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RANGING - GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

P r o f . i r . J . A . S p a a n s

B i j l a g e b i j N a v i g a t i e k u n d e I V

MT 612

F e b r u a r i 1987

Delft University of Technology Ship Hydromechanics Laboratory Mekelweg 2

2628 CD Delft The Netherlands Phone 015 - 78 68 82

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Intersite Surveys

NAVIGATION BY S A T E L L I T E TIMING AND RANGING -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

NAVSTAR - GPS

J.A. S p a a n s G e o s i t e R & A u g u s t 1983

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C O N T E N T S 1. INTRODUCTION • 2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 2.1 C o n t r o l Segment 2.2 S p a c e v e h i c l e 2.3 U s e r segment 3. THE GPS SIGNAL 4. SIGNAL DECODING

5. THE NAVIGATION MESSAGE

5.1 D a t a b l o c k I 5.2 D a t a b l o c k I I 5.3 D a t a b l o c k I I I

6. THE POSITIONING EQUATIONS

7. P O S I T I O N ACCURACY

8. V E L O C I T Y MEASUREMENT

9. NAVIGATION F I L T E R

10. HIGH ACCURACY GPS APPLICATIONS 10.1 D o p p l e r m e a s u r e m e n t 10.2. C a r r i e r p h a s e m e a s u r e m e n t 10.3 I n t e r f e r o m e t r i c d e l a y t i m e 10.4 S e r i e s 10.5 T r a n s l o c a t i o n 10.6 I n t e g r a t i o n o f GPS and INS 10.7 T r o p o s p h e r i c d e l a y 11. GPS OUTLOOK 0832A/83/09/29 1

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-Intersite Surveys

1. I^f^RODUCTIQN

The p l a n n i n g o f t h e NAVSTAR s a t e l l i t e p o s i t i o n i n g s y s t e m s t a r t e d i n t h e m i d d l e o f t h e s i x t i e s a s t h e " T i m a t i o n p r o g r a m " . I n 1973 a j o i n t p r o j e c t group was formed o f US A i r F o r c e , Army, Navy, M a r i n e s and t h e D e f e n s e Mapping Agency t o d e v e l o p a s y s t e m w i t h t h e p o s i t i o n /

n a v i g a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s o f a l l p a r t i c i p a n t s . The s y s t e m i s p r i m a r i l y meant a s a weapons d e l i v e r y s y s t e m , however c i v i l u s e r s w i l l a l s o g e t

a c c e s s t o t h e s y s t e m .

The f i r s t p u b l i c a t i o n i n open l i t e r a t u r e a p p e a r e d i n A u g u s t 1976 d u r i n g a c o n g r e s s o f t h e " I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f I n s t i t u t e s o f N a v i g a t i o n " i n B o s t o n USA. / I / ,

The p r o j e c t manager o f t h e N A V S T A R - p r o j e c t v i s i t e d s h o r t l y a f t e r t h i s c o n g r e s s NATO c o u n t r i e s t o f i n d s u p p o r t . R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s from NATO c o u n t r i e s a r e s i n c e t h e n c o o p e r a t i n g i n t h e p r o j e c t team. From t h e N e t h e r l a n d s a s c i e n t i s t from t h e N a t i o n a l A i r and S p a c e L a b o r a t o r i e s (NLR) i s d e l e g a t e d . F o r c i v i l u s e r s , a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e US D e p a r t m e n t o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n p a r t i c i p a t e s i n t h e p r o j e c t team. S i x p r o t o t y p e ( b l o c k I ) s a t e l l i t e s a r e i n o r b i t a t t h i s moment, ( A u g u s t 1983) t h e s i x t h s a t e l l i t e h a s t r o u b l e s w i t h t h e a t o m i c c l o c k . E v e n t u a l l y t h e s p a c e s h u t t l e w i t h l a u n c h t h e 18 p r o d u c t i o n s a t e l l i t e s i n s i x d i f f e r e n t , o r b i t p l a n e s a l l o w i n g a f o u r s a t e l l i t e c o v e r a g e most o f t h e t i m e on a n y p l a c e on e a r t h . / 2 / . The o r i g i n a l p l a n o f 24 s a t e l l i t e s i n t h r e e o r b i t p l a n e s i s abandoned b e c a u s e o f b u d g e t a r y r e a s o n s . T h i s c o n s t e l l a t i o n w o u l d h a v e g u a r a n t e e d a f o u r s a t e l l i t e c o v e r a g e 1 0 0 % o f t h e t i m e on a n y p l a c e on e a r t h . F o u r s a t e l l i t e s a r e n e c e s s a r y t o s o l v e f o r t h e f o u r unknowns ( x , y , z, A t ) i . e . : 3 D p o s i t i o n i n g and u s e r - c l o c k - o f f s e t ; 2D p o s i t i o n i n g i s p o s s i b l e w i t h known g e o i d a l h e i g h t and t h r e e s a t e l l i t e c o v e r a g e . I t s h o u l d be e m p h a s i s e d , h o w e v e r t h a t f o u r s a t e l l i t e c o v e r a g e n o t a l w a y s g u a r a n t e e s 3D p o s i t i o n i n g ! A bad geometry o f t h e s a t e l l i t e s w i l l "blow up" t h e n a v i g a t i o n e q u a t i o n s and t h e s o l u t i o n w i l l be i n d e t e r m i n a t e . A c c o r d i n g t o / 3 / , a f o u r s a t e l l i t e c o v e r a g e w i t h a c c e p t a b l e g e o m e t r y w i l l be a v a i l a b l e a b o u t 9 9 . 5 % o f t h e time w o r l d w i d e , i n t h e c o n s t e l l a t i o n w i t h t h e 18 s a t e l l i t e s u n i f o r m l y s p a c e d i n 6 o r b i t s o f 55 d e g r e e s i n c l i n a t i o n . 0 8 3 2 A / 8 3 / 0 9 / 2 9 2

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-I n d e p e n d e n t from t h e p o s i t i o n i n g , t h e v e l o c i t y o f t h e u s e r ' s v e h i c l e c a n be d e t e m i n e d by D o p p l e r s h i f t m e a s u r e m e n t s . I m p o r t a n t p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e NAVSTAR s y s t e m i n f u l l c o n s t e l l a t i o n ( p h a s e I I I ) a r e : ( i ) A l m o s t c o n t i n u o u s 3D p o s i t i o n i n g on a n y p l a c e on o r n e a r b y e a r t h ( i i ) A c c u r a c y o f p o s i t i o n i n g b e t t e r o r c o m p a t i b l e w i t h most, though n o t a l l , s y s t e m s i n u s e now. ( i i i ) V e l o c i t y o u t p u t by D o p p l e r s h i f t m e a s u r e m e n t s . ( i v ) S y s t e m p e r f o r m a n c e i n d e p e n d e n t o f w e a t h e r , s e a s o n , t i m e o f d a y . ( v ) No s i g n a l - r e c e p t i o n u n d e r w a t e r o r when o t h e r w i s e s h i e l d e d . ( v i ) A c c u r a c i e s c a n be i m p r o v e d i n t r a n s l o c a t i o n mode ( D i f f e r e n t i a l - G P S ) ( v i i ) M i l i t a r y s y s t e m s , l i a b l e t o u n p r e d i c t e d c o d e c h a n g e s i n w a r t i m e o r o t h e r w i s e . ( v i i i ) A c c e s s c h a r g e s a r e i n c o n s i d e r a t i o n now f o r c i v i l u s e r s . P r e l i m i n i a r y US C o n g r e s s r e p o r t s s u g g e s t $ 3 7 0 , - a n n u a l f e e f o r S-code ( f o r m e r C A - c o d e ) and $ 3700,- f o r P-code r e c e p t i o n .

I n Ikl i t i s a r g u m e n t e d t o l o w e r t h e s e f e e s s u b s t a n t i a l l y i% 2 5 , - p . a . ) b u t t o s u r c h a r g e f o r e i g n made e q u i p m e n t I

( i x ) The p r i c e o f a GPS r e c e i v e r w i l l be a r o u n d $ 5 0 0 , - a r o u n d t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 . / 5 /

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-Intersite Surveys

2, SYSTEM DESCRIPTION The s y s t e m c o n s i s t s o f t h r e e r e l a t e d " S e g m e n t s " - t h e C o n t r o l Segment ( C S ) - t h e S p a c e V e h i c l e Segment ( S V S ) - t h e U s e r Segment ( U S ) 2.1 C o n t r o l Segment The CS c o n s i s t s o f t h e M a s t e r C o n t r o l S t a t i o n (MCS) i n V a n d e n b e r g C a l i f o r n i a , one U p l o a d S t a t i o n ( U L S ) and f o u r M o n i t o r S t a t i o n s (MS) ( H a w a i i , V a n d e n B e r g , Guam and A l a s k a ) . o f f s e t . The MCS c o l l e c t s t h e s e d a t a and c o m p u t e s t h e S V - a l m a n a c d a t a p r e d i c t i o n s .

The ULS i n j e c t s new d a t a i n t h e SV w i t h i n t e r v a l s b e t w e e n 6 and 12 h o u r s . 2.2 S p a c e v e h i c l e s The SV's a r e i n n e a r c i r c u l a r 12 h o u r o r b i t s a t a n a l t i t u d e o f a b o u t 20000 km w i t h o r b i t s p e e d o f a b o u t 3.9 km/s. The SV i s s t a b i l i s e d w i t h a 65 f t boom w i t h t i p - m a s s t o a l l o w d i r e c t i o n a l b r o a d c a s t i n g ( s e a r c h l i g h t beam) t o e a r t h . T h e t i m i n g o f t h e b r o a d c a s t e d m e s s a g e s i s p r o v i d e d by a c e s i u m o s c i l l a t o r w i t h a s t a b i l i t y o f lO"''"'^ s e c / s e c and w h i c h i s c o r r e c t e d f o r r e l a t i v i s t i c e r r o r . The h i g h s t a b i l i t y a t o m i c o s c i l l a t o r s a r e n e c e s s a r y b e c a u s e one n a n o s e c o n d ( 1 0 ~ ^ s e c ) i n t i m i n g e r r o r w i l l c a u s e 0.3 m e t e r i n r a n g e e r r o r . SV t i m e o f f s e t t o GPS t i m e ( a l m o s t UTC) c a n be a d j u s t e d by t h e C S . The SV s e n d s down d a t a i n t h e m e s s a g e t o a l l o w t h e u s e r t o c a l c u l a t e a n y r e m a i n i n g o f f s e t by The MS's m o n i t o r t h e s a t e l l i t e m e s s a g e s t o c h e c k t h e S p a c e V e h i c l e s ( S V ) p e r f o r m a n c e and t o compute t h e o r b i t p a r a m e t e r s and SV's c l o c k

At

SV = a ^ 4 a ^ ( t - t ^ ) 4 a ^ (t-t^)^ ( 1 )

w h e r e t i s S a t u r d a y / S u n d a y m i d n i g h t .

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-The c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e changed e v e r y h o u r on t h e h o u r .

The c a r r i e r and m o d u l a t i o n f r e q u e n c i e s a r e a l l d e r i v e d from t h e S V - c l o c k d r i v e n m a s t e r o s c i l l a t o r w i t h f = 1 0 . 2 3 MHz. The c a r r i e r f r e q u e n c i e s a r e : = 1 5 4 f = 1 5 7 5 . 4 2 MHz L2 = 1 2 0 f = 1 2 2 7 . 6 0 MH z . The c a r r i e r s a r e d i g i t a l l y encoded w i t h +/- 9 0 ° " P h a s e s h i f t k e y i n g " ( P S K ) s i g n a l s , a l l o w i n g t h e u s e r t o e s t i m a t e t h e s i g n a l t r a n s i t t i m e from SV t o u s e r a n t e n n a . 2 . 3 U s e r segment The h e a r t o f t h e GPS r e c e i v e r i s a c o r r e l a t o r , w h i c h l o o k s f o r t h e maximum c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e r e c e i v e d SV PSK s i g n a l and t h e i n d e n t i c a l r e c e i v e r g e n e r a t e d PSK s i g n a l . When t h e r e c e i v e r c l o c k and SV c l o c k a r e e x a c t l y s y n c h r o n i z e d , t h e n t h e PSK s i g n a l s a r e a l s o s y n c h r o n i z e d , e x c e p t f o r t h e d i f f e r e n c e c a u s e d by t h e t r a n s i t t i m e o f the s i g n a l . The t i m e o f a r r i v a l (T O A) w i l l be d e l a y e d by 6 6 - 8 0 m s e c . T h i s d e l a y t i m e i s m e a s u r e d by t h e code c o r r e l a t o r . The s y n c h r o n i s a t i o n e r r o r o f t h e r e c e i v e r c l o c k i s computed i n t h e s o l u t i o n v e c t o r ( x , y , z. A t ) . F o r t h i s r e a s o n f o u r s a t e l l i t e s a r e n e e d e d f o r 3 D- p o s i t i o n i n g . F o r a good u n d e r s t a n d i n g : t h e r e a r e t w e n t y d i f f e r e n t t i m e r e f e r e n c e s f o r one u s e r i n t h e G P S - s y s t e m , s e e f i g u r e 1 . 1 . GPS s y s t e m t i m e ( a l m o s t UTC) 1. SV t i m e ( 1 8 s a t e l l i t e s ) 3 . U s e r t i m e 0 8 3 2 A / 8 3 / 0 9 / 2 9 5

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-Intersite Surveys

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-The d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n 1 and 2 i s a d j u s t e d by t h e ULS w i t h r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l s ; t h e r e m a i n i n g e r r o r A t ^ ^ i s computed i n t h e r e c e i v e r w i t h f o r m u l a 1, f o r w h i c h t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e s e n t down i n t h e SV d a t a and a r e d i f f e r e n t f o r e a c h SV. The d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n 1 and 3 ( A t ^ = b/c ) i s s o l v e d i n t h e n a v i g a t i o n e q u a t i o n s f r o m f o u r s a t e l l i t e TOA ( t i m e o f a r r i v a l ) m e a s u r e m e n t s . The a c t u a l measurement i n t h e r e c e i v e r f o r a SV i s : A t = t ^ - t^, s e e f i g u r e 1. The a c t u a l t r a n s i t t i m e f o r t h e s i g n a l from t h i s SV i s ' 3 - h = - ' - ' O ^ - - ^0^ = A t + A t - A t u s v The a c t u a l r a n g e R i s t h e r e f o r e : R = c ( A t - A t ) + c . A t (0) * s v u = R - b ( 3 ) w h e r e R i s c a l l e d t h e pseudo r a n g e and b t h e " u s e r c l o c k o f f s e t p r o p a g a t i o n d i s t a n c e " . The e a r t h c e n t r e d , e a r t h f i x e d ( E C E F ) c o o r d i n a t e s ( x , y , z ) p l u s b a r e s o l v e d from f o u r s i m u l t a n e o u s TOA m e a s u r e m e n t s . 3. THE GPS SIGNAL

The c a r r i e r f r e q u e n c y L^^ i s m o d u l a t e d w i t h t h e P and S ( f o r m e r C/A) c o d e s w h e r e a s L ^ i s o n l y P-code m o d u l a t e d . The d u r a t i o n o f 0 o r 1 o f t h e c o d e i s c a l l e d a " c h i p " . The d u r a t i o n o f t h e s e q u e n c e o f O's o r 1's b e f o r e r e p e t i t i o n i s c a l l e d t h e c o d e l e n g t h . I n t h e P c o d e t h e t o t a l code l e n g t h i s n o t u s e d , t h e c o d e i s r e s t a r t e d e a c h Sunday m o r n i n g a t z e r o GPS t i m e . 0832A/83/09/29 7

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-Intersite Surveys

s - c o d e : f r e q . 1.023 MHz ( 1 , 0 2 3 , 0 0 0 c h i p / s e c ) c h i p p e r i o d 0 . 9 9 7 5 / t s e c code l e n g t h 1 msec epoch 1 msec P-code : f r e q . 10.23 MHz c h i p p e r i o d 99.75 n s e c code l e n g t h 38 weeks epoch 1 week .t;^' The P- and S c o d e s a r e o r t h o g o n a l l y m o d u l a t e d on t h e c a r r i e r , so t h e y c a n be i n d e p e n d e n t l y d e m o d u l a t e d i n t h e r e c e i v e r , s e e f i g u r e 2. 0832A/83/09/29 8

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-S - c o d e ( s i n e p h a s e )

c o d e ( c o s i n e p h a s e ]

F i g u r e 2 s i g n a l s t r u c t u r e

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-Intersite Surveys

The n e c e s s a r y b a n d w i d t h f o r t h e GPS r e c e i v e r , w i t h o u t t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h e D o p p l e r s h i f t , i s 2 0 MHz f o r P-code and 2 MHz f o r S-code, a s shown i n f i g u r e 2 . The t o t a l s i g n a l L^^ c a n be w r i t t e n a s : S ( t ) = A . D ( t ) C ( t ) c o s 2 f t + n ( t ) s i n 2 f t ( 4 ) w h e r e A = a m p l i t u d o D ( t ) = d a t a C ( t ) = c o d e f = 1 5 7 5 . 4 2 MHz The d i g i t a l / a n a l o g c o r r e s p o n d e n c e i s : d i g i t a l z e r o = a n a l o g one d i g i t a l one = a n a l o g m i n u s one modulo 2 a d d i t i o n = a n a l o g m u l t i p l i c a t i o n

The code modulo 2 d a t a i s t h e code w a v e f o r m ( + / - 1 ) t i m e s d a t a

w a v e f o r m ( + / - 1 ) . P h a s e s h i f t k e y i n g ( 9 0 ° ) i s same a s m u l t i p l y i n g c o d e d a t a t i m e s c a r r i e r w a v e f o r m . D I G I T A L A B A © B 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 A N A L O G A l t ) B i t ) A | t ) - B l t ) 1 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 1 0 8 3 2 A / 8 3 / 0 9 / 2 9 1 0

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-I n f i g u r e 3 i s shown how t h e S-code ( G o l d c o d e ) i s formed b o t h i n t h e SV and i n t h e r e c e i v e r . Two s h i f t r e g i s t e r s w i t h t e n b i t s a r e s h i f t e d w i t h a f r e q u e n c y o f 1.023 MHz. The two pseudo random n o i s e (PRN) s i g n a l s G l and G2 a r e t h e n m i x e d .

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-Intersite Surveys

The S-code l e n g t h ( e p o c h ) i s 1023 c h i p s (1 m s e c ) and r e s t a r t s t h e n . The l e n g t h y P-code i s formed from t h e m i x i n g o f two PRN c o d e s

b e i n g 15,345,000 c h i p s l o n g and X2 b e i n g 15,345,037 c h i p s l o n g , e a c h c h i p b e i n g 99.75 n s e c . The c o m p o s i t code i s a b o u t 2.10^^ c h i p s l o n g . The X^ epoch r e s t a r t s e v e r y 1.5 s e c o n d s , a s 5,345.000 c h i p s / e p o c h _ . , 1 • I) S 6 C • 10.23 * 10^ c h i p s / s e c . The f i r s t X^ e p o c h o c c u r s a t 00.00 h o u r s a t s a t / s u n . E a c h 1.5 s e c e p o c h o f t h e X^ code s p a n s 1500 r e p e t i t i o n s o f the S-code and 15,345,000 c h i p s o f t h e P-code s e q u e n c e .

I n GPS j a r g o n t h e number o f X^ e p o c h s s i n c e S a t / S u n 00.00 i s c a l l e d t h e Z - c o u n t o r z e c o n d s . The Z - c o u n t i s t r a n s m i t t e d i n t h e d a t a e a c h 6 s e c o n d i n t e r v a l . The d a t a , l i k e o r b i t p a r a m e t e r s e t c . a r e s u p e r i m p o s e d on t h e S-code and P-code s t r i n g s a t a 50 b i t s p e r s e c o n d r a t e , w i t h t h e b i t t r a n s i t i o n s s y n c h r o n i z e d to t h e X., e p o c h s . P - c o d e S - c o d e D A T A Z - c o u n t F i g u r e 4 Code S y n c h r o n i z a t i o n 0832A/83/09/29 1 2

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-The d a t a a r e r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e "GPS n a v i g a t i o n m e s s a g e " . T h e s e d a t a g i v e f o u r k i n d s o f i n f o r m a t i o n . - SV c l o c k c o r r e c t i o n d a t a - SV e p h e m e r i s d a t a - e p h e m e r i s d a t a o f t h e o t h e r SV's ( r e d u c e d a c c u r a c y ) - GPS s y s t e m m e s s a g e s The n a v i g a t i o n m e s s a g e i s 1500 d a t a b i t s l o n g ( a f r a m e ) b e i n g 30 s e c (20 z e e ) . I t i s d i v i d e d i n t o f i v e 3 0 0 - b i t s u b f r a m e s . E a c h s u b f r a m e c o n t a i n s t e n 30 b i t w o r d s . E a c h s u b f r a m e b e g i n s w i t h t h e 3 0 - b i t SV t e l e m e t r y word (TLM) f o l l o w e d by a 3 0 - b i t h a n d o v e r word (HOW) w h i c h i s u s e d f o r t h e S t o P t r a n s f e r and t h e n f o l l o w e d by i n f o r m a t i o n w o r d s . -T L M H O W 1 c l o c k c o r r e c t i o n T L M H O W 2 T L M H O W 3 E P H E M E R I S T L M H O W / , M E S S A G E T L M H 0 W 5 A L M A N A C F i g u r e 5 I n f o b l o c k s S u b f r a m e s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n c a n be o b t a i n e d by s e a r c h i n g t h e d a t a s t r e a m f o r t h e b i t s e q u e n c e w h i c h c h a r a c t e r i z e s t h e TLM. GPS p a r i t y i s r a t h e r c o m p l e x , b i t 29 and 30 o f t h e TLM a r e a l w a y s z e r o ' s . See a l s o f i g u r e 1 3 .

The HOW i s i n f a c t a GPS c l o c k , a s i t c o n t a i n s t h e number o f s u b f r a m e s o f d a t a w h i c h h a v e b e e n t r a n s m i t t e d s i n c e t h e s t a r t o f t h e GPS-week. The d e c i m a l number o f t h e HOW m u l t i p l i e d w i t h 4 i d e n t i f i e s t h e Z - c o u n t o f t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e n e x t s u b f r a m e , s e e f i g u r e 6.

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-Intersite Surveys

k k+1 k+2 k+3 T L M HOWj k+5 k+6 k+7 T L M HOWi.i F i g u r e 6 Z - c o u n t and HOW 0 8 3 2 A / 8 3 / 0 9 / 2 9 1 4

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-4. SIGNAL DECODING I n f i g u r e 7 a s i n g l e c h a n n e l S-code r e c e i v e r b l o c k d i a g r a m i s shown. S i n g l e c h a n n e l means t h a t t r a c k i n g SV's w i l l be p e r f o r m e d s e q u e n t i a l y w h e r e a s m u l t i c h a n n e l r e c e i v e r s ( h i g h d y n a m i c u s e r ) a r e t r a c k i n g more SV's s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . To a s s u r e l i n e a r i t y i n t h e d i f f e r e n t r e c e i v e r e l e m e n t s t h e r e c e i v e d f r e q u e n c y ( o n w h i c h t h e D o p p l e r s h i f t i s s u p e r i m p o s e d ) i s down c o n v e r t e d t o 140 MHz i n t h e h e t e r o d y n e c o n v e r t e r . 1 5 5 7 M H z P R E A M P I / O d i s p l a y H E T E R O D Y N E C O N V R e c e i v e r c o n t r o l p r o c e s s o r N a v i g a t i o n c o m p u t e r U O M H z S - c o d e c o r r e l a t o r S - c o d e g e n e r a t o r 10.23 M H z o s c i l l a t o r da t a d e m o d u l a t o r P L L 0 o p p l e r s e a r c h o s c i l l a t o r J F i g u r e 7 S i n g l e c h a n n e l GPS r e c e i v e r 0832A/83/09/29 1 5

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-intersite Surveys V

To add P-code t o t h e r e c e i v e r , r e q u i r e s m u l t i p l e c o r r e l a t o r s and code g e n e r a t o r s . To add f o r i o n o s p h e r i c c o r r e c t i o n p o s s i b i l i t y r e q u i r e s m u l t i p l e down c o n v e r t e r s . To c o n t i n u o u s l y t r a c k f o u r s a t e l l i t e s r e q u i r e s m u l t i p l e r e c e i v e r s e x c e p t f o r preamp, i / o d i s p l a y and c o m p u t e r . R e c e n t l y s i n g l e c h a n n e l r e c e i v e r s w i t h f a s t m u l t i p l e x e r s (5 msec s a m p l e t i m e ) a r e d e v e l o p e d b' T e x a s I n s t r u m e n t s . / 1 0 / . The p r i n c i p l e o f t h e code c o r r e l a t o r i s t h e a n a l o g m u l t i p l i c a t i o n o f t h e i n c o m i n g s i g n a l A . C ( t ) . D ( t ) . s i n 2 f t and t h e l o c a l g e n e r a t e d code C ( t + T ) . I f t h e s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n e r r o r i s l a r g e r t h a n t h e c h i p l e n g t h T t h e n t h e o u t p u t w i l l be z e r o e x c e p t f o r n o i s e . T h i s c a n be s e e n from t h e a u t o c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n R ( T ) = 1 C ( t ) C ( t + T ) d t ( 5 ) 2aT -aT a s shown i n f i g u r e 8. R ( T ) X -T 0 +T F i g u r e 8 A u t o c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n o f Code 0832A/83/09/29 1 6

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-A s i m p l e e x a m p l e i s g i v e n i n f i g u r e 9 where t h e r e a d e r c a n c h e c k t h e c o r r e l a t i o n s . The s e c o n d s i g n a l i s 1/2 T l a t e and the t h i r d s i g n a l i T l a t e . C(t) C(t-0,5T) C(t-T) c o r r e l a t i o n 8/8 = 1 c o r r e l a t i o n /./8 = 0,5 c o r r e l a t i o n 0/8 = 0 F i g u r e 9 Time S h i f t e d c o d e s The o u t p u t of t h e c o d e c o r r e l a t o r a t s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n i s now f r e e f r o m t h e c o d e i n f o r m a t i o n and w i l l r e a d S 2 ( t ) = A R( T ) D ( t ) s i n 2 i r f ^ ^ t ( 6 ) The s i g n a l h a s a c o n s i d e r a b l e s m a l l e r b a n d w i t h now a s t h e +/- 1 MHz o f t h e S-code a n d / o r t h e +/- 10 MHz o f t h e P-code i s f i l t e r e d o u t . The " d e s p r e a d " s i g n a l s p e c t r u m i s shown i n f i g u r e 10, t h e b a n d w i d t h b e i n g 100 Hz ( 5 0 BPS) p l u s two t i m e s t h e D o p p l e r f r e q u e n c y f .

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F i g u r e 10 The p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e d e s p r e a d s i g n a l power s p e c t r u m w i l l c a u s e a n i n s i g n i f i c a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e w h i t e n o i s e i n t h e r e c e i v e r by o t h e r GPS SV's w o r k i n g on t h e same f r e q u e n c y . ( W h i t e s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y i s e q u i v a l e n t t o a n o i s e t e m p e r a t u r e o f 1 K p e r SV a c c o r d i n g t o . / 6 / ) . A f t e r l o c k i n g on t h e c o d e , t h e d a t a h a s t o be r e c o v e r e d from t h e r e m a i n i n g s i g n a l . I t i s h e r e t h a t t h e famous " C o s t a s L o o p " e n t e r s , s e e f i g u r e 11. The i n c o m i n g s i g n a l A R ( T ) D ( t ) s i n ( 2 TT f , t ) i s I F m u l t i p l i e d w i t h t h e VCO o u t p u t ( s i n ( 2 TT f t + <|)) i n t h e I - c h a n n e l g i v i n g - D ( t ) R ( T ) c o s (4TT f t + <J> ) - ^ D ( t ) R ( T ) c o s

i>

( 7 ) 0832A/83/09/29 1 8

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-I-CHANNEL • ^ R l t l D l t l C O S 0 d a t a AR(t) D ( t l s i n 2ref t freq Q-CHANNEL F i g u r e 11 C o s t a s Loop T h r o u g h t h e low p a s s f i l t e r , o n l y t h e s e c o n d t e r m w i l l p a s s . I n t h e l o w e r Q c h a n n e l t h e same o c c u r s w i t h t h e 90° p h a s e s h i f t e d s i g n a l . A f t e r a s e t t l i n g t i m e o f a b o u t 0.5 s e c t h e f e e d b a c k c o n t r o l o f t h e C o s t a s Loop w i l l h a v e f o r c e d (() t o z e r o and t h i s c a u s e s : - f r e q u e n c y l o c k - p h a s e l o c k - o u t p u t o f d a t a b i t s A 2 2 - o u t p u t o f — R ( T ) w h i c h i s u s e d t o p r o d u c e a u t o m a t i c g a i n 4 c o n t r o l f o r t h e code g e n e r a t o r .

Note t h a t t h e l o o p w i l l s e t t l e b o t h i n <(> = 0° and <i> = 180°. A d d i t i o n a l c o n t r o l i s n e c e s s a r y t o h a v e t h e l o o p s e t t l e d on 'f' = 0 ° .

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-Intersite Surveys

F o r m u l t i c h a n n e l r e c e i v e r s . C o s t a s l o o p s may be u s e d t o c o n t i n u o u s l y t r a c k S V ' s . F o r s i n g l e c h a n n e l r e c e i v e r s f a s t e r l o c k i n g l o o p s c a n be u s e d . However t h e s e l o o p s l o o s e s i g n a l a t low S/N. O t h e r schemes o f r e c e i v e r " a r c h i t e c t u r e " a r e p o s s i b l e , l i k e t h e " e a r l y - l a t e c o r r e l a t o r " w h i c h u s e s two C o s t a s l o o p s , s e e / 6 / , t o k e e p t h e l o c a l code l o c k e d t o t h e SV c o d e . I n g e n e r a l , w i t h good S/N, t h e code c o r r e l a t i o n w i l l be b e t t e r t h a n 1/64 c h i p w h i c h c o r r e s p o n d s t o 5 m p s e u d o r a n g e i n t h e S-code and 0.5 m f o r t h e P - c o d e . I n / l O / c o r r e l a t i o n s b e t t e r t h a n 2~^^ c h i p a r e c l a i m e d b o t h f o r P- and S - c o d e s .

The l o c k i n g l o o p s w i l l o n l y work, however, w i t h i n t h e i r b a n d w i d t h . T h e r e f o r e a two d i m e n s i o n a l s e a r c h i n code p h a s e and o f f s e t f r e q u e n c y ( c a u s e d by t h e D o p p l e r s h i f t ) i s p e r f o r m e d t o a c q u i r e a r o u g h l o c k i n g , see f i g u r e 12, w h e r e e a c h " b i n " r e p r e s e n t s t h e b a n d w i d t h o f t h e

r e c e i v e r ( 3 K H z ) and two c h i p s s h i f t i n code p h a s e .

c o d e p h a s e c o d e p h a s e c o d e p h a s e c o d e p h a s e c o d e p h a s e f r e q . o f f s e t F i g u r e 12 S e a r c h " b i n s " f o r l o c k i n 0 8 3 2 A / 8 3 / 0 9 / 2 9 2 0

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-The a c q u i s i t i o n s t r a t e g y c a n now be resumed a s f o l l o w s : E s t i m a t e r a n g e and r e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y t o SV. P r e - p o s i t i o n t h e code g e n e r a t o r and D o p p l e r o f f s e t o s c i l l a t o r b a s e d on t h e e s t i m a t e s from 1. W a i t f o r c o r r e l a t i o n d e t e c t o r t o s e t t l e ( R ( T ) = i ) . I f no " l o c k " , t h e n s h i f t code p h a s e o r o f f s e t f r e q u e n c y and w a i t a g a i n . Sudden c h a n g e s i n u s e r m o t i o n c a n c a u s e t h e r e c e i v e r t o l o s e code o r f r e q u e n c y l o c k . A i d i n g t h e code and f r e q u e n c y l o o p s w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n from dead r e c k o n i n g s e n s o r s c a n p r e v e n t t h i s . { E x a m p l e o f r a n g i n g : Suppose t h e e s t i m a t e d r a n g e i s 2 0 , 0 1 5 , 0 0 0 m e t e r s . T h i s e q u a l s a t r a n s i t t i m e o f 6 6 . 7 1 6 6 . . . msec, w h i c h e q u a l s 6 6 . 7 1 6 6 . . . S-code e p o c h s . Code c o r r e l a t i o n w i l l o n l y t a k e p l a c e on t h e f r a c t i o n a l p a r t o f t h e e p o c h , b e i n g 0.7166 x 1023 = 733.1 c h i p . Now s u p p o s e t h a t t h e GPS r e c e i v e r m e a s u r e d 743.6 c h i p s from t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e code ( a c c u r a c y 0.1 c h i p ) . T h i s e q u a l s : 743.6 X 3.10^ = 218,064.5 m e t e r s 1023 The p s e u d o r a n g e w i l l t h e r e f o r e be 66 X 300,000 + 2 1 8 , 0 6 4 . 5 = 2 0 , 0 1 8 , 0 6 4 . 5 m The m e a s u r e m e n t i s w i t h i n +/- 29.3 m ( 0 . 1 S - c h i p ) . I t s h o u l d be n o t e d t h a t a f t e r f r e q u e n c y l o c k t h e D o p p l e r f r e q u e n c y i s e x a c t l y known. S u b t r a c t i n g t h e D o p p l e r s h i f t c a u s e d by t h e SV l e a v e s t h e D o p p l e r s h i f t p r o d u c e d by t h e u s e r d y n a m i c s . F o u r D o p p l e r m e a s u r e m e n t s c a n s o l v e f o r t h e u s e r ' s v e l o c i t y i n t h e same way a s p o s i t i o n i s computed; a s f o u r t h unknown t h e r e c e i v e r ' s

o s c i l l a t o r o f f s e t i s t h e n s o l v e d . lo 2. 3. 4o 0832A/83/09/29 2 1

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I n r e c e n t p u b l i c a t i o n s / l O / s o f t w a r e c o n t r o l l e d m u l t i p l e x i n g t e c h n i q u e s a r e d e s c r i b e d w h e r e f o u r SV's a r e c o n t i n u o u s l y ( i n a s a m p l e d d a t a s e n s e ) t r a c k e d w i t h one code g e n e r a t o r and one c a r r i e r s y n t h e s i z e r on b o t h and p r o v i d i n g 16 o b s e r v a b l e s : f o u r code p h a s e s and f o u r D o p p l e r p h a s e s b o t h f o r and L ^ .

The a d v a n t a g e s o f t h i s s i n g l e c h a n n e l t e c h n i q u e i s , t h a t a l l GPS s i g n a l s t r a v e l t h e same h a r d w a r e p a t h and a r e t h e r e f o r e f r e e from i n t e r c h a n n e l b i a s e s a s i s t h e c a s e i n m u l t i c h a n n e l r e c e i v e r s . The i n t e r r o g a t i o n t i m e o f t h e c o d e d e l a y and c a r r i e r p h a s e o f e a c h SV i msec, s i m u l a t i n g c o n t i n u o u s m e a s u r e m e n t s .

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-5. THE NAVIGATION MESSAGE 5.1 D a t a b l o c k I I n t a b l e 1 t h e b l o c k 1 p a r a m e t e r s a r e shown. B l o c k 1 c o n s i s t s o f 300 b i t s , a r r a n g e d a s shown i n f i g u r e 13. P a r a m e t e r No. o f b i t s s p a r e 24 s p a r e 24 Co 8 «1 8

«2

8

«3

8 eo 8

31

8

62

8 e3 8 T „ ^ 8 GD 8 AODC 8 •^00 16 8 16 ^0 22 Note: A l l b i n a r y numbers a r e T a b l e 1 f a c t o r Range U n i t s . 2 - 2 ^ s e c 2-31 . 2 - 2 ^ s e c 2-29 . 2 - " s e c 2-28 .2-21 s e c 2' s e c 2' s e c 2IO s e c 2^2 s e c 2-'' . 2 - 2 ^ s e c 2 I I 2^' s e c 2^ 604784 s e c 2-^5 +2-^3 , 2 s e c / s e c 2-43 +2-28 s e c / s e c 2-32 ^2-10 s e c j ' s complement. D a t a b l o c k I The f i r s t 8 p a r a m e t e r s ( a ^ , 3 ^ ) a r e u s e d f o r t h e i o n o s p h e r i c c o r r e c t i o n f o r one c h a n n e l r e c e i v e r s . The e m p i r i c a l m o d e l u s e d i s : AT = 5 ( 1 + 16 ( 0 . 5 3 - E ) 3 ) l o " ^ f o r /x/ > 1.57 ( 8 ) AT = 5 ( 1 + 16 ( 0 . 5 3 - E)-^) 10-^ + + ( Z e ) ( 1 - — + — ) f o r < /x/ 1.57 0832A/83/09/29 2 3

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-Intersite Surveys

, t -50400 w h e r e : x = Z ( 9 ) i = 0 A T i s t i m e l a g i n i o n o s p h e r e i n s e c . and a r e g i v e n i n d a t a b l o c k 1 E i s t h e SV e l e v a t i o n a n g l e t i s t h e l o c a l mean t i m e ( L M T ) 0 i s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e u s e r p o s t i o n i n WGS-72 c o o r d ( , A ) W i t h a n g l e s i n r a d i a n s t h e c o m p u t a t i o n r e a d s : ^ 0.0137 ^ - " = E . 0.11 - 0-022 - ^ = ^ f o r

f

< 0.416 ? = I f + H' c o s A t j , ^ 0^^^^ ^^^^ w h e r e A i s SV a z i m u t h c o s C - 0 = 5 + 0.064 c o s ( n - 1.617) ( 1 3 ) f u r t h e r t = 4.32 . 10^ n + GPS t i m e ( s e c ) ( 1 4 ) i f t > 86400 t h e n t = t - 8 6 4 0 0 F o r l e s s p r e c i s i o n n a v i g a t i o n t h e p a r a m e t e r T^^^ c a n be u s e d f o r t h e i o n o s p h e r i c d e l a y i n s t e a d o f t h e above m o d e l . F o r two f r e q u e n c y r e c e i v e r s t h e i o n o s p h e r i c c o r r e c t i o n i s s o l v e d f r o m , t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n m e a s u r e d t r a n s i t t i m e by and L ^ . The t r a n s i t t i m e T i s f r e q u e n c y d e p e n d e n t and c a n be a p p r o x i m a t e d by c f 2 o c U 5 ) 0832A/83/09/29 2 4

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-where S i s t h e d i s t a n c e c i s t h e s p e e d o f l i g h t A i s i s a c o n s t a n t f i s t h e f r e q u e n c y The d i f f e r e n c e i n t r a n s i t t i m e i s : ( 1 6 )

With t h e and L.^ f r e q u e n c i e s and m e a s u r e d Ax :

= 1.5457 A T ( 1 7 )

The AODC p a r a m e t e r i s t h e age o f d a t e and i n d i c a t e s t h e t i m e s i n c e t h e l a s t n a v i g a t i o n u p l o a d by U L S . More s o p h i s t i c a t e d r e c e i v e r s may w i s h t o s e l e c t a SV w i t h a more r e c e n t u p d a t e l

1

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Ii-14 8PS SIGNAL DATA FRAME

DATA BLOCK I CONTENT EACH W0«0 13 A Ï 0 - 8 I T W0fl0--6 P-BIT5 ARE J S E D IN PARITY 0 1 E C W MS L S S SIBFRAME • I 3 0 0 B I T S DATA OLCCK n M P « P

-

P - P •,(0) a,(C) .,(8) P a,(0) ^,(8) PAO) Tcnfc: P P AODC (\,(e) T0C(I6) P AODC (\,(e) A,(IG) P A . ( 2 2 ) |« P StJBFRAME 3O0 BITS aJBFRAME 300 « T S M E S S A G E BLOCK AND DATA B L O C K m P H P AOOaci-s (16) P A N ( I 6 ) 1 6 , P p 2 4 — P p CUC(I6) 1 fi, P 24 — < • P CUS(I6) 1 R P p 2 4 . v n u P p .T0E(I6) 1 - a p fi P M P CIC(IG) 1 R . p 2 4 — / u 1-P p a s( i 6 i T a 1-P p 2 4 — I. 1-P p CftCdS) 1 3 I P r M J - » 1 P r A (24) p Aöcei - | . p BIT COUNT INVPARENTHESES (N) TLMM22) HOW (22) A 0 D E ( 8 ) . C n (16) A N ( I 6 ) / I M « ( 3 2 ) CUCdS) ƒ U( 3 2 ) cusdsy t / A ( 3 2 ) T0E(I6),SPARE(6) T L M ( 2 2 ) HOW(22) ( « T A CIC(I6) f BLOCK n I n . (32) CIS(I6) r I U ( 3 2 l CRC(IG) ƒ I « ( 3 2 ) A (24) AC0E(8),SmRE(l4) « T COUNT I N \ P A R E N T H E S E S (N) TLlI^(22) HOW (22) DATA SPARE(24) BLOCK I S P A R E ( 2 4 ) . , ( B ) . . ( 8 ) , e , ( 8 ) . , ( 8 ) , ^ , ( 8 ) , p , ( a ) ^,(8),p,(8).TGD(8) A0DC(B),T0C(I6) A,(8),A,(I6) * . ( 2 2 ) MSB LSB S L D F T V A t * 4 3 0 0 BITS ajBTHAME •5 3 0 0 BITS BIT COUNT IN P A R E N T H E S E S ( N ) P M P ID(B) t (16) P TW<e) ai(i6) P A (16) [ H E A L T H P / S " P n . P P P 1 A,| - P TLM ( 2 ^ ) HOW ( 2 2 ) 1 0 ( 8 ) , e (16) TtiAtB).»I(l6) h ( l 6 ) , H E A L T H ( 8 ) ys-(24r n . ( 2 4 ) - ( 2 4 ) Uo ( 2 4 ) A , ( 8 ) . A , ( e ) . SPARE (6)

"TLM, HOW. a OTHERS MARKED" USE t MORE BITS IN PARITY CHECK.

MF.SSAGES-MESS/i-a: B L O C K D A T A B L O C K ra ( R O T A T E S ) A L M A N A C F i g u r e 13 D a t a b l o c k c o n f i g u r a t i o n 0832A/83/09/29 2 6

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-5.2 D a t a b l o c k I I

The c o n t e n t o f b l o c k I I i s shown i n t a b l e 2 and t h e a r r a n g e m e n t c a n s e e n from f i g u r e 13. P a r a m e t e r b i t s S c a l e ( L S B ) Range U n i t s AODE 8 2^1 2 l ^ s e c C r s An ^0 16 16 32 2-5 2-43 2-31 .210 .2-28 +1 s e m i c / s e c s e m i c c uc e 16 32 2-29 2-33 . 2 - 1 ^ 0.5 r a d s c a l a r C u s

/ • A

16 2-29 . 2 - 1 ^ r a d C u s

/ • A

32 2-19 2 l 3 n,l/2 m t oe 16 604,784 s e c s p a r e 6

-

-.

-C. i c % C. I S i o C r c 16 2-29 . 2 - 1 ^ r a d C. i c % C. I S i o C r c 32 16 2-31 2-29 + 1 . 2 - 1 ^ s e m i c r a d C. i c % C. I S i o C r c 32 16 2-31 2-5 +1 .210 s e m i c m C. i c % C. I S i o C r c 32 2-31 .1 s e m i c

Ü

24 2-43 +2-20 s e m i c / s e c s p a r e 22

-

-

_ T a b l e 2 B l o c k I I d a t a A l l d a t a r e f e r t o GPS t i m e g i v e n i n t (one week e q u a l s 604800 s e c , oe ^ ' r a n g e i s 604784 s e c ) . 0832A/83/09/29 2 7

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-Intersite Surveys

p e n g e u m

Y

F i g u r e 14

The o r b i t a l p a r a m e t e r s a s g i v e n i n t h e message a r e shown i n f i g u r e w h e r e t h e E C E F c o o r d i n a t e s y s t e m and t h e s a t e l l i t e o r b i t i s shown. I n f i g u r e 15 t h e e l l i p t i c a l o r b i t and t h e c i r c u m s c r i b i n g c i r c l e i s shown.

F i g u r e 15

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-I n t h e o r b i t p l a n e : X = r c o s u = a ( c o s E - e ) ( 1 8 ) y = r s i n u = b s i n E ^ ( I 9 ) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 9 r - X + y = a c o s E + a e - 2 a e c o s E + b s i n E w i t h b^ = a ^ - a ^ e ^ r - a ( l - e c o s E ) ( 2 0 ) and c o s u = ^ = ^ - ^ R 1 - e c o s E s i n u = ^ = ^(^-^^'>^.sin R 1-e c o s E E ( 2 1 ) ( 2 2 ) F u r t h e r from t h e s e c o n d K e p p l e r l a w i t f o l l o w s t h a t M = E - e s i n E ( 2 3 ) w h i c h i s a p p r o x i m a t e d f o r s m a l l e by E = M + e s i n M ( 2 4 ) The meaning o f t h e b l o c k I I p a r a m e t e r s i s : AODE Age o f e p h e m e r i s d a t a "^rs A m p l i t u d e o f t h e s i n e h a r m o n i c c o r r e c t i o n t e r m t o t h e r a d i u s An Mean m o t i o n d i f f e r e n c e from computed v a l u e

M^ Mean amonaly ^ u c A m p l i t u d e o f t h e c o s i n e h a r m o n i c c o r r e c t i o n t e r m t o t h e agument o f o r b i t l a t i t u d e e e x c e n t r i c i t y C a s C f o r s i n e u s u c V'A s q u a r e r o o t o f s e m i m a j o r a x i s e p h e m e r i s r e f e r e n c e t i m e ^ i c A m p l i t u d e o f t h e c o s i n e h a r m o n i c c o r r e c t i o n t e r m t o t h e a n g l e o f i n c l i n a t i o n R i g h t a s c e n c i o n C,. a s C. f o r s i n e I S i c 0832A/83/09/29 2 9

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-Intersite Surveys

i i n c l i n a t i o n o C a s C f o r c o s i n e r c r s uj argument o f p e r i g e e n r a t e o f r i g h t a s c e n c i o n The f o l l o w i n g s e q u e n c e o f c o m p u t a t i o n s i s p e r f o r m e d - A . ( ^ A ) ^ - "O = ( ^ ) A n^ = computed mean m o t i o n where:yM.= 3 . 9 8 6 0 0 8 . 1 0 ^ ^ m^/S^ (WGS-72) t = t - t k s oe t = GPS t i m e o f SV t r a n s m i s s i o n

^oe =time o f o r b i t epoch

''k = t i m e from e p o c h I f > 302,400 t h e n = - 604,800 I f t ^ < - 3 0 2 , 4 0 0 t h e n = t^^ + 604,800 - n c o r r e c t e d mean m o t i o n Mj^ - MQ + n t ^ Mean anomaly E, = M, + k + e s i n M^^ E x c e n t r i c anomaly c o s E, - e c o s u, = k k 1 - e c o s E k ^"(1 - e ^ ) . s i n F s i n = , - . • ^^.^ 1 - e c o s 0832A/83/09/29 3 0

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-k = "-k ^ " argument o f o r b i t l a t i t u d e ( 3 1 ) ^ \ = ^ u s 2* k ^ u c 2* ^ - Ö r, = C s i n 2<f) , + C c o s 2i> t Tr s -o k r c ^ 5 = C.^ s i n 2* + C.^ c o s 2* ( 3 2 ) "k = \ ^ <^ "k r = A ( 1 - e c o s E, )+ 6 r , k k k i , = i + <S i k o k 7 ( 3 3 ) X = r^^ c o s u ^ ^k "k ) p o s i t i o n s i n ) o r b i t a l p l a n e ( 3 4 ) K o e k e oe ( 3 5 ) w h e r e Q is t h e e a r t h r o t a t i o n i n WGS-72 fig = 7.292115147 . 10 r a d / s e c . R o t a t i o n a r o u n d t h e Z - a x i s o f t h e E C E F s y s t e m o v e r n and a r o u n d t h e X - a x i s o v e r i g i v e s X^ = X C O S - Y c o s s i n f2 ^ = X s i n n + Y c o s i ^ ^ c o s U \ = Y s i n i ^ ( 3 6 ) 0832A/83/09/29 3 1

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-Intersite Surveys

5.3 D a t a b l o c k I I I I n d a t a b l o c k 3 t h e p a r a m e t e r s o f t h e o t h e r SV's a r e g i v e n . E a c h f o l l o w i n g b l o c k 3 c o n t a i n s t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o f a f o l l o w i n g SV g i v e n by t h e ID number. I t t a k e s t h e r e f o r e 19 ( 1 s p a r e ) t i m e s 30 s e c . ( 9 . 5 min.) b e f o r e r e p e t i t i o n .

The a l m a n a c d a t a and e s t i m a t e o f GPS time c a n be u s e d t o make a r o u g h c a l c u l a t i o n o f SV l o c a t i o n s f o r u s e i n s e l e c t i n g a c o n s t e l l a t i o n o r i n r e c e i v e r p r e - p o s i t i o n i n g t o a c q u i r e a SV f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e .

A f t e r a c q u i r i n g , t h e D a t a b l o c k I I d a t a c a n be b r o u g h t down and u s e d f o r a c c u r a t e r a n g e and p o s i t i o n c a l c u l a t i o n s . Most r e c e i v e r s p r o v i d e f o r t h e s t o r a g e o f A l m a n a c d a t a a f t e r s w i t c h i n g t h e r e c e i v e r o f f , a l l o w i n g t h e r e c e i v e r t o make a warm s t a r t . The a c c u r a c y o f t h e d a t a i s a b o u t 1 km a f t e r one day, 2.5 km a f t e r one week and d e c r e a s e s t h e n a p p r o x i m a t e l y w i t h a f a c t o r 2 e a c h week.

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-D a t a b l o c k I I I r e a d s P a r a m e t e r B i t s S c a l e Range U n i t s ID 8 1 255 -16 2-21 2-5 8 2-12 601,112 s e c . 6 i 16 2-1^ + 2-^ s e m i c H e a l t h 8 1 255 ^(. 9"38 -23 . . " i o ^ + z s e r a i c / s e c ,

ITA

24

2:11 2 l 3 24 2 + 1 24 2-23 + 1 ,-23 + 1

^ 1 ^

-a ? 8 2-35 ^ 2 - 2 8 n, 1/2 m s e m i c II 1 S p a r e T a b l e 3 D a t a b l o c k I I I i ^ i s t a k e n a s 1/3 s e m i c i r c l e . The u s e d f o r m u l a e f o r m a s u b s e t o f t h e f o r m u l a e u s e d f o r D a t a b l o c k Summary

SV c l o c k o f f s e t and i o n o s p h e r i c d e l a y a r e computed w i t h d a t a from D a t a b l o c k one w h i c h i s c o n t a i n e d i n t h e f i r s t 300 b i t s u b f r a m e . SV E C E F c o o r d a r e computed from d a t a g i v e n i n D a t a b l o c k I I w h i c h i s c o n t a i n e d i n t h e 600 b i t s o f s u b f r a m e 2 and 3.

Rough E C E F c o o r d i n a t e s from a l l SV's a r e computed s e q u e n t i a l l y from D a t a b l o c k I I I w h i c h i s c o n t a i n e d i n t h e 300 b i t s o f s u b f r a m e n o . 5 . S u b f r a m e no.4 i s n o t f o r n a v i g a t i o n p u r p o s e s .

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-intersite Surveys

6. THE POSITIONING EQUATIONS

When t h e m e a s u r e d t r a n s i t t i m e i s c o r r e c t e d f o r s a t e l l i t e c l o c k o f f s e t and i o n o s p h e r i c d e l a y , t h e n t h e SV r a n g e i s g i v e n by

R = c T - b ( 3 7 )

Where T i s c o r r e c t e d t r a n s i t t i m e and c i s t h e "pseudo r a n g e " .

When t h e SV p o s i t i o n i n E C E F c o o r d i s (X , Y , Z ) and t h e s s s e s t i m a t e d u s e r c o o r d i n a t e s a r e (X°, Y ° , Z°) t h e n s m a l l c h a n g e s x, y and z w i l l l e a d t o :

R + | | z

^ x + | ^ A y + | | A z H . b = cT ( 3 8 )

The p a r t i a l d e r i v a t i v e s a r e t h e d i r e c t i o n c o s i n e s i n t h e D R t o t h e SV's i n E C E F c o o r d : 9R Xs - X° — — = c o s a 9x R " 9R Y s - Y — — = c o s p 9y R ( 3 9 ) 8R _ Zs - Z° — - ~ = C O S Y 9z R° and R = ( ( X -X'')2 + ( y - Y " ) ^ + ( z -z")^)^^^ s s s ( 4 0 ) F o r f o u r s a t e l l i t e o b s e r v a t i o n s t h e e q u a t i o n s r e a d i n m a t r i x form: c o s A-j^ c o s «2 c o s c o s a, c o s c o s 32 c o s 3^ c o s 3, c o s Y i c o s Y2 c o s c o s Y/ - V \ - R„ - R 3 ( 4 1 ) o r Ax = s ( 4 2 ) 0 8 3 2 A / 8 3 / 0 9 / 2 9 3 4

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-When t h e SV's a r e n o t c o p l a n a r A w i l l be a n o n - s i n g u l a r m a t r i x and t h e I n c o n t i n u o u s n a v i g a t i o n t h e s e q u e n c e o f x v e c t o r s o l u t i o n s a r e v e r y c l o s e to e a c h o t h e r . T h e r e f o r e a n o t h e r c o m p u t i n g a l g o r i t h m c a n be u s e d i n s t e a d o f i n v e r t i n g t h e A m a t r i x e a c h t i m e . The a l g o r i t h m o f t e n u s e d h e r e i s t h e so c a l l e d H o t e l l i n g a l g o r i t h m f o r f i n d i n g . I t c a n be p r o v e d , t h a t t h i s a l g o r i t h m w i l l c o n v e r g e , e v e n i f t h e DR p o s i t i o n i s 6000 n.m. o f f t h e e x a c t p o s i t i o n . O n l y one i t e r a t i o n i s g e n e r a l l y needed i n c o n t i n u o u s t r a c k i n g when u s i n g t h e l a s t f i x c o m p u t a t i o n ' s X and A ^. / 6 / . I n f i g u r e 16 t h e f l o w d i a g r a m o f t h e p o s i t i o n i n g a l g o r i t h m w i t h H o t e l l i n g a l g o r i t h m i s shown. s o l u t i o n r e a d s s i m p l y X 0 8 3 2 A / 8 3 / 0 9 / 2 9 3 5

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-( POS )

Intersite Surveys

I i = 1 I

\ I = i * l ]

->0 I G E T X I I i I I COMPUTE R» I ! i I NO i I S i = C . T - R» ( L ^ . . . . i J I r 1 < i = d > «. j I I M = 1 I i I I G = A - i ( o l d ) I I r >o I I r , ^ ^ | M = M » 1 | | G = G . ( 2 I - f t . G ) I t j I M * l H M l I L _ [

I

1 I NO I , t < G = G > I M * l H I i- j I Ï E S I fl-« = G I I M * l | I X = A - t S [ ^ X = XO • X I I Convert: | i X --> ( lp . A ,h,t ) I 1 ( END ) F i g u r e 16 H o t e l l i n g a l g o r i t h m 0832A/83/09/29 3 6

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-I n c a s e o f t e m p o r a r y l o s s o f one SV, t h e b v a r i a b l e c a n be t a k e n c o n s t a n t d u r i n g a s h o r t p e r i o d and t h e e q u a t i o n s r e a d : c o s A ^ c o s 3 ^ c o s Y ^\ c o s a ^ c o s 3 2 c o s Y 2 c o s ct ^ c o s 3 ^ 3 / C T - b C T 2 - R2 - b C T 3 - - b ( 4 3 )

When t h e a l t i t u d e above t h e e l l i p s o i d e i s known t h e c o o r d i n a t e s y s t e m i s c h o s e n l o c a l w i t h a t a n g e n t p l a n e i n t h e DR. I n t h i s c o o r d i n a t e s y s t e m v a r i a t i o n s i n E ( E a s t i n g ) and N ( N o r t h i n g ) g i v e : _9R 3N A N J R 9E A E + b = C T ( 4 4 ) w h e r e — ^ and — ~ h a v e t h e same e x p r e s s i o n s 9N 9E a s i n t h e E C E F c o o r d . , o n l y t h e c o o r d , s y s t e m i s d i f f e r e n t . I t s h o u l d be e m p h a s i s e d h e r e , t h a t i n s e q u e n t i a l ( s i n g l e c h a n n e l ) GPS r e c e i v e r s , w h e r e t h e time b e t w e e n o b s e r v a t i o n s i s s u b s t a n t i a l t h e LOP'S must a l l be moved t o one s i m u l t a n e o u s t i m e , f o r i n s t a n c e t h e t i m e o f t h e l a s t LOP. The r a t e o f change o f R i s t a k e n l i n e a r

: _ R ( t ) - R ( t - A t ) ^ ^ R ( 4 5 ) A t and s u b s e q u e n t l y R ( t + A t ) = R ( t ) + R A t ( 4 6 ) S i m i l a r l y t h e e p h e m e r i s i s t r a n s l a t e d X ( t + A t ) = x ( t ) + X A t ( 4 7 ) 0 8 3 2 A / 8 3 / 0 9 / 2 9 3 7

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-Intersite Surveys

w h e r e t h e x v e c t o r c o n t a i n s t h e SV c o o r d i n a t e s ( x , y , z ) s s s and X (t) = ^ ( t ) - X ( t - A t ) A t 0 8 3 2 A / 8 3 / 0 9 / 2 9 3 8

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-7. POSITION ACCURACY

The c o v a r i a n c e m a t r i c P f o r t h e unknowns f o l l o w s from t h e n a v i g a t i o n e q u a t i o n s Ax = s , ( S e e / 7 / ) : P = (A^^WA)-! ( 4 9 ) Where W i s t h e w e i g h t r a a t r i x f o r t h e o b s e r v a t i o n s . I n a l l GPS p u b l i c a t i o n s (known by t h e a u t h o r ) t h e w'^ m a t r i x i s c h o s e n d i a g o n a l w i t h t h e same v a r i a n c e f o r a l l 4 o b s e r v a t i o n s . T h i s r e d u c e s t o : P = cr 2 ( A ^ A ) - ! ( 5 0 ) The a i s u s u a l l y i n GPS j a r g o n c a l l e d " U s e r e q u i v a l e n t Range E r r o r " ( U E R E ) . I n t h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e a l i s t o f p a r a m e t e r s i s g i v e n w h i c h c o n t r i b u t e t o UERE / 6 / . UERE p a r a m e t e r s (m) i n p h a s e I I I a c c o r d i n g t o / 6 / . SV E p h e m e r i s Group d e l a y & c l o c k R e c e i v e r Measurement P-code S-code Q u a n t i z a t i o n P-code S-code C o m p u t a t i o n e r r o r P r o p a g a t i o n l o n e s p h e r i c L l & L 2 t r o p o s h e r i c m u l t i p a t h UERE = 1.5 m O g 0.9 m 1.05 m <^M 10.5 m -0.266m •) 2.66 m J 1.0 m 5 / s i n ( e l ) g t 1.0 - 3.0 m mp 3.9 m ( P ) , 12.1 m ( S ) 0832A/83/09/29 3 9

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-Intersite Surveys

I n / l O / t h e RSS e r r o r f o r r e c e i v e r and p r o p a g a t i o n f o r a n a d v a n c e d m u l t i p l e s i n g l e c h a n n e l r e c e i v e r i s g i v e n a s 1.33m, g i v i n g an UERE o f 2.2m f o r P - c o d e . r i • T —1 The m a t r i x (A A) i s d e t e r m i n e d by t h e "Geometry" o f t h e f o u r

( t h r e e ) S V ' s . The sum o f t h e e l e m e n t s o f t h e main d i a g o n a l ( t h e t r a c e ) i s e q u a l t o t h e sura o f t h e e i g e n v a l u e s o f

(A^A)"-*-.

The e i g e n v a l u e s a r e t h e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a n c e s i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e c o o r d i n a t e a x e s when t h e o r t h o n o r r a a l c o o r d i n a t e s y s t e r a i s r o t a t e d u n t i l

(A'^'A)"''"

i s a d i a g o n a l raatrix. The g e o m e t r i c d i l u t i o n o f p o s i t i o n (GDOP) i s d e f i n e d i s GDOP = ( t r ( A ' ^ A) - 1 ) 1 / 2 D e f e n i t i o n s u s e d i n GPS: GDOP = ( a 2 +CT 2 +a 2 +a ^ ) l / 2 , . X y z t ^ ^ PDOP = ( a 2 +a 2 +a ^1/2 X y z)"-'^ ( 5 3 ) HDOP = ( a 2 +a 2 ) l / 2 X y VDOP = ( 5 5 ) TDOP = ( 5 6 )

0832A/83/09/29

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-40-R o u g h l y t h e PDOP c a n be e s t i m a t e d by t h e Volume V o f t h e s p h e r i c a l s e c t o r M ABCD, s e e f i g u r e 17, a s i t c a n be p r o v e d t h a t f o r a s p h e r e w i t h r a d i u s 1: PDOP - i ( 5 7 ) V S 2 B F i g u r e 17 PDOP -V The p o s i t i o n e r r o r i s t h e n d e f i n e d a s = UERE * GDOP ( 5 8 )

The i d e a l GDOP c o n f i g u r a t i o n would b e : one SV o v e r h e a d a n d t h e o t h e r

O O

t h r e e 120 from t h e o v e r h e a d and 120 s e p a r a t e d . T n i s would g i v e : _ 3 0 1_ 1 2 ~ 2

3

2 i 1 A^2o = 4 4 2 GDOP = 1.62

^

3

1 4 4 2 0 0 1 1 0832A/83/09/29 4 1

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The e a r t h h o r i z o n l i m i t s t h e v e r t i c a l s e p a r a t i o n t o 90° ( a t m o s p h e r i c a t t e n u a t i o n f u r t h e r l i m i t s i t t o 8 5 ° ) . I n t h e c a s e o f t h r e e SV's i n t h e h o r i z o n s e p a r a t e d 120° and one SV i n t o p : 1 0 0 1 1_ ^ 0 1 A = 2 2 GDOP = 1.74 1_ _3 0 1 - 2 2 T h e s e f i g u r e s g i v e a n i d e a o f t h e b e s t a v a i l a b l e r e s u l t s o f GPS. L a t e s t p u b l i c a t i o n s c o n f i r m t h a t a c c u r a c i e s a c h i e v e d w i t h S-code w e r e a b o u t 30 m ( C E P ) and i n some c a s e s e v e n b e t t e r . P r e - t e s t a c c u r a c y c a l c u l a t i o n s had g i v e n r e s u l t s on t h e o r d e r o f 100 m ( C E P ) . As a r e s u l t , GPS s y s t e m management, p l a n t o d e g r a d e S-code a c c u r a c y t o s o m e t h i n g l i k e 200 m ( C E P ) . Much d i s c u s s i o n i s g o i n g on i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l m a r i t i m e j o u r n a l s , s e e f o r i n s t a n c e / l l / . 0832A/83/09/29 4 2

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-8. VELOCITY MEASUREMENT As m e n t i o n e d i n s e c t i o n 4, f r e q u e n c y and p h a s e l o c k i n t h e C o s t a s Loop and e p h e m e r i s i n f o r m a t i o n p r o v i d e t h e D o p p l e r s h i f t i n t h e r e c e i v e d f r e q u e n c y c a u s e d by t h e u s e r ' s v e l o c i t y . F o u r o f t h e s e m e a s u r e m e n t s s o l v e f o r t h e u s e r ' s v e l o c i t y and r e c e i v e r o s c i l l a t o r f r e q u e n c y o f f s e t . A c c o r d i n g t o / 8 / , t h e e f f e c t o f s a t e l l i t e g e o m e t r y on t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n r a n g e r a t e e r r o r a n d u s e r v e l o c i t y e r r o r s i s c o m p l e t e l y a n a l o g o u s t o t h a t b e t w e e n r a n g e e r r o r s and u s e r p o s i t i o n e r r o r s s o t h a t GDOP and s a t e l l i t e s e l e c t i o n a r e e q u a l l y a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e v e l o c i t y m e a s u r e m e n t s . The rms e r r o r i n h o r i z o n t a l v e l o c i t y w i l l be 0.09 m/s, and 0.13 m/s i n v e r t i c a l v e l o c i t y . T h e s e v a l u e s a r e b a s e d on a rms r a n g e r a t e e r r o r o f 0.061 m/s. 0 8 3 2 A / 8 3 / 0 9 / 2 9 4 3

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9. THE NAVIGATION F I L T E R

A t t h e time o f c o m p u t i n g t h e p o s i t i o n s w i t h Ax = s + v , w h e r e v i s t h e measurement e r r o r , t h e r e i s a l s o a p r e d i c t e d p o s i t i o n a v a i l a b l e ( d e a d r e c k o n i n g p o s i t i o n ) b a s e d on t h e computed l a s t f i x and e s t i m a t e d

s p e e d v e c t o r , o r computed f i x and v e l o c i t y . The Kalman f i l t e r ( K F ) a s d e s c r i b e d i n / 7 / c a n be a p p l i e d t o i m p r o v e t h e n a v i g a t i o n a c c u r a c y . O t h e r K F a r c h i t e c t u r e s a r e p o s s i b l e , h o w e v e r , s e e f o r i n s t a n c e / 1 2 / . When a 8 s t a t e model i s u s e d t h e t r a n s i t i o n e q u a t i o n s f o r t h e K F r e a d : X y o y z 0 z b k + l T 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

A

0 1 T 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 T 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ^ i 0 0 0 0 0 0

/ A

+ w ( k ) 0 0 o r X ( k + l ) = * x ( k ) + w ( k ) F u r t h e r a t k + 1 t h e o b s e r v a t i o n e q u a t i o n s g i v e s ; s ( k + l ) = H x ( k + l ) + v ( k + l ) ( 5 9 ) ( 6 0 ) w h e r e H i s t h e d e s i g n m a t r i x A o f c h a p t e r 7 r e p l e n i s h e d w i t h z e r o s on t h e r i g h t p l a c e when no v e l o c i t y m e a s u r e m e n t s h a v e t a k e n p l a c e and r e p l e n i s h e d w i t h t h e d e s i g n m a t r i x o f t h e v e l o c i t y c o m p u t a t i o n and z e r o e s on t h e r i g h t p l a c e when t h e v e l o c i t y i s a l s o m e a s u r e d . L e t t h e c o v a r i a n c e m a t r i x f o r v be R, , o r R„ „ and Q„ „ f o r w: 4x4 8x8 ^ 8 x 8

Q depends on t h e u s e r s d y n a m i c s and t h e s a m p l e t i m e and s h o u l d be d e t e r m i n e d w i t h t e s t t r i a l s o r by c a l c u l a t e d " g u e s s i n g " .

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-The s e q u e n c e o f c o m p u t a t i o n s i n v o l v e s s u b s e q u e n t l y : - P ( k + 1/k) = * P ( k / k ) + q - K = P ( k + l / k ) H*^ ( H P ( k + l / k ) H*^ + R ^ - 1 - x ( k + l / k + l ) = (f, x ( k / k ) + K ^ s - H (|, X ( k / k ) ^ ( 6 1 ) - P ( k + l / k + l ) - K P ( k + l / k ) I n p r a c t i c a l n a v i g a t i o n , h o w e v e r , t h e " r e a l " s i t u a t i o n o f t e n does n o t f i t t h e assumed model and t h i s i s e s p e c i a l l y v a l i d f o r t h e m a t r i x Q. T h e r e i s no s o l u t i o n however f o r a n optimum f i l t e r f o r t h e n o n - l i n e a i r n a v i g a t i o n p r o b l e m and t h e r e f o r e i t i s o f t e n t r i e d t o m o d i f y t h e KF and i n c o r p o r a t e t h e "measurement" e r r o r s ( i n n o v a t i o n s ) and make t h e f i l t e r g a i n K " a d a p t i v e " t o t h i s e r r o r . T h e r e i s no s t a n d a r d way t o do t h i s . G e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g , a f u n c t i o n o f t h e m e a s u r e m e n t e r r o r h a s t o be found t o a d a p t t h e K a l m a n g a i n t o d e c r e a s e f o r i n c r e a s i n g z e r o - mean e r r o r and t o i n c r e a s e f o r i n c r e a s i n g b i a s e r r o r , s e e f o r i n s t a n c e / 1 2 / . 0832A/83/09/29 4 5

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10. HIGH ACCURACY GPS APPLICATIONS

10.1 D o p p l e r measurement

The GPS Lj^ and L ^ D o p p l e r s h i f t m e a s u r e m e n t s from t h e C o s t a s - l o o p c a n be u s e d i n a s i m i l a r a l g o r i t h m a s u s e d i n TRANSIT f o r g e o d e t i c p o s i t i o n i n g . A l i m i t e d amount o f p u b l i s h e d t e s t r e s u l t s a p p e a r t o i n d i c a t e t h a t sub m e t e r a c c u r a c i e s c a n be a c h i e v e d by a v e r a g i n g o v e r a p e r i o d o f 15 h o u r s i n t r a n s l o c a t i o n mode f o r r a n g e s o f 50km and o v e r . 10.2 C a r r i e r p h a s e m e a s u r e m e n t s I n t e r f e r o m e t r i c mode o f measurement, s i m i l a r t o t h a t u s e d i n v e r y l o n g b a s e l i n e i n t e r f e r o m e t r y , a p p e a r s l i k e l y t o p r o v i d e t h e b r e a k t h r o u g h i n a c c u r a c y w h i c h i s n e c e s s a r y f o r g e o d e t i c a p p l i c a t i o n s . / 9 / . I n t h e c a r r i e r p h a s e measurement method, s a t e l l i t e s i g n a l s a r e r e c e i v e d a t two ( o r more) s t a t i o n s w h e r e r e p l i c a P and S c o d e s a r e g e n e r a t e d and c l e a r e d o f f t h e s i g n a l by C o s t a s l o o p s . I n t h e p h a s e l o c k l o o p ( P L L ) , p h a s e d i f f e r e n c e i s m e a s u r e d b e t w e e n l o c a l g e n e r a t e d L ^ and r e c e i v e d L ^ . The r a n g e from s a t e l l i t e S t o r e c e i v e r A i s g i v e n b y : *A SA = M. * X + X — ( 6 2 ) ^ 2Tr w h e r e t h e c l o c k b i a s e s a r e n e g l e c t e d . ^ = w a v e l e n g t h ( 0.19 m f o r L ^ ) = unknown i n t e g e r number o f w a v e l e n g t h s (»,^ = o b s e r v e d p h a s e I n t r o d u c i n g c l o c k b i a s g i v e s : SA = * ^ + ^ + ( A t g ^ - A t ^ ) c 2 IT SB = Mg * A + A . + ( A t g y - A t^)c 2-ÏÏ 0832A/83/09/29 4 6

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