THE UKRAINIAN STEPPE AS A REGION OF INTERCULTURAL CONTACTS BETWEEN ATLANTIC AND MEDITERRANEAN ZONES OF EUROPEAN MESOLITHIC

Pavel M. Dolukhanov

Lu yna Doma«ska

Ali e Marie Haeussler

LeiuHeapost Ken Ja obs Valeriy I. Khartanovi h PhilipL.Kohl Nadezhda S. Kotova Ri hard W. Lindstrom Ilze Loze Dmitriy Nuzhnyi Inna D. Potekhina Dmitriy Telegin Vladimir I. Timofeev Aleksander A. Yanevi h LeonidZaliznyak 1 V O L U M E 5

•

1998

‘w.Mar in78

Tel.(061)8536709ext. 147,Fax(061)8533373

EDITOR AleksanderKo±ko EDITOROFVOLUME Lu ynaDoma«ska KenJa obs EDITORIALCOMMITEE

SophiaS.Berezanskaya (Kiev),AleksandraCofta-Broniewska

(Pozna«), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lu yna Doma«ska

(Šód¹), ViktorI. Klo hko (Kiev), Valentin V. Otrosh henko

(Kiev),PetroTolo hko (Kiev)

SECRETARY

MarzenaSzmyt

SECRETARYOFVOLUME

Andrzej Rozwadowski

ADAMMICKIEWICZUNIVERSITY

EASTERNINSTITUTE

INSTITUTEOFPREHISTORY

Pozna«1998

ISBN83-86094-04-4

Pavel M. Dolukhanov

Lu yna Doma«ska

Ali e Marie Haeussler

LeiuHeapost Ken Ja obs Valeriy I. Khartanovi h PhilipL.Kohl Nadezhda S. Kotova Ri hard W. Lindstrom Ilze Loze Dmitriy Nuzhnyi Inna D. Potekhina Dmitriy Telegin Vladimir I. Timofeev Aleksander A. Yanevi h LeonidZaliznyak 1 V O L U M E 5

•

1998

CoverDesign: EugeniuszSkorwider

Lingvisti onsultation:MonikaWoj ieszek

PrintedinPoland

EDITORS'FOREWORD ... 7

KenJa obs,Lu ynaDoma«ska, "BEYONDBALKANIZATION"{AN

OUTLINEPROGRAMFORADISCUSSION ... 9

PavelM.Dolukhanov,THENEOLITHICWITHAHUMANFACE

ORDIVIDINGLINESINNEOLITHICEUROPE? ... 13

Ri hard W.Lindstrom,HISTORYANDPOLITICSINTHEDEVELOPMENT

ETHNOGENETICMODELSINSOVIETANTHROPOLOGY ... 24

Philip L.Kohl, NATIONALIDENTITYANDTHEUSE

OFTHEREMOTEPASTINTHECAUCASUS ... 34

Vladimir I.Timofeev, THEEAST|WESTRELATIONS

INTHELATEMESOLITHICANDNEOLITHIC

INTHEBALTICREGION ... 44

Ilze L oze,THEADOPTIONOFAGRICULTUREINTHEAREA

OFPRESENT-DAYLATVIA(THELAKELUBANABASIN) ... 59

DmitriyTelegin, MESOLITHICCULTURAL-ETHNOGRAPHIC

ENTITIESINSOUTHERNUKRAINE:GENESISANDROLE

INNEOLITHIZATIONOFTHEREGION ... 85

DmitriyNuzhnyi,THEUKRAINIANSTEPPEASAREGION

OFINTERCULTURALCONTACTSBETWEENATLANTIC

ANDMEDITERRANEANZONESOFEUROPEANMESOLITHIC ... 102

L eonidZaliznyak,THELATEMESOLITHICSUBBASE

OFTHEUKRAINIANNEOLITHIC ... 120

Aleksander A.Yanevi h, THENEOLITHICOFTHEMOUNTAINOUS

CRIMEA ... 146

Nadezhda S.Kotova,THEROLEOFEASTERNIMPULSEIN

DEVELOPMENTOFTHENEOLITHICCULTURESOFUKRAINE ... 160

Ali e MarieHaeussler, UKRAINEMESOLITHICCEMETERIES:

DENTALANTHROPOLOGICALANALYSIS ... 195

InnaD.Potekhina,SOUTH-EASTERNINFLUENCESON

THEFORMATIONOFTHEMESOLITHICTOEARLYENEOLITHIC

POPULATIONSOFTHENORTHPONTICREGION:

THEEVIDENCEFROMANTHROPOLOGY ... 226

L eiuHeapost,GENETICHETEROGENEITYOFFINNO-UGRIANS

(ONTHEBASISOFESTONIANMODERNANDARCHAEOLOGICAL

MATERIAL) ... 232

ValeriyI.Khartanovi h, NEWCRANIOLOGICALMATERIAL

ONTHESAAMIFROMTHEKOLAPENINSULA ... 248

This volume ontains the majority of the papers presented during a

onfe-ren ethattookpla e on16th-21stMay,1997inŠód¹,Poland.The onferen e was

organized by the Institute of Ar haeology, University of Šód¹ and Departement

d'anthropologie, Universitede Montreal(Canada). The onferen e wasfundedby

theUniversityofŠód¹andbyIREX(InternationalResear h&Ex hangesBoard),

whi h also supported this publi ation. The publi ation was partly foundedbythe

UniversityofŠód¹andbytheFoundationofAdamMi kiewi zUniversity,too.

The major questions of the onferen e were, 1) whatisthe urrenteviden e

foreastern orsouthernin uen es inthedevelopmentofeastern European

Meso-lithi andNeolithi populations,and2)to whatextentare urrentpoliti altrends,

espe ially the reassertion or, in some ases, the reation of ethni and national

identities, in uen ingourinterpretationsoftheprehistori data.

The idea for su h a onferen e ame into being through the o-organizers'

long-termstudiesofthedevelopmentofthoseprehistori humanpopulationswhi h

inhabitedthevastregionstret hingnorthandeastfromtheOderriverand

Carpa-thianMountainstothefoothillsoftheUrals. Ina traditionestablishedin modern

times byGordon Childe, virtually all of the transformationsof EasternEurope's

Neolithi Age human lands ape have been assumed to be responses to prior

de-velopments in the Balkan peninsula and Danube basin. We think that a body of

neweviden e requiresa renewedanalysisof thedistributionsof ultural produ ts,

peoples,andideas a rossEasternEuropeduringtheMesolithi throughtheEarly

Metal Age withina mu h wider geographi ontext than previouslyhas been the

ase.Thisin ludesgivingadequateattentiontothefar-rangingintera tionsof

om-munitiesbetweenthePonti andBalti areawiththoselo atedinboththeCau asus

andtheAralo-Caspianregions.

Wehope thatthisvolumewill ontributetosu ha redire tion offuture

ana-lyses.

Lu ynaDoma«ska

1.All datesintheB-PSare alibrated [see:Radio arbonvol.28,1986,andthe

next volumes℄(other versions are ited for thewish of authors).Deviations from

thisrulewillbe pointoutin notes.

2. The names of thear haeologi al ultures (espe ially from theterritory of

theUkraine)arestandarizeda ordingtotheEnglishliteratureonthesubje t(e.g.

Mallory 1989). In the ase of a new term, the author's original name has been

PLISSN1231-0344

DmitriyNuzhnyi

THE UKRAINIAN STEPPE AS AREGION OF

INTERCULTURAL CONTACTS BETWEEN ATLANTIC AND

MEDITERRANEAN ZONES OFEUROPEAN MESOLITHIC

1. THESTEPPEZONEOFTHEUKRAINEASAREGIONOF INTERRACTIONOF

TWOCULTURALAREASOFTHEEUROPEANMESOLITHIC

TheterritoryoftheSouthernUkrainesin etheFinalPleisto ene wasan area

ofintensive ultural onta tsbetweentheNorthernEuropean(or\Atlanti ")and

Mediterranian areasof theOld World.The western oastoftheBla kSeaduring

theEarlyHolo enewasapossiblewayofspreadingofsomeMediterranean ultures

withanewpressurete hnologyofbladepro essingandwithtrapezesasinltration

ofagri ulturale onomyintotheCentral andEasternEurope[Clark1958:37-40℄.

AllMesolithi ulturesoftheNorthernUkrainebelongedtotheAtlanti area

or zone of European Mesolithi , whi h was spread over the Northern European

lowlandsofPoland,GermanyandGreat Britain[Zaliznyak1984a;1989;1991℄.At

the same time, a ording to the S.N. Zamyatnin's point of view the ultures of

theCrimean Mountains were onne tedwith a spe ial \Mediterranean

histori al-- ulturalzone" of theUpperPalaeolithi andtheMesolithi of SouthernEurope,

theNearEast andNorthernAfri a[Zamyatnin1951:120-145℄.

Thespe i Mesolithi ulturesoftheNorthernCrimeaandothersteppe

re-gions oftheSouthern Ukrainewere situatedbetween thesetwo zones(e.g.

Zimo-vniki, Grebeniki, Donets and various ulturesof Kukrek tradition). This territory

bothin theFinal Pleisto ene andin theEarlyHolo enewas asteppeterrain with

suÆ ientlystable preservationofopenlands ape onditions.

HoweverduringthePleisto ene-Holo ene boundary,thebison(Bisonpris us)

asa mainobje tofFinalPalaeolithi mass drivehuntingwassubstitutedin

Meso-lithi assemblages byauro h(Bos primigenius).The latterprobably ame fromthe

WestEurope where losed mountainouslands apes were better preserved during

theL atePleisto ene[Bibikova1975:67-72℄.AtthesametimethePleisto ene horse

Ukrainiansteppeuntilthere enttime[Stanko1982:151-154℄.Otherspe iestypi al

forPleisto enesteppe(Saigatatari a,Asinushydruntinus) oexistedintheHolo ene

with ertainforestandsemi-steppehoofedgame(Cervuselaphus,Suss rofa,

Capre-olus apreolusandevenAl esal es).Thelattergroupofhuntingpreyindi atesthe

presen eofsome losedforestandbushlands apesintherivervalleysandravines

duringtheEarlyHolo ene.

Thereforesome te hnologi altraditionsoflo alUpperPalaeolithi industries

(viz. OsokorovkaandAnetovka I ultures)of steppearea were sometimes

prese-rvedandeven ontinuedintheMesolithi assemblagesoftheGrebenikiandKukrek

ultures[Stanko1982:114-117;Telegin1982:117-127℄.Thissituationwas quite

dif-ferentfromthatintheforestzoneof theNorthernUkrainewheretheMesolithi

ulturesofAtlanti zone(viz.Komorni aandJanisªawi e) pra ti allyhadno

on-ne tions withtheprevious lo al Final Palaeolithi ones[Zaliznyak1991:137℄.The

further development of lo al Final Palaeolithi te hnologi al tradition of hunting

weaponsmanufa turingintheMesolithi ulturesofsteppezone(espe iallyin

ul-turesofKukrektradition)was onne tedwiththepreservationinEarly Holo ene

of openlands apes andprobably some similar elements ofbison hunting strategy

butadaptedforauro h[Nuzhnyi,Yanevi h1987:40℄.

Unfortunatelyatpresentwe havenoreliable re onstru tionsofauro h's(Bos

primigenius) models of behaviour and seasonal adaptation in open steppe zone

be ause during histori times it has been preserved only in losed forest terrain.

The dental system of auro h was more onne ted with the meadow vegetation

and semi- losed lands ape or meadow onditions of river valleys ontrary to the

bison'sonemoreadaptedtodrysteppegrassofplateau.Howeverboththesespe ies

were preserved re ently in similar forest onditionsof Poland, Belorussia andthe

Ukraine.

The same Mesolithi assemblages bothof faunal remains of lear drysteppe

spe ies(e.g. Saigatatari a, Equusgmelini,Asinus hydrintinuset .)andauro hwere

found; thelatter probably wasadapted to openlands apes, too. At all pointsthe

ommon biologi al model of hoofed animals behaviour demonstrates the global

tenden yofherdgrowthin onditionofmore openterrain andtheir redu tionin

more losedone [Formozov1969:70-71℄. Ontheotherhand, thein reased herds

stipulated both faster exhaustion of pastures and more intensied migrations of

herbivorousanimals.Thatiswhythelo alUpperPalaeolithi traditionofseasonal

and olle tive mass drive hunting of large herdgame at the whole waspreserved

and ontinuedbythepopulationofMesolithi steppe ultures,too.

Thelatterkindofe onomywasveryattra tiveforprehistori huntersbe ause

it permitted theeasier andfaster obtaining of large amounts of meat. However,

su ha model of\periodi ally ri h" e onomybothin thePleisto ene and the

Ho-lo enewasverydependentonseasonaland limati onditions(whi hdire tedthe

migrationsofgame)andthereforewasmoreunstablethan\ onstantlypoor"

multi-bran hedone.Thelatterwastypi alfordierent losedterrainsandsin etheFinal

Pleisto ene wasrepresentedbye onomyof EarlyMesolithi mountainoushunters

e o-nomywerespreadsin etheHolo enewithintheforestpopulationoftheNorthern

UkraineasaregionofAtlanti zoneofEuropeanMesolithi .Animportantrolein

above-mentionedkindofe onomyhasbeenplayedalso(ex ept individualhunting

withbowandarrows)byshing.

In ontrastto multibran hed e onomy, thespe ialised Final Palaeolithi and

Mesolithi drivehuntersofsteppezone arriedoutthesamestrategy ofintensive

exploitation of aquati resour es (rstof all sh) only duringthe periodi al food

rises.Insu ha asetheri hest regionsofrivervalleys(espe iallyrapids)be ame

elds ofinter-group\possessive ompetition", ollisionsandevenwarfare on i ts

[Balakin,Nuzhnyi1995:191-198℄.Intheobservedareasu hterritoryweretherapids

of Dnieper River where the oldest Final Palaeolithi and Mesolithi graveyards

(Voloshskiy, Vasilyevka 1 and 3 et .) were dis overed as well as eviden e of the

human mass killing was found [Telegin 1982:205-208℄.It isnoti eable that in the

numerous Neolithi emeteries (more than 10 graveyards and near 500 burials)

situatedin thesame region similardata ofmass warfare on i tswere pra ti ally

absent[Balakin, Nuzhnyi1995:196℄.

Forreasonsgivenabove, onstantattra tionandperiodi alseasonalunstability

oftundra-steppeorsteppee onomyofspe ialiseddrivehuntersaswellasfrequent

food rises determined theregular inltration or dire tmass migration of steppe

population to theregions with more losed lands apes. The latter (mountainous,

forestsandbush oflarge river valleys)were poorerforhuntingstrategy butmore

stable for shing and gathering than an open steppe terrain with large herds of

herbivores.A ordingtothear heologi aldatathispro essintheUkrainiansteppe

havebeentakingpla emoreofteninsoutherndire tionduringtheFinalPleisto ene

andmainlytothenorthernoneintheEarly Holo ene.

Forexample,sin e15-14milleniumBPwehavealotofeviden ethatnumerous

\geologi allymodern"seaanddeltashellsNassareti ulata,Cerithiumvulgarumand

Ci lopeneritea,Theodoxussp.(drilledandinta tted)arepresentintheassemblages

of some Epigravettian sites from the Northern Ukraine and the South-Western

Russia(Mezin, Mezhiri h,Semenivka2and3,Yudinovo).These sitesaresituated

more than500km northwardfrom theextremearea ofshellhabitat ontheBla k

Sea oastanda problemoftheirorigin isstillopened[Shovkoplyas1965:278-283;

Nuznyi1997:18℄.

As a se ond similar ase ofdire t migration of some tundra-steppereindeer

huntersgroupisrepresentedbythewell knowngenuinesitesoftheSwiderianand

Arhensburgian ulturesin theCrimean andtheCarpathianMountains[Zaliznyak,

Yanevi h1987:12-14).But losedmountainouslands apesduringtheFinal

Pleisto- eneandtheEarliestHolo enewere onstantlyregionsofinltrationorevendire t

long-time migration of large groupsnot only reindeer but also bison and auro h

huntersofsteppe ulturesoftheEpigravettianandKukrektraditions(e.g.

Vishen-noe,theShpanandKukrek ultures)[Yanevi h1992:20-31;1993:3-13;1987a:7-17℄.

Thespread offorestsin theNorthernUkraine,Belorussia,Lithuaniaand

Po-landduring theEarlyHolo ene also denedanother northerndire tion of

steppe Final Palaeolithi ultures of theEpigravettian tradition to a great extent

denedalsothepe uliar hara terofmi rolithi assemblageoftheEarlyMesolithi

Kudlayevka ulture in the NorthernUkraine. That was dierentfrom the

assem-blage ofrelatedbutmorewesternKomorni a ultureofPoland.Thisdiferen ehas

aformofdominationoftherstvarioussmalllan eolateandmi rogravettianpoints

inmi rolithi assemblages[Zaliznyak1991:24-25℄.Exa tlythesamekindsof

mi ro-liths are verytypi al forlithi assemblages of theFinal Palaeolithi Epigravettian

sitesof steppezone. Otherexpressive aseisrepresented byinltration ofsteppe

populationoftheKukrek ultureinthesamedire tion.Thetypi alsitesarefound

intheforestzoneofUkrainianPolesye.Thepro essofthe\Neolithization" ofthe

lo al L ate Mesolithi ulturewas underthe Kukrek ulture in uen e [Danilenko

1969:30;Zaliznyak1991:41-44).

Fromtheauthor'spointofviewtheproposedhypothesisexplainsthe ommon

model of ultural interra tion of population of the Atlanti and Mediterranean

zones in the Final Palaeolithi and the Mesolithi of Eastern Europe. This

pro- ess a quired more intensi ated formsduring theabrupt limati and e ologi al

hangesof htePleisto ene-Holo ene boundary.

2. THESHPANCULTUREASANEWPHENOMENONOFTHEUKRAINIAN

STEPPEMESOLITHIC

The spe i assemblage of mi roliths(in luding asymmetri triangles,

Swide-rian pointsandba ked mi roliths) from the4thlayer andlower part of 3rdlayer

ofShan-Kobaand5-4thlayersofFatma-Kobaro ksheltersintheCrimean

Moun-tains for a long time was an obje t of interest of manyar haeologists [Formozov

1954:40; Bader 1961:19℄.However the assemblages of both sites stratigraphi ally

lain betweenthedepositsoftheShan-KobaandMurzak-Koba ulturesand

there-foreweremixed withthem.Thesimilarmi rolithi assemblages (formedbyba ked

mi rogravettianpoints,asymmetri trianglesandobliquetrun atedpoints

manufa -turedinthemi roburinte hniqueandnumerousmi roburins) wereidentiedalso

at some othermixed sites (Alekseevskaya Zasukha, Balin-Kosh, Sy-At III,

Fron-tovoeI and 3et .) bothof steppe part of Crimea and alpine meadows [Nuzhnyi

1992:33-34,79-81℄.As averyspe i signof su hba kedmi rolithsisapresen e

ofnumerousdiagnosti impa tfra turesfromtheiruseaspointedarrow-heads.

The afore-des ribed mi roliths from the Crimean sites had a lose analogy

withtheoneswhi hwerefoundinthehumanskeletons ofChaplinskiy,Vasilyevka

1 and3 emet ries of Dnieper rapids region [Nuzhnyi1992:79℄. The presen e of

Swiderian tanged points in assemblages of Shan-Koba and Fatma-Koba only as

an addition be ame understandableafter thedis overy of newsites of Swiderian

ultureinCrimeadatedbyDryasIII(theearliestassemblageofSy-AtIII,4thlayer

Fig.1.Themi rolithi assemblagesoftheShpan ultureintheCrimeafrom2ndlayerofShpan-Koba

Therstmoreorless learassemblageofthis ulturalphenomenoninCrimea

wasdis overedbyA.A.Yanevi hinthese ondlayerofShpan-Kobaro kshelter

si-tuatedonthealpinemeadows.Above-mentionedassemblagedatedbyradio arbon

method9150

±

150BP

∗

andother12onesmixed(4thand3rdlayersofShan-Koba,

4-2ndlayers ofFatma-Koba,Su-AtIII, Ala-Chuk, Balin-Kosh,FrontovoeI and3

et .)be ome themain basisfordenitionofthenewEarly Mesolithi Shpan

ul-ture in thesteppezoneof theSouthernUkraine [Yanevi h 1993:3-15℄.A ording

tothis,thegenesis of this ulture was onne tedwith thelo al steppeFinal

Pala-eolithi industriesoftheEpigravettiantraditionand on retelywiththeassemblage

ofVishennoe2siteinCrimea.

Themi rolithi assemblageofthe2ndlayerofShpan-Kobain ludesthespe i

asymmetri altriangles(Fig.1:1-5)pro essedwithabruptorsemi-abruptretou hon

thelongerpart andabrupt orbipolaronesonthebase.Sometimesthese triangles

weremanufa turedinthemi roburinte hnique(Fig.1:1-2)similarlytotheoblique

trun atedpoints(Fig.1:15,16).However,thebaseofthisassemblageisformedby

thedierentfragmentsofmoreorlesswideandmassiveba kedpoints(orperhaps

partsoftriangles,too)pro essedbythehighabruptandbipolarretou hs(Fig.

1:6--14).Thelargestbodyofthemarefragmentedbythediagnosti ma ro-fra turefrom

theuse asarrow-heads (Fig. 1:6-14).The mi roburinsonthe proximal anddistal

endsofbladesarepresent,too(Fig.1:21-28),buttherstaremorenumerous.There

isonepseudo-mi roburin(mi roburinwithoutretou hednot h)intheassemblage

(Fig.1:29).

In theabove-des ribed assemblage are present also some mixed materials in

theformoftwotypi altrapezesoftheL ateMesolithi Murzak-Koba ulture(Fig.

1:31, 32). They probably gothere from the upper layer with pure Murzak-Koba

assemblage. Inthesameway twofragmentsofSwiderian tangedpoints(Fig. 1:30)

probably hit from lower one whi h ontained materials of the Shan-Koba Early

Mesolithi ulture,datedbytheFinalPleisto ene.

Otherlithi hipped tools are represented by trun atedand angle burins on

theblades and sometimesby dihedral oneson the akes. The s rapers are more

numerousthanburinsandusuallyhavethesimpleformofends rapersontheblades

oralso theirdoubleversion.The te hnologyof bladepro essinginan assemblage

ofthese ondlayerofShpan-Kobawasdire tedtomanufa turingofmedium-sized

blades withtheprismati ores.

However, among the sites of theShpan ulture evenin Crimea the

onside-rable variationsbothofabove-mentionedtypesofmi rolithsandtheir dimensions

presented in thelithi assemblages o ured. These variations probably re e t the

dierent hronologi al positions of sites and intensi ated hange of both main

te hnologi alprin iplesandlithi assemblages oftheShpan ulture.

For example, theassemblage oftheSy-AtIII site,situatedonthealpine

me-adowsoftheCrimeanMountains,in ludesmanyobliquetrun atedpointswith

mi- roburinspall(Fig.2:1-5)andsmallasymmetri altrianglesalsowiththemi roburin

spallonthetipsorbases(Fig.2:9,10,12,13).Amongthemalsotwomi roliths

ti ally intheformof asymmetri altrapezes arepresented (Fig.2:14,15), theyare

typi alfortheL ateMesolithi Murzak-Koba ulture.However,intheassemblages

oflatterwe havenotra esofmi roburinte hnique[Nuzhnyi1992:81-82).

Atthesametime,justnarrowandlengthenedstraightba kedpoints(pro essed

withthehighabruptandevenbipolarretou h)formthemainbodyofthemi rolithi

assemblage of the Sy-At III, too (Fig. 2:17-92). A lot of them are damaged by

diagnosti proje tile impa t fra tures (Fig.2:21, 24-27, 34,36-38,44-46, 50,53-63

et ).Thenumerous onjointfragmentsandunnishedpointsdemonstratethelarge

diversityof dimensionsand loweÆ ien y ofbothmethodsof use andte hnology

oftheirprodu tion(Fig.2:19-22, 92).

Among the mi roliths also the dient wastes of mi roburin te hnique (Fig.

2:6,7)andmi roburinsontheproximal (Fig.2:105-110)anddistalendsofblades

(Fig. 2:111-119)are present. More orless similar quantity of boththese kinds of

mi roburins (whi h is typi al for the Shpan ulture on the whole) indi ates

so-- alled Mediterranean version ofmi roburin te hnique[Nuzhnyi1992:78-81℄.The

largegroupof\Krukowski'smi roburins"onpointedtipsofobliquetrun ated(Fig.

2:93,95-97)andba kedpoints(Fig.2:94,99,102,103)isfound,too.Alotofthese

mi roburins ontainalsothepreviousmi roburinspalls(Fig.2:93,95-97).Theyare

a ompainedbyso- alled \pseudo-mi roburins"whi hhavenoretou hednot hin

thepla e of atspall.These mi roburinswere resultsofan a idental damage of

above-mentionedmi rolithsduringthepro essing(Fig. 2:98,100, 101)orevenan

immitationofsharpmi roburinspall onthem(Fig.2:104).Thelatterte hnologi al

method in the form of so- alled \pseudo-mi roburin" te hniquewas widespread

alsoinsteppeMesolithi ulturesoftheNorthernCrimea,DnieperrapidsandDon

basin[Nuzhnyi1992:76-87℄.

On theotherhand, the Shpan mi rolithi assemblage of otheralpine

Balin--Koshsite,inthemainoneandin ludeslarge quantityoffragmentsofnarrowand

lengthenedstraight ba kedpoints(Fig.1:38-74)andonlysingle obliquetrun ated

pointsmanufa turedinmi roburinte hnique(Fig.1:35,35).Themi roburins(Fig.

1:82-84)and otherwastes of mi roburin te hnique: unnished oblique trun ated

points(Fig.1:75,76,78-80),pie esofbladebrokenonthenot h(Fig.1:77,81)are

notnumerous in this assemblage, either. Only one pseudo-mi roburin was found

(Fig.1:82).

The spe i asymmetri al triangles are pra ti ally absent in the assemblage

of Balin-Kosh (Fig. 1:36, 37), but ba ked mi roliths broken by diagnosti impa t

fra ture from use as proje tile weapons are stillnumerous (Fig. 1:38, 39, 45, 46,

48-50,52-54,56,57et ).Thesizesoftangedpartsofthesebrokenpoints(Fig.1:39,

45, 46, 48-50)indi ate of their usage as pointed arrow-heads in ontrastto their

morphologyadapted totheforminglateral ompositeedgesof slottedbonespear

points[Nuzhnyi1990:115-123℄.

Themi rolithstypi alfortheShpan ulturearepresentedalsoinsomemixed

assemblages of thenorthern Bla kSea oast, theL ower Dnieper valley and area

of Dnieperrapids. For examplebothsimilar asymmetri triangles andba ked

Vasilyevka-Progonsite(Fig.3:45-48)ontheL owerDnieper[Nuzhnyi1992:Fig. 9℄.

Thelargebodyofba kedpointsofthissite(withthemi roburinspallin luded)are

broken with thediagnosti impa t fra turefrom theuse asarrowheads, too(Fig.

3:46).Theseveralobliquetrun atedpointswiththemi roburinspalland

asymme-tri triangle(Fig. 3:49-51)are alsopresentin thelithi assemblages ofothersites

in regionofDnieper rapids(Vasilyevka-Nenasytets)andin themiddlepart ofthe

SouthernBugriver(Konetspol)[Telegin1982:116,120-121;Yanevi h1993:11℄.

Justtheobliquetrun atedpointswith mi roburinspalloflengthened

propor-tions(Fig.3:46-68)andsingle ba kedpoints,as a omponentoftheShpan

mi ro-lithi assemblage,remained inthelithi industriesofthelo alL ateMesolithi and

theEarly Neolithi ulturesofKukrektradition (viz.Igren 8,Popiv Mys, Klaguza

Ravine, Terlyanska Kry ha, Vovnigi-left bank site, Soba hki et .). It is noti eable

thatat thesesites we havepra ti ally noeviden e of theusageof genuine

mi ro-burin te hnique. Only one lassi mi roburin isfound (Fig. 3:44)at the Soba hki

siteinthesameassemblagewithatrapezepro essedwiththemi roburinte hnique

(Fig.3:43).Thepseudo-mi roburinsasamainsignofpseudo-mi roburinte hnique

(te hnologyof immitation of mi rolithswith the atmi roburin spall) are absent

atthese sites,too.

There is a reason to believe thatsu h a phenomenon is onne ted with the

dierentlo ationandseasonality oftheabove-mentionedsites.Forexampleinthe

sameregionwehaveanassemblage(L okhanska3)withthe onsiderablequantityof

pseudo-mi roburins(Fig.3:37-40)andsinglewasteofgenuinemi roburinte hnique

(Fig. 3:41) but without any obliquetrun ated pointsorgeometri mi roliths with

themi roburinspall.

3. THEFINALPALAEOLITHICANDMESOLITHICGRAVESANDCEMETERIESOF

THESOUTHERNUKRAINEANDPROBLEMOFTHEIRCULTURALDEFINITION

Only twoMesolithi graves (doubleand single) were foundin Crimea inthe

avedepositsofMurzak-KobaandFatma-Kobaro kshelters[Telegin1982:202-203℄.

Bothgravesweredenedaton eastheL ateMesolithi obje ts onne tedwiththe

so- alled\Crimeantardenoisian"ortheMurzak-Koba ulture[Bon h-Osmolovskiy

1934:131,162;Bibikov1940:166-176℄.Thedoublegraveofmaleandfemaleburied

ontheir ba ks in extended positionwas dis overedunder the stonesof 3rd layer

of Murzak-Koba ulture. A ording to S.N. Bibikov [1940:11-147℄ this layer was

homogeneousfromgeologi alandar haeologi al pointsofviewandin ludedonly

theL ateMesolithi assemblageoftheMurzak-Koba ulture.Thesinglegravefrom

Fatma-Kobawasofmaleburiedonthesidein exedpositionand overedbystones

andthe3rd ulturallayer ofMurzak-Koba ulture[Bibikov1966:138-140℄.

Amongthemoderns ientiststhe onne tionofbothabove-mentioned graves

Fig.3.Thelithi assemblagesoftheShpan ulturefromtheL owerDnieperandRapids emeteries

andsites:Voloshskiy(1-13),VasilyevkaI(14-22),Vasilyevka3(23-36)andChaplinskiy emeteries(42);

L okhanska3site(37-41),Soba hki(43,44,52-59),Vasilyevka-Progon(45-48),Vasilyevka-Nenasytets

Fig.4.Themi rolithi assemblagesoftheShpan ulturefrom4-5layers(1-3,5)andmixeddeposits

(4,6-8)ofFatma-Kobaand4layerofShan-Koba(9-44).

dierentgraveritesofone ulturetakespla e[Bibikov1966:140;Telegin

1982:210--212℄.However, after thelast reexaminationof theMurzak-Koba assemblage, the

presen e of materials of other ultures (typi al Shan-Koba res ents and

mi ro-burins,Swiderian tangedpointsandbothNeolithi mi roliths and erami ) inthe

mainlate Mesolithi assemblageof3rdlayershouldbenoti ed[Nuzhnyi1992:49℄.

The ulturaldenitionanddatingoftheFinalPalaeolithi andtheEarly

Meso-lithi emeteriesoftheDnieperrapids(Voloshskiy,Vasilyevka1and3,Chaplinskiy)

alsoaretheobje tofs ienti dis ussion.Afterthedis overyoftheVoloshskiy

e-metery,rstinthisregion,theoldest exedgravesofVasilyevkaweredatedonthe

baseofinventoryandstratigraphi alpositionbytheFinalPalaeolithi andthe

exten-dedones, bytheEarlyMesolithi [Danilenko1955b:60-61℄.However,A.D.Stolyar

[1959:125-136℄andV.A. Alekshin[1983:31℄believe thattheamophousinventories

ofallthese emeteries havenoanalogiesamong lithi assemblages fromthe

Ukra-ine and all emeteries should be dated by theL ate Mesolithi . A ording to the

degree of skeletons exing, the rst author also proposed the following relative

hronologyforabove-mentioned emeteries:VasilyevkaI,Voloshskiy,Vasilyevka3.

Atthesametime,S.A.Dvoryaninov[1978:10-13℄regardedthatVoloshskiyand

Vasilyevka3 exedskeletonswere onne tedwiththelo alsteppeUpper

thi ulturewithgeometri mi rolithsoftheNorthernBla kSea oasta ordingly.

FromtheD.Y. Telegin's pointof view [1982:212-214℄,theinventory and

stratigra-phi al positionof exedgraves ofVoloshskiy,Vasilyevka1and3had analogiesin

thelo alFinal Palaeolithi sitesoftheL owerDnieperbasin(Pidporizhnyi 2,layer

5aofOsokorovkaIet .).

The extended burials from Vasilyevka3 hadsimilar ounterparts in theL ate

Mesolithi assemblages ofMurzak-Koba ultureinCrimeaandtheKukrek ulture

ofDnieperrapidsregion.A ordingtothiss heme,theoldest emeterywasV

olo-shskiy. Alater date hadVasilyevka1and exedgraves of Vasilyevka3. The most

re entwereextendedburialsofVasilyevka3[Telegin1982:212-214℄.Thelast

deta-iled omparisonofmi rolithi assemblages ofabove-mentioned emeterieswiththe

lo alFinalPalaeolithi andMesolithi sites,inprin iple, onrmedthishypothesis

[Nuzhnyi1990:117-119℄.

However, the preliminary results of radis arbon dating from two exed and

oneextended burialsofVasilyevka3 onrmed theFinalPleisto ene age ofthem

(10060

±

150;9980

±

100;10080

±

100B.P.)[Ja obs,Pri e1998℄andalsotherighness ofthelatest hronologi als hemeinthepart onne tedwiththe exedgraves.The

ertain surprise was only the same age of exed and extended graves. The latter

were dated before the L ate Mesolithi . The main problem of ultural denition

of emeteries was onne ted with the spe i hara ter of their so- alled \burial

inventory"(viz.dierentproje tilepoints)whi hwere reasonsofhumandeath.As

ithas been notedbyS. Dvoryaninov [1978:11℄,these pointsprobably belonged to

thepopulationofother ulturethankilled andburiedhumans.

Therst emeterydis overedinregionoftheL owerDniepervalleyand

ex ava-tedbyA.V.BodyanskiyandV.N.Danilenko[1955b:56-61℄wasVoloshskiy emetery

situatedonthethirdrapid.This emetery ontainedmany exedburialsofhumans

injuriedbymi rogravettianpoints(Fig.3:1-3, 5,6,8)and someextendedones

a - ompaniedbysymmetri altrapezes(Fig.3:9).Themi rolithsoftherstgroupwere

overedbyblue patina ontraryto these ond oneswhi hwere not.Bothkinds of

burials were deposited in loess-lake Final Pleisto ene lay without any tra es of

gravepits.However,the exedskeletons asawholehaddeeperstratigraphi al

po-sition[Danilenko1955b:56℄.Withinthe emeteryamongthegravesamarine shell

Nassasp.from theBla kSea oast, twoends rapers onthe akes(Fig.3:10,12),

a base part of pointretou hed onbothsides(Fig. 3:11), a perforator(Fig. 3:13),

a bladeanda akewere alsofound.Allthese lithi swere overed byblue patina,

too.

Themorphologi alfeaturesofbothmi rolithsandtools overedbypatinafrom

theVoloshskiy emeteryaretypi alforthelo alUpperPalaeolithi assemblages of

steppe zone onne tedwith theEpigravettian tradition. Thegeometri mi roliths

from that group of emeteries are similar to the onesfrom the lo al Mesolithi

assemblages of steppearea datedto theBoreal period(e.g. Grebeniki or Donets

ultures)[Telegin1982:92-98,179-185;Stanko1982:109-117℄.Amongthemdierent

moreorlesssymmetri altrapezesoflowproportionsandsimpleoutlines onstitute

These ond emeterydis overedbyA.V.Bodyanskiyandex avatedbyA.D.

Sto-lyarwasVasilyevka1,whi hwassituatedonthe5thDnieper'srapid \Nenasytets",

themostpowerfulintheregion[Stolyar1959:78-165℄.The emetery ontainedonly

exed burials deposited in loess-lake Final Pleisto ene lay without any tra es of

gravepits,too.Amongtheburiedhumanswerealso twokilled personsinjuriedby

moremassivekindsofba kedlan eolatepoints(Fig.3:14-18).Withinthe emetery

andinitsdestroyedpartsimilar ba kedpointsmadein mi roburinte hniquewith

theproje tile impa t fra tures(Fig. 3:20,21), one res ent (Fig.3:19) anda base

part of massive pointretou hed onbothsides (Fig. 3:22) were found.The latter

wasbrokenbytheproje tile impa tfra ture,too.

Asitwasnotedabove, themassiveba kedpointsbothpro essedwiththe

mi- roburinte hniqueandintensivellyusedasarrowheadsaretypi alsignsoftheShpan

ulture.The res enthas the losest analogies among themi rolithi industries of

theShan-Koba ultureinregionoftheCrimeanMountainsorintheassemblageof

Belolesye, a single siteoflatter ulturein steppearea onthenorth-westernBla k

Sea oast.Afore-mentioned ultureisdatedbytheFinalstagesofPleisto enefrom

AllerdtoPreborealperiod[Zaliznyak,Yanevi h1987:11℄.

Theri hest emetery atVasilyevka3situatednear above des ribedgraveyard

wasdis overed byA.V. Bodyanskiyandex avated byD.J. Telegin [1982:208℄.The

emetery ontainedboth exedandextendedburialswhi h hadnotra esofgrave

pits in loess-like lay. However, the rst graves were deposited deeper than the

se ondones.Bothkindsofburialsweredatedwiththeradio arbonmethodbythe

Dryas III [Ja obs, Pri e 1998℄ and a lot of them had thehumans killed with the

mi rolithi proje tile weapons,too.

Thehumansfrom exedburialswereinjuriedbyba kedlan eolatepoints(Fig.

3:23-28)ofpra ti allyidenti alformaswerefoundinVasilyevkaI emetery.These

pointshadproje tileimpa tfra turesandwerepro essedinmi roburinte hnique,

too (Fig. 3:23, 24). One ba ked point has also retou hed base (Fig. 3:23). The

pointsfromextendedburialswereslightlydierentandhadaformofasymmetri al

triangles(Fig.3:29-32).However,thelatterasawholeareonlysome hangedtype

ofba kedmi rogravettianpointswithretou hedbasewhi hwasbetteradaptedfor

intensiveuseasarrowheadsofpointedtype[Nuzhnyi1989:94℄.

Inone ase thebase partof su hatriangle waspro essedwith bipollar

reto-u h(Fig. 3:31).For manufa turing manymi rolithsthemi roburinte hnique was

used,too(Fig.3:31,32).Pra ti allyallmi rolithswereusedasarrowheadsandhad

proje tile impa t fra ture (Fig. 3:30-32). Bothabove-mentioned signs are typi al

forba ked pointsandasymmetri al triangles of theShpan ulture in Crimea and

some ofthemare presentatthesitesoftheL owerDnieperregion,too(Fig.3:39,

40,43).Theba kboneofoneextendedskeletonwaspier ed bythepie e ofbone

slottedspearpointwith thelateral mi roblade insets. Thiskind ofweapon is

well--knownamongpra ti allyallMesolithi ulturesofthesteppezoneoftheUkraine

(Grebeniki,Kukrek,Donetsket .) sin etheEarlyHolo ene.

Amongtheburials in thearea of the emetery low res ent (Fig. 3:33),long

3:34)were also found.Thelatter kind oflithi toolisverytypi alfor manylo al

UpperPalaeolithi andMesolithi assemblages oftheUkrainiansteppezone.Asit

has been notedabove the losest analogies of low res ent are in assemblages of

theShan-Koba ultureinCrimea.

The lastMesolithi emeteryat Chaplinskiywas dis overedandex avated by

A.V.BodyanskiyandA.V.Dobrovolskiyandsituatedabove therstDnieperrapid

[Telegin 1982:203-304℄. The emetery ontained four or ve badly preserved and

exed Mesolithi graves and tenor nine extended skeletons of theNeolithi and

Eneolithi timewhi h weresituatedinthesanddeposits.The rstgroupofgraves

asawholehaddeeperstratigraphi alpositionthanthese ondone.Alsowasnoted

a aseofdestru tionofa Mesolithi skeletonbyaNeolithi burial.Inthearea of

the emetery among the graves an oblique trun atedpoint with mi roburin spall

(Fig. 3:42) was found. Near the extended grave also the trapeze pro essed with

atretou hwas dis overed.Therstkind ofmi rolithhas learanalogies bothin

assemblages oftheShpan(Fig.1:15,16,34,35;2:1-5,7)andKukrek(Fig.3:50-74)

ulturesofCrimeaandDnieperrapids.These ondoneisverytypi alforthelo al

steppeL ateNeolithi andEneolithi sitesand emeteries.

4. CONCLUSION

Thee ologi alandlands apestabilityofstepperegionbothintheFinal

Pleisto- ene andtheEarlyHolo eneadmitted thesu essivedevelopmentoflo alUpper

Palaeolithi andMesolithi ulturesbased on olle tive drivehuntingof large

gre-garious game adapted to onditionsof an open terrain.Justto su han e onomi

strategyassemblageofproje tileweaponryofFinalPalaeolithi steppehunters

ba-sedonthelo alEpigravettiante hnologi altraditionwasadapted.Themainmean

ofthiswas onne tedwiththejoiningofthean ient Aurigna iantraditionofwide

usage of bone omposite spearpoints with the younger Gravettian te hnology of

verti al xingofba kedmi rolithswithresin[Nuzhnyi1992:165-167).

The dierent kinds of mi rogravettian points and re tangles (manufa tured

of thesmall blades or mi robalades) were usedbythe steppe UpperPalaeolithi

huntersrstof all aslateral edgesin the ompositeslottedbonespearpoints.The

latter (as a base of so- alled \steppe proje tile assemblage") perhaps were well

adaptedfor olle tivemassdrivehunting.A ordingtotheproje tileimpa tdamage

theba kedmi rogravettian pointsonly sometimeswere usedbysteppehuntersas

pointedarrowheadswithbow[Nuzhnyi1990:122-123℄.

Thesimilar huntingstrategyand te hnologi altraditionof an intensiveusage

ofboneslotted ompositespearpointswithatlatlhasbeen ontinuedduringthe

Me-solithi time in pra ti ally thesame lands ape onditionsof theHolo enesteppe.

traditionwhi h were onne ted with thefurtherdevelopment of lo al Final

Pala-eolithi industries [Stanko1982:114-117;Telegin 1982:117-127;Nuzhnyi, Yanevi h

1987:40-41℄. The mi rolithi assemblages of these ultures are formed by ba ked

and trun atedmi roblades while the geometri mi roliths(as a good indi ator of

bow and arrow usage) were well spread here only in thenal Kukrek [Yanevi h

1987a:14-16℄.

Evenmi rolithi assemblages ofthesteppeL ateMesolithi ulturesbasedon

quite dierent te hnologi al tradition of wide usage of trapeze mi roliths

(Gre-beniki, Donetsk, et .) were distinguished in more losed territoryof theNorhern

Ukraineor theCrimean Mountais(Janisªawi e, Peso hnyRov,Murzak-Koba

ul-tures).In all ases themi rolithi assemblages ofsteppe ultureshadmore simple

typologi al stru turewhi hre e ted thesimplier and poorer onstru tionoftheir

arrowheads[Nuzhnyi1992:49-65℄.

Atthesametime mi rolithi assemblages ofthesteppeEpigravettianhunters

(e.g. Vishennoe ulture)migrated into losedterritoryof theCrimean Mountains

during the Final Pleisto ene [Yanevi h 1992:30℄ and be ame gradually more and

more hanged.Thispro esswas arriedoutindire tionof\geometrization"of

stra-ight ba ked and lan eolate points. They re eived a nal form of low symmetri al

res entswhi hweretypi alfortheShan-Koba ulture.Thenewformof

geometri-zatedba kedpointswasadaptedtotheirdierentusageaspointedarrowheadsand

lateralbarbs. Therst ompositearrowheadsweremoreintendedforanin reased

roleofindividualbowhuntingin losed onditionsofthemountains.However,the

morphologyoflargebodyofShan-Kobami roliths(a ordingtothedataof

expe-rimentsandproje tiledamage) wasnotsuitable fortransversalarrowheads. Itwas

thatkind of arrowheadthatwas themost eÆ ientin \bloodtra ks hunting" with

dogsinthe onditionsofforestorbush terrain[Nuzhnyi1990:117;1992:109℄.

ThenextwaveofsteppemigrantsintotheCrimean Mountainswas onne ted

withthepopulationoftheShpan ultureandtookpla eduringtheDryasIIIorthe

Preboreal.Butthepro essoftransformationofabove-mentioned\steppeproje tile

assemblages" and their adaptationto new methods ofhunting (asa result of the

harshandglobal limati hanges)was arriedoutveryqui klyandprobablymore

dramati ally.A ordingtotheproje tileimpa tfra turesthehuntersofthis ulture

werefor edtousenarrowmi rogravettianpointsasarrowheadspra ti allywithout

any hangeoftheirmorphology.Tojudgefromnumerousdamagedspe imentsand

dataofexperiments theyabsolutelywerenotadaptedtosu hanewfun tion.

At rstthe steppeEpigravettian or Pre-Shpan population probablyo upied

thealpinemeadows whi hhadsimilar lands ape onditionsastheirnativetarrain.

Inthisareawehaveassemblages withthenumerousnarrowmi rogravettianpoints

but pra ti ally without oblique trun ated points with mi roburin spall and

spe i- asymmetri al triangles (e.g. Balin-Kosh).The latter weretransformedfromthe

mi rogravettian points later as a result of prolonged in uen e of new proje tile

fun tionofpointedarrowheads.Oblique trun atedpoints,themostsimple kindof

pointed arrowhead whi h ould be manufa tured fromthe blade with the abrupt

The invention of both afore-mentioned kinds of mi roliths xed the dire t

appearan eoftheShpan ultureinthePreborealwhi hwiththenewassemblageof

proje tileweapons(adaptedfornewe ologi al ondition) ouldalready havebeen

spread in an area of mountainous forests. The developed mi roburin te hnique

(well intended for qui k pro essing of oblique trun atededges) perhaps o ured

laterasaresultofin uen eofassimilatedpopulationoftheShan-Koba ulture.In

thelayers of ave sites (Shan-Koba andFatma-Koba) the materials of the Shpan

ulturearea ompaniedbyasymmetri al res entsandeventriangles(smallersizes

thanShan-Kobaones)pro essedoftenwiththemi roburinte hnique(Fig.4:9-11).

The asymmetri triangles of theShpan ulture probably were base prototypesof

mi rolithi assemblage oftheL ateMesolithi Murzak-Koba ulture.

Asawhole,theafore-des ribedpro essoftransformationof\steppeproje tile

assemblage"basedonEpigravettiante hnologyhadthesamedire tioninthevalleys

forestorbush onditionsofstepperivers,too.IntheMesolithi assemblages ofL

o-werDnieperandrapids bothspe i asymmetri altriangles andespe iallyoblique

trun atedpointswith themi roburinspall andwithout retou hedbase were wide

used. However, thelatter had lengthyproportionsand were manufa tured in the

pseudo-mi roburinte hnique. A ordingtothematerials of theFinal Pleisto ene

emeteriesin theregionofDnieperrapidsasintheShpan ultureoftheCrimean

Mountainstwostagesofsu htransformationtookpla e.

Therstonewas onne tedwitha\faintgeometrization"ofba ked

mi rogra-vettianpointsasaresultofanintensiveuseinnewfun tionofpointedarrowheads

(Vasilyevka1and exedgravesofVasilyevka3).These ondstagewasstartedwith

invention of oblique trun ationand wideuse of mi roburin te hnology whenthe

asymmetri al geometri andoblique trun atedpoints(more adapted to thesame

fun tionofpointedarrowhead)were inuse(Chaplinskiy, extendedgravesofV

asi-lyevka1).

ThespreadofforestsinEasternEuropeduringtheEarlyHolo enestipulated

also as mu h as three waves of dire t migration or inltration of steppe

Epigra-vettian population in a forest zone of the northern Ukraine. The rst one took

pla eimmediatelyafterthePleisto ene andwas onne tedwiththeformingofthe

Kudlayevka ultureintheMiddle Dnieperbasin.The mi rolithi assemblageofit,

based onba kedmi roliths, was veryeasily andweaklyadapted to be usedin the

arrows(themainproje tilehuntingweaponsof losedlands apes).Itisnotablethat

mi rolithi assemblages ofrelatedKomorni a ulturesituatedmoreto thewestin

Poland andthewesternUkraine isasa wholemore \geometrizated" andsuitable

forthat[Zaliznyak1991:23-27℄.

These ondwave ofmigrationofsteppepopulation,perhaps,tookpla e from

theL ateBoreal andstipulatedtheformingoftheJanisªawi e ultureinthe

North--WesternUkraine. Inthis ase themore easternand southernsiteshadsome

dif-feren es in theirmi rolithi assemblages thanwestern andnorthernonessituated

in Poland,Belorussia andLithuania.Asin the ase oftheKomorni a ulture,the

westernassemblages ofJanisªawi e areasa wholemore\geometrizated", too.For

points)ofthis ulturehaveusuallyretou hedbaseandaformofasymmetri

trian-gles andtrapezes.

Thesouth-easternJanisªawi esitesonthe ontrary ontainmainlythesepoints

withoutretou hedbase asare presentinsteppeassemblages oftheNorthern

Cri-mea,regionsofDnieperrapidsandDon[Zaliznyak1991:39-41℄.However,fromthe

L. Zaliznyak's pointofview, these pointsin steppeassemblages were onlyresults

of some in uen e of theJanisªawi e ulture.This hypothesisisdoubtfulas far as

wehavethePreboreal arbondateoftheShpan ultureinCrimeaandBoreal ones

oftheKukrek ultureinDnieperrapids.

The last, third wave of dire t migration or inltration of steppe population

both in forest zone of the Northern Ukraine and the Crimean Mountains took

pla e in theMiddle andtheEarly Atlanti a ordingly. Itwas onne tedwiththe

spreadof ulturesofKukrektraditionandalsowiththepro essof\Neolithization"

oflo al Mesolithi ultures[Danilenko1969:9-45;Zaliznyak1991:25-44; Yanevi h

1987a:13-17℄.

Theinitialareasofthemostan ient Neolithi ulturesoftheUkraineand

ad-joiningregionsofsouthernRussia(Bug-Dniester,Surska-Dnieper, Azovet .)were

lo ated insteppezone butonly inthevalleysoflarge rivers [Danilenko

1969:216--217℄.The populationofthese ulturesas earlyas intheEarly Atlanti hadsome

agri ultural elements in e onomy(viz. attleand lesssheep breeding), ertain

se-dentaryresiden emobilityand erami produ tion.However,sin ehunting(steppe

spe ies in luded) and shing were still the main bran hes of their e onomy so

weaponry and lithi assemblage were based on thelo al Kukreksteppe tradition

[Danilenko1969:176-183℄.

Probably, the neighbouring population whi h o upied more open areas of

steppezonelimitedbylargerivervalleysandstill ontinuedthetraditionalmodelof

steppee onomyinpurerformwasthemainsour eofabove-mentionedmigrations.

This population had some knowlege about both multibran hed and agri ultural

modelsofe onomybutuseditonlysometimes. Thea tivizationof multibran hed

\Mesolithi "or agri ultural \Neolithi " modelsofe onomytookpla e duringthe

seasonsunsu essfulfor olle tive massdrivehuntinglargeherdhoofedgame.The

absen e oflarge valleys onthe onsiderable spa e of this zone (orother terrains

withhighdiversityoffoodresour eswhi h ouldbesuÆ ientforafore-mentioned

models of e onomy) was the main ause of periodi al in reased mobility of last

steppe hunters. The spread of a new agri ultural model of e onomy among the

populationoverthelimitsofsteppezoneperhapswasaresultofthesemigrations,

too.

ThereiseveryreasontobelivethatintheEastEuropeanMesolithi twomain

areaswithprin ipallydierente onomi alstrategiesexisted.Therstwas onne ted

with the ontinuation of \Upper Palaeolithi " olle tive orspe ialised mass drive

hunting whi h tookpla e mainly in theopen steppe lands apes. The se ond had

the more individual or multibran hed \Mesolithi " form. The latter was arried

outinmore losedforestandmountainousterrains.The mobilesteppepopulation

periodi ally spread over \more stable" losed lands apes. It was themain sour e

for both intensi ated inter- ultural onta ts and transferring new te hni al and

e onomi ideas intothispartofEurope.

AR { Ar heologi kerozhledy,Praha.

AP { Ar heologia Polski,Wro ªaw.

AJPA { Ameri anJournalofPhysi al Anthropology,NewYork.

CA { CurrentAnthropology,Chi ago.

KSIA { Kratkiye Soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii Akademii

NaukUSSR,Moskva.

KSIA(Ukraine) { Kratkiye Soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii Akademii

NaukUSSR,Kiev.

KSOGAM { KratkieSoobs heniyaOdesskogoGosudarstvennego

Arkhe-ologi heskogoMuzeya,Odessa.

MASP { Materialy po Arkheologii Severnogo Pri hernomorya,

Kiev.

MIA { Materialy iIssledovaniyapoArkheologii,Moskva.

SA { SovetskayaArkheologiya,Moskva.

SAA { SovetAnthropologyandAr haeology,Moskva.

SE { SovetskayaEtnograya, Moskva.

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