3
Contents
Introduction ... 5
1. Fluids in Rigid Body Motion ... 7
1.1. Pressure in Fluids Moving as a Solid Body ... 7
1.2. Fluid at Rest ... 10
1.3. Free Fall of a Fluid Body ... 10
1.4. Fluid Accelerating on a Straight Path ... 12
1.5. Fluid Rotated in a Cylindrical Container ... 15
2. Flow in Pipes ... 21
2.1. Laminar and Turbulent Flow ... 22
2.2. Laminar Flow in Pipes ... 25
2.3. Turbulent Flow in Pipes ... 35
2.4. Piping Networks ... 60
2.5. Pump Selection ... 66
2.6. Practical Project – Designing the Piping System with Pump Selection ... 80
3. External Flow – Flow over Bodies ... 85
3.1. Drag Force ... 86
3.2. Lift ... 99
3.3. Magnus Effect ... 106
4. Flow Rate Measurement ... 111
4.1. Volumetric Flow Rate ... 111
4.2. Flow Rate and Velocity Measuring Devices ... 113
4.3. Selection and Maintenance of Flowmeters ... 131
5. Turbomachinery – Classification and Terminology ... 135
5.1. Radial Flow Devices ... 137
5.2. Tangential Flow Devices ... 142
5.3. Axial Flow Devices ... 144
6. Two-Phase Flow – Main Concepts and Terminology ... 147
6.1. Common Examples of Two-Phase Flow ... 147
6.2. Definitions and Quantitative Relations ... 148
6.3. Two-Phase Flow Patterns ... 151
6.4. Modeling Two-Phase Flows ... 157
6.5. Boiling ... 161
6.6. Condensation ... 164
7. Overview of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) ... 166
7.1. CFD as a Supplement to Experimental Techniques ... 167
7.2. Advantages and Limitations of CFD ... 168
7.3. Basics of CFD ... 169
7.4. Laminar CFD Calculations ... 189
7.5. Modeling Turbulence ... 193
Glossary ... 199
Appendix ... 212
Bibliography ... 213
