RADIOCARBON DATING OF THE CORDED WARE CULTURE FROM THE NIEMEN RIVER BASIN. A GRAVE FROM PARKHUTY, SITE 1, THE GRODNA REGION

(1)

CHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEEN

THE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:

3150-1850 B C Ivan T. Chernyakov ElkeKaiser Viktor I. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko Nikolay N.Kovalyukh VladimirA. Kr uts Mykola N. Kryvaltsevi h Vadim L. Lakiza Jan Ma hnik Sergey V. Nazarov Alla V. Nikolova Vadim V. Skripkin Marzena Szmyt Mihailo Y. Videiko 1 V O L U M E 7

•

1999

(2)

61-809Pozna«(Poland)

w.Mar in78

Tel.(061)8536709ext. 147,Fax(061)8533373

EDITOR

AleksanderKo±ko

EDITORIALCOMMITEE

SophiaS.Berezanskaya (Kiev),AleksandraCofta-Broniewska

(Pozna«), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lu yna Doma«ska

(ód¹), ViktorI. Klo hko (Kiev), Valentin V. Otrosh henko

(Kiev),PetroTolo hko (Kiev)

SECRETARY

MarzenaSzmyt

SECRETARYOFVOLUME

AgnieszkaPrzybyª

ADAMMICKIEWICZUNIVERSITY

INSTITUTEOFEASTERNSTUDIES

INSTITUTEOFPREHISTORY

Pozna«1999

(3)

CHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEEN

THE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:

3150-1850 B C Ivan T. Chernyakov ElkeKaiser Viktor I. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko Nikolay N.Kovalyukh VladimirA. Kr uts Mykola N. Kryvaltsevi h Vadim L. Lakiza Jan Ma hnik Sergey V. Nazarov Alla V. Nikolova Vadim V. Skripkin Marzena Szmyt Mihailo Y. Videiko 1 V O L U M E 7

•

1999

(4)

c

CopyrightbyB-PSandAuthors All rightsreserved

CoverDesign: EugeniuszSkorwider

Lingvisti onsultation:JohnComber

PrintedinPoland

(5)

EDITORS'FOREWORD ... 5

ASSUMPTIONS ... 7

ViktorI.Klo hko,AleksanderKo±ko,MarzenaSzmyt,PROBLEM

OFTAXONOMICLIMITATIONSINTHESYNTHESISOFTHEHISTORY

OFBALTIC-PONTICBORDERLANDIN3150-1850BC ... 7

NikolayN.Kovalyukh,Sergey V.Nazarov,RADIOCARBON

DATINGCALIBRATIONINARCHEOLOGICALSTUDIES ... 12

VadimV.Skripkin,NikolayN.Kovalyukh,RADIOCARBONLSDATING

OFBONEMICRO-SAMPLES ... 27

PARTI.THEBLACKSEABASIN(CHRONOLOGYOFTAXONOMICUNITS) ... 34

Mihailo Y.Videiko, RADIOCARBONDATINGCHRONOLOGYOFTHELATE

TRIPOLYECULTURE ... 34

ViktorI.Klo hko,VladimirA.Kruts,RADIOCARBONDATES

FROMTHEYAMNAYACULTUREBARROWATTHETRIPOLYECULTURE

"GIANTSETTLEMENT"NEARTALYANKY ... 72

AllaV. Nikolova,RADIOCARBONDATESFROMTHEGRAVES

OFTHEYAMNAYACULTUREATTHEINGULETSRIVER

(THEKIROVOHRADREGION) ... 80

AllaV. Nikolova,RADIOCARBONDATINGOFGRAVES

OFTHEYAMNAYAANDCATACOMBCULTURES

ONTHEDNIEPERRIGHTBANK ... 103

ElkeKaiser,RADIOCARBONDATESFROMCATACOMBGRAVES ... 129

Mykola Kryvaltsevi h,NikolayN.Kovalyukh,RADIOCARBONDATING

OFTHEMIDDLEDNIEPERCULTUREFROMBELARUS ... 151

ViktorI.Klo hko,RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOFTHEEARLY

ANDMIDDLEBRONZEAGEINTHEMIDDLEDNIEPERREGION.

THEMYRONIVKABARROWS ... 163

Marzena Szmyt,IvanT. ChernyakovRADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGY

OF"AKKIEMBETSKIYKURGAN".APRELIMINARYREPORT ... 196

PARTII.THEBALTICSEABASIN(CHRONOLOGYOFPONTIC"INFLUENCE") .. 203

Aleksander Ko±ko,PONTICTRAITSINTHEMATERIALSOF

(6)

(POLISH)GROUPOFTHEGLOBULARAMPHORA

CULTURE|ARADIOCARBONPERSPECTIVE ... 211

JanMa hnik, RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOFTHECORDEDWARE

CULTUREONGRZDASOKALSKA.AMIDDLEDNIEPER

TRAITSPERSPECTIVE ... 221

VadimL.L akiza, RADIOCARBONDATINGOFTHECORDEDWARE

CULTUREFROMTHENIEMENRIVERBASIN.AGRAVEFROM

PARKHUTY,SITE1,THEGRODNAREGION ... 251

CONCLUSION ... 264

ViktorI.Klo hko,AleksanderKo±ko,MarzenaSzmyt,ACOMPARATIVE

CHRONOLOGYOFTHEPREHISTORYOFTHEAREABETWEEN

THEVISTULAANDDNIEPER:3150-1850BC ... 264

Referen es ... 283

(7)

ThisvolumeoftheBalti Ponti Studies fo usesontheresultsoftheresear h

arried out so far into the absolute (radio arbon) hronology of the area lying

betweentheVistulaandDnieperorthebio- ultural borderlandbetween theWest

andEastofEurope.Absolute hronologyistreatedherebothasaresear hgoaland

fundamentalpremise inthebroaderstudiesof the hronometri anddevelopment

syn hronizationof\borderland" ulturalsystems.Ina seriesofarti les devotedto

individualtaxa a onsiderable numberofnew 14

Cdates havebeen ompared.The

dates on ernsour ematerialsthathavebeen hosenfromthepointofviewoftheir

representativenessand hronometri value (\short-lived"materials werepreferred

to minimize a potential error). The vast majority of analyses were purposefully

made in the same 14

C laboratory of the State S ienti Center of Environmental

Radiogeo hemistry of Ukrainian A ademy of S ien es in Kiev taking advantage of

fundsgenerouslyprovidedbythePolishCommitteeforS ienti Resear h.

Thevolume devotedto the\dark" se tionofthe\borderland"history

(3150--1850BC)istherstbutnotthelastpubli ationonthebroaderissuesmentioned

(8)

1. All dates in the B-PS are alibrated [see: Radio arbon vol.28, 1986, andthe

nextvolumes℄.Deviations fromthisrule willbepointoutinnotes.

2. Thenamesofthear haelogi al ulturesandsitesarestandarizedtotheEnglish

literatureonthesubje t(e.g.M.Gimbutas,J.P.Mallory).Inthe aseofanew

term,theauthor'soriginalnamehasbeenretained.

3. The spelling of names of lo alities having the rank of administrative entres

followsoÆ ial,state,Englishlanguage artographi publi ations(e.g. Ukraine,

(9)

vol.7:1999,251-263

PLISSN1231-0344

Vadim L.Lakiza

RADIOCARBON DATING OFTHE CORDED WARE

CULTURE FROM THE NIEMEN RIVER BASIN. A GRAVE

FROM PARKHUTY, SITE 1, THE GRODNA REGION

Only twograves of theCorded Ware ulture (CWC) had beenknownin the

Niemenriverbasinuntilthebeginningofthe1990s:oneinKrasnoselski intmine

ontheRosriverbank(Fig.1:3)[Charniauski1963;1997℄,andtheotherontheleft

bankoftheriverSh haraontheterritoryofRusakovasite2(Fig.1:2)[Charniauski

1997℄.AnewsettlementdatingtotheNeolithi andBronzeages |Parkhuty1|

wasdis overedbytheauthorofthispaperontherightbankoftheSh harariver|

alargetributaryoftheriverNiemen|in1994(Fig.1:1).Themonumentislo ated

one kilometreto thenorthof thevillage of Parkhuty, in theDistri t of Diatlava,

GrodnaRegion (Fig. 2).Ito upies a sandydune, 60mlong, 50m wideand3m

high, above thelevel of oodlands(Fig. 3).Flintarti les andfragmentsof vessels

oftheNeolithi andBronzeages anbefoundondenudationsandalongthewhole

territoryofthedune,witha high on entrationonthesouthernedgeofthehill.

1. SETTLEMENTINVESTIGATION

In1995-1996,in theuppersouthernpartofthesettlement,theex avatedarea

overed86km 2

(Fig.3).The ulturallayer,ofaheterogeneousgrey olour,0.4-1m

thi k, omposedofne-grainedsand,wasdamagedbyploughingandbythesinking

of pits. 19 features of dierent periods were re orded: pits,burnt outpat hes of

earth (features No.8, No.18), anda grave (featureNo. 14)(Fig. 4).The ultural

layerisri hinar haeologi al nds.Morethan4,000split intsandtools,fragments

ofvessels,stoneartefa ts,andsmallbones werefound.

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Fig.1.L o ationoftheCordedWare ulturegravesintheNiemenbasin(1-Parkhuty;2-Rusakova

2;3-Krasnoselsk).

fragmentsofvessels identied,79%belongtovessels oftheNiemen Neolithi

ul-ture.This ultureisrepresentedbymaterialofallthree periods:Dubi hay, Lysaya

Gora,DobriyBor (Fig.5:1-5)[L akiza1999℄.

The latter, a ording to the leading resear her of the ulturein theNiemen

riverbasinM.M.Charniauski, maydate ba ktothersthalf ofthese ond

millen-niumBC[Charniauski1979:78℄.Fragmentsof erami softheBronzeAge(20%)(a

traditionalBelaruss heme of ultural- hronologi aldivisionisused)[Charniauski,

Kryvaltsevi h1993:96;Kryvaltsevi h 1997:288-290℄belong totheCWC(Fig. 5:6-8,

10-17)andTrz inie ulture(Fig.5:18-23).The intartefa tsrevealed arediÆ ult

tosyn hronisewitheither ultureinparti ularbe ause ofthemixed ulturallayer.

(11)

Fig.2.L o ationmap(1-agraveatParkhutysite1,GrodnaRegion;2-monumentsoftheStoneand

Bronzeages)

2. GRAVESTRUCTURE

Tra es of the grave (a dark-grey humus spot with dimensions of 1.54 x 1.7

m)were found0.5-0.6 mbelow thepresentday groundlevel ofthedune.Further

ex avationsrevealed a one-bodytomb withburial implements (Fig. 4;7:1).It was

lo ated 1.62 m deep in a round pit (Fig. 4: feature No14). The pit, narrowing

towards its bottom, gradually a quired a re tangular outline with urved orners.

Itsdimensionsdiminished to0.4-0.5x 1.3m. Itwasorientedalong thenorth-west

axis (alongtheSE-NWline) (Fig. 7:1). The llingof thegrave pit,fromthelevel

of0.6m below thepresentdayground level,was ex avatedin onventionallayers

of 0.1 m, with the preservation of its western part for stratigraphi al observation

(Fig.7:2).We antra eba kthelayerswiththefollowing hara teristi s: 0.6-0.7{

1.1m|darkgrey;0.7-1.1{0.8-1.34m|darkwithabrownishshadow;0.8-1.34{

1.5m|lightyellow-greyne-grainedsand;1.5-1.62|ashy-greyhumuswithsmall

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Fig.3.Parkhutysite1,GrodnaRegion.S hemati layout.

erami s of theNiemen Neolithi ultureandEarly BronzeAge were dis overed.

We an observea de rease in thenumberof ndsinthesixth-ninth layers, whi h

orrespond to theyellow-grey olour of thelling (subsoil).In thetenthlayer, a

small intsplinter,two minorfragmentsofNiemen erami s, small har oals and

variousgravegoodswere found.Theskeletonwasnotpreserved.Astoneaxe with

aholeandaninta t at-bottomedbowl,lyingonitsside,withitsne ktothenorth,

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Fig.4.Parkhutysite1,GrodnaRegion.Planofthegravelo ationintheex avationsite.

2.1. BURIALIMPLEMENTS

a.The at-bottomedbowlhasaglobularbelly,withanarrowedne kgradually

widening into a high one-shaped halo (Fig. 8:1). The halo brim is uneven, and

sharpenedinpla es. Dimensions:12-13 mhigh,thebottom6 min diameter,the

(14)

(15)

(16)

Fig.7.Parkhutysite1,GrodnaRegion.FeatureNo14-grave(1-planofthegrave,2- ross-se tions

ofthegrave;3- ross-se tionofthegravebottom).L egend:1-dark-grey;2-dark-brown;3-yellow-grey

ne-grainedsand;4-ashy-greywithsmall har oals;5-subsoillayer;6-stoneaxewithahole;7- int

blade;8-bowl

outersurfa e of the bowl is of a light grey-brown olour, with darker pat hes. It

isalmost smooth,butwith barelyvisible tra es ofsmoothing.The inner surfa eis

roughlypolished.Atthejun tionsof layribbonsontheinnersurfa eofthene k

andhalo, thewall surfa eisuneven.The doughof thebowl isofan admixture of

sandand har oals.

b.The axeismadeofgrey-greenstone.Dimensions:11 mlong,4.5 mwide,

3.5 mthi k;thediameterofthe one-shapedholeis2.1-2.3 m.The holeismade

almostinthe entreoftheaxe. Thesurfa eofthendis arefullypolished.Ithas

adiamond-shapedfa e,re tangular ross-se tionwith urvedangles,andadistin t,

almostre tangular butt(Fig.8:2).

.Thebroken intbladeis6.5 mlongand2 mwide(Fig.8:3).Itis

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(18)

3. ANALYSISOFTHEGRAVE.CHRONOLOGY

The ex avated gravewas foundat theupperedgeof thesettlement territory.

Theindividual gravewasmadea ordingtotheburialritualofinhumation.

The ross-se tion ofthetombpresents an ashy- oallayerat theverybottom,

followed by a layer of yellow subsoil, whi h overed the de eased, and tra es of

a wooden over (Fig. 7:2). Itis diÆ ultto surmise thelo ation of the de eased,

sin etheskeletonwasnotpreserved. Nevertheless,havinganalysedthepla ement

ofthegravegoodsandthedimensionsofthetomb,andusingthedatafrom

neigh--bouringterritories, we anspe ulate thatthegrave wasofa manlyingin afoetal

positionon hisside. Su h graves in the territoryof a settlement isa wide-spread

phenomenonforL ateNeolithi monumentsinBalti ountries [Rimantiene 1984;

1994;Girininkas1990:99-101℄,andinPoland[Ma hnik1966; ibior, ibior1992℄,

and also for Bronze Age monuments of the forest zone of Europe [Artemenko

1967:128-135; Charniauski 1997:308-309℄.In the opinion of many resear hers, a

stoneaxe witha hole shouldbe denedasan attribute pe uliar to thegrave ofa

man[Artemenko1967:82-83;Kraynov1972:38-39℄.

Themost ru ial ulture-determining elementsofthegrave are onsidered to

be the stoneaxe with thehole and thebowl.They also solve theproblemof the

dating of the tomb. The stone axe with the hole is typologi ally related to I and

II types,a ording to the lassi ation of J.Ma hnik, made onthe basis of nds

fromtheterritoryof Poland.Su h axeso ur widely inthemajority of thegraves

oftheCWC;theydatetothethird|thebeginning ofthese ondmillennium BC

[Ma hnik 1966:41-48℄.Findsfrom Parkhuty site1also haveanalogies among butt

hammer-shapedaxesoftheFatyanovo ulture[Kraynov1972:38-61℄,in emeteries

oftheMiddleDnieper ulture(MDC)nearKhodasavi hyandStralitsa[Artemenko

1963:40;1967:Fig.14℄.Su haxeswerealsowidespreadattheendofthethird|the

rsthalf of these ondmillennium BCin theNiemen basin.[Charniauski, L akiza

1995:46-59℄.

Itwasnotpossibletondpre iseanalogiestothebowlfromthegraveinterms

ofallthreeindi ators(morphologi al,te hnologi alandthepatternof

ornamenta-tion).

Closeanalogiesmaybeen ounteredintheCWCinPoland.Thepotteryfrom

graves at Bosutów, Zesªawi e, and Ksi¡»ni e bear some resemblan e to thebowl

fromParkhutyintermsofmorphologi alfeatures[Ma hnik1966:Tab.II,IV,XV,

XXVII℄. In parti ular, one of the grave bowls dis overed on site 59 near Zªota

haspra ti allythesame dimensionsandte hnologi alpe uliarities[ ibior, ibior

(19)

im-by J.Ma hnik, and syn hronise it with a entral European horizon of the CWC,

pointingoutthepresen e ofsome ar hai features.

Someanalogiestothebowlinquestionwere foundinburial omplexesofthe

Battle-axe ulturein Estonia[Yanits 1952:55-57℄and L atvia [Moora1952:3-9℄.In

Lithuania,where,attheendofthethird|thersthalfofthese ondmillennium

BC,theBalti Coastal ulture(Rzu ewo ulture)wasformed, ared-ne krounded

bowlswith an admixture ofsandin dough were widely used, as,forexample, was

an ornamentedvessel with a narrowed ne k and high halo from the Sventoi site

[Rimantiene1984:316-317, Fig.104℄.

M.M.CharniauskialsondsanalogiestotheburialbowlfromKrasnoselski int

minesintheterritoryofthesouth-easternBalti ountries[Charniauski1963;1997:

308-309,Fig.111℄.Thisvessel,witha\r-tree"ornamentunderneaththeedgeofthe

lip,isratherlikethebowlfromParkhutysite1intermsofitste hnologi al(almost

smoothsurfa e,doughwithanadmixtureof oarse-grainedsand)andmorphologi al

features (11 m high, a diameter at the bottomof 6 m, walls 5 mm thi k) (Fig.

9:1).M.M.Charniauski onsidersthedis overedgravetobelinkedwiththe\ orded

ware"oftheNiemenbasinin uen edbytheRzu ewo ulture[Charniauski1996:83;

1997:308-309℄.

We annotbutmentiontheresemblan e of thebowl fromSh hara tothe

e-rami s of the MDC. Our nd is similar to the bowls of type III spe ied by I.

Artemenko, but with some dieren es. Those bowls he revealed in a grave near

Khodasavi hy and dated to the late phase of the aforementioned ulture

[Arte-menko1963:40;1967:15,105℄.ArangeofmonumentsfromtheUpperNiemenand

upperrea hesoftheSh harahavebeensubje ttothein uen e oftheMDC.For

example, the dimensionsand S-shaped ross-se tion of the vessel from thegrave

in Rusakova, site 2(Fig. 9:2) bear a resemblan e to thebowls from Krasnoselski

andParkhutysite1andtheyaresimilartosome erami formsfromnorth-eastern

PolandandwesternLithuania.Ornamentsof uttriangles,however,are more

ha-ra teristi oftheMDC [Charniauski1997:309;Fig. 111℄.

Asabrieftypologi alanalysisjusties,theburial omplexParkhutysite1should

undoubtedlybelinkedwitha ir leofCWC.Itshouldalsobenotedthatthemajority

of analogies were found in the territoryof Poland and Balti ountries or within

a Cir um Balti Cir le ofCWC. However, a more denite ultural interpretation

of the grave, as well as of the majority of monuments with orded ware in the

Niemen river basin, is urrentlyin pro ess. One should bear in mindthat in the

late Neoliti andearly Bronze ages, theNiemen basin is onsidered to havebeen

a spe i onta tarea ofvarious ultures; monumentsfromthe area haveshown

tra esoftheNiemen ulture(DobriyBortype),theGlobularAmphora ulture,the

Rzu ewo ulture,andtheMDC.

The hronologyofthegrave from Parkhuty site1 isdetermined onthebasis

(20)

(21)

mentalRadiogeo hemistry(NationalA ademyofS ien esofUkraine).Theresults

obtainedareshowninthefollowingTable 1.

Table 1

Parkhutysite1-thedated omplex

No. Site Material L ab.No Date

BP CalBC

1-sigma 2-sigma

1 Parkhuty1 Fragmentofgravevessel Ki-6212 3665

±

40 2126-2084 2138-1922

grave withadmixtureof 2042-1972

(feat.No.14) har oalsinitsdough

Thus,theindividualgravedis overedinParkhutysite1ispreliminarilyas ribed

to theCWC of theNiemen riverbasin anddated to the periodof thethird and

se ondmillennia BC(a ordingto alibrationdates).

(22)

AO { Arkheologi heskiyeotkrytya,Moskva.

AJA { Ameri anJournalofAr haeology,NewYork.

BPS { Balti -Ponti Studies,Pozna«.

EA { EurasiaAntiqua,Berlin.

FPP { Folia Praehistori a Posnaniensia,Pozna«.

KSIA { Kratkiyesoobsh heniyaInstitutaArkheologii,Moskva.

KSIAANUSSR { Kratkiye soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii AN USSR,

Kiev.

KSIIMK { Kratkiye soobsh heniya Instituta Istorii Materialnoy

kul-tury,Moskva.

KSOGAM { Kratkie Soobsh heniya OdesskogoGosudarstvennogo

Ar-kheologi heskogoMuzeya,Odessa.

MIA { Materialy iissledovaniyapoarkheologii,Moskva.

NAIANANU { NaukovyArkhivInstitutaArkheologiiNa ionalnoi

Akade-mii NaukUkrainu, Kiev.

SA { SovetskayaArkheologia, Moskva.

SpA { SprawozdaniaAr heologi zne, Kraków.

ZFA { Zeits hriftf urAr haologie,Berlin.

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IvanI.Chernyakov

InstituteofAr haeology

UkrainianA ademyofS ien es

GeroivStalingrada12

254655Kiev

Ukraine

ElkeKaiser

Seminarf urUr-undFrehgesi hte

FreieUniversitatBerlin

Altensteinstrae15

14195Berlin

Germany

ViktorI.Klo hko

GeroivStalingrada12

254655Kiev

Ukraine

AleksanderKo±ko

InstituteofPrehistory

AdamMi kiewi zUniversity

±w.Mar in78

61-809Pozna«

Poland

E-mail:koskomman.poznan .pl

NikolayN.Kovalyukh

DepartmentofEnvironmentalRadiogemistry

InstituteofGeo hemistry

andPhysi sofMinerals

Palladina34

252142Kiev

Ukraine

VladimirA.Kruts

GeroivStalingrada12

254655Kiev

Ukraine

MykolaN.Kryvaltsevi h

InstituteofHistory

A ademyofS ien esofBelarus

F.Skaryna1

Minsk220072

VadimL.L akiza

InstituteofHistory

A ademyofS ien esofBelarus

F.Skaryna1

Minsk220072

Belarus

JanMa hnik

InstituteofAr haeologyandEtnology

PolishA ademyofS ien es

Sªawkowska19

31-016Kraków

Poland

SergeyV.Nazarov

Palladina34

252142Kiev

Ukraine

AllaV.Nikolova

GeroivStalingrada12

254655Kiev

Ukraine

VadimV.Skripkin

Palladina34

252142Kiev

Ukraine

MarzenaSzmyt

InstituteofEasternStudies

AdamMi kiewi zUniversity

Nowowiejskiego55

61-734Pozna«

Poland

E-mail:marzenamain.am u.e du. pl

MihailoY.Videiko

Vydubi kaya40

252014Kiev

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CenturiesB.C., byViktorI.Klo hko.

Vol.2:NomadismandPastoralismintheCir leofBalti {Ponti EarlyAgrarian

Cultures: 5000{1650B C,editedbyAleksanderKo±ko

Vol.3: CemeteriesoftheSoevkatype:2950{2750B C, editedbyAleksander

Ko±ko

Vol.4: Eastern Exodus of the Globular Amphora People: 2950 - 2350 B C,

editedbyAleksanderKo±ko.

Vol.5: BeyondBalkanization,edited byLu ynaDoma«ska,KenJa obs and

Aleksander Ko±ko.

Vol.6:TheTrz inie AreaoftheEarlyBronzeAgeCivilization:1950{1200B C,

editedbyAleksanderKo±ko.

Orders regardingB-PS should beadressed dire tlyto theEditorialOÆ e

(Balti -Ponti Studies,InstituteofPrehistory,w.Mar in78,61-809Pozna«,

Poland).

Thepubli ationsis arriedoutwithintheresear hproje tNo.1H01G05912

(in part No. 1H01G01810)nan ed in the years 1997{1999 by the

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