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WORD ORDER in declarative statements
Note: In the examples below, parts of the sentence are colour-coded: subjects in red, verbs in blue, direct objects in brown, etc.
► 1.1 In a normal (declarative) sentence, the subject of a sentence comes directly in front of the verb. The direct object (when there is one) comes directly after it:
Examples:
The man wrote a letter.
People who live in glasshouses shouldn't throw stones.
The president laughed.
► 1.2. Note that by the subject, we mean not just a single word, but the subject noun or pronoun plus adjectives or descriptive phrases that go with it. The rest of the sentence - i.e. the part that is not the subject - is called the predicate.
Examples:
People who live in glasshouses shouldn't throw stones.
I like playing football with my friends in the park.
The child who had been sleeping all day woke up.
► 1.3. If a sentence has any other parts to it - indirect objects, adverbs or adverb phrases - these usually come in specific places:
1.3.1 The position of the indirect object
The indirect object follows the direct object when it is formed with the preposition to:
The indirect object comes in front of the direct object if to is omitted Examples:
The doctor gave some medicine to the child.
or: The doctor gave the child some medicine.
1.3.2. The position of adverbs or adverb phrases
Adverbs (single words) and adverb phrases (groups of words, usually formed starting with a preposition) can come in three possible places:
a) Before the subject (Notably with short common adverbs or adverb phrases, or sentence adverbs - see below )
Examples:
Yesterday the man wrote a letter.
At the end of Marchthe weather was rather cold.
Obviously the man has written a letter.
b1) After the object (virtually any adverb or adverb phrase can be placed here) Example:
The man wrote a letter on his computer in the train.
b2) or with intransitive verbs after the verb.
Example:
Object 1
Object 2
The child was sleeping on a chair in the kitchen.
c) In the middle of the verb group. (Notably with short common adverbs of time or frequency)
Examples:
The man has already written his letter.
The new version of the book will completely replace the old one.
You can sometimes get real bargains in this shop.
1.3.3. Word order with "sentence adverbs"
Sentence adverbs (like perhaps, surely, indeed, naturally, also .... ) relate to a whole clause or sentence, not just a single word. In most cases, they stand outside the clause they refer to, notably at the start of the clause. However, they may be placed
elsewhere
in the clause for reasons of stress or emphasis.Examples
Surely the man has already written his letter.
Perhapsthe man has already written his letter.
The man has perhaps already written his letter ..., therefore the man had already written his letter.
Naturallythe man grew vegetables in his garden.
Contrast this with:
The man grew vegetables naturally in his garden.
which has a quite different meaning.
For more details, see sentence adverbs.
► 1.4 In standard English, nothing usually comes between the subject and the verb, or between the verb and the object.
There are a few exceptions. The most important of these are adverbs of frequency and indirect objects without to. (Examples 1 and 2)
However, with adverbs of frequency, it is more normal to place them in the middle of the verb group (Example 3)
Examples:
1. The man often wrote his mother a letter.
2. I sometimes have given my dog a bone.
3. I have sometimes given my dog a bone.
If you always apply these few simple rules, you will not make too many word order mistakes in English. The examples above are deliberately simple - but the rules can be applied even to complex sentences, with subordinate and coordinated clauses.
1. Word order in English questions:
This really is so simple.... Almost all questions use the same structure.
All you need to do is to remember this simple and common English phrase:
How do you do?
The structure of almost every simple question in English is based on this same model:
(Question word if there is one) - Auxiliary or modal - subject - main verb - (plus the rest of the sentence):
1.1. Question words - or wh- words
In English there are three types of question word
• Interrogative pronouns - who, whom, what, which
• Interrogative determiners - which, what or whose (followed by a noun),
• Interrogative adverbs - where, why, how etc.
Important: take care !
In the interrogative, as in the negative, English verbs are ALWAYS made up of at least two elements, an auxiliary and the root verb.
In the interrogative there is only one exception to this rule, and that is certain tenses of the verb to be.
• Examples: Are you ready ? Were they impressed ?
For all other verbs - including to have - tenses that are formed with a single verb in an affirmative statement (i.e. the present simple and the simple past) are formed in the interrogative by the addition of the auxiliary do.
Examples
Where did Jane Austen live?
Did Arnold Schwarzenegger learn English quickly?
How quickly did Arnold Schwarzenegger learn English ? Has the bank sent us an invoice yet?
How many books have you read this year ? Is the new secretary being given her own laptop ? Can the new secretary be given her own laptop ?
How quickly can the new secretary be given her own laptop ? Is the new secretary nice ?
Why can't we have a second chance?
1.2. Comparison between statements and questions with single-word tenses : He had a good time. > Did he have a good time?
NOT Had he a good time?
He lives in new York. > Does he live in new York?
NOT Lives he in New York?
INNE WAŻNE!!!! a mogą się pojawic:)
Należy pamiętac, że w zdaniach z przyimkami powiązabymi z czasownikami lub w przypadku phrasal verbs w pytaniach przyimek umieszczany jest na końcu!!!
What are you looking at?
Gdy pytanie zostaje włożone w zdanie podrzędne nie jest już pytaniem, odzyskuje szyk zdania
twierdzącego i jego formę :
Susan chce wiedziec , gdzie mieszkam.
Susan wants to know where I live zdanie twiwrdzące!!!!!
Paul nie wie, czy jego sistra potrafi pływac.
Paul does not know if his sister can swim.
Moja mama jest ciekawa kiedy odwiedziłam Lndyn.
My mum is interested when I visited London.
Rezygnujemy z ine\wersji (fru, fru:), rezygnujemy z operatorów : „do” „does” „did” - wracamy do zdania twierdżącego.
Podobnie dzieje się w przypadku pytań o podmiot, zdania maja szyk twierdzący.
Who wrote the book?
What has happened?
Kolejnośc przymiotników
Przymiotniki, gdy jest ich dużo, są używane w określonej kolejności:
Opinion - opinia, ocena Size - rozmiar
Weight - waga Age - wiek Sgape - kształt Colour - kolor
Origin - pochodzenie Material - materiał Pupose - cel
I może jeszcze "wierszyk":
In my nice big flat There's an old round box For my green swiss hat
And my woolly walking socks.
