSRVVLEOHWRJHWWRDSRLQWZKHUHHYHU\WKLQJFRXOGEHPDQXIDF- WXUHGLQDQ\SODFHLQWKHZRUOG 6]\PDĽVNL 0F.LQV\*OREDO,QVWLWXWH
ZKLFKGHDOVZLWKUHVHDUFKLQJWKHJOREDOHFRQRP\LQLWVGRFXPHQWFRQWDLQ- LQJFRQFOXVLRQVLQWHQ\HDUV·REVHUYDWLRQDQGSUHVHQWHGDQDQQXDOVXP- PLWLQ'DYRVFODLPVWKDWWKHUHDOJOREDOHFRQRP\KDVQ·WEHJXQ\HW(YHQ
LIVRPHPDUNHWVHVSHFLDOO\FDSLWDORQHVDUHJHWWLQJFORVHWRWKHIXOOJOREDO
LQWHJUDWLRQZKDWDSSHDUVE\IXQFWLRQLQJRIWKHVDPHLQWHUQDWLRQDOODZRWKHU
PDUNHWVDUHUDWKHUPDUNHWVDUHUDWKHUVKXWRULQLQGLUHFWVWDJH,QWKH0*,
RSLQLRQJRRGVPDUNHWVIRULQVWDQFHDUHFRXQWHGWRWKHODVWFDWHJRU\EHLQJ
EHWZHHQORFDORQHVDQGWKHJOREDOPDUNHW:KHUHDVODERXUDUHWKHOHDVW
GHYHORSHGVRVWLOOÀUVWRIDOOORFDORQHV0*,GHSHQGVJHWWLQJWRWKHJOREDO
HFRQRP\RQIXQFWLRQLQJDFHUWDLQG\QDPLFV\VWHPRIPXWXDOUHODWLRQVLQ
VHFWRUVDQGPDUNHWVLQWKHJOREDOVFDOHOHYHO,WSRLQWVWKDWWKHSURFHVVRI
JHWWLQJWRWKHJOREDOHFRQRP\ZLOOWDNHGHFDGHVDQGGLVDSSHDUVRQO\ZKHQ
WKHPRVWSURGXFWLRQZLOOJRWRWKHJOREDOPDUNHW0*,VHHVKXJHSRVVLELOLWLHV
WRDFFHOHUDWHWKHSURFHVVRIWRWDOJOREDOL]DWLRQRIWKHZRUGHFRQRP\LQDSUR- JUHVVRIWHFKQRORJ\DQGLQQRYDWLRQVDVZHOODVLQDFKDQJHRIGLUHFWLRQDQG
DZD\RIVHWWLQJDQGH[HFXWLRQRIODZUXOHVE\QDWLRQDOJRYHUQPHQWV6RIDU
presently set rules mainly postpone this process.
The word capitalistic system was analised fully by Immanuel Wallerstein LQKLVWKHRU\FHQWHUDQGSHULSKHULHV,QKLVRSLQLRQDSURJUHVVRIHFRQRPLF
GUDLQDJHZLOOFDXVHELJJHUDQGELJJHUDFFXPXODWLRQRILQGHYHORSHGFRXQWULHV
(Wallerstein, 2004). As the author of the modern world system, a social sys- WHPEDVHGRQFDSLWDOLVWLFHFRQRP\ZKLFKEHJDQÀYHFHQWXULHVDJRLQ,WDOLDQ
towns, Wallerstein represents a dependistic school. He divides the word into IRXUNLQGVRIUHJLRQV FHQWHUVHPLSHULSKHULHVDQGRXWVLGHDUHD$FFRUGLQJ
WRWKLVFRQFHSWLRQWKHFHQWHULVDQHQJLQHRILQQRYDWLRQV WHFKQLFDORUJDQL- ]DWLRQDODQGFXOWXUDO DQGWDNHVSURÀWVZLWKWKHPJHWWLQJDOOYDOXHVZRUNHG
RXWLQSHULSKHULHVZKHUHLWSDVVHVWHFKQRORJLHVDQGVLPSOHUOHVVSURÀWDEOH
ZRUNV6HPLSHULSKHULHVWU\ZLWKGLIIHUHQWOXFNWRLPLWDWHDQGJHWDUUHDUV
WRZDUGVUHJLRQVFUHDWLQJWKHFHQWHU$QH[DPSOHLV-DSDQIRUZKLFKWKLVSUR- FHVVÀQLVKHGZLWKVXFFHVVDQGIURPSHULSKHU\SRVLWLRQWKLVFRXQWU\LVQRZ
a center of the modern world economy.
The center of the world economy is now created by the North America, West Europe and a part of the South-East Asia. In the led analysis, he exam-
ined relation between the center and peripheries, also a run of two cycles ODVWLQJDERXWKDOIFHQWXU\VXFKFDOOHG.RQGUDWLHII·VF\FOHVDVZHOODVORJLVWLF
F\FOHVWDNLQJDERXWFHQWXULHVZKLFKJRWWRDFRQFOXVLRQWKDWWKHUHLVDSH- ULRGRVVXFKFDOOHGVWDJQDWLRQRIWKHZRUOGV\VWHPDWWKHWXUQRIth and
st century. This event will weaken present centres of the world economy, HVSHFLDOO\86RQDFRVWRIVHPLSHULSKHULHVHVSHFLDOO\)DU(DVWDQG$UDELF
Countries (Penc, 2003).
*OREDOL]DWLRQLVQRWDQHZQRWLRQ'HVSLWHWKDWLWLVDVXEMHFWRIPDQ\UH- VHDUFKDQGERRNV%HLQJWKHDPELJXRXVDQGPXOWLPHDQLQJQRWLQJLWLVGLIÀ- FXOWWRGHVFULEHZKDWJOREDOL]DWLRQSURFHVVFDQEHDQDO\VHGLQPDQ\FURVVHV
7KDWLVZK\ZHFDQÀQGGLIIHUHQWGHÀQLWLRQVRIWKLVSURFHVVLQWKHVXEMHFW
OLWHUDWXUH,WLVGLIÀFXOWWRVHWDFRQFUHWHGDWHZKHQWKHWHUPJOREDOL]DWLRQ
DSSHDUHGIRUWKHÀUVWWLPH-$6FKROWHVD\VLQKLVERRNWKDWLWDSSHDUHG
LQ(QJOLVKLQ DQGZDVXVHGLQ:HEVWHU'LFWLRQDU\LQ :KLOHE\
-'\QDUVNLWKHZRUGJOREDOL]DWLRQZDVXVHGIRUWKHÀUVWWLPHE\55REHUWVRQ
LQ ZKRGHVFULEHGLWDVDJURXSRISURFHVVHVZKLFKFRRUJDQL]HWKH
common world. A special world „implosion” is accompanied by „explosion”
of some cultures, institutions and styles of life. Globalization is the notion RIGLVFXVVLRQDERXWVRFLDOFKDQJHDQGVHUYHVWRGHVFULEHSKHQRPHQRQV,Q
the modern world, both on social level (economy and politics) and cultural V\VWHP '\QDUVNL
%\1HOVRQ0DQGHODÅJOREDOL]DWLRQLVDQXQDYRLGDEOHSURFHVVZKLFKLQ
DORQJHUWLPHEULQJVSURÀWVWRWKHZKROHKXPDQNLQGVLWVXSSRUWVDIUHHÁRZ
RIJRRGVDQGFDSLWDODEROLVKHVWUDGHERUGHUVEHWZHHQQDWLRQVDVVXUHVWR
PDUNHWVDQGÁRZRIWHFKQRORJLHVDQGFKHDSSURGXFWVRIWKHÀUVWQHHGµ
*:.RâRGNRE\JOREDOL]DWLRQXQGHUVWDQGVÅDKLVWRULFDODQGVSRQWDQH- ous process of liberalization, which was so far separated and in a loose UHODWLRQRIIXQFWLRQLQJPDUNHWVRIJRRGVDQGFDSLWDOZLWKVRPHGHOD\DQG
VPDOOHUZRUNIRUFHWHFKQRORJ\DQGLQIRUPDWLRQVFDOHLQRQHLQWHUUHODWHGPDU- NHW7KHUHDUHWKUHHNH\ZRUGV OLEHUDOL]DWLRQLQWHJUDWLRQDQGWZRDGGLWLRQDO
RQHVKLVWRULFDODQGVSRQWDQHRXV .RâRGNRS
European Commission defines this term as „a process, in which mar- kets and production in different countries become more and more relat- HGEHFDXVHRIG\QDPLFVRIJRRGVDQGVHUYLFHWUDGHIORZRIFDSLWDODQG
WHFKQRORJ\µ
,QWKH3ROLVKOLWHUDWXUHRIWKHVXEMHFWPRVWRIWHQZHFDQPHHWDGHÀQLWLRQ
RI$=RUVNDZKRH[SODLQVWKDWLWLVÅDORQJSURFHVVRILQWHJUDWLRQRIQDWLRQDO
economies, sectors, markets and companies, thanks to a spread and inten- VLÀFDWLRQRIRYHUERUGHUVHFRQRPLFLQVWLWXWLRQVFRRSHUDWLYHDQGLQIRUPDWLFV
WLHVZKDWOHDGVWRFUHDWLRQVWURQJHUDQGVWURQJHULQWHUUHODWLRQVLQWKHZRUOG
economy” (Zorska, 2008).
The mentioned above definitions show, that each author understand WKHQRWLRQRIJOREDOL]DWLRQGLIIHUHQWO\%XWWKHKDYHFRPPRQFKDUDFWHULVWLF
FKDUWVWKH\GHVFULEHJOREDOL]DWLRQDVXQDYRLGDEOHSURFHVVRIÅVKULQNLQJµWKH
ZRUOGWKDWPHDQVERUGHUVYDQLVKLQJDQGHOLPLQDWLRQRIGLIIHUHQWEDUULHUV
which stop interrelations between countries.
$FRQVHTXHQFHRIWKLVSURFHVVLVXQLÀFDWLRQRIDOODVSHFWRIHFRQRPLFDQG
VRFLDOFXOWXUDOOLIH6RZHFDQVD\WKDWWKHZRUOGLVWKHRQHELJÅJOREDOYLO- ODJHµLQZKLFKDOOGLIIHUHQFHVGLVDSSHDUDQGFRQVXPSWLRQDQGSURGXFWLRQ
LQWKHZRUOGVFDOHLVQRWKLQJH[WUDRUGLQDU\)RUWKHPRVWVRFLHW\JOREDOL]D- tion processes are only associated with American style of politics-economic DQGFXOWXUDOOLIH6SHFLDOLVWVVHDUFKLQJJOREDOL]DWLRQSURFHVVHVSHUFHLYHWKHP
GLIIHUHQWO\6RPHRIWKHPWKLQNWKDWJOREDOL]DWLRQLVDQDGYDQFHGIRUPRI
HFRQRPLFDFWLYLW\DQGWLHVEHWZHHQVXEMHFWVH[LVWLQJLQWKHHFRQRP\2WKHU
RQHVWKLQNWKDWLWLVDNLQGRILQÁXHQFHRIDOOOLIHEUDQFKHVWRHDFKRWKHUDQG
LWLVDV\VWHPRIJURZLQJXSFRUSRUDWLRQVDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDORUJDQL]DWLRQV
/LVERQ*URXSLQWKHÅFRPSHWLWLRQERUGHUVµPHQWLRQDIHZDUHDVRIJOREDOL- ]DWLRQDQGSURFHVVHVZRUNLQJLQWKHP7KH\DUH
– ÀQDQFHDQGFDSLWDOJURZLQJQXPEHURIIXVLRQVGHUHJXODWLRQRIÀQDQFH
markets, an increased capital turn,
– PDUNHWVRUKHDGLQJIRULQWHJUDWLRQRIHFRQRPLFDFWLYLW\LQWKHJOREDOVFDOH
– WHFKQRORJLHV UHVHDUFK SURJUHVV DQG VWUDWHJLHV VR ÀUVW RI DOO JRLQJ WR
GHYHORSPHQWDQGÀQGLQJWKHEHVWVROXWLRQVLQWKDWDUHD
– OLIH VW\OHV FRQVXPSWLRQ PRGHOV DQG FXOWXUH WKHLU VSUHDG LQ WKH JOREDO
VFDOHDQGXQLÀFDWLRQRIFRQVXPSWLRQPRGHOV
– SHUFHLYLQJFRQVFLHQFHLQZKLFKWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWDUHFXOWXUDODQGVR- cial processes,
– SROLWLFDOXQLÀFDWLRQRIWKHZRUOGRIWKHRQSROLWLFVDUHDWKDWLVFUHDWLRQD
V\VWHPZKLFKZLOOJRYHUQRYHUHDFKHOHPHQWRILW
– ODZUHJXODWLRQVDQGJRYHUQLQJRUDWULDOWROLPLWDSRZHURISDUWLFXODUFRXQ- WULHVFUHDWLRQXQLÀHGLQVWLWXWLRQVDQGUHJXODWLRQVFRQFHUQLQJWKHZKROH
world (Penc, 2003).
$WWKHWXUQRIthDQGst centuries the economic factor became a key HOHPHQWRIWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQSURFHVVZKLFKLVDFFRPSDQLHGE\DULFKGRPHV- WLFDQGIRUHLJQOLWHUDWXUH,WLVVDLGWKDWJOREDOL]DWLRQKDVPDGHWKHELJJHVW
SURJUHVVLQWKLVVSKHUHVRIDU
,QWKHHFRQRPLFPHDQLQJJOREDOL]DWLRQLVPRVWRIWHQGHVFULEHGDVWKH
SURFHVVRIFUHDWLRQRIXQLÀHGJOREDOPDUNHWRIJRRGVVHUYLFHDQGSURGXF-
WLRQIDFWRUVLQYROYLQJDOOFRXQWULHVDQGJHRJUDSKLFDOUHJLRQVZKDWOHDGVWR
DJURZLQJVSUHDGDQGXQLÀFDWLRQRIPDUNHWWKDWLVDQLQFUHDVHRIHFRQRPLF
LQWHUUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQDOOFRXQWULHVLQWKHZRUOG%\,QWHUQDWLRQDO0RQHWDU\
)XQGLWKDSSHQVE\DJURZWKRIRYHUELUGHUVWUDQVDFWLRQVLQWKHWUDGHRI
SURGXFWVDQGVHUYLFHDVZHOODVJURZLQJÁRZVRIFDSLWDODQGIDVWHUDQGIDVWHU
VSUHDGRIWHFKQRORJ\:HFDQ·WPLVVDKXJHUROHRIVFLHQWLÀFWHFKQRORJLFDO
SURJUHVVFKDQJHVLQWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPSHWLWLRQDQGÀUVWRIDOOOLEHUDOL- ]DWLRQDQGGHUHJXODWLRQRIHFRQRPLFSROLWLFVRIFRXQWULHV 6SRUHN
S²
,QP\SUHYLRXVRXWZRUNV,GHÀQHGWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQDVWKHKLJKHVWIRUPRI
WKHFRPSDQ\·VLQWHUQDWLRQDOL]DWLRQZKLFKFDQEHGHVFULEHGDVWUHDWLQJWKH
world like a common market of supply and sale of products of the company, ZKLFKFDQOHDGUHVHDUFKWKDWQHHGELJRXWOD\VRQWHFKQRORJ\DQGPDUNHWLQJ
These are transnational corporations.
)URPWKHODWHVWSXEOLFDWLRQVVFDULÀHGWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQZHVKRXOGPHQWLRQ
RXWZRUNVRI-6WJOLW]3'UXFNHU*6RURVDQGFRQFHSWLRQVRI$*LGGHUV
6RURV6WJOLW]
9DULDQFHRIGHÀQLWLRQVRIWKHPHQWLRQHGDXWKRUVLVGHSHQGHGRQWKHHQWHU
point, which is an element of analysis and starts with a company, country, UHJLRQDOJURXSKDYLQJÀQLVKHGZLWKWKHZRUOGHFRQRP\LQFOXGLQJHOHPHQWV
RIPDQDJHPHQW
,QGLVFXVVHGGHÀQLWLRQVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWLVDQHOHPHQWRIJURZLQJLQWH- JUDWLRQRIWKHZRUOGPDUNHWVE\DQLQFUHDVHRIGLIIHUHQWUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQ
WKHPPDLQO\LQWKHWUDGHSURGXFWLRQLQYHVWPHQWVZKDWOHDGVWRWKHJURZWK
of international economic interrelationship. It can be a simple asymmetric FRXQWULHVGHSHQGHQFHRQRWKHUUHJLRQVDQGFRXQWULHVGHSHQGHQFHRQRWKHU
UHJLRQVDQGFRXQWULHVVRXUFHVEXWLQWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQFRQWH[WLWLVDOVRDELJ
LQFUHDVHRILQÁXHQFHRISKHQRPHQRQVKDSSHQLQJLQVRPHFRXQWULHVRQRWK- HUFRXQWULHVDQGUHJLRQVRUHYHQWKHZKROHZRUOGHFRQRP\2IWHQHYHQWVIDU
JHRJUDSKLFDOO\LQÁXHQFHGLUHFWO\DSDUWLFXODUFRXQWU\ IRUH[DPSOHÀQDQFLDO
crisis). This economic relation can mean, that a development of the particu- ODUFRXQWU\RUFRPSDQ\EHFRPHVDOVRUHODWHGWRDVXFFHVVIXOIRUHLJQDFWLY- ity. What means, that economic subjects must consider local and the world DVSHFWRIDSUREOHPZKHQPDNLQJHFRQRPLFGHFLVLRQVDVZHOODVDSRLQW
of the whole international market partners. It should be reminded, that in a result of more intensive international relations, the world economy is not a set of individual markets any more, but it transforms into a system of inte- JUDWHGPDUNHWV$TXHVWLRQKRZPXFKLQWHJUDWHGRUJOREDOL]HGLVDOUHDG\
the modern economy-comes back.
2. Globalization’s components
)URPWKHSUHYLRXVGHOLEHUDWLRQVLWFRXOGUHVXOWWKDWZHKDYHDOUHDG\WKH
JOREDOHFRQRP\QRZDGD\VDWOHDVWLQWKHÀQDQFLDODQGSDUWO\SURGXFWVPDU- NHWVOHYHO%XWLWLVQRWWUXHEHFDXVHVHSDUDWHFRXQWULHVZHQWWKURXJKJOREDO
WUHQGVLQGLIIHUHQWOHYHO%HVLGHVDPDLQVWUHDPRIWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQSURFHVV
is till focused on the countries of Triad, which is created by West Europe, 1RUWK$PHULFDDQG6RXWK(DVW$VLDZKDWPHDQVÀUVWRIDOOLQWHJUDWLRQLQ- side their economies, not in the whole world economy. They focus about 20 FRXQWULHVZKLFKPDNHRIWKHZRUOGSURGXFWLRQEHLQJRQO\RIWKH
ZRUOGSRSXODWLRQ$GGLWLRQDOO\WKH\JHQHUDWHRIWKHZRUOGJURVVGRPHVWLF
SURGXFWDUHDVRXUFHRI RIWKHZRUOGGLUHFWIRUHLJQLQYHVWPHQWVDQG
bear 90% of the world expenses on research works. It is visible, that in the PRVWFRXQWULHVRXWVLGH7ULDGWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQZRUNVLQDOLWWOHUDQJHDQG
LWGLGQ·WJHWLQWRVRPHDWDOO*HUPDQ\DQGRWKHUFRXQWULHVRIWKLVRXWZRUN
EHORQJWRWKHDOUHDG\PRGLÀHG7ULDGDQGWKH\DUHDVXEMHFWRIWKHJOREDOL]D- WLRQLQDELJUDQJH
It should be stressed, that chosen areas of East Europe and South America UHPDLQLQDYHU\XQSURÀWDEOHHFRQRPLFDQGWHFKQRORJLFDOVLWXDWLRQ,WPHDQV
WKDWJOREDOL]DWLRQSURFHVVHVDUHJRLQJRQDQGLWLVDORQJZD\WRWKHLUÀQDOLQ
JHRJUDSKLFDOVHQVH7KHUHDUHPDQ\PDUNHWVDQGVHFWRUVZKLFKDUHPDQ\
PDUNHWVDQGVHFWRUVZKLFKDUHVWLOOVWURQJORFDOO\EXWWKHUHDUHDOVRFRP- SDQLHVHYHQLQJOREDOVHFWRUVZKLFKDUHVXFFHVVIXORQO\LQORFDORUUHJLRQDO
scale.
+RZHYHUWKHSURFHVVRILQWHJUDWLRQRIGRPHVWLFHFRQRPLHVLVVSUHDGLQJ
XQGHQLDEO\E\DQLQFUHDVHRILQWHUQDWLRQDOWUDGHLQFOXGLQJVSHFLDOL]DWLRQ
RISURGXFWLRQE\JURZLQJÁRZVRIFDSLWDODQGÀQDQFHE\ELJJHUDQGELJJHU
harmonization of instructions and economic systems. As a result, we observe DJUDGXDOEHJLQRIWKHJOREDOHFRQRP\+RZHYHUE\:6LZLQVNLHYHQWKH
FDSLWDOPDUNHWDOWKRXJKWKHPRVWLQWHJUDWHGLVVWLOOQRWIXOO\JOREDOEHFDXVH
WKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOGLYHUVLÀFDWLRQRILQYHVWPHQWVLVVWLOODVKHFODLPVLQWKHEH- JLQQLQJSKDVH0RUHRYHUWKHUHDUHVWLOOPDQ\GLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQÀQDQFLDO
PDUNHWVRISDUWLFXODUFRXQWULHV)RUVXUHDFUHDWLRQRIWKHJOREDOHFRQRP\
FDQEHVHHQLQVLGH7ULDGFRXQWULHVZKLFKDUHHFRQRPLFDQGWHFKQRORJLFDO
OHDGHUV7KH\DUHQRZUHODWHGWLJKWO\LQWUDGHLQYHVWPHQWVDQGFRPSDQ\
FRRSHUDWLRQ:KLOHLWVKRXOGEHVDLGWKHJOREDOHFRQRP\LQWKHZKROHZRUOG
VFDOHLVVWLOOEHLQJEHJXQDQGWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQSURFHVVDOWKRXJKGHYHORSLQJ
YHU\G\QDPLFDOO\LVVWLOOQRWLQWKHZKROHZRUOG 6LZLQVNL
7KHJOREDOL]DWLRQSURFHVVFDQEHDQDO\VHGLQWZRPHDQLQJV PLFURDQG
PDFURHFRQRPLFPHDQLQJSURFHVVHVVKRXOGEHH[DPLQHGIURPDSRLQWRI
the company’s view which acts in the international markets, and is a subject RILQWHUQDWLRQDOL]DWLRQ 5\PDUF]\N S ,QWKHPRGHUQZRUOGLWLV
XQGRXEWHGO\DQLPSRUWDQWDVSHFWKRZHYHUWKHDQDO\VLVRIJOREDOL]DWLRQFDQ·W
EHFRQFHQWUDWHGRQLW,VVXHVRIWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQVKRXOGQRWEHOLPLWHGWRWKH
macroeconomic aspect. That is why, the macroeconomic aspect takes an im- SRUWDQWPHDQLQJLQZKLFKJOREDOL]DWLRQSURFHVVHVVKRXOGEHH[DPLQHGIURP
the national economy point of view, which loses its economic independence in the modern related and turbulent world, what forces to consider more and more complicated relations inside countries and international ones in analysis. It should be remembered, that many notions from macroeconomic aspect has its roots in the microeconomic one, which determines numerous DQDO\WLFDOIDFWRUVRIJOREDOL]DWLRQDFWLRQV
&RPSOH[LW\RIPXWXDOUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQLQWHUQDWLRQDOL]LQJVXUURXQGLQJ
PDFURHFRQRPLFDVSHFW DQGHFRQRPLFVXEMHFWVZRUNLQJLQLQWKHLQWHUQD- tional markets (macroeconomic aspect) is one of proves, how complicated WKHSKHQRPHQRQRISURYHVKRZFRPSOLFDWHGWKHSKHQRPHQRQRIJOREDOL]D- tion is. A characteristic chart of these relations is their two direction charac- WHUDSSHDULQJERWKLQLQLQÁXHQFLQJWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOVXUURXQGLQJRQFRPSD- ny’s behaviour in the market and-what is a new phenomenon-in possibilities WRLQÁXHQFHWKLVVXUURXQGLQJDQGHYHQVKDSLQJLWE\ELJFRUSRUDWLRQVGRPL- QDWLQJLQWKHJOREDOEUDQFKHV
%\/LVERQ*URXSFUHDWLRQQHZÅJOREDOZRUOGµPHDQVWKDWHYHU\WKLQJZH
ZLOOKDYHLQWKHIXWXUHZLOOEHÅPDGHLQWKHZRUOGµ6REHJLQQLQJRIJOREDOL- ]DWLRQLVDVWDUWRIWKHHQGRIQDWLRQDOV\VWHPWKRXJKLWZDVGRPLQDWLQJVR
far, and the national country was considered to be a basic form of society RUJDQL]DWLRQ1DWLRQDOLGHQWLW\ZDVDFULWHULRQGHVFULELQJGHÀQLWHO\H[LVWHQFH
DQGSHUVRQDOLW\RISHUVRQDOLW\RISDUWLFXODUEHLQJV LQFOXGLQJFRPSDQLHV DQG
ZKROHVRFLDOJURXSVDQGWKHQDWLRQDOHFRQRP\ZDVFRQVLGHUHGDQRQO\FRKH- VLYHDQGLQWHJUDWHGIRUPRIHFRQRP\(DFKSURFHVVZDVGHÀQHGLQUHODWLRQWR
the national level as narrower (subnational inside national) or wider (interna- tional, over national). National aspect still remains one of the relations, but LWLVQRWDVWUDWHJLFRQHZKHQLWFRPHVWREDVLFPDWWHUVRIVFLHQWLÀFSURJUHVV
DQGVRFLDOHFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQW$QLQFUHDVHRIJOREDOL]DWLRQSURFHVVLQ
the economy touches one of the basic pillars of the national country, which is the national market. The national space is now replaced (as the most im- SRUWDQWVWUDWHJLFHFRQRPLFVSDFH E\FUHDWLQJJOREDOVSDFHDQGLWQHHGVWR
EULQJDQLPSHUDWLYHRIJOREDOZD\RIWKLQNLQJ 5\PDUF]\N S
7KHEDVLFOHYHOVRIJOREDOL]DWLRQFDQEHGHÀQHGE\UDQJHVRILQWHJUDWLRQ
DQGDGDSWDWLRQRIDFWLYLWLHV)URPWKLVSRLQWRIYLHZZHFDQLVRODWHWKHQD- WLRQDOOHYHO GRPHVWLF WUDQVQDWLRQDO UHJLRQDO DQGJOREDO ZRUOG
2QWKHQDWLRQDOOHYHOWKHUDQJHFRQFHUQVLQVLGHRIWKHFRXQWU\EXWLWV
HIIHFWVKDYHJOREDOFKDUDFWHUDQGPHDQLQJ7UDQVQDWLRQDOOHYHOLVFKDUDFWHU- ized by international and multinational activity, concentrated in the special JHRJUDSKLFDODUHDZLWKVLJQLÀFDQWRYHUQDWLRQDODVSHFWZKLFKUHVXOWVJHWWKH
JOREDOPHDQLQJ7KHJOREDOOHYHOLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\PXOWLQDWLRQDORURYHUQD- WLRQDODFWLYLW\ZLWKWKHZRUOGUDQJH DWOHDVWRYHUUHJLRQDORURYHUFRQWLQHQWDO
KDYLQJWKHJOREDOFKDUDFWHUDQGPHDQLQJ
Globalization of economy and society is the latest phenomenon, which takes national forms. Some of them will disappear in a few years or later, RWKHURQHVPD\ORVHWKHLUPHDQLQJ1DWLRQDOIDFWRUVVWLOOLQÁXHQFHDZD\LQ
ZKLFKIRUPVDQGSURFHVVHVRIJOREDOL]DWLRQFKDQJHQDWLRQDOHFRQRPLHVDQG
particular societies.
$ORQJZLWKGHYHORSLQJLQWHUQDWLRQDOL]DWLRQRIHFRQRPLFSURFHVVLQWKHLQ- WHUQDWLRQDODUHDDQHZQRWLRQDSSHDUHGZKLFKKDVVXFKDELJPHDQLQJ
WRWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOVRFLHW\WKDWLWLVGHVFULEHGDVJOREDOSUREOHPV,QWKH
UHFHQW\HDUVDEHOLHIRIDSSHDULQJJOREDOSUREOHPVDQGQHFHVVLW\RIWKHLU
XUJHQWVROXWLRQEHFDPHFRPPRQ0DQ\SURFHVVHVFRQVLGHUHGLQFLGHQWDO
in the seventies of 20thFHQWXU\DQGHDUOLHUJRWDUHSHDWDEOHFKDUDFWHU IRU
H[DPSOHHFRORJLFDOGLVDVWHUV RUDVWHDG\RQH GHYHORSLQJSRYHUW\RIGHYHO- RSLQJFRXQWULHV ,QVSLUDWLRQVRI5RPH&OXEDSSHDUHGDQGEHFDPHEDVLFVRI
KXPDQH[SDQVLRQOLPLWV5HYROXWLRQLQWKLQNLQJLQVSLUHGE\5RPH&OXEZDV
EDVHGRQTXHVWLRQLQJDEDVHSUHYLRXVO\WDNHQLQWKHKLVWRU\RIKXPDQNLQG
WKDWQRWKLQJFDQOLPLWH[SDQVLRQRIKXPDQUDFHDQGSURJUHVVRIVFLHQFHDQG
WHFKQRORJ\LVDEOHWREUHDNDOOEDUULHUV
In the described attitude, unprofitable phenomenons are analysed in DFRQWH[WRIWKHZRUOGDVDZKROHXQLYHUVDOV\VWHPWKUHDWHQHGE\JURZLQJ
SUREOHPVZKLFKDSSHDULQVSRQWDQHRXVSHUPDQHQWO\DFFHOHUDWLQJHYROX- WLRQ,WLVDFKDUDFWHULVWLFDWWLWXGHWRVXFKFDOOHGJOREDOLVWLFVRQO\DSSHDULQJ
QHZLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\UHVHDUFKEUDQFKGHDOLQJZLWKHFRQRPLFVRFLDOJOREDO
problems by Andrzej Werner, environmental protection became the most im- SRUWDQWVRFLDOIRUPRYHUWDNLQJLQÁDWLRQDQGDÀJKWSRYHUW\DQGXQHPSOR\- ment (Werner, 2007).
7ULDOVWRVHWDOLVWDQGDKLHUDUFK\RIJOREDOSUREOHPVDUHDVXEMHFWRIGLV- SXWHV7KHFRQIHUHQFHRI7KH8QLWHG1DWLRQV2UJDQL]DWLRQLQLQ3R]QDQ
WLWOHG)UDPH&RQYHQWLRQRI8QLWHG1DWLRQV3UREOHPVRI&OLPDWH&KDQJHV
81)&& ZDVDSUHSDUDWLRQRIGLVFXVVLRQLQ&RSHQKDJHQZKHUHDQHZDJUHH-
PHQWRQOLPLWDWLRQRIJUHHQKRXVHJDVHVLVJRLQJWREHVLJQHG$JUHHPHQWLQ
&RSHQKDJHQLVWRUHSODFHDSURWRFROIURP.LRWRZKLFKREOLJHVFRXQWULHVWR
UHGXFWLRQRIJDVHVFDXVLQJWKHJUHHQKRXVHHIIHFWDWDERXWWLOO
7KLVSURWRFROZDVQRWUDWLÀHGE\WKH86&KLQDDQG,QGLD'HVSLWHGRLQJLW
WKH\GRQRWKDYHWRREVHUYHLWVUHJXODWLRQVDVGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV(PLVVLRQ
RIDFDUERQGLR[LGH²&22GLVDSSHDULQJIRUHVWDUHDVDLUSROOXWLRQE\QLWUR- JHQÅR[\JHQIUHHVSKHUHRIUXEELVKµLQWKH%DOWLFVHDWKHUHDUHHIIHFWVRI
FOLPDWHFKDQJHVLQVWRUPVKXUULFDQHVJODFLHUVPHOWLQJDQGF\FORQHVLQ$VLD
DQG$PHULFDDQGPDQ\LOOQHVVHVDOORYHUWKHZRUOG,QFRQGLWLRQVRIELJGLIIHU- ences in level of problems importance and ways of their solution, becomes FRPSOLFDWHG)RUH[DPSOHWKHPRVWGHYHORSHGFRXQWULHVWKLQNWKDWWKHPRVW
LPSRUWDQWLVSURJUHVVRIWHFKQLFVDQGHQYLURQPHQWDOSURWHFWLRQ7KHVHRSLQ- LRQVDUHGLYLGHGZKHQLWFRPHVWRDXVHRIVHDVDQGRFHDQVVRXUFHV%XWWKH
PRVWDUJXDEOHDUHGHPRJUDSKLFTXHVWLRQV2PLWWLQJDERYHUHVWULFWLRQVWKH
OLVWRIJOREDOSUREOHPVFDQEHSUHVHQWHGLQDIROORZLQJRUGHU JOREDOVDIHW\
DQGGLVDUPDPHQWGHPRJUDSKLFSUREOHPIRRGSUREOHPHQYLURQPHQWDOSUR- WHFWLRQDQGDSUREOHPRILQWHUQDWLRQDOODZDQGHFRQRPLFUHJXODWLRQ&XOWXUDO
DQGUHOLJLRXVFKDQJHVEHFDPHDVXEMHFWRIWKHJOREDOSUREOHPVRQO\DWWKH
turn of 20thDQGstFHQWXULHVEXWWKHLUUROHJHVWDELJJHUPHDQLQJUDSLGO\
DVDUHVXOWRIUHORFDWLRQRIDUHJLRQVTXDOLW\ZKLFKWKLVSURFHVVFRQFHUQV
towards Asian climate direction.
*OREDOHQYLURQPHQWDODQGVRFLDOFKDOOHQJHVDUHFKDUDFWHUL]HGZLGHO\LQ
SXEOLFDWLRQVRI&RPPLWWHHRI3URJQRVLVÅ3RODQGLQWKHst Century” edited by Polish Academy of Science. One of the main problems is, that less developed FRXQWULHVKDYHDKLJKHUUDWHRIGHPRJUDSKLFJURZWKUDWHZKDWVWUHQJWKHQV
WKHLUSRYHUW\DQGWKUHDWHQVHFRORJLFDOEDODQFHRIWKHZRUOGQRZ:KLOHULFK
countries can look after their environment effectively, poor countries can’t afford it, and since they dominate in the population number, we are threat- HQHGE\LQHYHUVLEOHHQYLURQPHQWDOFKDQJHLQWKHZRUOGJOREH7KLVSUREOHP
DOVRFDXVHVDQREYLRXVSROLWLFDOWKUHDWLQWKHJOREDOVFDOH GLYLVLRQLQWRVPDOO
numerously „North” and far more numerous and poor „South” is not stable.
This problem is not to be solved by rich countries philanthropy. It is necessary DPRUHFRPPRQXQGHUVWDQGLQJDOOWKUHDWVWULHGZLWKWKLVSUREOHPDQGXVLQJ
YDULRXVWHFKQRORJLHVRIIHUHGE\GHYHORSLQJLQIRUPDWLYHFLYLOL]DWLRQWRSURWHFW
from these threats. It is realistic and trials in this direction are in many coun- tries. It is tied with a notion of a balanced development.
0DFURDWWLWXGHWRWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQFDQEHFKDUDFWHUL]HGDVLWVWUHDWPHQW
IURPDVLGHRIPXWXDOLPSDFWVDQGUHODWLRQVRIQDWLRQDOHFRQRPLHVUHJDUGHG
one of the basic subjects and key elements of the world economy system,
FRQVLGHULQJLQWHUQDWLRQDOJHRVWUDWHJLFDQGZRUOGZLGHDVSHFWVRIDERYHUH- ODWLRQVWDNLQJSODFHEHWZHHQWKHP,WLVDWUDGLWLRQDODWWLWXGHGHYHORSHGLQ
such economic disciplines and theories as macro economy, and open market HFRQRPLHVLQWHUQDWLRQDOHFRQRPLFUHODWLRQVDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOÀQDQFH7KLV
DWWLWXGHGHDOVZLWKJOREDOL]DWLRQWDNHQDVUHODWLRQVFRRUGLQDWLRQRIHFRQRPLF
DFWLYLW\JRLQJRQLQQDWLRQDODQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOHFRQRPLFVWUXFWXUHVLQWKH
world scale.
,QWKHOLWHUDWXUHRIWKHVXEMHFWWKHUHDUHPDQ\GHÀQLWLRQVZKLFKFRQVLGHU
DWWLWXGHLQWKHPDFURVFDOH%HORZGHÀQLWLRQVMRLQDSUHVVXUHRQV\VWHP
LQWHJUDWLYHDQGRUGHULQJDVSHFWRIJOREDOL]DWLRQSURFHVVHVQRWJRLQJRXWRI
WUDGLWLRQDOXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKHZRUOGHFRQRP\DVDVHWRIQDWLRQDOHFRQRPLHV
:6]\PDQVNLVD\VWKDWJOREDOL]DWLRQDVDPDWWHURIIDFWLVELJJHUDQG
ELJJHUUDQJHRIIUHHPDUNHWPHFKDQLVPZRUNLQJQRWRQO\LQWKHQDWLRQDO
countries borders, but also in the world scale. Easiness to transfer produc- WLRQIDFWRUVWKURXJKERUGHUVTXHVWLRQVPRUHDQGPRUHDUROHRIWKHSUHYLRXV
conception of national economy.
In this process, not only corporations, but also capital, production technol- RJ\DQGZRUNIRUFHVWRSEHLQJRQO\QDWLRQDO%\$*ZLD]GDJOREDOL]DWLRQ
PHDQVMRLQLQJGLIIHUHQWDQGLQGHSHQGHQWPDUNHWVLQYDULRXVFRXQWULHVLQWR
RYHUQDWLRQDOZRUOGPDUNHW,WFDXVHVWLJKWHQLQJPXWXDOFRPPHUFLDOLQYHVW- ment and contractual relations between economies of different countries.
7KDQNVWRGHYHORSPHQWRIWUDQVSRUWDQGWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQDQGÀUVWRIDOO
WRDJURZLQJOLEHUDOL]DWLRQRILQWHUQDWLRQDOWUDGHERUGHUVRISDUWLFXODUFRXQ- WULHVEHFRPHPRUHDQGPRUHÅOHWLQµIRUHFRQRPLFDFWLYLW\RIIRUHLJQVXEMHFWV
ZKLFKEULQJVFORVHUDQGLQWHJUDWHVFRXQWULHVLQWUDQVQDWLRQDOSURGXFWLYH² FRPPHUFLDOV\VWHPV'/HY\DQG-)&RDWHVWKLQNVLPLODUO\%\WKHÀUVWRQH
JOREDOL]DWLRQUHODWHVWRWKHJURZLQJQXPEHURIQDWLRQDOHFRQRPLHVE\LQWHUQD- WLRQDOWUDGHDQGIRUHLJQGLUHFWLQYHVWPHQWV:LWKDJURZWKRIFDSLWDOPRELOLW\
DQGGHYHORSPHQWRIQHZWHFKQRORJLHVPDNLQJDQHDV\FRPPXQLFDWLRQERU- ders of particular countries become more and more „let in” to the economic DFWLYLW\UHDOL]HGLQWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOVFDOH-)&RDWHVWUHDWVJOREDOL]DWLRQDV
DSURFHVVRIVWURQJHUDQGVWURQJHUMRLQLQJRIVLQJXODUFRXQWU\HFRQRPLHVLQWR
WKHZRUOGHFRQRP\ &RDWHVW :0LFKDODNVWUHVVHVWKDWLQJOREDOL]D- WLRQVLQJXODUFRXQWU\HFRQRPLHVDUHLQYROYHGLQWKHZRUOGV\VWHPZKLFKLV
UHODWHGE\LQWHUQDWLRQDOWUDQVDFWLRQVDQGSURFHVVHV,WLVJURZLQJDV\VWHPRI
dependence of national economies, which are transformed by economic ac- WLYLW\UHDOL]HGLQWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOVFDOH-+'XQQLQJVHHVDJUDGXDOFUHDWLRQ
RIWKHJOREDOHFRQRP\LQZKLFKHFRQRPLFDOO\OHDGLQJFRXQWULHVDUHUHODWHG
WLJKWO\LQWUDGHLQYHVWPHQWVDQGFRRSHUDWLRQRIFRPSDQLHV7RFUHDWHDQG
VWDUWIXQFWLRQLQJWKHJOREDOHFRQRP\WKHUHDUHQHHGHGOLEHUDOFRQGLWLRQV
to development of international trade, companies investments and produc- WLYH²FRPPHUFLDODFWLYLW\RIWKHLUIRUHLJQEUDQFKHV 'XQQLQJ -'LHWO
VWUHVVHVWKDWJOREDOL]DWLRQRIPDUNHWVLVXQDYRLGDEOHDQGLWFRPHVIURP
– HFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQWDQGDVDUHVXOWRILQFUHDVHRIVSHQGLQJSRZHU
– WHFKQLFDODQGRUJDQL]DWLRQDOSURJUHVVZKLFKDFFHOHUDWHVVSUHDGLQJLQQR- vations and development and decrease of communication and transport cost,
– OLEHUDOL]DWLRQLQIUHHÁRZRIZRUNIRUFHDQGÀQDQFLDODQGLQWHOOHFWXDOFDSLWDO
– FKDQJLQJFULWHULRQVRIDFKRLFHRISURGXFWVZKLFKFURVVQDWLRQDOERUGHUV
DQGFUHDWHWKHZRUOGPDUNHW6XPPLQJXSWKHDERYHGHÀQLWLRQVZHFDQ
VD\WKHPRGHUQZRUOGHFRQRP\UHPLQGVOHVVDQGOHVVLWVSURWRSODVW²WKH
traditional world economy based on national subjects.
)LUVWRIDOOLWVWRSVEHLQJDVXPRIQDWLRQDOHFRQRPLHVDQGEHFRPHVWKH
JOREDOHFRQRP\LQZKLFKLQWHJUDWLRQRIQDWLRQDOHFRQRPLFRUJDQLVPJRHV
&OHDUHDV\WRDTXDQWLWDWLYHUHFRUGFRPPHUFLDOUHODWLRQVW\SLFDOIRUWKH
WUDGLWLRQDOHFRQRP\ZKHUHQDWLRQDOHFRQRPLHVSOD\HGWKHPDLQUROHJLYH
LQWRYDULRXVZKLFKDUHGLIÀFXOWWRVHWVWDWLVWLFDOO\7KH\GHSHQGPRUHDQG
more national economies on the international environment. It is worth to ask DTXHVWLRQLIDOOFRXQWULHVWDNHSDUWLQWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQSURFHVVHTXDOO\DQG
LILWPHDQVHTXDOFKDQFHVDQGWKUHDWVWRDOORIWKHP3K.RWOHU6-DWLVWULSL- WDNDQG60DHVLQHQFHHSXWDWWHQWLRQWKDWLQWKHQHZJOREDOFRQWH[WQD- WLRQDODQGUHJLRQDOHFRQRPLHVDUHMRLQHGE\YLWDOWLHVWLHVZLWKHDFKRWKHU
EXWDQ\RISOD\HUVFDQ·WLPSRVHKLVZLOORQWKHUHPDLQLQJSDUWRIWKHZRUOG
An increase of possibilities and threats come-on one side-from cooperation and-on the other one-from cooperation and-on the other one-from compe- WLWLRQDQGFRQÁLFW0RUHRYHUWKH\VD\WKDWWKHZRUVWVROXWLRQZKLFKWKH
SDUWLFXODUFRXQWU\FDQDFFHSWLQFRQGLWLRQVRIWKHJOREDOLQWHUUHODWLRQVKLS
is an autarky. However we shoud remember, that in the modern economy ZHFDQVSHDNRIWKUHHNLQGVRIPDUNHWGHÀQHGE\DOHYHORIWKHLUHFRQRPLF
development: the developed market also called a consumer one, an surviv- LQJPDUNHW7KHUHDUHDOPRVWELOOLRQFRQVXPHUVLQWKHGHYHORSHGPDUNHWV
ZKRKDYHDQHQRXJKVSHQGLQJSRZHUWRPHHWWKHPRVWRIKLJKHUQHHGV,Q
WKHUHFHQW\HDUVDOPRVWELOOLRQSHRSOH WKDQNVWRDURXJKDFFHOHUDWLRQ
RIWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQSURFHVV EHFDPHFRQVXPHUVLQWKHHPHUJLQJPDUNHWV
,QWKHVHPDUNHWVPHHWLQJEDVLFQHHGVHDWVXSDELJJHUSDUWRIFRQVXPHUV
VSHQGLQJSRZHU$OPRVWDKDOIRIWKHKXPDQNLQGOLYHLQWKHVXUYLYLQJPDUNHWV
ELOOLRQSHRSOH ZKHUHEDVLFQHHGVDUHQRWPHWLQWKHHQRXJKOHYHOZKLOH
KLJKHUQHHGVDUHRIWHQQRWGHÀQHGVRFLDOO\
K. Ohmae put attention on the fact the modern competition happens in- VLGHVXFKFDOOHG7ULDGFRQVLVWHGRIWKHPRVWHFRQRPLFDOO\GHYHORSHGUHJLRQV
RIWKHZRUOG 1RUWK$PHULFD 86²&DQDGD²0H[LFR :HVW(XURSH (XURSHDQ
8QLRQ DQGFRXQWULHVRI6RXWK(DVW$VLDZKLFKDUHUHODWHGWLJKWO\WRHDFK
RWKHU WUDGHÀQDQFHDQGFRRSHUDWLRQ 2YHU SURGXFWV JRRGVDQGVHU- vice) are and used inside Triad. Chances to developed for countries and UHJLRQVOHVVGHYHORSHGVRIDWKHURUQHDUHUSHULSKHULHV IRUH[DPSOH(DVW
(XURSH OLHLQLQWHQVLÀFDWLRQRIWUDGHDQGFRRSHUDWLRQZLWK7ULDGDQGJHW- WLQJLQWRLW2QWKHVLVLVEDVHGKHDGLQJ0LGGOH(DVW(XURSHFRXQWULHVRIWKH
UHJLRQIRUJHWWLQJWR(XURSHDQ8QLRQ*OREDOL]DWLRQLQWKHPDFURHFRQRPLF
YLHZDVVLPLODWLRQRIPDUNHWHFRQRPLHVRIGHYHORSHGDQGGHYHORSLQJFRXQ- WULHVWRRQHRIWKUHHPRGHOVRILQWHJUDWLQJV\VWHPVLQ7ULDGFRXQWULHV7KHVH
are characterized by:
– GRPLQDQFHRIWKHSULYDWHJURXSSURSHUW\RIFRPSDQLHV
– PDUNHW²FRPSHWLWLYHPHFKDQLVPRIVRXUFHVDOORFDWLRQLQWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDO
VFDOH²DKLJKOHYHORIHFRQRPLFFRRSHUDWLRQEHWZHHQWKHLUPHPEHUV LQ- WHUQDWLRQDOWUDGHGLUHFWLQYHVWPHQWLQLQWHUQDWLRQDOVFDOH$KLJKOHYHORI
GHUHJXODWLRQRIGHUHJXODWLRQRIÀQDQFLDOFDSLWDODQGSURGXFWVPDUNHWV )URPDERYHLWFRPHVWKDWDOWKRXJKHFRQRPLFFRQGLWLRQVLQÁXHQFHDQ
increase of interrelationships between domestic or markets, not all countries DQGVRFLHWLHVDUHEHQHÀFLDULHVRIWKHJOREDOHFRQRP\%ULQJLQJVLJQLÀFDQW
SURÀWVWRPDQ\PDUNHWVRULQWHUQDWLRQDOUHJLRQVLQRWKHUSDUWVRIWKHZRUOG
JOREDOL]DWLRQFDXVHVFRQÁLFWVXQVROYHGSUREOHPVDQGWKUHDWV&RQVLGHULQJ
important differences between the level of development and internation- DOL]DWLRQZHFDQ·WVSHDNDERXWIXOOJOREDOL]DWLRQRIPDUNHWV$WWKHSUHVHQW
VWDJHRIWKHZRUOGHFRQRP\GHYHORSPHQWWKHIXOOJOREDOLQWHJUDWLRQVHHPV
WREHOLWWOHSUREDEOH$=RUVNDVWUHVVHVWKDWIUDJPHQWDU\DQGFRQFHQWUDWHG
JHRJUDSKLFDOO\DQGEUDQFK\ RIJOREDOL]DWLRQOHDGVÀUVWRIDOOWRLQWHJUDWLRQ
RIKLJKHUGHYHORSHGDQGEHWWHUHTXLSSHGHFRQRPLHV,QWKHJHQHUDOJOREDOL- ]DWLRQSURFHVVDERXWðȫ³ZRUOGFRXQWULHVDUHLQWHJUDWHGVWURQJHURUZHDNHU
7KH\DUHFRXQWULHVRI7ULDGDQGWKHLUJURXSV7KHQH[Wðȫ³ of the world coun- WULHVKDVOLWWOHPHDQLQJDQGUHPDLQLQJðȫ³ is excluded from these processes.
7KRXJKLWLVQRWVXUHLIWKHÀUVWJURXSZLOOLQFUHDVHLQWKHIXWXUHZKLOHLWLV
YHU\SUREDEOHWKDWWKHWKLUGJURXSRIFRXQWULHVZLOOVWD\IDUWKHUEHKLQGWKH
UHVW)RUWKLVLVDIDFWRIJURZLQJGLIIHUHQFHVLQLQFRPHDQGLQOHYHORIHFR- nomic development in the world. They come from a concentration of activity, ZKLFKFUHDWHVDELJYDOXHLQWKHGHYHORSHGFRXQWULHVZKDWLVFKDUDFWHULVWLF
IRUWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQSURFHVV7KHSURFHVVRIJOREDOL]DWLRQLVQRWHTXDOLQWKH
section of branches, in other words different branches are characterized by
GLIIHUHQWOHYHORIJOREDOL]DWLRQ7KHJOREDOL]DWLRQLQDPH]]RDWWLWXGHLVWLHG
PDLQO\ZLWKDSSHDULQJVXFKFDOOHGJOREDOEUDQFKHV0(3RUWHUGLIIHUVEDVLF
NLQGVRIVHFWRUV GRPHVWLFLQGXVWULHVPXOWLGRPHVWLFLQGXVWULHVDQGJOREDO
LQGXVWULHV,QWKHÀUVWJURXSZHKDYHLQGXVWULHVLQZKLFKFRPSHWLWLRQLVOHG
ZLWKDOLWWOHUHODWLRQWRZKDWKDSSHQVLQRWKHUIRUHLJQPDUNHWV$OHYHORIWKLV
UHODWLRQZLOOEHKLJKHUWRGRPHVWLFRQHV EHFDXVHLQPLOWLGRPHVWLFLQGXVWU\
FKDUWVRISURGXFWVFDQEHDGDSWHGWRH[SHFWDQFLHVRIDJURXSRIFRXQWULHV
DQGLQWKHGRPHVWLFLQGXVWU\RQO\WRDVSHFLÀFLW\RIVLQJXODUGRPHVWLFLQGXV- WULHV ,WORRNVGLIIHUHQWO\LQFDVHRIWKHJOREDOLQGXVWULHVLQZKLFKDVWUDWHJLF
VLWXDWLRQRIFRPSHWLWRUVLQWKHEDVLFUHJLRQDORUGRPHVWLFPDUNHWVGHSHQGV
RQWKHLUJHQHUDOVLWXDWLRQLQWKHZRUOGVFDOH /LEHUVND 7KLVPHDQV
WKDWWKHJOREDOLQGXVWULHVGHPDQGIURPFRPSDQLHVDFRRUGLQDWHGFRPSHWL- tion in the world scale, because a competitive position of companies in one country is related to a competitive position in other countries vice versa. In WKHJOREDOLQGXVWULHVLWFDQEHXVHGDQHIIHFWRISURÀWVFDOHXVLQJRXWOD\VLQ
VRPHSDUWVRIWKHZRUOGWRUHDOL]HSURÀWLQRWKHURQHV&RPSDQLHVZDWFKWKHLU
DFWLRQVLQWKHZRUOGDQGEXLOGWKHLURZQVWUDWHJLHVFRQVLGHULQJVWUDWHJLHV
RIWKHLUFRPSHWLWRUV$PRQJWKHJOREDOVHFWRUVZHFDQVHSDUDWHLQGXVWULHV
which development is shaped free by companies, and industries, in which V\VWHPRISXEOLFRUGHUVFDXVHVDVWRSRIJOREDOL]DWLRQE\WKHVWDWH VXFK
FDOOHGOLPLWHGJOREDOLQGXVWULHV 05RPDQRZVNDFRXQWVWRWKHJOREDOLQGXV- tries, these ones, in which:
– RFFXUVDVWURQJHIIHFWRIVFDOHDQGUHJLRQDOGLYHUVLW\RIFRVW
– LWH[LVWVDXQLWHGGHPDQGDOORZLQJWRSURGXFHWKHJOREDOSURGXFW
– WKHUHDUHQRWVWURQJSROLWLFDORUDGPLQLVWUDWLYHEDUULHUVWRJHWLQ
– WKHUHDUHVHULRXVFRPSHWLWRUVIURPGLIIHUHQWFRXQWULHVDQGDZLGHUDQJH
of import and export.
7KHJOREDOL]DWLRQSURFHVVKDVPDQ\FKDUDFWHULVWLFFKDUWV7RWKHPEHORQJ
a bulk trade of products and service in the world scale, lively capital turnover LQWKHZRUOGVFDOHWUDQVSRUWSURJUHVVFUHDWLRQDQGVSUHDGRIQHZWHFKQROR- JLHV HVSHFLDOO\LQIRUPDWLFVDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQV\VWHPV DOLYHO\PLJUDWRU\
movement.
7KHJOREDOL]DWLRQSURFHVVHVFDXVHELJFKDQJHVLQWKHHFRQRP\DQGLQWKH
ZD\RIVRFLHW\OLIH,WJHWVWRWKHVHFKDQJHVPRUHDQGPRUHRIWHQWKDQLWZDV
\HDUVDJR,WLVQRWHDV\WRDGDSWWRQHZUHDOLWLHVWKDWLVZK\JOREDOL]DWLRQ
doesn’t involve only the economic area, but also enters to a moral sphere of every man.
3. Positive and negative of globalization – estimation of chances and threats
,QGLVFXVVLRQRQJOREDOL]DWLRQWKHELJJHVWGLIIHUHQFHVFRQFHUQXQGRXEW- HGO\LWVFRQVHTXHQFHVFKDQFHVDQGWKUHDWVIRUWKHIXWXUH,QLWVVHWVJOREDOL- ]DWLRQZDVWREHSURÀWDEOHWRHYHU\ERG\ZKLOHLQIDFWLWEULQJVGLIIHUHQWSRVL- WLYHDQGQHJDWLYHHIIHFWVWRYDULRXVFRXQWULHVDQGVRFLDOJURXSV9DULHW\RILWV
effects means, that, what is a chance to some, it can become a threat to oth- ers, and vice versa. In a result, some see in it a serious threat to themselves DQGWRWKHHFRQRPLFIXWXUHRIWKHZRUOGHVSHFLDOO\WRHTXDOGHYHORSLQJZKLOH
RWKHUVWKLQNWKDWRQO\JOREDOL]DWLRQFDQDVVXUHDVWDEOHDQGEDODQFHGGH- velopment of the whole world economy. This extremity of views comes from DIDFWWKDWJOREDOL]DWLRQFRQWDLQVLWVHOIDEDVLFFRQWUDFWLRQZKLFKLVJRLQJ
WRUHDOL]DWLRQRIPLFURDQGPDFURHFRQRPLFDLPVDWWKHVDPHWLPH )DONVRWD
-XQJ 7KHVHDLPVYHU\RIWHQH[FOXGHHDFKRWKHU IRUH[DPSOHDSHUPD- QHQWH[SDQVLRQPD[LPL]DWLRQFRPSDQ\SURÀWYHUVXVDQHHGWRSURWHFWUDUH
QDWXUHVRXUFHV ,WLVREYLRXVWKDWLVJRRGWRWKHHFRQRP\LWLVQRWDOZD\V
JRRGWRDQDYHUDJHFLWL]HQ6RLWLVLPSRVVLEOHWRPDNHDFOHDUHVWLPDWLRQ
QRWORRNLQJDWEXVLQHVVRISDUWLFXODUJURXSV$QGHYHQWKHQRSLQLRQVDUH
GLYLGHG%HVLGHVHVWLPDWLRQVFKDQJHYHU\IDVWEHFDXVHZKHQWLPHSDVVHV
JOREDOL]DWLRQVKRZVLWVQHZIDFHV2IFRXUVHLWVRSSRQHQWVVWUHVVPDLQO\
FRVWDDQGWKUHDWVZKLOHHQWKXVLDVWVVHHLQLWRQO\SURÀWVDQGQHZSRVVLELOL- WLHVDOWKRXJKDQXPEHURISHRSOHZLWKUHVWUDLQHGSRVLWLRQLQFUHDVHVORRNLQJ
DWPDQ\QHJDWLYHSURJQRVLVDQGIHDUV 3RUWHU S
)RUVXUHDYLHZWKDWJOREDOL]DWLRQFDUULHVZLWKLWVHOIQHZSRVVLELOLWLHVWRJHW
HFRQRPLFSURÀWVZKLFKZHUHQRWPHWVRIDULVULJKW%XWLWVKRXOGEHUHPHP- EHUHGWKDWQRWDOOKDYHDQHTXDODFFHVVWRWKHP)RUVRPHERWKSHRSOHDQG
whole societies, it is completely shut, that is why, it is said about „winners”
DQGÅORVHUVµRIJOREDOL]DWLRQ%HQHÀFLDULHVDUHPDLQO\WUDQVQDWLRQDOFRUSR- rations, banks and rich countries from Triad, while the losers are farmers, small and medium companies and poor countries, so all these, who don’t KDYHDSRWHQWLDOWRFRSHZLWKDVWLIIFRPSHWLWLRQDQGVRXUFHVDOORZLQJWR
DGDSWWRFKDOOHQJHVRIWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQ+RZHYHULWGRHVQ·WPHDQWKDWOHVV
GHYHORSHGFRXQWULHVFDQ·WMRLQSURÀWDEO\WKHVHSURFHVVHVZKDWSURYHVXFK
FDOOHGÅHPHUJLQJLQGXVWULHVµ
7RSURÀWVJRWRQWKHFRPSDQ\OHYHOZHFDQFRXQW PD[LPL]DWLRQRISURÀWV
ZLWKPLQLPDOL]DWLRQRIFRVWVWKDQNVWRDVSUHDGRIPDUNHWVLQWKHJOREDO
scale, development of international specialization and the increase of eco- QRPLFHIIHFWLYHQHVVWKDQNVWRDFRPSHWLWLYHSUHVVXUHDQGDJURZWKRISRV-
VLELOLWLHVWRFRRSHUDWHDQGFUHDWHVWUDWHJLFDOOLDQFHVLQWKHZKROHZRUOG
+RZHYHUWKHVHSURÀWVFRQFHUQRQO\DVPDOOJURXSRIVXEMHFWVUHODWHGWRLQ- WHUQDWLRQDODQGJOREDOEXVLQHVV /LEHUVND VRPDLQO\WUDQVQDWLRQDO
corporations, which use actively new possibilities of free allocation to buy SURGXFWLRQIDFWRUVDQGWRÀQGSODFHVRIVDOHVWKDQNVWRDGDSWDWLRQWRFKDO- OHQJHVRIJOREDOL]DWLRQ
+RZHYHULWLVSRVVLEOHWRSRLQWPDFURHFRQRPLFSURÀWVZKLFKWKHJOREDOL- ]DWLRQEULQJVERWKWRWKHHFRQRP\DQGWKHZKROHVRFLHW\,WLVPDLQO\DELJ- JHUDFFHVVDQGDZLGHUFKRLFHRIJRRGVDQGVHUYLFHDQGWKHLUORZHUSULFHWR
FRQVXPHUVDQGDZLGHUDFFHVVWRWKHFDSLWDOWHFKQRORJ\DQGLQIRUPDWLFV
for producers. Also, a better work division, by more effective allocation of human, raw material and capital sources, what should lead to the economic JURZWK7KDQNVWRDEROLWLRQRIWUDGHEDUULHUVJOREDOL]DWLRQLVDOVRIRUIDYRXULQ
IRUHLJQLQYHVWPHQWVGHYHORSPHQWDQGWUDGHLQWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOVFDOHZKDW
LQÁXHQFHVDQLQFUHDVHRIOLIHVWDQGDUGRIFLWL]HQVLQPDQ\FRXQWULHVE\FUHD- WLRQQHZZRUNSODFHVIRUXQTXDOLÀHGZRUNIRUFHLQSRRUFRXQWULHV
+RZHYHUEHVLGHVDSRVLWLYHLQÁXHQFHRQWKHHFRQRPLFHIIHFWLYHQHVVLQWKH
ZRUOGVFDOHJOREDOL]DWLRQEULQJVZLWKLWVHOIQXPHURXVHIIHFWVOLNHWKUHDWVWR
WKHFRXQWULHVIXWXUHDQGHYHQZKROHVRFLHWLHVZKLFKVWDUWHGJURZLQJLQWKH
second half of 20thFHQWXU\,WVKRXOGEHVWUHVVHGWKDWFULWLFLVPRIWKHJOR- balization is much louder and common, because of the increase of problems OLNH SRYHUW\XQHPSOR\PHQWDQGVRFLDOPDUJLQDOL]DWLRQLQWKHJOREHVFDOH
ZKLFKKDYHKDGRQO\DQDWLRQDOUDQJHVRIDU%XWZHVKRXOGGLIIHUWKHJOR- EDOL]DWLRQDVWKHSURFHVVIURPWKHJOREDOSUREOHPVZKLFKDUHRIWHQHTXDWHG
ZLWKWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQDQGZKLFKFDQEXWWKH\GRQ·WKDYHWREHLWVHIIHFWV
7KHJOREDOSUREOHPVDUHWKHVHGHYHORSPHQWPDWWHUVDQGWKUHDWVZKLFKDUH
FKDUDFWHUL]HGE\ZRUOGZLGHUDQJHDQGWKHUHTXLUHPHQWRIWKHJOREDOFRRS- HUDWLRQKDYLQJDVLJQLÀFDQWPHDQLQJWRWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOVRFLHW\DQGWRWKH
IXWXUHRIWKHPDQ:HFRXQWKHUHWKHSUREOHPRISRYHUW\KXQJHULQWKHELJ
SDUWRIWKHZRUOGHFRORJLFDOGHPRJUDSKLFSUREOHPVLQWHUQDWLRQDOGHEWRUWKH
threat of nuclear war. They are secondary effects of the economic develop- PHQWZKLFKJHWWKHJOREDOUDQJH$WWKHVDPHWLPHZHFDQVHWWKDWWKHLU
PHDQLQJDQGLQÁXHQFHRQWKHZRUOGGHYHORSPHQWJURZVDVDUHVXOWRIWKH
JOREDOL]DWLRQ7KHUHDUHGLIIHUHQWUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQDQGWKH
JOREDOSUREOHPV7KHJOREDOL]DWLRQKHOSVWRVROYHVRPHRIWKHPLQFUHDVLQJ
others, at the same time.
7KHUHDUHPDQ\FXUUHQWVLQDSROHPLFRQWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQEHFDXVHWKHUH
LVQRWDFRQVHQWZKDWLVLWVVXSHULRUSUREOHPDQGWKHUHIRUHZKDWLVLWVELJ- JHVWFKDOOHQJH1HYHUWKHOHVVDVWKHPRVWVHULRXVQHJDWLYHUHVXOWVRIWKHJOR-
EDOL]DWLRQZKLFKDUHDVRXUFHRIWKHELJJHVWWKUHDWVIRUWKHIXWXUHWKHPDMRU- LW\UHFRJQL]HWKHJURZLQJRIPDVVXQHPSOR\PHQWDQGSRYHUW\DQLQFUHDVHRI
VRFLDOHFRQRPLFGLVSURSRUWLRQVPDUJLQDOL]DWLRQRISRRUDQGOLWWOHGHYHORSHG
FRXQWULHVJURZLQJLQVWDELOLW\RIWKHÀQDQFLDOPDUNHWVZKLFKFDXVHVÀQDQFLDO
FULVLVLQWKHJOREDOVFDOHDQGZHDNQHVVDQGTXHVWLRQLQJQDWLRQDOVWDWHUROH
LQVWHHULQJWKHHFRQRP\SURFHVV,QWKHOLWHUDWXUHWKHUHDUHWKUHHFXUUHQWVRQ
WKHSRLQWDQGHIIHFWVRIWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQ
There are:
– JOREDOLVWV
– JOREDOVFHSWLFV
– VXSSRUWHUVRIWKHJOREDOWUDQVIRUPDWLRQFRQFHSWLRQ
%\JOREDOLVWVWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQLVDQHZDUHDDQGLWVKDSHVWKHPRGHUQ
LQWHUQDWLRQDOUHODWLRQV7KHZRUOGHFRQRP\LVQRZPRUHLQWHJUDWHGLWKDVHYHU
EHHQ6RPHRIWKHPVHHLQJOREDOL]DWLRQQHZSRVVLELOLWLHVRWKHUVWKUHDWV
)RUVXUHRQWKHOLVWRISRVLWLYHUHVXOWVRIWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQLVDIUHHÁRZRI
FDSLWDOSURGXFWVVHUYLFHWHFKQRORJ\DQGSHRSOH3URGXFWLRQDQGFRQVXPS- WLRQLQWKHZRUOGVFDOHFDXVHDGHFUHDVHRIFRQVXPSWLRQJRRGV3ULFHV7KH
JOREDOL]DWLRQLVIRUDIDYRXULQDFRPSHWLWLYHQHVVSURPRWLRQFUHDWLRQQHZ
work places and an increase of number of educated people. On the list of WKUHDWVFDXVHGE\WKHJOREDOL]DWLRQZHFDQÀQGÀUVWRIDOODJURZLQJJDS
EHWZHHQSRRUHUDQGULFKHUVRFLDOJURXS&ULWLFVWKLQNWKDWRQHJOREDOPDUNHW
production and consumption in the world scale and decrease of cultures, is DKXJHWKUHDWWRWKHKXPDQNLQGDQGWKHZRUOGHFRQRPLFRUGHU7KH\WKLQN
WKDWJOREDOL]DWLRQSURFHVVHVOHDGWRDORVVRIFRXQWULHVDQGWKLVLVWKHPDLQ
UHDVRQRIÀQDQFLDOFULVLVZKLFKLQÁXHQFHWKHZKROHZRUOG
%\JOREDOVFHSWLFVWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQLVQRWKLQJQHZDQGZHVKRXOGVSHDN
about father internationalization of the world economy, than about its JOREDOL]DWLRQ
:KLOHVXSSRUWVRIWKHJOREDOWUDQVIRUPDWLRQFRQFHSWLRQWKLQNWKDWSUHVHQW
JOREDOL]DWLRQSURFHVVHVGLIIHUIURPWKHRQHVLQWKHSDVW$EDVLFWKHRU\RIWKLV
FRQFHSWLRQLVWKDWWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQSURFHVVHVDUHWKHPDLQIDFWRUFDXVLQJ
HFRQRPLFSROLWLFDOFKDQJHVDQGWKHZRUOG
$QDQDO\VLVRIWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQHIIHFWVFDQEHVHHQIURPDQRSWLPLVWLF
DQGSHVVLPLVWLFSRLQWRIYLHZ7KHRSWLPLVWLFYHUVLRQVWUHVVHVWKDWWKHJOR- balization allows an increase of effectiveness and productivity levels, so also DJURZWKRIOLIHOHYHO3URGXFHUVKDYHDQDFFHVVWRDELJJHUQXPEHURIFRQ- VXPHUVZKRKDYHDFKRLFHDPRQJDKXJHQXPEHURISURGXFWV)RUVXUH
WKHJOREDOL]DWLRQHQDEOHVDVLPSOHUDQGIDVWHUH[FKDQJHRILQIRUPDWLRQLVLQ
IDYRXURIWHFKQRORJ\SURJUHVVLWFDXVHVDSURPRWLRQRIQHZFRXQWULHVDQG
UHJLRQVE\IRUHLJQLQYHVWPHQWVLQÁRZ7KHJOREDOL]DWLRQSURFHVVKHOSVDQ
increase of international specialization, enables products, service, capital DQGSHRSOHÁRZ7KHUHLVDELJIUHHGRPLQWKHHOHFWURQLFDQGSK\VLFDOFRP- munication between people in the whole world.
7KHRSSRQHQWVRIWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQWKLQNWKDWLWEULQJVDORWRIEDGWKLQJV
ZLWKLWVHOI)LUVWRIDOODUROHRIWKHVWDWHLVOLPLWHGWUDGLWLRQDOVRFLDODQGFXO- tural values disappear, mutual relations of different currencies between each RWKHUFDXVHVDELJWKUHDWRIFUDVKLQWKHÀQDQFLDOPDUNHW/HVVGHYHORSHG
countries have a chance in the international competition, so it creates some kind of disproportion between countries in the modern world. Criticism also reaches the international companies, which are too powerful and threaten countries and their societies.
$JRRGH[DPSOHLQGLYDJDWLRQVRQWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQHIIHFWVFDQEH
DWKRXJKWRI.DVVDQJDQZKRWKLQNVWKDWLWLVWRRODWHWRVD\LIZHVXSSRUW
WKHJOREDOL]DWLRQSURFHVVRUQRW7KHJOREDOL]DWLRQEHFDPHDIDFWDQGWKLV
process can’t be diverted. The most important is, so that in this process WKHUHZHUHPRUHJRRGWKLQJVWKDQEDGRQHVDQGVRWKDWZKROHSRSXODWLRQ
RIWKHZRUOGERWKULFKDQGSRRUFDQXVHLWVEHQHÀWV
+RZHYHUWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQHIIHFWVDUHIHOWXQGRXEWHGO\LQELJJHURUVPDOOHU
ZD\EHWWHURUZRUVH(YHU\WKLQJGHSHQGVRQGHYHORSPHQWOHYHORIDSDUWLFXODU
VXEMHFW$WULDORIVXEMHFWVFRPSDULVRQZKLFKEHQHÀWDQGZKLFKORVHIURP
JOREDOL]DWLRQVKRZVWDEOH
Table 2. &RPSDULVRQRIVXEMHFWVEHQHÀWLQJDQGORVLQJLQWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQSURFHVV 6XEMHFWEHQHÀWLQJIURPJOREDOL]DWLRQ Subjects losing from globalization
Countries of Triad
South-East and South Asia
0DQDJHPHQWDQG(QJLQHHULQJ3HUVRQQHO
Mobile people
Creditors
Global markets
6WURQJFRXQWULHV
4XDOLÀHGSHRSOH
Public sector workers
6HOOHUVRISURGXFWVWHFKQRORJLFDOO\
advanced
Countries of Triad
:HDNHUGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
Africa
Workers
Immobile people
'HEWRUV
Local societies
Weak countries
8QTXDOLÀHGSHRSOH
8QTXDOLÀHGSHRSOH
Private sector workers
6HOOHUVRIDJULFXOWXUDOUDZDQGVWDQGDUG
industrial products.
Source: 0LĘG]\QDURGRZH VWRVXQNL JRVSRGDUF]H UHG ( 2]LHZLF] 7 0LFKDâRZVNL
PWE, Warszawa, p. 304.
%LJJHUDQGELJJHUSUREOHPWRXFKLQJGHYHORSHGFRXQWULHVLVDQLQFUHDVLQJ
unemployment, caused by relocation production to cheaper work markets in poor countries by transnational corporations. However, much serious rea- VRQLVWHFKQRORJLFDOSURJUHVVUHSODFLQJPRUHDQGPRUHRIWHQDIDFWRURI
XQTXDOLÀHGZRUNZLWKDIDFWRURINQRZOHGJHDQGPRGHUQWHFKQLFVEHFDXVH
LWVSUHDGVDOORYHUWKHZRUOGWKDQNVWRWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQ,QDUHVXOWLQDOOWUD- GLWLRQDOVHFWRUVRIHFRQRP\OLNHDJULFXOWXUHLQGXVWU\DQGVHUYLFHWHFKQRORJ\
UHSODFHVKXPDQZRUNIRUFHVUHGXFLQJDQXPEHURIHPSOR\HGDQGEHDULQJ
DPDVVSRYHUW\ )DONVRWD-XQJ ,QGHHGQHZVHFWRUVRIHFRQRP\RSHQ
QHZSRVVLELOLWLHVDQGJHQHUDWHQHZZRUNSODFHVEXWRQO\WRDVPDOOJURXSRI
WKHEHVWHGXFDWHGDQGDQGLQPRUHDQGPRUHOLPLWHGUDQJH6RWKHZHDNHVW
VRFLDOJURXSZLWKWKHORZHVWTXDOLÀFDWLRQV²WKHPDMRULW\RIWKHVRFLHW\²ORVH
IURPWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQ,WEHDUVDPDVVIUXVWUDWLRQDJJUHVVLRQDQGVRFLDO
GHVWDELOL]DWLRQZKLFKOHDGWRWKHLQFUHDVHRIFULPH%\-5LINLQWHFKQRORJLFDO
XQHPSOR\PHQWLVDUHDVRQRIWKHFULPHLQFUHDVHLQELJJHUDQGELJJHUQXPEHU
RIGHYHORSHGDQGGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVZKDWLVSURYHGE\UHVHDUFKVKRZLQJ
DQDODUPLQJFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHLQFUHDVHRIXQHPSOR\HGQXPEHUDQGWKH
FULPHZLWKYLROHQFHXVH 5LINLQ +HWKLQNVWKDWFUHDWLRQQHZFKDQFHV
DQGVRFLDOREOLJDWLRQVZKHQWUDGLWLRQDOHPSOR\PHQWGLVDSSHDUWRPLOOLRQVRI
people, will be a hot social problem of the present century, It is observed, WKDWDIDUWKHULQFUHDVHRIWHFKQRORJLFDOXQHPSOR\PHQWFDQVHULRXVO\WRXFK
DSUHYLRXVFRKHVLRQRIWKHPDUNHWPHFKDQLVPVKDSLQJLQFRPHGHPDQGDQG
WKHZKROHPHFKDQLVPRIHFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQWEHFDXVHDORQJXQHPSOR\- ment there is a decrease of pays and increase of differences in income.
The economic polarization, or disproportions in the income division and PDUJLQDOL]DWLRQRIELJVRFLDOJURXSVLVWKHIROORZLQJSUREOHPZKLFKDERXW
WKHJOREDOL]DWLRQLVEODPHG6D\LQJVKRUWO\SRODUL]DWLRQPHDQVWKDWWKHULFK
DUHJHWWLQJHYHQULFKHUDQGWKHSRRUPXFKSRRUHU$VDUHVXOWRIURXJKPDU- NHWDFWLYLW\DQGDSRZHURIWUDQVQDWLRQDOFRUSRUDWLRQVEHJLQVWREHGLYLGHG
LQWRPLQRULW\RIEHQHÀFLDULHVDQGPDMRULW\RIPDUJLQDOL]HGERWKLQ
the world scale and particular companies. An increase of disproportions hap- SHQVERWKEHWZHHQSHRSOHVRFLDOJURXSUHJLRQVDQGFRXQWULHVZKDWFDXV- HVWKHLUVHJUHJDWLRQWRZDUGVXVHIXOQHVVWRWKHJOREDOPDUNHW,QWKHUHVXOW
DSDUWRISRSXODWLRQXQDEOHWRFRSHZLWKWKHJOREDOFRPSHWLWLRQLVSXVKHGRII
RQDVRFLDOPDUJLQZLWKRXWDQ\FKDQFHVRISURPRWLRQ)RUH[DPSOHLQ%UD]LO
25% of the poorest earn only 2.5% of the national income, while 20% of the ULFKHVWFRQWURODOPRVWñ¼³RIWKHJURVVGRPHVWLFSURGXFW,Q$PHULFDWRGD\
DGHFUHDVHRISD\VSHUPDQHQWGHFUHDVHRIXQHPSOR\PHQWDQGJURZLQJSR- ODUL]DWLRQRIWKHULFKDQGWKHSRRUFKDQJHVRPHUHJLRQVLQWRDFRXQWU\RIWKH
GUHJV)URPWKHHFRQRP\SRLQWRIYLHZWKHLQFRPHGLYHUVLÀFDWLRQDQGFUHD- WLRQSRVVLELOLWLHVWREHFRPHULFKLVSURÀWDEOHEHFDXVHLWPRELOL]HSHRSOHWR
ELJJHUDFWLYLW\DQGZRUNHIIHFWLYHQHVVZKDWLVLQIDYRXURIHFRQRPLFSURJUHVV
DQGGHYHORSPHQW%XWZHFDQ·WIRUJHWWKDWWRRELJLQFRPHGLIIHUHQFHVFDQ
OHDGWRDVWHDG\GLYHUVLÀFDWLRQRIDOLIHVWDUWDQGFDXVHGHVWDELOL]DWLRQEUHDN
GRZQRIWKHVWDWHVWUXFWXUHVDJURZWKRISDWKRORJ\DQGDVWRSRIHFRQRPLF
GHYHORSPHQWVSHHG:HFDQVD\WKDWWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQLQÁXHQFHRQVRFLDO
GLIIHUHQFHVLVGLVFXVVDEOHEXWXQGRXEWHGO\WKLVSUREOHPLVDELJWKUHDWIRU
WKHIXWXUHDQGWKHVWDWHPXVWSDUWDFWLYHO\LQVROYLQJLWWDNLQJDQHZUROHLQ
UHGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHPDGHZHDOWK %XGQLNRZVNLS
,WZDVUHPLQGHGPDQ\WLPHVWKDWWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQSURFHVVJRHVYHU\XQ- HTXDOO\VWUHQJWKHQLQJSHUPDQHQWO\DQHFRQRPLFSRZHURIDVPDOOQXPEHURI
WKHULFKHVWFRXQWULHVZKLOHLWJLYHVYHU\OLWWOHWRWKHOHIWPDMRULW\RIFRXQWULHV
EULQJLQJSRRUFRXQWULHVWRGHEWLPSRVVLEOHWRUHSD\3HUPDQHQWLQFUHDVHRI
GHYHORSPHQWGLIIHUHQFHVRIULFKDQGSRRUFRXQWULHVWKUHDWHQVWKHPDUJLQDOL- zation of the latter ones. It is estimated, that in case of continuation of the present processes, they don’t have the smallest chances to stop a speed of the increase of the development difference towards the rich countries.
$TXHVWLRQDULVHVLIWKLVWHQGHQF\FDQEHWXUQHGLIQRWDIHDUWRWRXFKWKH
world safety, which nowadays is based mainly on the economic safety of FRXQWULHV$SURRIWKDWWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQZRUNVPDLQO\DOWKRXJKQRWRQO\IRU
WKHVRFLHW\JRRGQHVVRIWKHGHYHORSHGFRXQWULHVLVWKHLUVKDUHLQWKHJOREDO
GRPHVWLFSURGXFWZKLFKZDVLQDVKDUHRIGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
GLGQ·WPDQDJHWRFURVV6XFKFDOOHG$VLDQWLJHUV 7DLZDQ+RQJ.RQJ
HWF DUHDVPDOOJURXSRIFRXQWULHVZKLFKPDQDJHGWRXVHIXOO\WKHJOREDOL- ]DWLRQSURFHVVHVDQGWKDQNVWRLWZHUHSURPRWHGWRDJURXSRIPRUHGHYHO- RSHGFRXQWULHVDQGHYHQWRJHWDVXFFHVV+RZHYHUWKHPDMRULW\FDQ·WFRSH
ZLWKWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQFKDOOHQJHVEHFDXVHWKH\GRQ·WKDYHWKHULJKWDVVHWV
RUQRWPXFKWRRIIHU]\NWRWKHJOREDOHFRQRP\7KDWPHDQVDVLWXDWLRQLQ
which many countries and companies don’t have common boards of com- SHWLWLRQ$VWKHUHVXOWWKHZRUGHFRQRP\LVGRPLQDWHGE\WKHVPDOOJURXSRI
transnational corporations and other international companies, which push off a rest of less competitive companies to worse markets or to a role of un- der producers of transnational corporations. Additionally, rich countries and corporations, because of technical, infrastructural or political disproportions RISRRUFRXQWULHVDUHQRWLQWHUHVWHGLQLQYHVWLQJFDSLWDOVRUWUDQVIHUULQJ
PRGHUQWHFKQRORJ\WKHUHDVDORFNRIULJKWTXDOLÀFDWLRQVDQGH[SHULHQFHWR
XVHVXFKWHFKQRORJ\$QH[DPSOHRIWKHFRXQWU\H[FOXGHGIURPLQWHUQDWLRQDO
WUDGHLVDOPRVWZKROHFRQWLQHQWRI$IULFD0RUHRYHULWLVSUHGLFWHGWKDWDORQJ
WRDORFNRIQHZFDSLWDOLQÁRZRXWÁRZRIWKHQDWLYHFDSLWDOWRPXFKPRUHDW- tractive place, is an additional threat.
+RZHYHUE\PDQ\H[SHUWVLWLVWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQZKDWLVUHVSRQVLEOHIRU
DZRUVHVLWXDWLRQRIWKHSRRUFRXQWULHVEXWDZURQJSROLWLFVNHHSLQJEDG
systems corruption and bad institutional adaptations. Especially the protec- WLRQLVPLVWKRXJKWWREHUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHEDGHFRQRPLFVLWXDWLRQRIWKHVH
countries. Experts also point, that it is impossible to set, how much these SUREOHPVDUHWKHUHVXOWRIWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQDQGKRZPXFKWKH\DUHWKHFRQ- VHTXHQFHRIRWKHUIDFWRUV:KHUHDVLWVHHPVWKDWRQO\DIDWKHUJOREDOL]D- WLRQFDQOHGWRJUDGXDOGHFUHDVHDQGLQWKHIDWKHUSHUVSHFWLYHWRHTXDOLW\RI
GHYHORSPHQWOHYHODQGLPSURYHPHQWRIH[LVWHQFHFRQGLWLRQVRISRRUUHJLRQV
EXWWKH\VKRXOGEHJLYHQDIUHHDFFHVVWRWKHJOREDODQGWRFUHDWHWRMRLQ
SURÀWDEO\WKHZRUOGHFRQRPLFWUDGH,WLVDOVRQHFHVVDU\DQDPRUWL]DWLRQRI
the poorest countries. It is depended a lot on their own economic politics and institutional adaptations. It should be reminded, that in the recent 50 years, the world poverty decreased faster than in the previous 500 years, what FDQEHUHJDUGHGDVWKHGLUHFWHIIHFWRIWKHJOREDOWUDGHZKLFKLVMRLQHGE\
PRUHDQGPRUHFRXQWULHVDQGWKDQNVWRLWLWLVDVXFFHVVIXOÀQGLQJPDQ\
purchasers for native products in other countries. This year’s report of the :RUOG%DQNVKRZVWKDWWKHQXPEHURIWKHSRRUGHFUHDVHGLQDOOUHJLRQVRI
WKHZRUOGFRPSDULQJZLWKUHFHQW\HDUVRQO\RXWVLGH$IULFDDQGRYHUKDOIELO- OLRQSHRSOHJRWRXWRIWKHEHJJDU\DOWKRXJKVWLOOPRUHWKDQDKDOIRIELO- lion people in the world live for less than two dollars a day (Report, 2004).
$YLVLEOHHFRQRPLFJURZWKWRRNSODFHLQ&KLQDDQG,QGLDWKRXJKE\VRPH
the successes in China are an effect of internal decisions more than results RIWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQ
$PRQJFRXQWULHVZKLFKWU\WRPDNHXSWKHGHYHORSPHQWJDSDJURXSRI
WUDQVIRUPLQJRQHVVHHPWREHLQDSURPLVLQJVLWXDWLRQ7KHUHLV3RODQGDQG
GHYHORSLQJTXLFNO\FRXQWULHVRIWKH7KLUG:RUOGIRUZKLFKWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQ
should create unrepeatable chance for a steady economic development (by WKHLQÁRZRIFDSLWDO RIFRXUVHRQFRQGLWLRQWRIXOÀOQHFHVVDU\UHTXLUHPHQWV
E\WKHVHFRXQWULHV$OWKRXJKWKHUHDUHDOVRWKUHDWVVXFKDVGHSHQGHQF\RQ
WKLVFDSLWDO%HVLGHVWKH\DUHPRUHH[SRVHGWRWKHJOREDOL]DWLRQWKDQULFKHU
countries.
,QHOLPLQDWLRQHFRQRPLFGLIIHUHQFHVDELJUROHKDYHWUDQVQDWLRQDOFRUSR- UDWLRQVZKLFKKDYHWKHFDSLWDONQRZOHGJHDQGDOWKRXJKWKH\DUHGHWHFWHG
E\WKHLURZQEXVLQHVVPDUNHWVZKHUHWKH\JHWLQKDYHPDQ\SURÀWVRILW
7KHUHQHZZRUNSODFHVLQORFDOEUDQFKHVRIWKHVHFRUSRUDWLRQVDQGSURJUHVV
of local producers, forced by competition of transnational corporations. It
