Key words: rural layout, urbanisation, landscape protection
Introduction
The oldest finds from the Wilanow area, whose age is estimated at 6000 years, are attributed to hunt- ers and gatherers. The finds also include artefacts from the Neolithic era, when the first groups of farmers moved along the Vistula River. In the area of the current Klimczaka and Sarmacka streets, objects from early bronze era were discovered.
Further evidence in form of the remains of the Przeworsk culture, dating back to the 1st century B.C.
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and Al. Rzeczypospolitej also re- vealed findings originating from ap- SUR[\HDUVODWHU>6]SDQRZVNL
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and park complex still reveal remains RIPHGLHYDOFXOWXUHuDUFKDHRORJLVWV
continue to discover traces of a me- dieval cemetery. These are only some examples that prove that people had inhabited this area even before the summer residence of King Jan III was built in Wilanow. The palace became another factor stimulating the devel- opment of the area.
The king was referred to as a good host, so, with time, the sur- face of the Wilanow land property increased by buying out scattered property of small aristocracy. By
WKHHQGRIWKHth century the prop- erty occupied 34 lans, i.e. approx.
580 ha). At the end of the 19th cen- tury, the Wilanow property consisted of three real property complexes, UHIHUUHG WRDV rNH\Vs WKH &KRMQRZ
Zastow and Wilanow keys. The Wilanow key itself reached as far as to the current district Mokotow (to the QRUWK .DEDW\ WRWKHVRXWK 2NöFLH
(to the west) and to the natural border of the Vistula River to the east. This was an area of over 3 000 ha, which LQFOXGHG ILOLDO UHVLGHQFHV *XFLQ
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10 farms, 13 inns and leased land, the Kabaty Forest, and fish ponds
>6]SDQRZVNL @ 7KLV GHVFULS- tion shows the actual vast size of the Wilanow rural layout.
In 1951, Wilanow became DGLVWULFW RI :DUVDZ +RZHYHU WKLV
did not lead to rapid changes in land management. Photos from the end of the 1950s show arable fields surrounding the palace to the east and west. Only to the north, along the contemporary Biedronki Street, rural buildings developed. In 1996 a competition for the concept of development of West Wilanow was DQQRXQFHG 7KH ZLQQHU ZDV *X\
C. Perry, who presented an idea of a kind of a town inside a city. In 2002, the construction of the first EXLOGLQJVVWDUWHGuWKH'LVWULFW2IILFH
and the Temple of Divine Provi- dence. As years passed, the urban development pressure grew stronger and encroached on the palace and park complex nearly from all sides.
Tr an sf or m at io ns o f t he L an ds ca pe of W ila no w in th e Ligh t o f T hr ea ts an d C ha nc es o f t he R ur al Id en tit y to S ur vi ve Ma ci ej ¯ o³ ni er cz uk
Przemiany krajobrazu Wilanowa
w kontekœcie zagro¿eñ i szans na przetrwanie ruralistycznej
to¿samoœci
DOI: 10.30825/5.ak.174.2019.64.3
Presentations
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urbanizacja, ochrona krajobrazu
Wprowadzenie
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ruralistycznego.
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As result, it became necessary to in- troduce new forms of protection.
Certain forms had already ex- isted, e.g. the historical monument u:DUVDZuKLVWRULFDOFLW\FRPSOH[
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(since 1996). Some individual build- ings had also been entered in the register of monuments. It should be noted that the latter did not include elements of rural nature, such as the houses along Biedronki Street or the Morysin Fields. The entry in the register of monuments of 1965 became a chance to maintain lo- FDO LGHQWLW\ +RZHYHU LW KDG EHHQ
defective from the very beginning.
The main defects included the lack of a graphic attachment illustrating the borders of the registered area (this was a common mistake at that time) and the incorrect definition of the subject of the entry, which referred WRr:LODQRZuXUEDQOD\RXWsZKLOH
it should be referred to as rural layout.
These defects became the starting point for the procedure of repealing the decision on entry in the register of monuments. In 2013, when the Museum of the Palace of King Jan III in Wilanow became aware of the ongoing proceedings, it filed a mo- WLRQIRUHQWU\RIWKHr5XUDOOD\RXWRI
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register of monuments. In 2014, the entry of 1965 was deemed invalid.
A year later, evidence procedure was closed and the rural layout was entered to the register of monuments.
Unfortunately, the new decision was challenged and repealed as early as
in December 2013, due to formal errors made in the process of making the entry. As a result, the Museum de- cided to file a new motion. It is worth noting that the Museum has also been striving to enter the monuments in the surroundings of the palace and park complex in the register of monuments since 2004. The proposal to make both entries results from the subjects described in The Act of 23 July 2003 on the Protection of Monuments DQG WKH &DUH RI +LVWRULFDO 0RQX- PHQWV>-RXUQDORI/DZVRILWHP
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buildings, building complexes, forms of designed greenery, arranged in the layout of historical property and functional divisions, including streets or networks of roads; surroundings of DPRQXPHQWuWKHDUHDVXUURXQGLQJ
or adjacent to the monument, speci- fied in the decision on entering such monument in the register of monu- ments in order to protect the visual values of the monument and to pro- tect it against the harmful influence of external factors.
In 2012, the Wilanow Cultural Park was created, with a surface area of approx. 1450 ha. A protection plan was adopted for the area.
Unfortunately, it was found that the provisions of the plan do not always enable the enforcement of protective actions. Thus, in 2018, it was decided to start creating a new protection plan. What is important, other parties invited to participate
in the consultations included the Museum of the Palace of King Jan III in Wilanow, the European Centre Natolin and the Warsaw University of Life Sciences that manage a sig- nificant part of the area. Moreover, works on a local spatial development plan that would include the area of the palace and park complex together with the Morysin Fields and Morysin have been conducted since 2014.
Although this area is classified as pri- ority area in the spatial development conditions and directions study of the capital city Warsaw of 2006, the plan will be adopted as late as in 2022.
The aim of the paper is to ana- lyse the directions in the transforma- tions in land management of a part of the current Wilanow district and their influence on the objects that are proof of former land use. The research con- stituted the basis for determining the risks and opportunities for the survival of the historical, rural identity of the landscape. The author set the follow- LQJUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQ 'RHVWKHUXUDO
layout of Wilanow still exist, in spite of continuing urbanisation pressure?
Materials and methodology
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affected most visibly by urbanisation pressure. The aim of this limitation was to show the pace and intensity of
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the occurring changes and to analyse the effectiveness of restrictions related to monument protection forms; the palace and park complex in Wilanow together with filial residences that are the core of the Wilanow key are located within the borders of the Wilanow Cultural Park. Thus, the area selected for analysis is charac- terised by the highest value and it should be an example of model care about the identity of a large-surface agricultural layout.
The analyses were conducted with use of historical and contem- porary cartographic documentation DQG $UF*,6 VRIWZDUH 7KH
historical maps originated from the 1850s and 1860s. The material was calibrated based on the application of at least 8 common points that were usually the corners of buildings. As far as contemporary land management is concerned, generally available WMS services with thematic layers (cadastral divisions, orthophotomaps, location of buildings and infrastruc- ture) were used. Terrain analysis took into account the location of objects entered in the register of monuments and communal register of monu- ments.
Specific forms of land use were determined on historical and contem- porary maps based on the designa- tions specified in the Ordinance of the Minister of Infrastructure of Au- gust 26, 2003 on the required scope of local spatial development plan
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and contemporary maps were digital- ised, the percentage share of different types of areas were compared and the changes and location of transforma- tions were defined.
The author analysed the existing and prepared planning documenta- tion. The analyses focused on these elements that define the notion of a rural layout pursuant to the pro- visions of the Act of July 23 2003 on the Protection of Monuments and WKH &DUH RI +LVWRULFDO 0RQXPHQWV
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also used to determine the main cen- tres of rural development. These were then compared to the currently exist- ing structures, specifying the threats.
SWOT analysis was used to de- termine opportunities and threats. Ad- ditional materials used in the process included the analysis of the direction
of actions presented before the Spatial Planning Committee of the Wilanow District as well as public consulta- tions concerning the planning of the area in question. As a result, the analyses took into account the past, the present, and the future.
Results
The analysed area accounts for 21.9% of the Wilanow land property, whose surface area was 6623.5 ha in 1894. The palace and park complex itself, which is synonymous with the royal property for most people, occupies only 0.5% of the Wilanow property (Table 1).
The analysis of the share of specific land usage forms allows us to state that the landscape of Wilanow within the borders of to- GD\qV :LODQRZ &XOWXUDO 3DUN KDV
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Name of the area Nazwa obszaru
Wilanow Key Klucz wilanowski
Wilanow Culture Park Wilanowski Park Kulturowy
Historical Monument (Wilanow part) Pomnik Historii (część wilanowska)
Palace and park complex in Wilanow in Wilanow Założenie pałacowo- -ogrodowe w Wilanowie Surface area (ha)
Powierzchnia (ha) 3013.5 1450 183 35.3
Percentage share of the historical Wilanow property Udział procentowy w stosunku do historycznych dóbr wilanowskich
45.5% 21.9% 2.8% 0.5%
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SRVäXĔRQRVLöR]QDF]HQLDPLZVND]D- Q\PLZ5R]SRU]ñG]HQLX0LQLVWUD,Q- frastruktury z dnia 26 sierpnia 2003 r.
w sprawie wymaganego zakresu projektu miejscowego planu zago- VSRGDURZDQLDSU]HVWU]HQQHJR>']8
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)DNW WHQ SRUÑZQDQR ]REHFQLH Z\- VWöSXMñFñ ]DEXGRZñ ZVND]XMñF
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VSRU]ñG]HQLD Z\NRU]\VWDQR GRGDW- NRZR DQDOL]ö NLHUXQNÑZ G]LDäDþ
przedstawianych podczas komisji planowania przestrzennego Rady ']LHOQLF\:LODQÑZDWDNĔHVSRWNDþ
NRQVXOWDF\MQ\FKGRW\F]ñF\FKSODQR- wania przedmiotowego obszaru. Tym VDP\PSRGF]DVDQDOL]XZ]JOöGQLRQR
]DUÑZQRSU]HV]äRĈèWHUDĒQLHMV]RĈè
MDNLSU]\V]äRĈè
Wyniki
Teren opracowania stanowi
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SRZLHU]FKQLD Z U Z\QRVLäD
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XWRĔVDPLD ZäDVQRĈFL NUÑOHZVNLH
VWDQRZL ]DOHGZLH GÑEU ZLOD- nowskich (tab. 1).
$QDOL]XMñF XG]LDä SRV]F]H- JÑOQ\FK IRUP XĔ\WNRZDQLD WHUHQX
PRĔQD X]QDè LĔQDSU]HVWU]HQL ODW
QDVWñSLä\SU]HNV]WDäFHQLDNUDMREUD]X
Wilanowa w granicach dzisiejszego Wilanowskiego Parku Kulturowego.
1DVWñSLäRSRQDG]PQLHMV]HQLH
REV]DUÑZ XĔ\WNRZDQ\FK UROQLF]R
=QDF]Qñ F]öĈè ]W\FK REV]DUÑZ
SU]HNV]WDäFRQRQD]DEXGRZöPLHV]- NDQLRZñZLHORURG]LQQñ RNKD
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MHGQRURG]LQQñNWÑUHMSRZLHU]FKQLD
]ZLöNV]\äD VLö SRQDG SLöFLRNURWQLH
(ok. 141 ha). Zabudowa mieszkanio- ZDZGXĔHMPLHU]HSRZVWDäDQDWHUH- QDFKGDZQ\FKZVLNWÑUH]DF]öä\VLö
UR]UDVWDè LSU]HNV]WDäFDè QLHNLHG\
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Jest to widoczne m.in. na przy- NäDGDFK ZVL =DZDG\ 3RZVLQHN
:ROLFD 1RZ\P LZ\UÑĔQLDMñF\P
VLö HOHPHQWHP NUDMREUD]X MHVW W]Z
0LDVWHF]NR :LODQÑZ 0RĔOLZRĈè
EXGRZ\ZSREOLĔX0X]HXP3DäDFX
.UÑOD -DQD ,,, Z:LODQRZLH ]RVWDäD
Z\UDĒQLHZ\NRU]\VWDQDSU]H]GHZH- ORSHUÑZ MDNR FKZ\W PDUNHWLQJRZ\
W wyniku poszatkowania prze- VWU]HQL %äRQL Wilanowskich przez miejscowe plany zagospodarowania
SU]HVWU]HQQHJR NWÑUH F]öVWR QLH
WZRU]ñ VSÑMQHM LKDUPRQLMQHM FDäR- ĈFL GRV]äR GRIUDJPHQWDFML NOXF]R- wych osi kompozycyjnych, np. Osi .UÑOHZVNLHM MHVW WRMHGQDN SURFHV
odwracalny). Zabudowa rozwija VLö UÑZQLHĔ SRSÑäQRFQHM VWURQLH
XO3DäDFRZHM:WRNXVñSUDFHQDG
miejscowym planem zagospoda- rowania przestrzennego rejonu ul.
3DäDFRZHM:LöNV]RĈèWHJRREV]DUX
]RVWDQLHSU]H]QDF]RQDQD]DEXGRZö
PLHV]NDQLRZñ :\QLNLHP Z]URVWX
REV]DUX]DEXGRZ\MHVWNRQLHF]QRĈè
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7HUHQSU]HZLG]LDQ\SRGMHMEXGRZö
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powierzchni WPK). Na przestrzeni G]LHMÑZ SRZLHU]FKQLD SU]H]QDF]R- QDQDW\PWHUHQLHSRGGURJLZ]URVäD
SRQDGWU]\NURWQLH7UZDMñFHSURFHV\
GRSURZDG]Lä\ UÑZQLHĔ GR]DQLNX
ZLHOXURZÑZZ\VWöSXMñF\FKGDZQLHM
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Z\QLNÑZ MHGQR]QDF]QLH ZVND]XMH
QDWUZDMñFH SURFHV\ XUEDQL]DF\MQH
QDWHUHQLHREMöW\PRSUDFRZDQLHP
:REUöELH :3. GRPLQXMñFñ
IRUPöXĔ\WNRZDQLDWHUHQXVWDQRZLñ
QDGDO REV]DU\ UROQLF]H KD u
40% pow. WPK). W krajobrazie Z\UDĒQLH Z\UÑĔQLDMñ VLö ]DäRĔHQLH
SDäDFRZRRJURGRZH Z:LODQRZLH
ZUD]0RU\VLQHPRUD]SDUNL1DWROLþ- ski i Ursynowski. Parki w Morysinie L1DWROLQLHDWDNĔHIUDJPHQW6NDUS\
undergone certain transformations during the years. The area of ar- able land decreased by over 50%.
A significant part of these areas was transformed into multi-family hous- ing development (approx. 220 ha) and single-family housing develop- ment, whose area increased over five times (approx. 141 ha). Residen- tial development was constructed mainly in the areas of former villages that started to grow and transform, often to multi-family housing. This is visible, among others, in the vil- ODJHV =DZDG\ 3RZVLQHN :ROLFD
A new, very distinctive landscape element is the so-called Miasteczko Wilanow. The possibility to build in the vicinity of the Palace of King Jan III in Wilanow was clearly treated as a marketing opportunity by de- velopers. As a result of the division RI WKH :LODQRZ 0HDGRZV %äRQLD
Wilanowskie) into local spatial de- velopment plans, which often do not form a consistent, harmonious whole, the key axes of the arrangement were IUDJPHQWHG HJ7KH5R\DO$[LVu2Ĉ
.UÑOHZVND DOWKRXJKWKLVSURFHVVLV
reversible. The area to the north of 3DäDFRZD6WUHHWLVDOVREHLQJGHYHO- oped. The works on the local spatial development plan of the vicinity of XO3DäDFRZD6WUHHWDUHLQSURJUHVV
Most of the area will be designated for residential development. The growth of developed areas leads to the necessity to construct roads.
A significant part of the Wilanow Cultural Park has been dedicated to the construction of the Southern
Bypass Road of Warsaw, which will ultimately pass through the capital of Poland, not through its outskirts, as it was previously assumed. The area allocated to its construction within the Wilanow Cultural Park is as much as 36 ha (2.5% of the total surface area of the Park). Throughout the history, the area designated for roads in this region increased over three times. The ongoing processes have also resulted in the disappear- ance of numerous ditches that used to exist there. The above phenomena clearly show that the analysed area is subject to ongoing urbanisation processes (Fig. 1).
+RZHYHU WKH GRPLQDQW IRUP
of land use within the Wilanow Cul- tural Park are still agricultural areas KD u RI WKH WRWDO 6XUIDFH
DUHDu7DEOH 6RPHRIWKHGLVWLQF- WLYH SDUWV RI WKH ODQGVFDSH DUH WKH
Wilanow palace and park complex together with Morysin and the Na- tolin and Ursynow Parks. Both the Morysin and Natolin Parks as well as a part of the Ursynow Slope (Skarpa Ursynowska) are nature reserves.
The comparison with historical maps reveals changes in the bed of the Wilanowka River which has narrowed significantly. A growth of natural greenery in its surroundings is also noticeable. As far as designed greenery is concerned, including not only parks, but also cemeteries and linking elements in form of avenues, one may notice that their location has remained unchanged for many decades. The ongoing changes refer
mainly to the degree of maintenance and care. Neglecting gardening pro- FHGXUHV LQ VRPH FDVHV HJ *XFLQ led to a nearly complete blurring of historical values. On the other hand, limiting the works in Natolin and Morysin resulted in strengthening their purely natural values.
As far as the components that are included in the definition of a rural arrangement are concerned, changes in land usage are noticeable in some areas, which results from increasing urbanisation pressure.
+RZHYHURQHVKRXOGHPSKDVLVHWKDW
the land use in a major part of the area remains unchanged. Moreover, some of the building complexes have remained in their historical form. An example may be the build- ing complex with the Church of St.
Anna, located in the northern part of 6WDQLVäDZD.RVWNL3RWRFNLHJR6WUHHW
which form the historical local cen- tre of Wilanow. Another proof is the complex of farmhouses and breweries situated in the southern part of the same street. Single buildings include, among others, the historical school and mansion at Przedatki Street, houses and farmhouses located in the former Powsinek village (1st half of the 20th century), as well as houses DW6\WD6WUHHW u 7KHGH- velopment of the road network as a result of urbanisation processes has not led to a complete elimination of the historical layout of streets. Some examples are Al. Wilanowska, Wiert- QLF]DDQG3U]\F]ÑäNRZD6WUHHWVDQG
smaller roads that formed the core of
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W przypadku form zieleni projek- WRZDQHM GRNWÑUHM QDOHĔ\ ]DOLF]\è
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FPHQWDUQñ LHOHPHQW\ SRZLñ]Dþ
ZSRVWDFL DOHL VWZLHUG]D VLö LĔLFK
lokalizacja pozostaje niezmienna RGZLHOXODW=PLDQ\MDNLH]DFKRG]ñ
GRW\F]ñ SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP VWRSQLD
LFK]DGEDQLDLSR]LRPXSLHOöJQDFML
=DQLHFKDQLH G]LDäDþ RJURGQLF]\FK
ZQLHNWÑU\FK SU]\SDGNDFK QS
*XFLQ GRSURZDG]LäRGRQLHPDOFDä- NRZLWHJR]DWDUFLDZDUWRĈFLKLVWRU\F]- nych. Natomiast ograniczenie prac w przypadku Natolina i Morysina VSRZRGRZDäRZ]PRFQLHQLHZDUWRĈFL
VWULFWH przyrodniczych.
2GQRV]ñF VLö GRHOHPHQWÑZ
VNäDGRZ\FK ]DZDUW\FK ZGHILQLFML
XNäDGXUXUDOLVW\F]QHJR]DXZDĔDVLö
zmiany zagospodarowania terenu
ZF]öĈFL REV]DUX FRMHVW ]ZLñ]DQH
]SRVWöSXMñFñ SUHVMñ XUEDQLVW\F]Qñ
1DOHĔ\MHGQDNSRGNUHĈOLèĔH]QDF]- QDF]öĈèREV]DUXSRVLDGDQLH]PLHQQñ
IRUPöXĔ\WNRZDQLD3RQDGWRQLHNWÑUH
]]HVSRäÑZ EXGRZODQ\FK WUZDMñ
na swoim miejscu w niezmienionym NV]WDäFLH3U]\NäDGHPPRĔHE\è]H- VSÑäEXG\QNÑZZUD]]NRĈFLRäHPĈZ
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centrum lokalne Wilanowa. Innym GRZRGHP MHVW ]HVSÑä EXG\QNÑZ
IROZDUF]Q\FKLEURZDUQLF]\FKSRäR- ĔRQ\FK ZSRäXGQLRZHM F]öĈFL ZZ
XOLF\ :ĈUÑG SRMHG\QF]\FK EXG\Q- NÑZZ\PLHQLèPRĔQDPLQ]DE\WNR- ZñV]NRäöLGZÑUSU]\XO3U]HGDWNL
domy i budynki gospodarcze zlokali- zowane na terenie dawnej wsi Powsi- QHN ,SRä;;Z GRP\SU]\XO6\WHM
u =ZLñ]DQ\]SURFHVDPL
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3U]\NäDGHP WHJR VñWDNLH DUWHULH
jak Al. Wilanowska, ul. Wiertnicza
L3U]\F]ÑäNRZDRUD]PQLHMV]HGURJL
VWDQRZLñFH WU]RQ GDZQHJR XNäDGX
wiejskiego, np. ulice Syta, Biedronki, Europejska, Nowoursynowska.
$QDOL]XMñFXNäDGUR]PLHV]F]H- QLDKLVWRU\F]Q\FKSRG]LDäÑZZäDVQR- ĈFLRZ\FKVWZLHUG]DVLöLĔVñRQHZL- GRF]QHZFDä\PEDGDQ\PREV]DU]H
Nawet na terenie tzw. Miasteczka :LODQÑZZ\VWöSXMHRGPLHQQ\ZVWR- VXQNXGRXNäDGXXOLFSRG]LDäJUXQWX
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Na podstawie uczestnictwa ZSRVLHG]HQLDFKNRPLVMLäDGXSU]H- strzennego oraz w konsultacjach spo- äHF]Q\FKGRW\F]ñF\FKNV]WDäWRZDQLD
7DEOH&KDQJHVLQODQGXVHGXULQJFHQWXULHV E\0ēRäQLHUF]XN
7DEHOD=PLDQ\ZVSRVRELHJRVSRGDURZDQLDWHUHQHPQDSU]HVWU]HQLZLHNÑZ RSUDF0ēRäQLHUF]XN
Period Okres
Characteristics Cecha
Roads Drogi
Single-family housing Zabudowa mieszkaniowa jednorodzinna
Multi-family housing Zabudowa mieszkaniowa wielorodzinna
Agricultural areas Tereny rolnicze
Services Usługi
Surface waters Wody powierz- chniowe
Green areas Tereny zieleni
Second half of the 19th century II poł. XIX w.
Surface area (ha)
Powierzchnia w ha 26.58 25.98 0.00 1095.92 20.00 77.79 202.43
Share in total surface area
Udział w ogólnej powierzchni 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.76 0.01 0.05 0.14
Year 2019 Rok 2019
Surface area (ha)
Powierzchnia w ha 82.52 140.89 206.72 582.55 101.96 39.59 295.39
Share in total surface area
Udział w ogólnej powierzchni 0.06 0.10 0.15 0.40 0.06 0.03 0.20
Trend (%)
Tendencja (%) 310.50 542.21 - 53.16 509.91 50.89 145.26
the historical rural arrangement, such as Syta, Biedronki, Europejska, and Nowoursynowska Streets.
The analysis of the layout of historical property divisions reveals that they are visible in the whole analysed area. Even the street layout in the so-called Miasteczko Wilanow is different from the land division resulting from historical divisions.
Layouts that directly reflect former field arrangements are also visible
in the area of the Powsinek village, where arable fields have been domi- nated by residential development. As for Biedronki Street, the ownership division remained nearly unchanged XQWLO WRGD\ +RZHYHU DOWKRXJK WKH
main division lines are still clear, the historical plots themselves have been slightly blurred as a result of land division.
Participation in the meetings of the Spatial Planning Committee
and public consultations on spatial management provides a clear outline RI WKH UHVLGHQWVq QHHGV ZKLFK DUH
to develop green areas and com- munication infrastructure. Unfortu- nately, one may notice that some of the new inhabitants are unaware of the value of the area in question, so it is recommended to introduce more educational and community programmes. The problem with re- specting values is also noticeable in
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do projektu mpzp obszaru przedpola SDäDFXZLODQRZVNLHJR:W\PSU]\- SDGNX ZLGRF]Q\ MHVW UÑZQLHĔ EUDN
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istotny element kulturowy Wilanowa.
Ta forma zagospodarowania terenu SRFKRG]L MHV]F]H VSU]HG F]DVÑZ
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przestrzennego przedmiotowego obszaru.
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ochrony. Nowo wprowadzana za- EXGRZD W]Z 0LDVWHF]ND :LODQÑZ
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z tradycyjnym osadnictwem na tych WHUHQDFK>5\EDN@:VSÑäF]HVQH
budynki mieszkaniowe jednorodzin- QH LZLHORURG]LQQH SU]\WäDF]DMñ ]D- EXGRZöKLVWRU\F]QñGRSURZDG]DMñF
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] U ZFLñJX NLONX PLHVLöF\
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kanciastej formie. Dowodem na za- JURĔHQLH]ZLñ]DQH]XSä\ZHPF]DVX
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zabudowy wielorodzinnej w prze- FLñJX ]DOHGZLH ODW QDSRF]ñWNX
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SRZDĔQH ]DJURĔHQLH V]F]HJÑOQLH
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3RäXGQLRZHM2EZRGQLF\:DUV]DZ\
na skarpie doprowadzi do kompozy- F\MQHJRRGFLöFLDSDUNXZ1DWROLQLH
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ekofizjograficznym m.st. Warszawy
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powierzchniowego i gruntowego.
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QDFHOH PLHV]NDQLRZH ]HZ]JOöGX
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(na podstawie analizy map ISOK).
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local authorities, which is manifested in the comments to the draft of the lo- cal spatial development plan for the area in front of the palace. Moreover, this also reveals the lack of respect for the results of social consultations concerning the area of the so-called Wilanow Beach (Table 3).
Discussion
The Wilanow meadows are an important cultural element of the area. This form of land management dates back even before the times RI .LQJ -DQ ,,, 6RELHVNL >.DF]\þVND
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of arable land in historical maps from the second half of the 19th century or with research results of the years
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the surface area of arable land is decreasing, it is still the dominant form of land management in the analysed area.
Unfortunately, the number of threats to the historical landscape is constantly increasing, in spite of numerous existing forms of protec- tion. The newly constructed build- ings in the so-called Miasteczko Wilanow is not related to traditional settlements in this region in any ZD\ >5\EDN @ &RQWHPSRUDU\
single- and multi-family residential buildings dominate over historical development, at the same time con- tributing to the disappearance of the important ecosystem of agricultural
ODQGV>.DF]\þVND@7KLVLVSDU- ticularly noticeable in front of the Wilanow palace and the highland to the west of the Ursynow Slope.
The construction of the monumental Temple of Divine Providence, which has become the new landmark of Wilanow, is not insignificant, either
>5\EDN @ +RZHYHU WKH PDLQ
problem is the race with time. Some historical buildings of a character- istic form for rural areas, located at Biedronki Street and mentioned by Sikora and Jagielska in their study of
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months. They were replaced by new structures, often of a modern, angular shape. Another proof of the threat connected with passage of time is r0LDVWHF]NR :LODQRZs LWVHOI 7KLV
is where the area of arable fields and meadows was transformed into a multi-family housing estate during
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2002, the only structure in this area were the foundations of the newly constructed District Office).
Planned further development of housing around the Natolin ar- rangement may constitute a serious threat, especially in the context of local wildlife corridors. Apart from that, the construction of the Southern By-pass Road of Warsaw on the slope will cut off the Natolin park from the UHVWRIWKHDUUDQJHPHQW>5\EDN@
According to the Ecophysiographic RI WKH &DSLWDO &LW\ :DUVDZ >)RJHO
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muds cover, are classified as areas of
high agricultural usability. Moreover, a large part of these areas is charac- terised by a high potential for surface and ground retention. Considering the threats and risks of flooding in the event of 100-year flood, the us- ability of these areas for residential purposes is considered as low due to the possibility of flooding and water accumulation (based on the analysis of ISOK maps). The risk is even higher in the vicinity of water- FRXUVHVVXFKDV:LODQÑZNDZKLFK
has been overgrown by plants during the years. Another serious problem is the presence of aggradate mud. Thus, the provisions of the local spatial de- velopment plan that permit develop- ment in this area seem strange. One should also note that dividing the area into numerous local spatial develop- ment plans resulted in the situation when the landscape consistency is threatened (e.g. along the composi- WLRQDO DQG YLHZ D[HV LQFOXGLQJ 2Ĉ
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even within a single planning docu- ment that does not provide adequate protection. As far as greenery arrange- ments are concerned, one should note that the overlapping forms of protecting historical monuments and the environment may pose a problem as well. This also refers to the Natolin DQG8UV\QRZ3DUNV>)RUWXQD$QWRV]- NLHZLF]ãXNDV]NLHZLF]@
Although all these elements constitute threats, the area of the Wilanow Cultural Park still has great chances to use its potential. The analysed area has unique historical
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warstw kulturowych. Niestety, przed WDNñV\WXDFMñVWRL:LODQÑZ3UREOH- mem jest brak kompleksowej ochro- Q\NUDMREUD]XNXOWXURZHJRZNWÑU\P
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te wszystkie elementy. Utworzenie Wilanowskiego Parku Kulturowego PLDäRQDFHOXZ]PRFQLHQLHVNXWHF]- QRĈFLRFKURQ\ZDORUÑZNXOWXURZ\FK
i krajobrazowych w formie zintegro- ZDQHM>/HZLQ.RU]Hþ@MHGQDN
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Strengths Mocne strony
Weaknesses Słabe strony t 5IFQSFTFODFPGSVSBMMBZPVUBOEJUTFMFNFOUT
t 5IFFYJTUFODFPGXSJUUFOBOEHSBQIJDEPDVNFOUBUJPOPO8JMBOPX
landscape history
t *TUOJFOJFVLBEVJFMFNFOUØXSVSBMJTUZD[OZDI
t *TUOJFOJFEPLVNFOUBDKJQJTBOFKJHSBöD[OFKEPUIJTUPSJJLSBKPCSB[V
Wilanowa
t 3BQJEVSCBOJTBUJPOXJUIPVUSFTQFDUGPSJEFOUJUZ
t %JWJEJOHUIFBSFBPGUIF8JMBOPX$VMUVSF1BSLJOUPEJòFSFOUMPDBMTQBUJBM
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Zagrożenia
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Wilanow t )PMJTUJDQMBOOJOH
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przestrzeni
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w Wilanowie
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They offer an extraordinary narrative potential for the functioning of royal residences. These are the properties that give the landscape of Wilanow an outstanding value of authenticity.
The proof are, among others, the IDUPVORFDWHGDW6WDQLVäDZD.RVWNL3R- tockiego Street, which the Museum of the Palace of King Jan III in Wilanow has repurchased and is planning to renovate and adapt, among oth- ers, for educational purposes. Raising awareness of the surviving values is part of the mission of the Museum.
The Museum is a depositary, whose employees strive to ensure the protec- tion of space, so they try to participate in all public consultations, as they are an opportunity not only to share opinions, but also to gain support- ers among people and institutions.
Improving spatial synergy on various levels is the key chance for the sur- vival of the rural values of Wilanow.
It is worth quoting the words RI .RVLþVNL >@ ZKR ZURWH WKDW
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creative work on this architecture and town planning that enters in im- portant relations with the contextual urban space, the neighbourhood, the district, and with the whole city LWVHOIs8QIRUWXQDWHO\ZLWKRXWUHFRJ- nising the JHQLXVORFL it will be impos- sible to connect further cultural layers to create synergy, and this is the situation that Wilanow is currently facing. The main problem is the lack of comprehensive protection of the cultural landscape, which should take
LQWRDFFRXQWLQSDUWLFXODU 7KHVFLHQ- tific and research, social, aesthetic, exploratory, and executive aspects OLVWHG E\ .DGäXF]HN >@ :KLOH
LQ WKH SHULRG IURP WKH th century to mid-20th century the scale of new spatial forms matched the existing landscape without blurring its layout, contemporary development dimin- ishes the previous importance of the SDODFHRI.LQJ-DQ,,,6RELHVNL>6LNRUD
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a status of monument protection IRUP HJ +LVWRULFDO 0RQXPHQW
entry in the register of monuments.
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perspective that would join all these elements. Although the aim of the creation of the Wilanow Cultural Park was to strengthen the effectiveness of protection of the cultural and land- scape values in an integrated form
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has become obvious that the pro- tection plan developed for the Park prevents us from enforcing all the provisions. As a result, the Warsaw Restoration Office started working on modifying the plan.
Conclusions
The area of the Wilanow Cul- tural Park is undergoing a process of intensive changes and functional WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV RI VSDFH +RZHYHU
one may still distinguish elements that are the heritage of the historical rural layout. Using them, among others, for educational and reconstruction
purposes will offer an opportunity to preserve historical identity. Most of these objects are located in the close vicinity of the palace and park complex in Wilanow.
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threatened by predatory spatial policy of development companies who often neglect historical and natural values.
The existing forms of protection are inconsistent, which leads to problems with their enforcement. As a result, they must be strengthened by chang- ing regulations and a holistic ap- proach. If no actions are taken, further values will be lost, which poses the threat of disappearance of the already WDUQLVKHGLGHQWLW\RIWKHrUR\DOGLVWULFW
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of spatial transformations, protective measures should be introduced as soon as possible. The current slow- ness is one of the main threats.
The analysis of the area of Wilanow Cultural Park reveals that the co-existence of both rural and urban layouts is difficult, although not completely impossible. It may be facilitated by appropriate forms of protection and local legal regulations.
Another important factor is raising awareness of the values that exist in the given area, as they are the only basis for preserving the identity of the place.
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i urbanistycznego jest trudne, ale QLHQLHPRĔOLZH6]DQVñQDWRVñRG- powiednie formy ochrony i zapisy ZSUDZLH PLHMVFRZ\P 1LH]EöGQ\
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Atlas ekofizjograficzny m. st. Warszawy.
Krajowy Instytut Polityki Przestrzennej i Mieszkalnictwa, Warszawa.
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Wydawnictwo Sztuka Ogrodu Sztuka Krajobrazu, Warszawa.
10. 6LNRUD'-DJLHOVND(.UDMR- braz kulturowy rezydencji wilanowskiej LSRZLñ]DQHJR]QLñXNäDGXUXUDOLVW\F]QH- JRKLVWRU\F]QHMZVL:LODQÑZ1DURGRZ\
Instytut Dziedzictwa, Warszawa.
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Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego,
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12. Szpanowski P., 2015. Warstwy krajobrazu klucza Wilanowskiego. Mu- ]HXP3DäDFX.UÑOD-DQD,,,Z:LODQRZLH
Warszawa.
13. Ustawa z dnia 23 lipca 2003 r.
RRFKURQLH]DE\WNÑZLRSLHFHQDG]DE\W- kami (2019 r. poz. 1696).
