• Nie Znaleziono Wyników

View of THE ESSENCE OF FAIR TRADE AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN THE WORLD ECONOMY

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "View of THE ESSENCE OF FAIR TRADE AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN THE WORLD ECONOMY"

Copied!
11
0
0

Pełen tekst

(1)

7+((66(1&(2))$,575$'($1',76,03257$1&(

,17+(:25/'(&2120<

0LFKDá:LHOHFKRZVNL0LFKDá5RPDQ

:DUVDZ8QLYHUVLW\RI/LIH6FLHQFHV±6**: $EVWUDFW7KHDUWLFOHSUHVHQWVWKHPDLQLVVXHVRI)DLU7UDGH$FFRUGLQJWRWKHDXWKRUV)DLU 7UDGHLVDYHU\LPSRUWDQWLGHDZKLOHDSURJUDPPHGHVLJQHGWRFKDQJHWKHORFDWLRQDQGUDL VLQJWKHVWDQGDUGRIOLYLQJRIDODUJHSRSXODWLRQRISRRUUHJLRQVRIWKHZRUOG(PSLULFDOGDWD GHULYHGIURPWZRVRXUFHVWKHZRUOG¶VODUJHVWRUJDQL]DWLRQVRI)DLU7UDGHWKH:RUOG)DLU 7UDGH2UJDQL]DWLRQ :)72 DQG)DLUWUDGH/DEHOOLQJ2UJDQL]DWLRQV,QWHUQDWLRQDO )/2  DUHSUHVHQWHGLQWDEXODUDQGJUDSKLFDOIRUP,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHYROXPHRISURGXFWLRQ DQGVDOHVRI)DLU7UDGHSURGXFWVRYHUWKH\HDUVKDYHEHHQLQFUHDVLQJVWHDGLO\ GRXEOHGLJLW OHYHOVRIDQDQQXDOJURZWKUDWH 7KHPDLQ)DLU7UDGHSURGXFWVDUHFRIIHHFRFRDEDQDQDV DQGFDQHVXJDU7KHODUJHVWLPSRUWHUVRI)DLU7UDGHSURGXFWLRQLQWKH\HDUV±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¿FDWLRQDQGLVGLVWLQFW IURP)DLU7UDGH WZRZRUGVZULWWHQZLWKFDSLWDOOHWWHUV ZKLFKGHQRWHVDJHQHUDOPHDQLQJRIWKH PRYHPHQW &RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRUV±$GUHVGRNRUHVSRQGHQFML0LFKDá:LHOHFKRZVNL:DUVDZ8QLYHUVLW\RI /LIH6FLHQFHV±6**:'HSDUWPHQWRI(FRQRPLFVDQG(FRQRPLF3ROLF\1RZRXUV\QRZVND 6WU:DUV]DZD3RODQGHPDLOPLFKDOBZLHOHFKRZVNL#VJJZSO0LFKDá5RPDQ:DUVDZ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI /LIH 6FLHQFHV ± 6**: 'HSDUWPHQW RI (GXFDWLRQ (FRQRPLFV &RPPXQLFDWLRQ DQG&RXQVHOOLQJ1RZRXUV\QRZVND6WU:DUV]DZD3RODQGHPDLOPLFKDOBURPDQ# VJJZSO

(2)

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

(PSLULFDO GDWD GHULYHG IURP WZR VRXUFHV WKH ZRUOG¶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³WUDGLQJSDUWQHU VKLSEDVHGRQGLDORJXHWUDQVSDUHQF\DQGUHVSHFWZKLFKVHHNVJUHDWHUHTXLW\LQLQWHUQD WLRQDOWUDGH,WFRQWULEXWHVWRVXVWDLQDEOHGHYHORSPHQWE\RIIHULQJEHWWHUWUDGLQJFRQGL WLRQVWRDQGVHFXULQJWKHULJKWVRIPDUJLQDOL]HGSURGXFHUVDQGZRUNHUV±HVSHFLDOO\LQ $IULFDDQG6RXWK$PHULFD)DLU7UDGHRUJDQL]DWLRQV EDFNHGE\FRQVXPHUV DUHHQJDJHG DFWLYHO\LQVXSSRUWLQJSURGXFHUVDZDUHQHVVUDLVLQJDQGLQFDPSDLJQLQJIRUFKDQJHVLQWKH UXOHVDQGSUDFWLFHRIFRQYHQWLRQDOLQWHUQDWLRQDOWUDGH´>%HFFKHWWLDQG+X\EUHFKWV@ 7KHSULPDU\JRDORI)DLU7UDGHLVWRZRUNIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHSRRUHVWFRXQWULHVRI

(3)

7KHHVVHQFHRIIDLUWUDGHDQGLWVLPSRUWDQFHLQWKHZRUOGHFRQRP\  WKH7KLUG:RUOGFRPPXQLWLHVDQGEXLOGLQJVXVWDLQDEOHGLUHFWUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQWKH SHRSOHLQSRRUFRXQWULHVDQGFRQVXPHUVLQZHDOWK\SDUWVRIWKHZRUOG)DLU7UDGHLVDOVRD FRQVXPHUPRYHPHQWZKLFKLQFOXGHVWKHDFWLYLWLHVRIQRQJRYHUQPHQWDORUJDQL]DWLRQVWR SURPRWH)DLU7UDGH>ĩXNURZVND@ )DLU7UDGHLVERWKDQLGHDDQGDSURJUDPPHDLPHGDWFKDQJLQJWKHSRVLWLRQDQGUDLVH WKHVWDQGDUGRIOLYLQJRIDODUJHSDUWRIWKHSRSXODWLRQIURPWKHSRRUHVWUHJLRQVRIWKH ZRUOG,QLWVDVVXPSWLRQLWJRHVEDFNWRWKHPLFURVPDOODQGPHGLXPVL]HGHQWHUSULVHV SULYDWHSHUVRQVDQGFLWL]HQV>-DJLHááR@7KHJRDOVRI)DLU7UDGHWKDWIORZIURPWKLV GHILQLWLRQDUH>0RRUH@ í WRLPSURYHWKHOLYHOLKRRGVDQGZHOOEHLQJRISURGXFHUVE\LPSURYLQJPDUNHWDFFHVV VWUHQJWKHQLQJSURGXFHURUJDQL]DWLRQVSD\LQJDEHWWHUSULFHDQSURYLGLQJFRQWLQXLW\LQ WKHWUDGLQJUHODWLRQVKLS í WRSURPRWHGHYHORSPHQWRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUGLVDGYDQWDJHGSURGXFHUVHVSHFLDOO\ZRP HQDQGLQGLJHQRXVSHRSOHDQGWRSURWHFWFKLOGUHQIURPH[SORLWDWLRQLQWKHSURGXFWLRQ SURFHVV í WRUDLVHDZDUHQHVVDPRQJFRQVXPHUVRIWKHQHJDWLYHHIIHFWVRQSURGXFHUVRILQWHUQD WLRQDOWUDGHVRWKDWWKH\H[HUFLVHWKHLUSXUFKDVLQJSRZHUSRVLWLYHO\ í WRVHWDQH[DPSOHRISDUWQHUVKLSLQWUDGHWKURXJKGLDORJXHWUDQVSDUHQF\DQGUHVSHFW í WRFDPSDLJQIRUFKDQJHVLQWKHUXOHVDQGSUDFWLFHRIFRQYHQWLRQDOLQWHUQDWLRQDOWUDGH í WRSURWHFWKXPDQULJKWVE\SURPRWLQJVRFLDOMXVWLFHVRXQGHQYLURQPHQWDOSUDFWLFHV DQGHFRQRPLFVHFXULW\ )$,575$'(6758&785( 0RVW)DLU7UDGHRUJDQL]DWLRQVDUHPHPEHUVRIRUFHUWLILHGE\RQHRIVHYHUDOQDWLRQDO RU LQWHUQDWLRQDO IHGHUDWLRQV 7KHVH IHGHUDWLRQV FRRUGLQDWH SURPRWH DQG IDFLOLWDWH WKH ZRUNRI)DLU7UDGHRUJDQL]DWLRQV7KHIROORZLQJDUHWKHODUJHVWDQGWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQW í WKH )DLUWUDGH /DEHOOLQJ 2UJDQL]DWLRQV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO )/2  ± WKH EHVW NQRZQ DVVR

FLDWLRQ RI SURGXFHU QHWZRUNV DQG PDQ\ QDWLRQDO ODEHOOLQJ LQLWLDWLYHV WKDW GHYHORS )DLUWUDGH VWDQGDUGV 7KH )DLUWUDGH LQWHUQDWLRQDO ODEHOOLQJ V\VWHP LV WKH ODUJHVW DQG PRVWZLGHO\UHFRJQL]HGVWDQGDUGVHWWLQJDQGFHUWLILFDWLRQERG\IRUODEHOOHG)DLU7UDGH >)/2@ í WKH:RUOG)DLU7UDGH2UJDQL]DWLRQ :)72 ±DJOREDODVVRFLDWLRQHVWDEOLVKHGLQ RI)DLU7UDGHSURGXFHUFRRSHUDWLYHVDQGDVVRFLDWLRQVH[SRUWPDUNHWLQJFRPSDQLHV LPSRUWHUVUHWDLOHUVQDWLRQDODQGUHJLRQDO)DLU7UDGHQHWZRUNVDQG)DLU7UDGHVXSSRUW RUJDQL]DWLRQV>:)72@ í WKH1HWZRUNRI(XURSHDQ:RUOGVKRSV 1(:6 ±FUHDWHGLQDQHWZRUNRIQD WLRQDOZRUOGVKRSDVVRFLDWLRQVLQGLIIHUHQWFRXQWULHVDOORYHU(XURSH>)DLUWUDGH)RXQ GDWLRQ@ í WKH(XURSHDQ)DLU7UDGH$VVRFLDWLRQ ()7$ ±HVWDEOLVKHGLQDQHWZRUNRI(X URSHDQDOWHUQDWLYHWUDGLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQVZKLFKLPSRUWSURGXFWVIURPGLVDGYDQWDJHG SURGXFHUJURXSVLQ$IULFD$VLDDQG/DWLQ$PHULFD,WVPLVVLRQLVWRSURPRWH)DLU 7UDGHDQGWRPDNH)DLU7UDGHLPSRUWLQJPRUHHIILFLHQWDQGHIIHFWLYH>6L[W\<HDUV @

(4)

 0:LHOHFKRZVNL05RPDQ ,QWKHIRXUOLVWHGDERYHIHGHUDWLRQVMRLQHGWRJHWKHUDV),1(7KHDLPRI),1(LV WRHQDEOHWKHVHQHWZRUNVDQGWKHLUPHPEHUVWRFRRSHUDWHRQ>:KDWLV@ í WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIKDUPRQLVHGFRUHVWDQGDUGVDQGJXLGHOLQHVIRU)DLU7UDGH í KDUPRQLVDWLRQDQGLQFUHDVHLQWKHTXDOLW\DQGHIILFLHQF\RIWKHPRQLWRULQJV\VWHPIRU )DLU7UDGH í DGYRFDF\DQGFDPSDLJQLQJZRUN í KDUPRQLVDWLRQRIWKHLULQIRUPDWLRQDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQV\VWHPV )LJXUHSUHVHQWVFXUUHQW),1(VWUXFWXUH)/2,QWHUQDWLRQDO$VVRFLDWLRQKDVDOPRVW  WKRXVDQG PHPEHUV ORFDWHG LQ  FRXQWULHV DQG RUJDQL]HG LQ UHJLRQDO SURGXFHU QHWZRUNV %\ WKH HQG RI :)72 KDG  PHPEHU RUJDQL]DWLRQV UHJLVWHUHG DQG SURYLVLRQDO DQGLQGLYLGXDOVLQFRXQWULHV1(:6UHSUHVHQWVDERXWVKRSVLQ (XURSHDQFRXQWULHV()7$FRQVRFLDWHV)DLU7UDGHLPSRUWHUVLQ(XURSHDQFRXQWULHV

FINE: Informal association of

the three Fair Trade networks FLO International: Association and certification organization 991 member organizations in 66 countries 3 Producer networks: Africa, Asia and South America & the Caribbean

19 Fairtrade Labelling Initiatives in 23 countries WFTO: Global representative body 350 member organizations in 70 countries 5 regional WFTO' s:

Africa, Asia, Latin America, Europe and

Pacific 4000 worldshops in 33 countries NEWS! The Network of European Worldshops 2500 shops in 13 European countries EFTA: Association of European Importers

11 Fair Trade importers in 9 European countries

Other Fair Trade networks/associations

Fair Trade organizations linked to other networks /

associations Self-proclaimed

Fair Trade organizations not linked to any organization )LJ 6FKHPDWLFRYHUYLHZRIWKHELJJHVWRUJDQLVDWLRQVLQWKH)DLU7UDGHPRYHPHQW 5\V 3U]HJOąGQDMZLĊNV]\FKRUJDQL]DFML)DLU7UDGH 6RXUFH 2ZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQ$6XFFHVV«>@ ħUyGáR 2SUDFRZDQLHZáDVQHQDSRGVWDZLH$6XFFHVV«>@

(5)

7KHHVVHQFHRIIDLUWUDGHDQGLWVLPSRUWDQFHLQWKHZRUOGHFRQRP\  $XVWULD%HOJLXP)UDQFH*HUPDQ\,WDO\7KH1HWKHUODQGV6SDLQ6ZLW]HUODQGDQGWKH 8QLWHG.LQJGRP>()7$@ $QLPSRUWDQWLVVXHLVWKH)DLU7UDGHVXSSO\FKDLQEHWZHHQSURGXFHUDQGFXVWRPHU )LJXUHVKRZVVXSSO\FKDLQRIWKH*LIWVDQG/LYLQJSURGXFWVIURP6RXWKWRWKH1RUWK 3HRSOHVRPHWLPHVZRQGHUZK\WKHSULFHWKH\SD\IRU)DLU7UDGHSURGXFWLVPXFKPRUH KLJKHUWKDQWKHSULFHWKDWWKHSURGXFHUUHFHLYHV )LJ )DLU7UDGHSURGXFWVVXSSO\FKDLQ 5\V àDĔFXFKGRVWDZSURGXNWyZ)DLU7UDGH 6RXUFH $6XFFHVV>@ ħUyGáR $6XFFHVV«>@ )URP)LJXUHLWEHFRPHVFOHDUWKDWZKDWHYHUSULFHLVSDLGWRWKHSURGXFHUWKHFRQ VXPHUZLOODOZD\VKDYHWRSD\DVHYHUDOWLPHVKLJKHUSULFH>$6XFFHVV«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± WKHHVWL PDWHG )DLU7UDGH UHWDLO VDOHV JUHZ LQ D G\QDPLF ZD\7KH JURZWK UDWHV LQ VXEVHTXHQW \HDUVZHUHDQGLQDURZ,QWKHUHWDLOYDOXHRI)DLU7UDGH SURGXFWLRQDPRXQWHGWRDOPRVWELOOLRQ(85DQGZDVWLPHVKLJKHULQFRPSDULVRQWR  7DEOH  7KHODUJHVWLPSRUWHUVRI)DLU7UDGHSURGXFWLRQLQWKHDQDO\VHGSHULRGZHUHWKH8QLWHG .LQJGRPDQGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV7KHVKDUHRIWKHVHWZRFRXQWULHVLQYDOXHUHWDLOVDOHVZDV y3URGXFHUVLQ WKH6RXWKJHW DPDUNHWEDVHG )DLUSULFH y7UDQVSRUW FRVWVWUDFHV DQGVHUYLFH LPSRUWFRVWVHWF y)72ELJJHVW ±IXQGDWLRQ y&DQDOVREH FRPPHUFLDO y)DFWRU LQFOXGHVYDOXH DGGHGWD[ y&RQVXPHUSD\V PRUHWKDQ WLPHVWKHSULFH RIWKHSURGXFHU 3URGXFHU ZKROHVDOHU,PSRUWHU &RQVXPHU

(6)

 0:LHOHFKRZVNL05RPDQ 7DEOH &KDQJHVLQUHSRUWHG)DLU7UDGHVDOHVLQFRPHE\SURGXFWLQ± 7DEHOD=PLDQ\SU]\FKRGyZ]HVSU]HGDĪ\)DLU7UDGHZ]DOHĪQRĞFLRGSURGXNWXZODWDFK± ± 3URGXFW 6DOHV LQFRPH  POQ(85 6DOHV LQFRPH ± POQ(85 3HUFHQWDJH FKDQJH UHSRUWHG VDOHV LQFRPH  3URGXFW 6DOHV LQFRPH  POQ(85 6DOHV LQFRPH ± POQ(85 3HUFHQWDJH FKDQJH UHSRUWHG VDOHV LQFRPH  &RIIHH    +RQH\   ± %DQDQDV    5LFH    &RFRD    4XLQRD    )ORZHUV DQG3ODQWV    1XWVDQG 2LOVHHGV   ± &DQH6XJDU    )UXLW-XLFHV   ± 7HD    'ULHG)UXLWV    &RWWRQ    +HUEVDQG6SLFHV    )UHVK )UXLWV 9HJHWDEOHV    6SRUWV%DOOV    :LQH *UDSHV   ± 6RXUFH 2ZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQ0RQLWRULQJ«>@ ħUyGáR 2SUDFRZDQLHZáDVQHQDSRGVWDZLH0RQLWRULQJ«>@ 7DEOH 7RWDOYDOXHUHWDLOVDOHVE\)/2PHPEHUVLQ\HDUV± POQHXUR 7DEHOD&DáNRZLWDZDUWRĞüVSU]HGDĪ\GHWDOLF]QHMSU]H]F]áRQNyZ)/2ZODWDFK±)/2 POQHXUR 7RWDOYDOXHUHWDLOVDOHVE\)/2PHPEHUV POQ(85 &RXQWU\         $861= ±        $XVWULD ±        %HOJLXP         &DQDGD         &]HFK5HSXEOLF ± ± ± ± ±    'HQPDUN         (VWRQLD ± ± ± ± ±    )LQODQG         )UDQFH         *HUPDQ\         ,UHODQG         ,WDO\         -DSDQ         /DWYLD ± ± ± ± ±    /LWKXDQLD ± ± ± ± ±    /X[HPEXUJ         1HWKHUODQGV        

(7)

7KHHVVHQFHRIIDLUWUDGHDQGLWVLPSRUWDQFHLQWKHZRUOGHFRQRP\  1RUZD\         56$ ± ± ± ± ±    6SDLQ ±        6ZHGHQ         6ZLW]HUODQG         8.         86$         5HVWRIWKH:RUOG ± ± ± ±     7RWDO :RUOG         6RXUFH 2ZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQ$6XFFHVV«>@DQG)RU3URGXFHUV«>@ ħUyGáR 2SUDFRZDQLHZáDVQHQDSRGVWDZLH$6XFFHVV«>@RUD])RU3URGXFHUV«>@ RYHU0RVWLPSRUWDQW(XURSHDQSDUWQHUVZHUH H[FHSWWKH8. *HUPDQ\)UDQFH 6ZLW]HUODQG,UHODQGDQGWKH1HWKHUODQGV VKDUHRIDSSUR[LPDWHO\ )DLU7UDGHSURG XFWVDUHVROGLQPRUHWKDQFRXQWULHVZRUOGZLGH

0RVW QRWDEO\ )DLU 7UDGH SURGXFWV DUH FRIIHH FRFRD VXJDU EDQDQDV 7DEOH   ,Q HVWLPDWHGVDOHVYROXPHRIWKHVHSURGXFWVLQFUHDVHGPRUHWKDQ JURZWKUDWHIRU FRIIHH±FRFRD±EDQDQDV±FDQHVXJDU± 

7DEOH (VWLPDWHGVDOHVLQYROXPHSHU)DLU7UDGHSURGXFWLQ±

7DEHOD 6]DFRZDQDZLHONRĞüSURGXNFML)DLU7UDGHZODWDFK± ]SRG]LDáHPQDSURGXNW\

(VWLPDWHGVDOHVYROXPH 3URGXFW 8QLW   *URZWKUDWH



3URGXFW 8QLW   *URZWKUDWH  %DQDQDV 07D    +RQH\ 07    &RFRD FR FRDEHDQV 07    2LOVHHGV DQG2OHDJL QRXV)UXLWV 07    &RIIHH URDVWHG LQVWDQW 07    4XLQRD 07   ± &RWWRQ OLQW 07 ±  ± 5LFH 07    'ULHG)UXLWV 07    6SRUWVEDOOV LWHPV   ± )ORZHUVDQG 3ODQWV  VWHPV    &DQHVXJDU 07    )UHVK)UXLWV 07   ± 7HD 07    )UHVK 9HJHWDEOHV 07 ±  ± 7LPEHU &XELF PHWUHV ±  ±

)UXLWMXLFHV OLWUHV    :LQH OLWUHV   ± +HUEVDQG

6SLFHV 07   ±

D07±PHWULFWRQQH HTXDOWRNJLQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\VWHPRI8QLWV 

6RXUFH 2ZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQ)RU3URGXFHUV«>@ ħUyGáR 2SUDFRZDQLHZáDVQHQDSRGVWDZLH)RU3URGXFHUV«>@

(8)

 0:LHOHFKRZVNL05RPDQ

7DEOH %UHDNGRZQRIIDUPHUV¶DQGZRUNHUV¶QXPEHUVE\)DLU7UDGHSURGXFWLQ

7DEHOD5R]NáDG OLF]E\ UROQLNyZ L SUDFRZQLNyZ ]DDQJDĪRZDQ\FK SU]\ SURGXNFML )DLU 7UDGH ZURNX Z]DOHĪQRĞFLRGSURGXNWX

3URGXFW )DUPHUVE\ SURGXFW :RUNHUV E\ SURGXFWV )DUPHUV DQG ZRUNHUV E\ SURGXFWV 3HUFHQWDJH RIWRWDO 

3URGXFW )DUPHUVE\ SURGXFW :RUNHUV E\ SURGXFWV )DUPHUV DQG ZRUNHUV E\ SURGXFWV 3HUFHQWDJH RIWRWDO  &RIIHH     %DQDQDV     7HD     +HUEV DQG 6SLFHV     &RFRD     'ULHG )UXLWV     &RWWRQ     5LFH     )ORZHUV DQG 3ODQWV     :LQH*UDSHV     )UHVK )UXLWV 9HJHWDEOHV     +RQH\     &DQH 6XJDU     4XLQRD     1XWV DQG 2LOVHHGV     )UXLW-XLFHV     6SRUWV %DOOV     *UDQG 7RWDO     6RXUFH 2ZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQ0RQLWRULQJ«>@ ħUyGáR 2SUDFRZDQLHZáDVQHQDSRGVWDZLH0RQLWRULQJ«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

(9)

7KHHVVHQFHRIIDLUWUDGHDQGLWVLPSRUWDQFHLQWKHZRUOGHFRQRP\  )$,575$'(&5,7,&,60

$FFRUGLQJWR+HQGHUVRQ)DLU7UDGHPHDQV³SD\LQJDSULFHSUHPLXPIRUFRPPRGL WLHVEDVHGQRWRQTXDOLW\EXWRQHPSOR\PHQWDQGRWKHUFRQGLWLRQVZKLFKLVFRXQWHU SURGXFWLYH DQG XQIDLU´$V D UHVXOW FRQVXPHUV JHW ORZHUTXDOLW\ SURGXFWV 6HFRQGO\ PXFKRIH[WUDPRQH\IURPWKHSULFHSUHPLXPJRHVWRWKHIDLUWUDGHEXUHDXFUDF\UDWKHU WKDQ WR WKH SURGXFHUV$ EHWWHU VROXWLRQ IRU 7KLUG :RUOG SURGXFHUV LV WR DEROLVK DOO UHPDLQLQJ WUDGH EDUULHUV LQVWHDG RI EXLOGLQJ QHZ RQHV >+HQGHUVRQ @ 7KH VDPH VWDQGSRLQWSUHVHQW0DVHODQGDQGGH9DDOZKRFODLPWKDWWKHSUDFWLFHRI)DLU7UDGHRU JDQL]DWLRQVPLJKWOHDGWRPDUNHWGLVWRUWLRQVWKDWFDXVHDGYHUVHHIIHFWV>0DVHODQGDQG GH9DDO@

6RPH HFRQRPLVWV VD\ WUDGH FDQQRW EH IDLU DQ\WLPH >ĩXNURZVND @7KH\ SHU FHLYHPDQ\QHJDWLYHDVSHFWVRI)DLU7UDGH$PRQJWKHUDLVHGREMHFWLRQVDUH

í H[FHVVLYH KDUPIXO LQWHUYHQWLRQ $FFRUGLQJ WR OLEHUDO HFRQRPLVWV WKH IUHH PDUNHW GHYHORSPHQW LV D EHWWHU JXDUDQWHH RI WKH H[SDQVLRQRI SRRU FRXQWULHV WKDQ VXEVL GL]LQJWKHLUSURGXFWLRQ 7KHDXWKRUVFODLPWKDWIUHHPDUNHWLVQRWDLGHDOPDUNHW VWUXFWXUHDQGKDVVRPHGRZQVLGHVWKDWLVZK\VXEVLGL]LQJFDQEHDJRRGVROXWLRQWR HQFRXUDJHIDUPHUVIURPWKH7KLUG:RUOG 

í XQHWKLFDO PRQH\ DOORFDWLRQ DQG VHOOLQJ WHFKQLTXHV &RQVXPHUV KDYH EHHQ VKRZQ WR EH FRQWHQW SD\LQJ KLJKHU SULFHV IRU )DLUWUDGH SURGXFWV LQ WKH EHOLHI WKDW WKLV KHOSVWKHYHU\SRRU>$UQRWHWDO@7KHUHLVQRHYLGHQFHKRZPXFKRIWKHH[WUD PRQH\ SDLG WR WKH H[SRUWLQJ FRRSHUDWLYHV UHDFKHV WKH )DLU7UDGH SURGXFHUV IURP WKH7KLUG:RUOG1RERG\PRQLWRUVKRZPXFKH[WUDUHWDLOHUVFKDUJHIRU)DLU7UDGH JRRGV7KHDXWKRUVWRWDOO\DJUHHZLWKWKLVVWDWHPHQW 

í RYHUSURGXFWLRQDUJXPHQW 6RPHFULWLFVDUJXHWKDW)DLU7UDGHKDUPVQRQ)DLU7UDGH SURGXFHUV)DLUWUDGHRUJDQL]DWLRQVH[SODLQWKDWWKHLUIDUPHUVDUHSDLGKLJKHUSULFHV DQGDUHJLYHQVSHFLDODGYLFHRQLQFUHDVLQJ\LHOGVDQGTXDOLW\6XFKDVLWXDWLRQHQ FRXUDJH WKHP WR LQFUHDVH WKH SURGXFWLRQ ,Q WKH DXWKRUV¶ RSLQLRQ MRLQLQJ WKH )DLU 7UDGHDVVRFLDWLRQLVDIXOOIUHHRSWLRQDQGHYHU\IDUPHURUSURGXFHUFDQGRLW  í FRUUXSWLRQ $FFRUGLQJWRDXWKRUVVXEVLGLVLQJRIFHUWDLQPDQXIDFWXUHUVFDQOHDGWRD ORWRIDEXVH  &21&/86,216 %DVHGRQWKHGDWDSUHVHQWHGWKHIROORZLQJFRQFOXVLRQVFDQEHGUDZQ í WKHFUXFLDO)DLU7UDGHSURGXFWVLQFOXGHFRIIHHFRFRDEDQDQDVDQGFDQHVXJDU í WKHYDOXHRIUHWDLOVDOHVRI)DLU7UDGHSURGXFWLRQKDVLQFUHDVHGILYHWLPHVRYHUWKH SDVWHLJKW\HDUV ±  í WKHPDLQWZRLPSRUWHUVRI)DLU7UDGHSURGXFWLRQLQWKH\HDUV±ZHUHWKH 8QLWHG .LQJGRP DQG WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 7KH VKDUH RI WKHVH FRXQWULHV LQ WKH VROG SURGXFWLRQH[FHHGHGLQWKHDQDO\VHGSHULRG

í PDMRULW\RIDOOIDUPHUVDQGZRUNHUVZLWKLQWKH)DLUWUDGHV\VWHPOLYHGLQ$IULFD í VRPHHFRQRPLVWVSHUFHLYHPDQ\QHJDWLYHDVSHFWVRI)DLU7UDGHKDUPIXOLQWHUYHQ

(10)

 0:LHOHFKRZVNL05RPDQ PRVW QHJDWLYH DVSHFWV RI )DLU7UDGH FRQVLGHUHG E\ WKHP7KH DXWKRUV DJUHH ZLWK WKHPDMRULW\RIQRWHGQHJDWLYHDVSHFWVRI)DLU7UDGHEXWFDQQRWVKDUHRSLQLRQDERXW KDUPIXOLQWHUYHQWLRQFDXVHGE\)DLU7UDGHUXOHV í DFFRUGLQJWRWKHDXWKRUVWKHLGHDRI)DLU7UDGHPRYHPHQWLVDYDOXDEOHRQHDQGLV ZRUWKSRSXODULVLQJ 5()(5(1&(6 $UQRW&%R[DOO3&DVK6'RHWKLFDOFRQVXPHUVFDUHDERXWSULFH"$UHYHDOHGSUHIHUHQFH DQDO\VLV RI )DLU7UDGH FRIIHH SXUFKDVHV &DQDGLDQ -RXUQDO RI$JULFXOWXUDO (FRQRPLFV 9RO± %HFFKHWWL/+X\EUHFKWV%7KH'\QDPLFVRI)DLU7UDGHDVD0L[HGIRUP0DUNHW-RXUQDO RI%XVLQHVV(WKLFV± +HQGHUVRQ')DLU7UDGHLVFRXQWHUSURGXFWLYH±DQGXQIDLU(FRQRPLF$IIDLUV  ± KWWSG[GRLRUJM[ $FFHVVHG6HSWHPEHU  ()7$-RLQLQJ)DLU7UDGH)RUFHVKWWSZZZHXURSHDQIDLUWUDGHDVVRFLDWLRQRUJHIWD'RF :KDWSGI $FFHVVHG6HSWHPEHU  )DLUWUDGH IDLUGHDO&DQDGLDQ-RXUQDORI'LHWHWLF3UDFWLFHDQG5HVHDUFK  KWWSZZZ KLJKEHDPFRPGRF3KWPO $FFHVVHG6HSWHPEHU 

)DLUWUDGH )RXQGDWLRQ ± +LVWRU\  KWWSZZZIDLUWUDGHRUJXNZKDWBLVBIDLUWUDGHKLVWRU\DVS[ $FFHVVHG6HSWHPEHU 

)/2 )DLUWUDGH /DEHOOLQJ 2UJDQL]DWLRQV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO   KWWSZZZIDLUWUDGHQHWDERXWB XVKWPO $FFHVVHG6HSWHPEHU  )RU3URGXFHUVZLWK3URGXFHUV±+LJKOLJKWVIURP)DLU7UDGH,QWHUQDWLRQDO¶V±$QQXDO5HSRUW  KWWSZZZVOLGHVKDUHQHWIDLUWUDGHIDLUWUDGHLQWHUQDWLRQDODQQXDOUHSRUW IRUSURGXFHUVZLWKSURGXFHUV $FFHVVHG6HSWHPEHU  -DJLHááR%'URJDGR)DLU7UDGHHZROXFMDUHODFMLSyáQRF±SRáXGQLHZSHUVSHNW\ZLHSRUyZ QDZF]HM LQ )DLU7UDGHZJOREDOL]XMąFHMVLĊJRVSRGDUFH:DUVDZ6FKRRORI(FRQRPLFV :DUVDZ± 0DVHODQG59DDO$GH+RZIDLULV)DLU7UDGH"'H(FRQRPLVW  ±KWWS ZZZKHFXQLOFKRFDGRW6(&2'(9GRFV$UWLFOHV0DVHODQG'H9DDOSGI $FFHVVHG 6HSWHPEHU 

0RQLWRULQJ WKH VFRSH DQG EHQHILWV RI IDLU WUDGH 5HSRUW UG (GLWLRQ  KWWSZZZIDLUWUDGH RUJXNLQFOXGHVGRFXPHQWVFPBGRFV00RQLWRULQJWKHVFRSHDQG EHQHILWVRI)DLUWUDGH38%/,&)/2'HFSGI $FFHVVHG 6HSWHPEHU  0RRUH*7KH)DLU7UDGH0RYHPHQW3DUDPHWHUV,VVXHVDQG)XWXUH5HVHDUFK-RXUQDORI %XVLQHVV(WKLFV± 5H\QROGV/70XUUD\'/&RQWHPSRUDU\FKDOOHQJHVDQGIXWXUHSURVSHFWV LQ )DLU7UDGH 7KHFKDOOHQJHVRIWUDQVIRUPLQJJOREDOL]DWLRQ5RXWOHGJH7D\ORU )UDQFLV*URXS/RQ GRQ 1HZ<RUN± 6L[W\<HDUVRI)DLU7UDGHKWWSZZZHIWDIDLUWUDGHRUJ $FFHVVHG6HSWHPEHU  $ 6XFFHVV 6WRU\ IRU 3URGXFHUV DQG &RQVXPHUV )DLU7UDGH )DFWV DQG )LJXUH  KWWSZZZ

HXURSHDQIDLUWUDGHDVVRFLDWLRQRUJHIWD'RF)7(SGI $FFHVVHG6HSWHPEHU  :)72 :RUOG)DLU7UDGH2UJDQL]DWLRQ KWWSZZZZIWRFRPLQGH[SKS"RSWLRQ FRPBFRQ

WHQW WDVN YLHZ LG  ,WHPLG  $FFHVVHG6HSWHPEHU 

:)72$QQXDO 5HSRUW   KWWSZZZZIWRFRPLQGH[SKS"RSWLRQ FRPB FRQWHQW WDVN YLHZ LG  ,WHPLG  $FFHVVHG6HSWHPEHU 

(11)

7KHHVVHQFHRIIDLUWUDGHDQGLWVLPSRUWDQFHLQWKHZRUOGHFRQRP\  :KDWLV),1(">$YDLODEOHDW@KWWSZZZUDILXVDRUJSURJUDPV%DQJNRNSURFHHGLQJV

:KDWLV),1(SGI $FFHVVHG6HSWHPEHU 

ĩXNURZVND .  7HUPV RI WUDGH L )DLU 7UDGH ± WHRULD 5 3UHELVFKD G]LVLDM LQ  )DLU 7UDGH ZJOREDOL]XMąFHMVLĊJRVSRGDUFH:DUVDZ6FKRRORI(FRQRPLFV:DUVDZ±

,6727$635$:,('/,:(*2+$1'/8 )$,575$'( ,-(*2=1$&=(1,(

:*2632'$5&(ĝ:,$72:(-6WUHV]F]HQLH : DUW\NXOH SU]HGVWDZLRQR QDMZDĪQLHMV]H ]DJDGQLHQLD GRW\F]ąFH VSUDZLH GOLZHJRKDQGOX )DLU7UDGH :HGáXJDXWRUyZDUW\NXáXUXFK)DLU7UDGHMHVWEDUG]RZDĪ Qą LGHą NWyUHM FHOHP MHVW ]PLDQD ORNDOL]DFML L SRGQLHVLHQLH SR]LRPX Ī\FLD GXĪHM F]ĊĞFL SRSXODFML ]ELHGQ\FK UHJLRQyZ ĞZLDWD 'DQH HPSLU\F]QH SRFKRG]ąFH ] GZyFK QDMZLĊN V]\FKRUJDQL]DFML)DLU7UDGHQDĞZLHFLHWMĝZLDWRZHM2UJDQL]DFML6SUDZLHGOLZHJR+DQGOX :)72 RUD])DLUWUDGH/DEHOOLQJ2UJDQL]DWLRQV,QWHUQDWLRQDO )/2 ]DSUH]HQWRZDQH]R VWDá\ZIRUPLHWDEHODU\F]QHMLJUD¿F]QHM1DOHĪ\]DXZDĪ\üĪHZLHONRĞüSURGXNFMLLVSU]H GDĪ\SURGXNWyZ)DLU7UDGHURĞQLHQDSU]HVWU]HQLODW GZXF\IURZ\SR]LRPURF]QHMVWRS\ Z]URVWX 'RJáyZQ\FKSURGXNWyZ)DLU7UDGHQDOHĪ\]DOLF]\üNDZĊNDNDREDQDQ\RUD] FXNLHUWU]FLQRZ\1DMZLĊNV]\PLLPSRUWHUDPLSURGXNWyZ)DLU7UDGHZODWDFK± E\á\:LHOND %U\WDQLD RUD] 6WDQ\ =MHGQRF]RQH$PHU\NL 3yáQRFQHM:LĊNV]RĞü UROQLNyZ L SUDFRZQLNyZ Z UDPDFK V\VWHPX SURGXNFML )DLU 7UDGH ]DPLHV]NXMH REV]DU$IU\NL 'R QDMEDUG]LHMQHJDW\ZQ\FKDVSHNWyZVSUDZLHGOLZHJRKDQGOX )DLU7UDGH XZ]JOĊGQLDQ\FK SU]H]HNRQRPLVWyZQDOHĪ\]DOLF]\üV]NRGOLZ\LQWHUZHQFMRQL]PQLHHW\F]Q\ QLHVSUDZLH GOLZ\ SU]\G]LDáSLHQLĊG]\NRUXSFMĊRUD]QDGSURGXNFMĊ 6áRZDNOXF]RZHVSUDZLHGOLZ\KDQGHO )DLU7UDGH SURGXNW\)DLU7UDGHĝZLDWRZD2UJD QL]DFMD6SUDZLHGOLZHJR+DQGOX :)72 )DLUWUDGH/DEHOOLQJ2UJDQL]DWLRQV,QWHUQDWLRQDO )/2 NU\W\NDVSUDZLHGOLZHJRKDQGOX $FFHSWHGIRUSULQW±=DDNFHSWRZDQRGRGUXNX

Cytaty

Powiązane dokumenty

Przedstawiona stra- tegia dawkowania jest tym istotniejsza w praktyce, gdy w co- raz większej populacji pacjentów stwierdza się dodatkowe czynniki zmieniające

O  ile w  przypadku pacjentów stabil- nych hemodynamicznie, u których nie stwierdza się zmian patofizjologicznych typowych dla SIRS lub sepsy, można spodziewać się

Kleszczowe zapalenie mózgu (KZM) jest sezonową cho- robą ośrodkowego układu nerwowego przenoszoną przez kleszcze Ixodidae (Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes persulcatus), wy- woływaną

Jestem przekonany, z˙e juz˙ samo to jest znakiem, którego potrzebu- je nasz s´wiat: człowiek, który id ˛ ac za głosem swego sumienia, wyzywa do walki nasze os´wiecone stulecie

Inną z cnót mistrza jest jego postawa odpowiedzialności (Olbrycht 2007, s. Chodzi tutaj głównie o  psychopedagogiczną oraz moralną odpo- wiedzialność tworzenia więzi z 

Kłócą się z  doktrynami neoliberalnego ładu politycznego, z  grupami intere- sów zbiorowego egoizmu, z  dysfunkcjonalnymi instytucjami i  organami pań- stwa, wreszcie z 

Po pierwsze, podkreśla się, iż rzeczywista i pełna realizacja prawa do uczestnictwa społecznego dzieci opiera się na wprowadzeniu całej gamy warunków legislacyjnych, politycznych

„Najbardziej fascynującym zjawiskiem z punktu widzenia pedagogiki jest reorientacja i  kształtowanie się postaw społecznych wobec tych fenomenów transformacji globalnej,