Der Strukturbegriff in der Psychologie

5trufeturbegrif f in der Plędiologie

Uon

Felix Krueger

Leipzig

5onderabdrudt

aus dem Beridil iiber den U1II. Kongrefj fur experimentelie Pfęchologie in Leipzig (1923)

Jena

Uerlag uon Guftau Fifdier 1924

Der Striiftinrbegriff in der Piędiologie

Von

Felix Krueger

beipzig

5onderabdrudi

aus dem Beridit Iiber den VIII. Kongreij fiir experimenfelle Pfęchologie in Leipzig (1923)

Jena

Uerlag non Guflau Fildier

A l l e R e c h t e y o r b e h y t e n .

V orbem erkung.

A i s im A n f a n g dieses J a h re s d e r Y e rfa s s e r d ie N a c h r ic h t e r h ie lt, d a B t r o t z d e n w ir t s c h a f t lic h e n S c h w ie rig k e ite n d e r K o n g r e fib e r ic h t w ie iib lic h g e d r u c k t w e rd e n k o n n e , s ta n d e r m itte n in d e r A u s a r b e itu n g s e in e r E rg e b n is s e z u e in e m k le in e n B u c b e iib e r p s y c h is c h e u n d g e is tig e S tr u k tu r e n . D e m S a m m e lre fe ra te , das e r im A p r i l 1 9 2 3 a u f d e m L e ip z ig e r K o n g r e B f i i r P s y c h o lo g ie a u ftra g s g e m a B e r s ta tte t h a tte , la g e in e w o r tlic b e H a n d s c b r if t n ic b t z u g ru n d e . E r b e g a n n n u n m e h r , das d o r t G e s a g te m o g lic h s t g e n a n w ie d e rh e rz u s te lle n . U m je d o c h d ie H e ra u s g a b e des K o n g r e B b e ric h te s n ic h t w e ite r z u y e r - z o g e rn , f o lg t b ie r n u r e in A u s z u g , v o m H a u p t in b a lt e je n e s S a m m e l- r e fe r a te s , a u s f iih r lic h e r a is d ie U b e r s ic b t, d ie s c h o n w a h re n d des K o n g re s s e s F a c h z e its c h r ifte n u b e rg e b e n w o rd e n is t. D ie b u c h m a B ig e D a r s t e llu n g w ir d in e in ig e n M o n a te n e rs c b e in e n .

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D ie P ro b le m e d e r I n d m d u a l i t a t u n d d e r P e r s o n lic b k e it s in d so g e la g e rt, daB sie a u f d ie D a u e r n u r g e fo r d e r t w e rd e n k o n n e n d u r c b

■ein p la n m a B ig e s , a r b e its te ilig e s Z u s a m m e n w irk e n d e r P h ilo s o p h ie m it z a b lr e ic b e n E rfa b ru n g s w is s e n s c b a fte n . I n g ru n d le g e n d e r W e is e b a n d e lt es s ic h h ie r u m p s y c h o lo g is c h e E r fa b r u n g e n u n d E in s ic b te n , u m T a t - s a c b e n u n d B e d in g u n g s z u s a m m e n b a n g e d e r s e e lis c b e n W ir k li c b k e i t . A l l e E r k e n n tn is b e s tr e b u n g e n , d ie a u f je n e P r o b le m e g e r ic h te t s in d b e d iir fe n d a b e i des B e g r iffe s p s y c b i s c h e r S t r u k t u r ę n . D a s f o lg t s c b o n aus d e r E n t w ic k lu n g d e r z u g e b o rig e n Id e e n , n ic b t z u le tz t a u s ib r e r p b ilo ś o p b is c b e n Y o rg e s c b ic h te . U n t e r d e m E in flu s s e D i l t h e y s , W u n d t s u n d d e r o s te rre ic b is c h e n P s y c h o lo g e n s c h u le i s t g e g e n w a rtig d ie S e e le n w is s e n s c h a ft m i t r e c b t g e n e ig t, d e m S tr u k tu r g e d a n k e n in iłr r e n T h e o r ie n e in e b e h e rrs c h e n d e S te llu n g z u - z u w e is e n .

~W. D i l t b e y e r o ffn e t m it d ie s e m a is s e in e m L e itg e d a n k e n d ie n e u e P b a s e d e r K u lt u r p b ilo s o p h ie . S e in e S t r u k t u r le h r e s u c b te g le ic b - z e itig , m it E r f o lg , d ie E r k e n n t n i s t h e o r i e w e ite r z u b ild e n : K a n ts n a tu rw is s e n s c b a ftlic h -m a th e m a tis c b e E in s e it ig k e it z u iib e r w in d e n , d ie p s y c h o lo g is c h e n V o ra u s s e tz im g e n d e r T r a n s z e n d e n ta lp b ilo s o p b ie d u r c h r ic h t ig e r e z u e rse tze n , a llg e m e in , das E r k e n n e n e in z u g lie d e rn in das G a n z e d e r E r le b n is w ir k lic h k e it s o w ie i n d ie G e s a m tk u ltu r . D a s p s y c h o lo g is c h e D e n k e n D i l t b e y s w a r d u rc h g e h e n d s e in e r m e tb o d o - lo g is c b e n B e g r iin d u n g d e r G e is te s w is s e n s c b a fte n z u g e w a n d t. S e in e T b e o r ie n y o m „ S tru k tu rz u s a m m e n b a n g e 41 a lle s S e e b scb e n u n d g e w is s e r b e d e u ts a m e r E rz e u g n is s e d e r g e is tig e n K u l t u r s in d i n ib r e m W a b r -

h e its g e h a lte n o c h u n e rs c h o p ft. H a u p te rg e b n is s e n e u e s te r F o r s c h u n g s in d d a r in v o rw e g g e n o m m e n . S ie lie g e n i n d e r R ic h tu n g , daB d a s p s y c h is c h e G e s c h e h e n , y o r n e b m lic h a u c b s o w e it es s in n e r f iillt e G e b ild e e r z e u g t, n ic b t y e rs ta n d e s e in s e itig u n d n ic b t m it Y o r u r t e ile n e in e s m e c b a n is tis c b e n A to m is m u s o d e r A s s o z ia tio n is m u s b e g r iffe n w e r d e a k a n n , s o n d e rn s tre n g e rfa h ru n g s m a B ig a is L e b e n s g e s c b e h e n z u v e r - s te b e n i s t ; d a b e i g e lte es, d ie s e e lis c b -g e is tig e n Z u s a m m e n b a n g e n a c b M o g lic b k e it d u r c b B e s c b re ib u n g u n d Z e r g lie d e r u n g n a c b f iib lb a r e r E rle b n is s e z u d e u te n . D a s p s y c b o lo g is c b H a lt b a r e a n d ie s e r S t r u k t u r - le b re is t g ro B e n te ile s u n a b h a n g ig v o n ib r e n p b ilo s o p h is c b e n u n d k u ltu rw is s e n s c h a ftlic b e n F ra g e s te llu n g e n . E s m u B b e i D i l t h e y s e lb s t aus a lle r le i S c b ie fe m o d e r w is s e n s c h a ftlic h n ic b t d a z u G e b o rig e m b e ra u s g e lo s t w e rd e n . R e in l o g i s c b e B e s tim m u n g e n w a re n y o n v o r n - b e r e in d a m it y e r ą u ic k t. S ie iib e rw u c b e r te n z u le tz t, u n te r d e r E i n - w ir k u n g H u s s e r l s d e r a r t, daB d e r S t r u k t u r b e g r if f fo r m a lis tis c b d a - b in z u s a m m e n s c b ru m p fte , n u r n o c b d ie a b s tra k te B e z o g e n b e it ir g e n d - e ines g e is tig e n „ A k t e s “ a u f irg e n d e in e n „ I n b a l t “ b e z e ic b n e n z u s o lle n . L e id e r s te b e n d ie A n b a n g e r D i l t b e y s s ta r k im B a n n e s e in e r s p a te s te n F o r m u lie r u n g e n , d ie e rk la rte rm a B e n u n p s y c b o lo g is c b w a r e n ; sie s in d n a c h w e is lic b f u r d ie P s y c h o lo g ie ir r e f iib r e n d o d e r d o c b u n - fr u c b tb a r . A n d e r e r s e its is t s c b o n d e r B e g r if f „ E r le b n is “ , w ie e r y o n A n b e g in n in a lle S t r u k t u r b e g r if f e d ie s e r S c b u le m i t e in g in g , k e in r e in p s y c b o lo g is c b e r, s o n d e rn a b g e se b e n v o n s e in e r e rk e n n tn is tb e o r e tis c b e n B e d e u tu n g , d u rc b s e tz e n ib n n o r m a t i v e Id e e n y o n K u l t u r u n d P e rs o n lic b k e it, Id e a le e in e r b a lb ro m a n tis c b e n , h a lb re a lis tis c b e n H e r - k u n f t , — w e lc b e W e r t id e e n n ic h t e in m a l u n te r s ic b z u m A u s g le ic b e g e b ra c b t, g e s c b w e ig e z u re ic b e n d b e g r iin d e t s in d . B is e tw a 1 9 0 5 w a r d ie S t r u k t u r le b r e D i l t h e y s in d e r H a u p ts a c h e e m p iris c b p s y c b o ­ lo g is c b g e m e in t. S ie e n tb a lt m e tb o d is c b u n d d e s k r ip tiy , ty p o lo g is c b u n d b e d in g u n g s a n a ły tis c b , b e i ib r e m U r h e b e r s e lb s t a u c b e n tw ic k lu n g s - tb e o re tis c b , u n y e r lie r b a r e A n re g u n g e n f u r d ie w is s e n s c b a ftlic b e P s y c h o ­ lo g ie . A b e r v o n H a u s e aus w a r d ie se L e b r e m i t A u fg a b e n b e la s te t,.

d ie i n W a h r h e it d e r P h ilo s o p h ie , le tz te n E n d e s d e r M e ta p b y s ik o b - lie g e n . D ie M e ta p b y s ik s c h e u u n d d a m it im Z u s a m m e n b a n g e d ie R e lig io n s fr e m d h e it ib r e r E n ts te b u n g s z e it s c b a d ig t b is z u r S tu n d e d ie fr a g łic b e n A u ffa s s u n g e n y o n K u l t u r u n d S e e le n le b e n .

M i t d e m W o r t e „ S tr u k tu rz u s a m m e n h a n g “ b a t D i l t h e y u n te r a n d e re m e in e n S a c h y e r b a lt b e z e ic h n e n w o lle n , d e r w ir k lic b z u d e n G ru n d ta ts a c h e n des se e b scb e n L e b e n s g e h o rt, n a m lic h dessen g a n z - b e i t l i c h e n C h a r a k te r . D ie G e g e b e n b e ite n des B e w u B ts e in s b ild e n

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n ie m a ls b lo fie A g g re g a te . I h r e u n te rs c h e id b a re n T e ile o d e r S e ite n s in d n ic b t s u m m e n b a ft b e ie in a n d e r, s o n d e rn je d e r z e it z u e in e m G a n z e n in e in a n d e r g e fiig t u n d je a u f dieses G a n z e u n m itte lb a r b e zo g e n . D e m B e g r if f E r le b n is s o llte d ie s a is s e in e H a u p tb e d e u tu n g e r b a lte n b le ib e n : d e r u r s p r iin g lic b e in n e re Z u s a m m e n h a lt a lle r im B e w u fit- s e in v o rg e fu n d e n e n M e b rh e ite n , das u n m itte lb a r e e in b e itlic b e Y e r - b u n d e n s e in a lle s dessen, w a s g le ic b z e itig o d e r i n s te tig e r F o lg ę s e e lis c h y o rb a n d e n is t, m ite in a n d e r u n d m it d e m je w e ilig e n In s g e s a m t des G e - g e b e n e n . S e it y . E b r e n f e l s b a b e n w ir d ie s e n T a tb e s ta n d d e r p rim a r e n G a n z b e i t a u f y e rs c b ie d e n e n S o n d e rg e b ie te n des p s y c h i- s c b e n G e s c h e b e n s z u n e h m e n d g e n a u k e n n e n g e le m t. ( E x a k te U n t e r - s u c b u n g e n z u e rs t in L e ip z ig u n d W iir z b u r g , d a n n i n M iin c b e n u n d a u f T e n e r iffa , n e u e rd in g s in B e r lin , G ie fie n , R o s to c k u n d a n d e rw a rts .) J e d e r E r le b n is k o m p le x h a t a is s o lc b e r b e s o n d e re E ig e n s c h a fte n u n d y o n H a u s e aus b e s o n d e re W ir k u n g e n iib e r a lle E ig e n s c h a fte n u n d W ir k u n g e n s e in e r T e ile b in a u s . G e n e tis c b b e tr a c h te t s in d d ie s p e z ifi- s c h e n Q u a lita te n des E rle b n is g a n z e n z u e rs t y o r f in d b a r u n d z u e rs t m a n n ig fa ltig a u s g e p ra g t. S ie w e rd e n r e g e lm a fiig e r a is d ie d e r T e ile f u r s ic b d e u tlic h w a h rg e n o m m e n . A u f je d e r S tu fe d e r E n tw ic k lu n g b e h a u p te n s ie e in e n e rs c h e in u n g s m a fiig e n u n d fu n k tio n a le n Y o r r a n g . D a s g e s o n d e rte s o w ie das q u a lit a t iv d e u tlic b e H e r v o r t r e t e n v o n T e ile n w ir d d u r c h d ie E in d r in g lic h k e it des G a n z e n , d e m sie z u g e h o re n , g e - h e m m t; i n g e rin g e re m M a fie w ir d u m g e k e h r t d ie se E in d r in g lic h k e it g e m in d e rt d u r c h e n ts c h ie d e n e s H e r y o r t r e t e n d e r T e ile ( K r u e g e r , S e i f e r t ) . E s g ib t d o m in ie re n d e G a n z h e its m o m e n te o d e r K o m p le x - ą u a lita te n ( W u n d t u . a.). U n t e r s o n s t g le ic h e n U m s ta n d e n iib e r - w ie g t je w e ils das u m fa s s e n d e re G a n z e , u n m itte lb a r a n E in d r in g lic h k e it u n d e ig e n e r A u s g e p r a g th e it, s o w ie a n p s y c h o lo g is c h e n W ir k u n g e n : es g le ic h t d e n iib r ig e n E r le b n is b e s ta n d s ic h an, g ib t s e in e n Y e ra n d e ru n g e n d ie R ic h t u n g u s f. ( I p s e n ) . A u s a lle d e m w ir d y e rs ta n d lic h e r, w ie u n d w a ru m d ie G e f i i h l e im H a u s h a lte d e r S e e le n e in e d u rc h a u s b e h e rrs c h e n d e R o lle s p ie le n . A u c h d ie s e r S a c h y e r h a lt k o m m t in D i l t h e y s P s y c h o lo g ie z u r A n e r k e n n u n g , w e n n g le ic h m i t g e is te s - p h ilo s o p h is c h - s p ir itu a lis tis c h e r u n d a n d e re rs e its m i t p ra g m a tis c h b io - lo g is tis c h e r E in s e itig k e it. D ie e x p e rim e n te lle n F o r s c h e r , in s o n d e r h e it d ie u m W e r t h e i m e r s ic h g ru p p ie re n , b e a c h te n y ie l z u w e n ig d ie q u a lita tiv e V e r w a n d ts c h a ft u n d d ie f u n k tio n a le n B e z ie h u n g e n z w is c h e n K o m p le x q u a lit a t e n je d e r A r t u n d G e fu h le n . D a s s e lb e g i l t y o n d e r s o z io lo g is c h e n S c h u le L e v y - B r u h l s , y o n d e n m e is te n D a r s te lle r n d e r k in d h c h e n E n t w ic k lu n g u n d y o n b e in a h e a lle n T ie rp s y c h o lo g e n ,

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e in g e s c h lo s se n d e n s c h a rfs in n ig e n W . K o h l e r . D ie a llg e m e in e G e - fiih ls th e o r ie w ir d aus ih r e m z u riic k g e b lie b e n e n Z u s ta n d e d u r c h g r iin d - lic h e , y o r u r te ils lo s e A r b e i t a n d e n G a n z h e its e rle b n is s e n , d u r c h v e r - g le ic h e n d e A n a ly s e d e r y e rs c h ie d e n e n F o r m e n y o n K o m p le x q u a lit a t h e r a u s g e f iih r t w e rd e n . D ie G a n z h e itlic h k e it a lle s B r le b e n s w i r k t s ic h a m fr iih e s te n , a m m a n n ig fa ltig s te n u n d s ta rk s te n i n G e fiih le n aus.

G e fiih le s in d K o m p le x q u a lita te n b e s o n d e re r A r t , n a m lic h d ie m it d e m je w e ilig e n G e s a m tin h a lte des B e w u B ts e in s u n d s e in e r G e s a m tk o n s te lla - t io n u n m itte lb a r gegebe nen. (G ru n d z iig e d ie s e r A u ffa s s u n g h a t z u e rs t H . O o r n e l i u s e n tw o rfe n . S e h r w e n ig e T h e o r e tik e r b e a c h te te n das n a c h G e b iih r . Y g l. je d o c h d ie le tz te n F o r m u lie r u n g e n W u n d t s . ) E in T e ilk o m p le x is t in s e in e r s p e z ifis c h e n Q u a lit a t u n d in s e in e n W ir k u n g e n u m so g e fiih ls a r tig e r , je m e h r e r je w e ils v o n d e m iib e r - h a u p t G e g e b e n e n , y o n d e m to ta le n B e w u fits e in s g a n z e n u m fa fit. D ie G e fiih le s in d v o n a lle m a b h a n g ig , sie d u r c h d r in g e n a lle s , w a s z u d ie s e m In s g e s a m t g e h o rt, u n d d o c h s in d sie ih m g e g e n iib e r e tw a s B e s o n d e re s , j a P r im a r e s ; ebenso w ie s ic h e in B h y th m u s , e in e K la n g f a r b e , e in fris c h e s , y e rw o rre n e s o d e r u n h e im lic h e s Z u m u te s e in — , w ie s ic h d e r u n m itte lb a r e G e s a m te in d ru c k e tw a des S c h ic k lic h e n , des lo g is c h U n - s tim m ig e n , des k iin s tle r is c h G e ru n d e te n z u d e m je d e s m a l fu n d ie re n d e n T e ilk o m p le x e y e r h a lt , z u dessen B e s ta n d s tiic k e n , ih r e r A n o r d n u n g , ih r e n S o n d e rb e z iig e n .

Y o n d e n y ie le r le i F o r m e n e r le b te r G a n z h e it h a t d ie e x a k te F o r s c h u n g , ih r e n U b e r lie fe r u n g e n fo lg e n d , b is h e r d ie S in n e s w a h r- n e h m u n g e n w e ita u s a m g e n a u e s te n u n te rs u c h t. H ie r w ie d e ru m p f le g t sie, te ilw e is e aus m e th o d is c h e n G r iin d e n , d ie h o m o g e n z u s a m m e n g e s e tz te n K o m p le x e e in s e itig z u b e y o rz u g e n , w a h re n d im n a t iir lic h e n E r le b e n d e rg le ic h e n g e n e tis c h s p a te B ild u n g e n y e r h a ltn is m a B ig s e lte n v o r - k o m m e n . A m m e is te n w is s e n s c h a fth c h e A u fm e r k s a m k e it w u r d e b is ­ h e r d e n ( y e r m e in tlic h ) r e in o p tis c h e n K o n s te lla tio n e n z u g e w e n d e t.

D a m it h a n g t th e o re tis c h das z a h le b ig e Y o r u r t e i l zu s a m m e n , a is o b n u r s im u lta n e M e h r h e ite n G a n z h e its c h a ra k te re u n m itte lb a r a u fw ie s e n ,

— e in Y o r u r t e il, w o m it m a n s ic h d e n Z u g a n g e tw a z u d e n R h y t h - m e n u n d M e lo d ie n Y e rs p e rrt, n ic h t m in d e r z u d e n s p ie la r tig e n E i n - s te llu n g e n m i t ih r e n d u r c h g r e ife n d e n F o lg e n f i i r je d e p s y c h o p h y s is c h e E n t w ic k lu n g ; s c h lim m e r n o c h , z u d e n A f f e k t e n , d e n G e fu h ls y e r la u fe n iib e r h a u p t u n d z u d e r W e l t des W o lle n s . U n v e r s ta n d lic h b le ib e n v o n d o r t a u s s c h o n T a tb e s ta n d e , d ie s ic h p s y c h o lo g is c h b e s o n d e rs e in - d e u tig e r k la r e n lassen, w ie das s o g e n a n n te R a n s c h b u rg s c h e P h a n o m e n u n d d ie d a m it y e rw a n d te n E rs c h e in u n g e n des s p ra c h lic h e n L a u tw a n d e ls .

E in s e itig e B e r iic k s ic h tig u n g des O p tis c h -R a u m lic h e n u n d S im u l- ta n e n , z u s a m m e n m it d in g g e b u n d e n e r F ra g e s te llu n g , h a t fe r n e r d a h in g e w ir k t, daB d ie G e s t a l t p h a n o m e n e n ic h t h in r e ic h e n d u n te rs c h ie d e n w e rd e n v o n d e n iib r ig e n F o r m e n u n d S e ite n e r le b te r G a n z h e it. D ie s e s in d v ie l m a n n ig fa ltig e r g e a rte t, tr e te n a u c h g e n e tis c h f r iih e r a u f a is d ie G e s ta lte n . F u r das G e m e in s a m e a lle r p s y c h is c h e n G a n z h e ite n v e r fiig e n w ir iib e r b e s o n d e re , b e z e ic h n e n d e A u s d r iic k e , w ie K o m p le x - ą u a lit a t , G e s c h lo s s e n h e it, G e f iih ls a r t ig k e it , z u s a m m e n fa s s e n d eben G a n z h e it o d e r G a n z h e itlic h k e it. D e r B e g r if f „ G e s t a lt “ m it s e in e n A b le itu n g e n (G e s ta ltb in d u n g , D u rc h g e s ta lte ts e in u s f.) s o llte a u f d ie - je n ig e n T a ts a c h e n u n d Z u s a m m e n h a n g e des E rle b e n s b e s c h ra n k t w e rd e n , f i i r w e lc h e G e g l i e d e r t h e i t b e i e r h a lte n e r G a n z h e itlic h k e it, a lso g e fo r m te E in h e it h c h k e it c h a r a k te r is tis c h is t. D a s t r i f f t d u rc h a u s n ic h t f i i r a lle e rle b b a re n G a n z h e ite n zu. D ie G e fiih le b e is p ie ls w e is e s in d — in n e r h a lb w e ite r G re n z e n — u m so in te n s iv e r u n d a is s o lc h e a u s g e p ra g te r, je d iffu s e r sie, a n d e re s Q u a lita tiv e y e rd ra n g e n d , s ic h iib e r das G e s a m tb e w u B ts e in a u s b re ite n ; i n d e m s e lb e n M a B e p fle g e n a u c h ih r e u n m itte lb a r e n W ir k u n g e n k r a f t ig e r u n d v o ra u s s e tz u n g s lo s e r z u sein. A h n lic h is t es, w ie s c h o n a n g e d e u te t, u m d ie T e ilk o m p le x e b e s te llt, v o ra b u m d ie g e n e tis c h fr iih e n , d ie r e la t iv g e fiih ls a rtig e n , u n d u m d ie u n m itte lb a r e E in d r in g lic h k e it ih r e r S o n d e rą u a lita te n . E in e w ir k lic h ge g e b e n e G e s ta lt, m it a lle n ih r e n e rs c h e in u n g s m a B ig e n (G e - s ta lt-)M o m e n te n , is t je d e r z e it in e in z u g e h o rig e s E rle b n is g a n z e s m e h r o d e r w e n ig e r e i n g e b e t t e t . G e s ta ltp h a n o m e n e s in d a n e rle b te G a n z h e it g e b u n d e n ; n ic h t a b e r u m g e k e h rt. D a s G e g lie d e rts e in eines K o m p le x e s is t e tw a s a n d e re s a is se in e G a n z h e itlic h k e it, s o w o h l q u a li- t a t iv a is d e m G ra d e u n d d e n W ir k u n g e n n a c h . I n a n a lo g e r W e is e m u B a n d e n G e s a m tk o m p le x e n des je w e ilig e n E r le b e n s u n te rs c h ie d e n w e r d e n : a u f d e r e in e n S e ite ih r e e tw a y o rh a n d e n e D u rc h g e s ta ltu n g o d e r G e fo r m th e it, a n d e re rs e its i h r n ie m a ls fe h le n d e r G a n z h e its c h a ra k te r, d a s is t in d ie s e m F a lle , w ie w ir sa h e n , d ie F a r b ę , d ie B e s c h a ffe n h e it iib e r h a u p t d e r m itg e g e b e n e n G e fiih le . G e s ta lte rle b n is s e s in d b e s o n d e re , a u s g e z e ic h n e te F a lle , z u n a c h s t e in m a l v o n e r le b te r G a n z h e it. E r - s c h e in u n g s m a fiig w e is e n d ie G e s ta ltp h a n o m e n e a n d e re F a rb e n , a n d e re B e s c h a ffe n h e ite n a u f a is d ie iib r ig e n K o m p le x q u a lita te n . D ie W e c h s e l- b e z ie h u n g e n z w is c h e n d e m E r le b n is g a n z e n u n d s e in e n G lie d e r n o d e r T e ile n s in d h ie r u n d d o r t y e rs c h ie d e n . E r s t r e c h t m iis s e n d ie B e d in g u n g s z u s a m m e n h a n g e d e r e in e n u n d d e r a n d e re n G r u p p e y o n T a tb e s ta n d e n b e s o n d e rs g e a rte t s e in , u n b e s c h a d e t e in e r a ll- g e m e in e n , iib e r g re ife n d e n G e s e tz lic h k e it, d e r a lle G a n z h e its e r-

— 6 ^—

le b n is s e g e h o rc h e n , e in b e g riffe n ih r e G e fu h ls m o m e n te u n d d e re ń

"W irk u n g e n .

U b e r a ll i n d e r P s y c h o lo g ie m u B z u e rs t das r e in E rs c h e in u n g s - m a fiig e g e n a u b e s c h rie b e n , a is so lcb e s y e rg lic h e n u n d m o g lic h s t v o ll- s ta n d ig z e r g lie d e r t w e rd e n , ehe m a n es u n te r n im m t, se in e B e d in g u n g e n z u e rs c h lie fie n , s e in e G e se tze — v o lle n d s das P h y s ik a lis c h e o d e r P b y s io lo g is c h e d a ra n — z u b e s tim m e n . H ie r b e s te h e n m e tb o d is c h e F o r d e r u n g e n D i l t h e y s (a u s s e in e r m it t le r e n P e r io d e ) i n d e r H a u p t - r ic h t u n g z u re c h t. D e r a lte , a to m is ie re n d e D o g m a tis m u s d e r R e iz - A n t w o r t - B e g r if f e , d e r A s s o z ia tio n s - u n d A u fm e r k s a m k e its th e o r ie , w o g e g e n D i l t b e y a is e in e r d e r e rs te n F r o n t m a c h te , is t je t z t u n te r w is s e n s c h a ftlic h e n P s y c b o lo g e n g r u n d s a tz lic h iib e rw u n d e n . D a s ge- s c b a b a m n a c b b a ltig s te n u n d fr u c h tb a r s te n n ic b t d u r c h lo g is c b e S p e k u la tio n e n s o n d e rn , s e it W i l h e l m W u n d t d u r c h y o rs ic h tig e s Y e r k n iip f e n g e s ic b e rte r T a ts a c h e n , in s o n d e rh e it d u r c h d ie r e in e r- fa h ru n g s m a B ig e D e u tu n g e x p e rim e n te ll-m e s s e n d e r B e fu n d e . E s w a re m in d e s te n s y e r f r iih t , w e n n a n d ie S te lle n a c h p r iifb a r e r E in z e lh y p o th e s e n u n d d e r ih n e n z u g ru n d e lie g e n d e n e c h te n B e s c h re ib u n g e n e in a ll- u m fa s s e n d e r P h y s ik a lis m u s t r a t ę ( W . K o h l e r , W e r t h e i m e r ) . D e ss e n v a g e A n a lo g ie n u n d a b s tr a k t y ie ld e u tig e A u s d r iic k e le n k e n a b y o n d e n e ig e n tlic h e n A u fg a b e n u n s e re r W is s e n s c h a ft in S a c b e n des G a n z b e its - u n d ebenso des G e s ta lte rle b e n s . N ic b t o b n e M i t - w ir k u n g des s p a te s te n D i l t b e y is t a n d e re rs e its w a h re n d d e r le tz te n J a b r e e in e b a lb p h ilo s o p h is c h e „P h a n o m e n o lo g ie “ d e r „ w e s e n tlic h e n “ p s y c b is c b -g e is tig e n „ G e s ta lte n “ o d e r a u c h „ S t r u k t u r e n “ a u fg e k o m m e n . S ie y e rw e n d e t m i t W i l l k i i r y ie le r le i A n le ib e n b e i d e r E r fa h r u n g . W a s d iese L e b r e n f i i r d ie r e in e L o g ik b e d e u te n , k a n n d e r E r fa h r u n g s - w is s e n s c h a ftle r a u f s ic h b e ru b e n lassen. A b e r ih r e y ie lu m fa s s e n d e n B e h a u p tu n g e n s tiitz e n s ic h a u f p s y c h o lo g is c h e A n n a h m e n , d ie s ic b e r z u s te lle n w a re n n u r d u r c h s o r g fa ltig s te B e s c b re ib u n g v o n w ir k lic h e n E rle b n is s e n u n d d u r c h y o ru rte ils lo s e , in s o n d e r h e it g e n e tis c b e A n a ly s e y o n g e w a c b s e n e n g e is tig e n G e b ild e n . D ie „P h a n o m e n o lo g e n " je d o c h , a is y e rk a p p te M e ta p h y s ik e r, p fle g e n s ic h iib e r s o lc h e s r u h ig e U n t e r - s u c b e n , s o g a r ih r e r e ig e n e n V o ra u s s e tz u n g e n e ilf e r t ig b in w e g z u s c b w in g e n . W is s e n s c h a ftlic h e P s y c h o lo g ie d a r f s ic h d u r c h d e rg le ic b e n S u r r o g a te

— im b e s te n F a lle s in d es f i i r sie f r a g w iir d ig e A n t iz ip a t io n e n — n ic h t b e ir r e n lassen. A n d e r S p itz e d e r H u s s e r l s c h e n T h e o re m e s t e h t, das w e ite re g ru n d s a tz lic h b e h e rr s c h e n d : daB a lle E r le b n is s e ih r e m W e s e n n a c h je e in e n „ G e g e n s ta n d “ o d e r a u c h o b je k tiv e n

„ S in n “ e n th ie lte n , u n d daB d a r a u f je d e s m a l e in „ A k t “ des B e w u B t-

— 7 ^—

se in s in te n tio n a l g e r ic h te t sei, y o r fin d b a r in s c h lic h te r S e lb s tb e tra c h - tu n g , a is w e s e n tlic h id e n tis c h in d e n y e rs c h ie d e n s te n F a lle n . D ie s e r G ru n d s a tz is t p s y c h o lo g is c h u n d u r c h fiih r b a r . I h m w id e r s tr e ite n d ie a u fs c h lu B re ic h s te n ta ts a c h lic h e n B e fu n d e a u s d e m u n r e fle k tie r te n Y e r - b a lte n , n a m e n tlic b d e r T ie r e , d e r K i n d e r , d e r N ic h tp r o b le m a tik e r . J e n e lo g is ie re n d e R e d e w e is e s c h ie b t a n d ie S te lle d e r e rle b te n p s y c h i- sc b e n E in h e its g e b ild e , d ie es, a u c h g e is te s p h ilo s o p h is c h z u a lle r e r s t a n z u e rk e n n e n g ilt , o b je k tiy ie r te B e g r if f e — y o n je w e ils E in e m G e g e n - sta n d e , E in e m d a r a u f b e z o g e n e n A k t e u n d d e re ń I d e n tita te n . S ie d e u te t in das ta ts a c h lic h E r s c h e in e n d e E rz e u g n is s e e in e r s p a te n , z. T . n o rm a tiy e n u n d m e ta p h y s is c h e n A b s t r a k t io n d o g m a tis c h h in e in . N a c h d e m Y o r b ild e d e r H o c h s c h o la s tik la f i t m a n d ie s e H y p o s ta s e n y o n y o r n h e r e in o n to lo g is c h e rs ta rre n . Z u g le ic h a b e r , a is E r b e e in e r b u n te n s e e le n k u n d lic h e n Y o rg e s c h ic h te , y e ra llg e m e in e rt m a n sie o h n e M a B : in a n g e b lic h e n B e s c h re ib u n g e n a lle s E r le b b a re n . S ic h e r lic h g e b e n d ie G a n z h e ite n u n d d ie G e s ta lte n d e r p s y c h is c h e n W i r k - l ic h k e it (z u s a m m e n g e d a c h t m i t d e n e n des k o r p e r lic h e n L e b e n s ) a u c h d e m P h ilo s o p h e n w e itr e ic h e n d e P r a g e n a u f. D ie s e u n m it t e l­

b a r in s A u g e z u fassen, is t n ic h t S a ch e des P s y c h o lo g e n . W i l l m a n a b e r iib e r e m p ir is c h e Id e e n a u f je n e T a tb e s ta n d e d e r E r f a h - r u n g g riin d e n , so w ir d m a n s ie e rfa h r u n g s w is s e n s c h a ftlic h g e n a u k e n n e n m iis s e n .

E in e m p s y c h o lo g is c h f liic h t ig e n B lic k e , z u m a l w e n n e r a u f O b je k - tiv e s a b g e le n k t is t, se i es im n a tu rw is s e n s c h a ftlic h e n S in n e , se i es im lo g is c h e n o d e r K u lt u r w e r t - S in n e , d ra n g e n s ic h m e h r a is d ie iib r ig e n G e g e b e n h e ite n v o n G a n z h e it (z. B . d ie g e fiih ls a rtig e n ), g ew isse F o r m e n s e e lis c h e r o d e r g e is tig e r G e s t a l t u n g a u f : le ic h t b e n e n n b a re u n d iib e rtr a g b a r e , w ie d ie r a u m lic h e n O rd n u n g e n , w ie das d in g h a ft a is b e h a r r e n d G e d a c h te ; fe r n e r s o lc h e k o m p le x e n O rd n u n g s fo rm e n , d ie a u f u n s e re r S tu fe d e r Z iy ilis a t io n b e s o n d e re s G e w ic h t e rla n g t h a b e n : d ie p r a k tis c h r a tio n a le n G lie d e ru n g e n , das w ir k lic h o d e r y e r m e in tlic h T e c h n is c h e d a ra n , y o r a b d ie e in s ic h tig e n Y e r b in d u n g e n z w is c h e n E r f o lg y e rs p re c h e n d e n Y e rh a ltu n g s w e is e n , a is M it t e ln , m i t e in e m g re ifb a re n , w ie s e lb s ty e rs ta n d lic h d o m in ie re n d e n „ Z ie le “ . W a s a n s o lc h e n

„ S it u a t io n e n “ e r le b n is w ir k lic h is t, m u fl o h n e Z w e if e l d ie S e e le n - fo rs c h u n g g e n a u e ste n s b e a c h te n . S ie h a t d ie A u fg a b e , a lle s P s y c h is c h e a u c h a n d ie s e n h o c h z u s a m m e n g e s e tz te n H a n d lu n g s b ild e r n so la n g e m it p s y c h o lo g is c h e n M e th o d e n z u b e a rb e ite n , b is es a is n o tw e n d ig b e g riffe n w ir d . A b e r d ie s k a n n h a lt b a r u n d f r u c h t b a r n u r g e lin g e n , w e n n d e r P s y c h o lo g e a lle s y o rz e itig e R a tio n a lis ie r e n u n te r la B t. E r d a r f in s o n d e r-i

— 8 ^—

h e it d ie ih m p r a k tis c h g e la u fig e n S c h e m a ta v o n U b e rs c h a u b a rk e it, E in s ic h t ig k e it , Z w e c k m a B ig k e it des Y e rh a lte n s n u r m it a u fie r s te r K r i t i k y e rw e n d e n . D a g e g e n m u B e r, s c h o n a u f d e r d e s k r ip tiy e n Y o r s t u fe je g lic h e n E r k la r e n s , v ie le a n d e re , e c h te G e s ta lte rle b n is s e , e in e r w e n ig e r a u fd r in g lic h e n G e g lie d e r th e it, p la n m a B ig z u m Y e r g le ic h h e ra n - z ie h e n . E r m u fl d a b e i s te tig R u c k s ic h t n e h m e n a u f d ie c h a ra k - te ris tis c h e n , g e fiih ls a r tig e n G e g e b e n h e ite n v o n u n g e g l i e d e r t e r G a n z h e it. A lle s d ie s h a t e r d a n n in s c h ie d lic h e r W e is e th e o re tis c h z u s a m m e n z u o rd n e n . —

D ie b e g r ifflic h e n U n te rs c h e id u n g e n , d ie w ir a is p s y c h o lo g is c h n o tw e n d ig e ra c h te n , s in d b is h e r k e in e s w e g s z u r G e n iig e d u r c h g e fiih r t.

E s f e h lt n o c h v ie l, t r o t z b e d e u ts a m e n B e itr a g e n (z. B . H . Y o l k e l t s , K o h l e r s , K o f f k a s ) , daB a u c h n u r d ie z u g e h o rig e n p s y c h is c h e n T a ts a c h e n , d ie h ie r in F r a g e k o m m e n , g e n a u b e s c h rie b e n u n d v e r - g lic h e n w a re n . D a s h a t n a c h te ilig e F o lg e n e n d lic h f i i r d e n S t r u k t u r - b e g r iff. E in e T h e o r ie d e r p s y c h is c h e n S t r u k t u r e n u n d m i t ih r e r H il f e e in e T h e o r ie d e r g e is tig e n G e s ta ltu n g e n is t d e n b e te ilig te n W is s e n - s c h a fte n d r in g e n d a u fg e g e b e n . A b e r w ir s te h e n d a m it in d e n e rs te n A n fa n g e n . P h ilo s o p h e n h a b e n , n a m e n tlic h i n D e u ts c h la n d s e it L e ib n iz u n d H e r d e r , h e u ris tis c h v o rg e a rb e ite t. D ie K u lt u r f o r s c h u n g des 19.

J a h r h u n d e r ts h a t in s c h ie r u n iib e r s e h b a r e r F i i l le h is to ris c h e s u n d e th n o lo g is c h e s M a t e r ia ł g e s a m m e lt. G e s e tz e s w is s e n s c h a ftlic h b e tr a c h te t, lie g e n d ie M a n g e l d e r b is h e r v o rg e tra g e n e n S t r u k t u r le h r e n e in e r- s e its d a rin , d a fi — t r o t z d e n B e m iih u n g e n d e r B io t h e o r e t ik e r u n d , le id e r u n a b h a n g ig d a y o n , d e r D ilth e y s c h e n S c h u le , d ie lo g is c h e E ig e n a r t d e r S tr u k tu rg e s e tz e im G e g e n s a tz e s o w o h l z u d e n p h ilo - s o p h is c h e n N o r m e n a is z u r k a u s a le n G e s e tz lic h k e it n o c h n ic h t in s K la r ę g e b r a c h t is t. Z u m a n d e re n , v o n d e r in h a ltlic h e n S e ite h e r, s in d b e s o n d e rs d ie e m p iris c h p s y c h o lo g is c h e n Z u s a m m e n h a n g e n o c h w e it h in u n e r fo r s c h t. D ie s e e n ts c h e id e n d e n M a n g e l, diese m iih e v o lle n a b e r n o tw e n d ig e n A u fg a b e n v e rs te c k e n s ic h g e rn h in t e r h o c h k lin g e n d e n a b s tr a k te n W o r te n . D a s a llg e m e in e B i l d „ d e s “ M e n s c h e n , das d ie A u f k la r u n g k o n s tr u ie r te , h a t s c h o n d e r S tu r m u n d D r a n g a is p s y c h o ­ lo g is c h , v o ra b g e fiih ls p s y c h o lo g is c h u n h a ltb a r e r k a im t. D ie R o m a n tik e r h e r ic h tig te n w e s e n tlic h dieses B ild , sie y e r tie fte n es n a c h M a B g a b e y o lle r , e rle b n is n a h e r E r f a h r u n g e n ; z u le tz t a b e r y e rs tie g e n s ie s ic h s p ir itu a lis tis c h . I h r e g e is tig e n E rb e n , b e i y e r s c h a r fte r E in s ic h t in d ie T a ts a c h e n des g e m e in s c h a ftlic h e n M e n s c h e n le b e n s , b lie b e n a llz u t ie f im r e in H is to r is c h e n s te c k e n . D i l t h e y m a c h te im m e r v o n n e u e m e n e rg is c h d e n Y e r s u c h , m i t S tr u k tu r d e u tu n g e n h ie r iib e r h in a u s -

z u k o m m e n . A b e r a n s e in e r F r a g m e n t g e b lie b e n e n L e h r e v o m G e is t u n d dessen „ g r o fie n O b je k tiv a tio n e n “ tr e te n je t z t g ru n d s a tz lic h e U n - k la r h e ite n u n y e rk e n n b a r h e r y o r : ro m a n tis c h e u n d y e rm o g e n s p s y c h o - lo g is c b e Y o r u r t e ile n e b e n b io lo g is tis c h e n , in d iy id u a lis tis c h e n u n d a n d e re n E in s e itig k e ite n . D ie s e U n z u la n g lic h k e ite n iib e r w in d e t m a n n ic h t d u r c h b lo fie K u łt u r m e t h o d o lo g ie , n o c h w e n ig e r d u r c h s u m m a ris c h b e ą u e m e A b k e h r y o n d e r N a t u r u n d y o n d e r in n e re n E r fa h r u n g .

Y o n ih r e n U r s p r iin g e n h e r le id e n a lle Id e e n , d ie g e g e n w a rtig a u f p s y c h o lo g is c h e S t r u k t u r t h e o r ie a b z ie le n , a n u n b e s tim m te r Y ie ld e u tig k e it.

"W as m i t s e e lis c h e r S t r u k t u r , m it S t r u k t u r ie r t h e it des P s y c h is c h e n iib e r h a u p t s in n y o ll g e m e in t w ir d , das k o m m t in e ig e n a rtig e n E r le b - n is s e n u n m itte lb a r z u r E r s c h e in u n g : n a m lic h in d e n k o m p le x e n , a b e r q u a lit a t iy w o h l u n te rs c h e id b a re n G e g e b e n h e ite n v o n E r le b n is t i e f e. I n - s o fe m w ir d D i l t h e y g e g e n E b b i n g h a u s ’ p o s itiv is tis c h e B e d e n k e n r e c h t b e h a lte n : „s e e lis c h e S t r u k t u r e n w e rd e n e r le b t“ . D ie g e n e tis c h fr iih e s te F o r m dieses E rle b e n s , z u g le ic h d ie je n ig e u n m itte lb a r e E r - s c h e in u n g s w e is e v o n S t r u k t u r , d ie s ic h a u f je d e r S tu fe d e r p s y c h o - p h y s is c h e n E n t w ic k lu n g d u rc h g e h e n d s w ie d e r h e r s te llt, is t g a n z h e itlic h o h n e y o rh e rrs c h e n d e G e s ta ltm o m e n te , j a o h n e G e g lie d e r th e it iib e r h a u p t des je w e ilig e n E rle b n is in h a lte s . D e n S tu fe n u n d A r t e n p s y c h is c h e r S t r u k t u r ie r t h e it is t a m re g e lm a B ig s te n d ie T i e f e n d i m e n s i o n d e r G e f i i h l e g e s e tz lic h z u g e o rd n e t. A u f d ie se W e is e is t das g e sa m te (d is p o s itio n e lle ) G e fiig e , das w ir je n a c h d e r H a u p t r ic h t u n g u n s e re s B e tr a c h te n s K o n s t it u t io n , in d iy id u e lle n T y p u s , P e r s o n lic h k e it, C h a r a k te r n e n n e n , im B e w u B ts e in u n m itte lb a r g a n z y e r tr e te n . U n d a n a lo g e F a rb u n g e n , je d e r z e it y o n d e r to ta le n G a n z h e it m itb e s tim m t, tr e te n a n a lle n T e ile rle b n is s e n , w e n n g le ic h w e n ig e r a u s g e s p ro c h e n h e rv o r . A u c h T e i l s t r u k t u r e n e in e s s e e lisc h e n O rg a n is m u s , z. B . d ie k iin s tle r is c h e B e g a b u n g o d e r B ild u n g , d ie p o litis c h e G e s in n u n g eines M e n s c h e n , g e b e n s ic h in c h a ra k te ris tis c h e n Q u a lita te n s e in e r E r le b n is s e re g e lm a B ig k u n d . In d e s s e n — h ie r w e ic h e n w ir y o n z a h lre ic h e n F o r m u lie r u n g e n D i l t h e y s u n d d e r ih m fo lg e n d e n „ S tr u k tu r p s y c h o lo g e n " a b — : w is s e n s c h a ftlic h e rw e is e k o n n e n w ir S t r u k t u r e n n ie m a ls y o n e in z e ln e n E r le b n is s e n e in fa c h ablesen. A u c h w e n n s o lc h e u n s, w ie n u r d ie e ig e n e n u n m itte lb a r g e g e b e n s in d , k o n n e n sie u n s iib e r S t r u k t u r - z u s a m m e n h a n g e n u r i n d e m M a B e e tw a s aussagen, a is w ir g e o rd n e te E r fa h r u n g e n e b e n iib e r d ie se m it h e rz u b rin g e n , E r fa h r u n g e n in s o n d e r­

h e it iib e r d ie p s y c h o lo g is c h e n B e d in g u n g e n d e r E r le b n is tie fe . U n t e r b e s tim m te n U m s ta n d e n , a u f G r u n d e in e s y e rd ic h te te n W is s e n s u n d

— 10 ^—

B e w e rte n s , m a g d e r p ra k tis c h e M e n s c h e n k e n n e r, d e r H is t o r ik e r , d e r e rfa h re n e T ie r f r e u n d d u r c h i n t u i t i r e E in f iih lu n g n a h e z u o h n e B e g r if f e e rfa sse n , w a s a n d e r s tr u k t u r e lle n B e d in g t h e it eines e in z e ln e n Y e r - h a lte n s f i i r sie w e s e n tlic h is t. D e m P s y c h o lo g e n k a n n s o lc h e E in f iih lu n g w is s e n s c h a ftlic h v o n g ro B e m N u tz e n se in , w e n n sie p la n m a B ig m it a n d e re n V e rfa h ru n g s w e is e n z u s a m m e n w irk t. A n s ic h is t sie k e in e w is s e n s c h a ftlic h e M e th o d e , u n d f i i r s ic h a lłe in e rz e u g t sie k e in e th e o re tis c h e A llg e m e in g iilt ig k e it . D a s e n ts c h e id e n d e W e r k z e u g des p s y c h o lo g is c h e n D e n k e n s u n d das A u s d r u c k s m it t e l s e in e r E ra g e n , s e in e r Y e r m u tu n g e n , s e in e r E rg e b n is s e is t d e r e m p iris c h e B e g r if f . TJnd n u r d u r c h lo g is c h -s y s te m a tis c h e Z u s a m m e n o r d n u n g v o n B e g r if f e n g e w in n e n p s y c h o lo g is c h e E r k e n n tn is s e S c h r it t f i i r S c h r it t d ie ih n e n w is s e n s c h a ftlic h a u fg e g e b e n e B e s tim m th e it. E in e H a u p tr ic h tu n g , i n d e r s ic h d iese D e n k a r b e it z u v o llz ie h e n h a t, is t n u n a lle r d in g s : u n te r s te te r K o n t r o lle e x a k te r B e o b a c h tu n g e n , v e rg le ic h e n d e r B e s c h re ib u n g u n d A n a ly s e v o n T a tb e s ta n d e n d ie b is h e r e in g e fiih r te n G r u n d b e g r if fe E r le b n is g a n z h e it, G e fiih l, K o m p le x q u a lita t, g e s ta lth a fte G łie d e r u n g

— m i t B e g r if f e n y o n p s y c h is c h e r S t r u k t u r p s y c h o lo g is c h h a lt b a r z u y e r k n iip fe n . D ie e rs tg e n a n n te G r u p p e v o n A u s s a g e n h a t das G e m e in - sam e, daB sie I n h a l t e ( n i c h t B e d i n g u n g e n ) eines g e g e n w a rtig e n E r le b e n s m e in e n . S ie b e le h re n u n s iib e r E ig e n s c h a fte n des e rs c h e in u n g s - m a flig G e g e b e n e n a is s o lc h e n , iib e r se in e y o r fin d b a r e n B e s c h a ffe n h e ite n u n d se in e in n e w o h n e n d e n , d a ra n u n m it t e lb a r h e rv o rtr e te n d e n B e z o g e n - h e ite n . G e n a u e r g e s a g t: s ie b e tr e ffe n d ie Q u a lita te n des G e s a m t- in h a lte s u n d s e in e r T e ile , v o ra b d e r k o m p le x e re n u n t e r d ie s e n ; d ie G e w ic h ts v e r te ilu n g (a is r e la tiv e E in d r in g lic h k e it ) d e r iib e r h a u p t v o r - h a n d e n e n Q u a lita te n — n ic h t z u le tz t d e r s c h w e r b e n e n n h a re n , w ie m a n s a g t „ r e in s u b je k tiv e n “ E r le b n is fa r b e n ; d ie g ro B e re o d e r g e rin g e re G e s c h lo s s e n h e it u n d G e r ic h t e t h e it d e r T e ilk o m p le x e s o w ie des sie u m fa s s e n d e n G a n z e n ; d ie p r im a r e G łie d e r u n g im S in n e m itg e g e b e n e r, m e h r o d e r w e n ig e r a u s g e p ra g te r G e fo rm th e ite n . K u r z , es h a n d e lt s ic h h ie r u m r e in E rs c h e in u n g s m a fiig e s , a lso D e s k r ip t iv e s ; d e r A u fg a b e n a c h f r e ilic h u m a lle s , w a s a n d e m je w e ils V o rg e fu n d e n e n in h a lt lic h u n te rs c h ie d e n w e rd e n k a n n , u n d u m dessen g e sa m te K o n - s te lla tio n . D a g e g e n d e r p s y c h o lo g is c h e B e g r if f S t r u k t u r b e d e u te t je d e r z e it ( T e i l - ) B e d i n g u n g e n des E rle b e n s , u n d z w a r s o lch e , d ie f i i r se in e B e s c h a ffe n h e it w e s e n tlic h s in d . S ie lie g e n in s b e s o n d e re je n e n T a tb e s ta n d e n g e s e tz m a B ig z u g r u n d e , d ie w ir a is E r le b n is g a n z h e it, a is E r le b n is tie fe u n d a is G e s ta ltp h a n o m e n e u m s c h rie b e n h a b e n . D a s E r - s c h e in u n g s m a B ig e d a ra n z u b e z e ic h n e n u n d d e s k r ip tiy z u o rd n e n , d a z u

— 11 ^—

g e n iig e n b is a u f w e ite re s d ie v o rg e s c h la g e n e n A u s d r iic k e , d ie s ic b d u rc h w e g b e re its w is s e n s c h a ftlic h b e w a h rt h a b e n , w e n n g le ic h ih r e b e - g r if f lic h e B e s tim m th e it n o c h v ie l z u w iin s c h e n i i b r ig la B t. D e r T e r m in u s S t r u k t u r is t h ie r z u u n g e e ig n e t. J e d e n fa lls is t es v o m U b e l, ih n m it d e n a n d e re n A u s d r iic k e n p ro m is c u e z u g e b ra u c h e n . S e in e r b e n o tig e n w ir f i i r g a n z b e s tim m te , m itte lb a r e , g e d a c h te Z u s a in m e n h a n g e d e r s e e lis c h e n u n d d e r g e is tig e n " W ir k lic h k e it.

E s b r in g t u n s w is s e n s c h a ftlic h n ic h t w e ite r, y ie lm e h r s t if t e t es Y e r w ir r u n g , w e n n n e u e re E x p e r im e n ta lp s y c h o lo g e n je d e s g a n z h e itlic h e I n - o d e r M ite in a n d e r y o n E r le b n is te ile n , so w ie es u n m itte lb a r gege b e n sei, e in e „ S t r u k t u r 41 n e n n e n . V o rz u g s w e is e b e z e ic h n e n sie m it d ie s e m A u s d r u c k a u ffa lle n d e r e G e s ta ltp h a n o m e n e , o p tis c h e , r a u m lic h e u n d lo g is c h „ e in s ic h tig e 44. D a b e i y e r k e n n t m a n n ic h t d u rc h a u s , daB d ie so b e y o rz u g te n T a tb e s ta n d e m i t s e h r y ie le n a n d e re n , v o n e r le b te r G e ­ g lie d e r t h e it u n d iib e r h a u p t y o n p s y c h is c h e r G a n z h e it z u s a m m e n g e h o re n , s o w o h l e rs c h e in u n g s m a B ig a is n a c h g e w isse n ih r e r B e d in g u n g e n . A b e r d ie se Z u s a m m e n g e h o rig k e it (v g l. das o b e n G e s a g te ) y e r h iillt s ic h m e h r a is daB sie a u fg e k la r t w iir d e u n te r d e m a llu m fa s s e n d e n N a m e n „ S t r u k t u r 44.

I r r e f iih r e n d is t n o c h , n e b e n b e i b e m e rk t, das e ifr ig e B e m iih e n , w a s im m e r m a n m it d ie s e m W o r t e p s y c h o lo g is c h m e in t, e n td e c k e rfr e u d ig a is e tw a s E u n k e ln a g e ln e u e s d e n E rg e b n is s e n a lle r a n d e re n F o r s c h e r e n tg e g e n z u s te lle n , y o n d e r S t e t ig k e it d e r T h e o r ie n b ild u n g , y o n je g lic h e r w is s e n s c h a ftlic h e n U b e r lie f e r u n g es lo s z u re iB e n . A u f s o lc h e A r t b e - r ic h te n K o h l e r u n d d ie ih m n a h e s te h e n d e n F o rs c h e r, te ilw e is e r e c h t g e n a u iib e r das „ Z u e in a n d e r 44 b e is p ie ls w e is e z w e ie r F a r b to n e , w ie es a n T ie r e n n a c h e n ts p re c h e n d e r D re s s u r , e tw a a u f H e llig k e it s y e r h a lt - n isse, y o r iib e r g e h e n d z u b e o b a c h te n is t. D ie g e g lie d e rte n k le in e n E r le b n is k o m p le x e , d ie i n s o lc h e n F a lle n m i t G r u n d a n z u n e h m e n s in d , h e iB e n n u n „ S t r u k t u r 44, u n d g le ic h la u te n d w ir d je d e s m e h r a is s u m m e n - h a fte Z u 8 a m m e n a u ftre te n a k tu e lle r T e ilin h a lt e im B e w u B ts e in e in e S t r u k t u r g e n a n n t. F o lg e r ic h t ig a b e r s p ra c h - u n d s in n w id r ig w ir d d a n n v o n „ z e it lic h a u s g e d e h n te n 44, j a y o n „ i n d e r Z e it y e rla u fe n d e n S t r u k ­ t u r e n 44 g e re d e t ( K o f f k a ) . D a s U n s tim m ig e d ie s e r R e d e w e is e b le ib t y e rb o rg e n , w e il m a n das gegebe ne P s y c h is c h e y o r z e itig o b je k t iy ie r t : a is „ S it u a t io n 44, in w e lc h e z. B . „S to c k e u n d a n d e re D in g e e in g e h e n 44, a is „S a c h b e z iig e 44, d e re ń „ B e m e r k tw e r d e n 44 s c h o n e in e S t r u k t u r a u s - m a c h e u . d g l. Z u le t z t u n d m it Y o rh e h e g le ite t m a n a u f p h y s ik a - is tis c h e A n a lo g ie n iib e r . „ D ie S tr u k tu r g e s e tz lic h k e it is t e in e p h y s i- k a lis c h -c h e m is c h e 44 — d a m it w ir d , s tre n g g e n o m m e n , d ie F r a g e n a c h p s y c h o lo g is c h e n B e d in g u n g e n o d e r R e g e lm a B ig k e ite n a b g e s c h n itte n .

— 12 ^—

K o h l e r s e lb s th a t s e in e n S t r u k t u r b e g r if f u r s p r iin g lic h d a d u rc h g e n a u e r z u b e s tim m e n g e s u c h t, d a B e r ih n a n titb e tis c h e in e m f ik t iv e n G re n z - f a l l e n tg e g e n s e tzte , n a m lic h d e m a b s o lu te n u n d p e rs is tie re n d e n E in d r u c k z u s a m m e n h a n g lo s e r S in n e s e le m e n te . I m iib r ig e n s ie b t e r s ic h o f t g e - n o tig t, d ie s o g e n a n n te n S tru k tu r p h a n o m e n e irg e n d w ie a u f S t r u k t u r -

„ F u n k t i o n e n " o d e r a h n lic h e s , n ic b t r e in E rs c h e in u n g s m a B ig e a b e r P s y c b is c b e z u riic k z u fu h r e n , w o b e i e in p s y c b o l o g i s c b e r B e - d in g u n g s z u s a m m e n h a n g u n s c b a r f m itg e d a c b t is t. S o s p r ic h t K o f f k a g e le g e n tlic h , o h n e das E r le b D is h a fte , das im B e w u fits e in u n m itte lb a r G e g e b e n e d a ra n g e n iig e n d a b z u g re n z e n , v o n „ S t r u k t u r - le is tu n g e n " o d e r ,,- m r k u n g e n " , v o n d e m „ A k t u e l l “ - o d e r „ A u s g e lo s t- w e rd e n " e in e r S t r u k t u r , d ie m a n [s c il. d is p o s itio n e ll] b e s itz e ; a n d r e r - s e its r o ń d e m „ F e s tw e r d e n " o d e r „ S c h a r fw e r d e n “ e in e r S t r u k t u r . D a m it d e r p s y c b o lo g is c b e T a tb e s ta n d e in e r S t r u k t u r s ic b y o lle n d e , m iiss e das e rle b e n d e I n d iv id u u m d ie se e rs t „v o llz ie h e n , e rg a n ze n , a n d ie S it u a t io n h e r a n b rin g e n “ , ja „ s ic b k la rm a c h e n , a is s o lc b e e r- fa s s e n “ u . d g l.

D ie s e ganze B e tra c h tu n g s w e is e is t o ffe n b a r v o n e in e m d o g m a tis c h e n P h a n o m e n a lis m u s g e tra g e n , w ie e r t r o t z K a n t das 19. J a h r h u n d e r t iib e rle b te , n a m e n tlic h in d e n K r e is e n E x a k t b e it a n s tre b e n d e r E in z e l- fo rs c b e r. M i t ib m v e r b in d e t s ic b in d e r B e g e l e in e in ig e rm a fie n n a iv e s , e rk e n n tn is tb e o r e tis c b b e tr a c b te t a b e r n ic b t m in d e r d o g m a tis c b e s Y e r - g e g e n s ta n d lic h e n u n d A b s o lu ts e tz e n e in z e ln e r, u n g e n iig e n d g e g lie d e r te r D e n k e rg e b n is s e (a is S itu a tio n , d a s e ie n d e G e s ta lt u.s.f.). D ie F o lg ę is t Z u s a m m e n b a n g l o s i g k e i t d e r so g e b ild e te n T b e o r ie n , u n te r s ic h u n d le tz te n E n d e s m i t d e m W ir k lic h e n . F u r d ie a llg e m e in e L e b r e v o m s e e lis c h e n G e s c b e b e n e r g ib t s ic b d ie se K o n s e ą u e n z : W o im m e r z w e i o d e r m e b r T e ih n h a lte des B e w u fits e in s a is g e s ta lta r tig a u f- e in a n d e r b e zo g e n e rs c b e in e n , s o li e b e n d a m it u n d im w e s e n tlic h e n d a r in s ic b e rs c h o p fe n d e in e „ S t r u k t u r " g e g e b e n s e in . S t r u k t u r e n v o n d ie s e r A r t m iis s e n s c b o n i n je d e m Q u e r s c h n itt, je d e m k u rz e ń Y e r - la u fs a b s c h n itte des (e n tw ic k e lte n ) B e w u fits e in s z a h lr e ic b n e b e n e in a n d e r b e s te h e n . M i t d e m A u f t r e t e n v o n ir g e n d e tw a s N e u e m i n o d e r a n e in e m E r le b n is m iis s e n w e ite re s o lc b e S t r u k t u r e n s ic b b ild e n , w a h re n d a n d e re z e rfa lle n . D u r c b A n d e r u n g d e r R e iz b e d in g u n g e n , z. B . d u r c h D re s s u re n k a n n m a n b e in a h e b e lie b ig in diese P ro ze ss e e in g re ife n . D ie M a n n ig f a lt ig k e it d e r so Y e rs ta n d e n e n „ S t r u k t u r e n " , d ie ir g e n d e in L e b e w e s e n z u r U n te r s u c b u n g m it b r in g t o d e r n o c h e n tw ic k e ln w ir d , k a n n k e in P s y c b o lo g e a u c b n u r a n n a h e m d e rm essen, g e s c b w e ig e e in - b e itb c b iib e rs c h a u e n . D a je d e r T e ilin b a lt u n d je d e r T e ilk o m p le x des

- 13 ^—

B e w u B ts e in s g le ic h z e itig o d e r n a c h e in a n d e r in s e h r v e rs c h ie d e n e s o lc h e V e r b in d u n g e n e in g e h e n k a n n , w a re d ie F i i l le d e r S tr u k tu r e n o ffe n b a r v ie l g ro B e r a is d ie d e r le tz te n E r le b n is te ilc h e n , w e lc b e s c h o n ib r e r s e its u n b e g re n z t is t. W i r se h e n u n s z u riic k g e w o r fe n a u f das m e h rfa c h u n - e n d lic h e Y ie le r le i d e r u n m itte lb a r e n G e g e b e n h e ite n . N u r h o c h s t p e r i- p h e ris c h e r b lic k e n w ir d a r in la b ile Z u s a m m e n o rd n u n g e n je e in ig e r T e ilc b e n . D ie s e „ S t r u k t u r e n 1* s in d g e g e n e in a n d e r fa s t y o lls ta n d ig is o lie r t ; e rs t r e c h t e n tb e b re n sie des Z u s a m m e n b a n g e s m it d e m je - w e ib g e n G e s a m te rle b e n u n d m it d e m d is p o s itio n e lle n G a n z e n des p s y c h o p h y s is c h e n O rg a n is m u s . D ie T h e o r ie is t g r u n d s a tz lic b u m n i c b t s b e s s e r d a ra n , a is m i t d e m a ite n A t o m i s m u s d e r Y o r - s te llu n g e n o d e r d e r S in n e s e m p fin d u n g e n , w a h re n d m a n a u sg e zo g e n w a r, d ie se z u s a m m e n b a n g s a rm e A u ffa s s u n g des S e e lis c b e n e in f u r a lle m a l z u iib e rw in d e n .

D a g e g e n z ie lt d o c b , s c b o n d e m W o r ts in n e n a c b , d e r A u s d r u c k S t r u k t u r a u f e in d a u e r b a f t e s G e f i i g e , v o n B a u g lie d e r n u n d v o n g a n z h e its b e z o g e n e n K r a f t e n , d. b . s o lc h e n K r a f t e n , d ie g e s e tz m a B ig y o n d e m G e s a m tg e fu g e a b h a n g e n u n d w ie d e ru m se in e G a n z b e it s o w ie seine G b e d e ru n g b e w ir k e n . I n S a c h e n des L e b e n s g e s c b e b e n s m e in t m a n m it S t r u k t u r , s e h r m a n n ig fa ltig e E r fa h r u n g e n z u s a m m e n d e n k e n d , le tz te n E n d e s : das g a n ze L e b e w e s e n , das d ie fr a g lic h e n E rs c b e in u n g e n tr a g t, b e s itz e g e fiig e h a fte n Z u s a m m e n h a lt. E s s te lle e in e n in s ic b g e g lie d e rte n A u f b a u d a r, e rh a ltu n g s fa h ig u n d z u g le ic b w a c h s tu m s k ra ftig , a lle seine O rg a n e u n d A n la g e n , d ie a n g e b o re n e n w ie d ie e rw o rb e n e n se ie n g lie d k a f t z u e in e m d i s p o s i t i o n e l l e n G a n z e n g e e in t. E in s o lc h e r G e s a m tg lie d b a u lie g e , a is e in e in b e itlic b e r K o m p le x k o n s ta n te r B e d in g im g e n a lle n L e b e n s a u B e ru n g e n w e s e n tlic b z u g ru n d e . N a c b d e r A r t des le ib lic h e n O rg a n is m u s b a b e n w ir d ie G e s a m ts tr u k tu r je d e s S e e l e n w e s e n s u n s z u d e n k e n : a is r e la t iv b e b a rr e n d g e g e n iib e r d e n p s y c b is c b e n E rs c b e in u n g e n , z u g le ic h a is d is p o s itio n e lle n S e in s g ru n d d e r E rle b n is s e u n d g e ra d e des E ig e n t iim lic h s te n d a ra n , das is t, w ie w ir saben, ib r e u n m it t e lb a r ge g e b e n e G a n z b e it, das e in b e itlic h e , w e c h s e l- s e itig e B e z o g e n s e in ih r e r T e ile je w e ils a u f das e rs c h e in e n d e G a n ze . A u c h b ie r iib e r d a u e r t d ie S t r u k t u r , u n d b e d in g t w ie d e ru m , a lle U m - la g e ru n g e n des E rs c h e in u n g s b e s ta n d e s , e in g e s c h lo s se n das K o m m e n u n d G e b e n y o n E r le b n is k o m p le x e n je d e r A r t . S t r u k t u r b e d e u te t g e g lie d e rte u n d in s ic b gescb lo sse n e G a n z b e it y o n S e ie n d e m . D a s is t m e b r a is G a n z h e itlic h k e it u n d G e g lie d e r tb e it des E rle b e n s , des Y e r - b a lte n s , des S ic h a u fie rn s u b e rb a u p t. E in s tr u k tu r ie r te s S e e le n w e se n is t re a le , n o tw e n d ig z u d e n k e n d e Y o ra u s s e tz u n g f u r a lle s, w a s w ir an

F e l i s K r u e g e r , D e r S tru k tu rb e g riff in d e r Psychologie. 2

— 14 ^—

p s y c h is c h e n P h a n o m e n e n v o rfin d e n . D ie p s y c h is c h e G e s a m ts tr u k tu r iib e r g r e if t m i t ih r e n W ir k u n g e n d ie s a m tlic h e n p a r tie lle n B e d in g u n g s - z u s a m m e n h a n g e , in s o n d e r h e it d ie je n ig e n K o n s ta n te n des p s y c h is c h e n G e s c h e h e n s , d ie w ir in n e r h a lb ih r e r n o c h a is s tr u k tu r m a B ig a b z u - g re n z e n h a b e n .

W i r k o n n e n n a m lic h u n d m iiss e n , a is e in g e o rd n e t in das S e e le n - ganze, y ie le r le i T e i 1 s t r u k t u r e n fe s ts te lle n , z. B . s o lch e , d ie d e n R a u m - w a h rn e h m u n g e n b e s o n d e rs z u g ru n d e lie g e n , o d e r d e m m u s ik a lis c h e n A u fla s s e n , d e n G e d a c h tn is le is tu n g e n , d e m p r o d u k tiv e n D e n k e n . A u c h d ie T e ils t r u k t u r e n s in d d is p o s itio n e lle T a tb e s ta n d e . S ie w e is e n fe r n e r d u rc h w e g , a b e r i n v e rs c h ie d e n e m G ra d e , in n e re G łie d e r u n g a u f. D u r c h d ie se ih r e G lie d e ru n g e n u n d d a r iib e r h in a u s d u r c h ih r e B e z ie h u n g e n z u e in a n d e r f i i g t s ic h ebe n d ie G e s a m ts tr u k tu r z u e in e m d is p o s itio n e lle n G a n z e n . D a s w e c h s e ls e itig e B e d in g ts e in z w is c h e n s t r u k t u r e lle n T e ile n u n d d e m s tr u k tu r e lle n T o t a l d e r S e e le is t a m d u rc h g re ife n d s te n im B e re ic h e des G e m iite s . S e in e R e g u n g e n s in d im b e s o n d e re n v o n d e n - je n ig e n A n g e le g th e ite n u n s e re s F iih le n s u n d W o lle n s a b h a n g ig , d ie w ir W e r t u n g e n n e n n e n . D ie W e r tu n g e n , m it ih r e n in s t in k t a r t ig e n G ru n d la g e n , s in d das D o m in ie re n d e im L e b e n d e r S e e le iib e r h a u p t.

D a s G e fiig e d e r W e r tu n g e n is t d ie w irk u n g s r e ic h s te F o r m p s y c h is c h e r S t r u k t u r ie r t h e it . E s m a c h t d e n K e r n dessen aus, w as, p s y c h o lo g is c h b e tra c h te t, P e r s o n lic h k e it o d e r C h a r a k te r z u h e ifie n y e r d ie n t, a is d ie D u r c h b ild u n g des g e s a m te n S e elen w esens. H ie r d u r c h s in d a lle E ig e n - tu m lic h k e ite n d e r In d iv id u e n , d a h e r a u c h ih r e ty p is c h e n U n te rs c h ie d e w e s e n tlic h b e s tim m t. ( E . S p r a n g e r g ib t d a v o n f e in f iih lig e S c h ild e r u n g e n u n d w o h l e rw o g e n e K la s s ifik a t io n e n . A h n lic h w ie D i l t h e y , a b e r k r it is c h e r b e w u flt y e r b in d e t e r d a b e i d ie p s y c h o lo g is c h e m it d e r n o r m a tiy p h ilo s o p h is c h e n F ra g e s te llu n g .)

D u r c h y e rg le ic h e n d e A n a ly s e u n d S y n th e s e v o n T e ilg e g e h e n h e ite n s in d w ir im s ta n d e , T e ils t r u k t u r e n p s y c h o lo g is c h z u e rfo rs c h e n , so g u t w ie d e r B io lo g e O rg a n s y s te m e , e in z e ln e O rg a n e o d e r G e w e b e u n d w e ite r h in a b d ie S t r u k t u r v o n Z e lle n e rfa h r u n g s w is s e n s c h a ftlic h b e ­ s tim m t. W i r s in d s o g a r y o n v ie le n S e ite n h e r m e th o d is c h d a r a u f a n g e w ie se n , e n g b e g re n z te , n o c h s t r u k t u r ie r t e T e ile des le b e n d ig e n G a n z e n y o rz u g s w e is e z u u n te rs u c h e n . S ie e n ts c h a d ig e n f i i r ih r e B e - s c h r a n k th e it d a d u rc h , daB sie e in e y e rh a ltn is m a B ig y o lls ta n d ig e B e - s c h re ib u n g u n d Z e r g lie d e r u n g zu la sse n . ( H ie r z u h a b e n u n te r a n d e re n K o h l e r u n d K o f f k a W e r tv o lle s b e ig e tra g e n . M a n y e rg le ic h e fe m e r d ie F o r t s c h r it t e s e it H e l m h o l t z u n s e re r E r k e n n tn is v o m B e w u B ts e in

d e r K o n s o n a n z u n d D is s o n a n z ). S c h o n b e im g e g e n w a rtig e n S ta n d e d e r F o r s c h u n g d iir f e n w ir d a m it re c h n e n , h ie r w ie d o r t, d a fi gew isse G e s e tz lic h k e ite n — des Z u s a m m e n h a lte s , d e r U m - u n d W e ite r b ild u n g , de s F u n k tio n ie r e n s iib e r h a u p t — g le ic h s in n ig f u r d e n g e s a m te n O rg a ­ n is m u s u n d f u r je d e s ih m z u g e b o re n d e T e ilg a n z e g e lte n . W i r k o n n e n d a b e r s t r u k tu r th e o r e tis c h v o n d e n p a r tie lle n G a n z h e ite n v o r s ic h tig a u f u m fa s s e n d e re s c h lie fie n u n d u m g e k e h r t. E in ig e E rg e b n is s e s o lc h e n Y e r fa h r e n s h a b e n w ir b e re its a n g e d e u te t: f i i r d ie L e b r e y o n d e n G e f iih le n u n d v o m U b e rw ie g e n d e r K o m p le x q u a lita te n o d e r a b e r d e r fu n d ie re n d e n T e ilin h a lte . M a n fra g e s ic h b io lo g is c b , w o das „ O r g a n “ e tw a e ines F u C e s a n fa n g t u n d a u fh o r t, o d e r e in F in g e r , e in B lu tg e fa fi, o in N e r y . D a s w il l s a g e n : T e ils t r u k t u r e n s in d n u r in ih r e m Z u s a m m e n - h a n g e m i t d e m to ta le n L e b e n s g a n z e n , d e m sie a n g e h o re n , n u r a is e in - g e g lie d e r t in d ie s e n r ic h t ig z u b e u rte ile n .

P s y c h is c h e S t r u k t u r e n k o m m e n re g e lm a B ig i n q u a lita tiv e n F a r - b u n g e n u n s e re s E r le b e n s u n m itte lb a r z u r E rs c b e in u n g . D a s e r le ic b te r t ib r e U n te r s u c h u n g ; es le it e t s c h o n h e u r is tis c h das p s y c h o lo g is c h e F r a g e n u n d Y e rm u te n . A u c b d e r in n e rs te in d m d u e lle S t r u k t u r - z u s a m m e n b a n g , des G e m iite s , g ib t s ic b u n m itte lb a r e rle b n is m a fiig k u n d ; a m a u s g e p ra g te s te n d u r c h d ie T ie fe (o d e r I n n ig k e it ) u n s e re r G e fiih le . D a s s in d w e rtu n g s b e s tim m te , also w e s e n tlic b s tr u k tu r b e d in g te K o m p le x - q u a lita te n . I n v ie le n F a lle n , h o h e re r E n tw ic k lu n g s s tu fe , s in d d ie c h a r a k te r is tis c b e n E rle b n is s e d ie s e r A r t z u g le ic h g e s ta lth a ft g e g lie d e rt

•oder (u n d ) w ille n s m a fiig g e r ic h te t. I b r e B e s c h re ib u n g , r e in des E r - s c h e in e n d e n d a ra n , lie g t w is s e n s c b a ftlic b n o c b im a rg e n . E b e n s o f e h lt u n s f i i r v ie le a n d e re e rle b b a re G a n z h e its q u a lita te n d e r g e s ic b e rte , d e s k r ip tiy e U n te r b a u a lle s E r k la r e n s ; v o ra b f i i r d ie s c b w e r z u b e - n e n n e n d e n , d ie a n u m fa n g lic h e n u n d b e te ro g e n e n In b a lts k o m p le x io n e n Ł a fte n , u n d g e ra d e f i i r d ie w e s e n tlic b s tr u k tu r b e d in g te n u n t e r ih n e n . N a c h d e m fa ls c h e n V o r b ild e d e r P h y s ik p fle g te d ie a lte r e E x p e r i- m e n ta lp s y c h o lo g ie v o n e in ig e n w e n ig e n , y e r m e in tlic h r e in e n F a lle n

— d e r R e iz b e a n tw o rtu n g — y ie l z u ra s c h a u f e r k la re n d e H y p o th e s e n iib e rz u s p rin g e n . Z u s a m m e n b a n g s a rm e H y p o th e s e n d ie s e r A r t , z. B . y o n „ Y e r s c h m e lz u n g “ a k u s tis c h e r E m p fin d u n g e n , v o n u n b e w u fit „ p e r s i- s tie re n d e n “ T e ilin h a lte n , a llg e m e in e r n o c h v o n y ie le r le i „ A u fm e r k s a m - k e its “ -P ro z e s s e n (b e s o n d e rs b e i G . E . M i i l l e r u n d e in ig e n s e in e r S c h iile r ) v e r h iille n b is z u r S tu n d e d ie M a n n ig f a lt ig k e it d e r w ir k lic h g e g e b e n e n E rs c b e in u n g e n . A m fo lg e n re ic h s te n k o m m e n d a b e i d ie e rle b te n G a n z h e ite n u n d G e s ta lte n d u rc h g a n g ig z u k u r z . D e s w e ite re n , in d e m d ie E rg e b n is s e s o lc b e r B e g r iffs b ild u n g s ic h u n y e r m e r k t in d ie

2*

— 15 ^—

— 16 ^—

b e tr a c h tlic h e n L iic k e n s c h o n d e r B e s c h re ib u n g h in e in s c b o b e n , y e rk a n n te m a n g ru n d s a tz lic h d ie B e d e u tu n g des D i s p o s i t i o n e l l e n i n d e r p s y c h is c h e n W ir k li c h k e i t . "W o im m e r es g ilt , se e lisc h e E r s c h e in u n g e n z u e rk la re n , a ls o i h r D a s e in a is n o tw e n d ig z u b e g re ife n , is t es in W a h r h e it u n a u s w e ic h lic h , daB m a n p s y c h is c h e A n la g e n , p s y c h o p h y s is c h e D is p o s itio n e n u n d g a n z h e i t l i c h e Y e r b i n d u n g e n s o l c h e r d e n k e n d z u g ru n d e le g t. N a t u r lic h s o li das in e in e r W e is e g e sch e h e n , d ie m o g lic h s t y o lls ta n d ig v e r if iz ie r t w e rd e n k a n n : d u r c h e x a k t b e o b - a c h te te u n d v e rg lic h e n e T a ts a c b e n , z u le tz t d u r c h n ic h t m e h r H y p o - th e tis c h e s . A n d ie s e m P u n k te b e d a r f das p s y c h o lo g is c h e D e n k e n g r u n d s a tz lic h des S t r u k t u r b e g r i f f e s . E r is t u n s e re s E r a c h te n s a n - n a h e rn d so z u b e g re n z e n u n d so a u f G a n z h e it z u b e z ie h e n , w ie es o b e n y e rs u c h t w u rd e . D a s g e s c h a h im G e g e n s a tz e z u d e n a lte n , b a lb p o p u la re n B e g r iffe n y o n S e e le n y e rm o g e n , i n A b w e ic h u n g z u g le ic h y o n y ie le n n e u e re n K o n s t r u k t io n e n fu n k t io n a le r K o n s ta n te n , s o fe rn diese g e g e n e in a n d e r u n d g e g e n das p s y c h o p h y s is c h e G a n z e a is is o lie r t ge- d a c h t w u rd e n . D e n C h a r a k te r je d o c h des D is p o s itio n e lle n , a llg e m e in e r a u s g e d riic k t, des P o te n tie lle n h a b e n d ie s e B e g r iffs b ild u n g e n s a m tlic b , w e n n a u c h u n e in g e s ta n d e n e rm a fie n , m ite in a n d e r g e m e in . S tr u k tu r e n s in d r e la t iy b e b a rre n d e T a tb e s ta n d e , v o n a n d e re r R e a lit a t ais d ie p r im a r e , des u n m itte lb a r G e g e b e n e n , des e rle b n is m a B ig Y o r fin d b a r e n iib e r h a u p t. L o g is c h g e n a u e r g e sa g t, es s in d je d e r z e it g e d a c b te Z u - s a m m e n h a n g e z w is c b e n G e g e b e n e m a is F o lg ę u n d s e in e n w e s e n tlic h e n B e d in g u n g e n . D a b e i u n te r s c h e id e t s ic b d e r S t r u k t u r b e g r if f , w ie w ir ib n f u r d ie P s y c h o lo g ie je t z t g ru n d s a tz lic h n o t ig fin d e n , y o n d e m B e - g r i f f d e r D is p o s itio n e n a is b lo fie r „ M o g lic h k e it e n " u n d ebenso y o n d e n w illk u r lic h k la s s ifiz ie re n d e n V e rm b g e n s b e g riffe n d u r c h g ro B e re B e - s tim m tb e it, d ie g e w o n n e n w ir d a u f G r u n d fe s tg e s te llte r, p h a n o m e n a le r u n d k o n d itio n a le r B e z ie h u n g e n z w is c b e n b e o b a c h tb a re n T a tb e s ta n d e n ; le tz te n E n d e s d u r c h das b e b e rrs c b e n d e M o m e n t d e r G a n z h e its b e z o g e n - b e it. U n t e r S t r u k t u r y e rs te b e n w ir e in g e g l i e d e r t e s u n d i n s i c h r e l a t i y g e s c b l o s s e n e s d i s p o s i t i o n e l l e s G a n z e s ; u n d b e i a lle n T e i l s t r u k t u r e n b a b e n w ir z u g le ic h d e n d i s p o s i t i o n e l l e n Z u s a m m e n h a n g m i t d e m p s y c h o p h y s i s c h e n G e s a m t - g e f i i g e , d e m sie e in g e g lie d e rt s in d , s te tig m itz u b e a c b te n . D ie s e r Z u s a m m e n h a n g k o m m t u n te r a n d e re m d a r in z u r G e ltu n g , daB d ie T e ils t r u k t u r e n u b e re in s tim m e n d je e in e m u m s c h rie b e n e n U m k re is e yo n G a n z h e its - u n d G e s ta lte rle b n is s e n b e d in g u n g s m a B ig z u g e o rd n e t s in d ; u n d daB , iib e rg r e ife n d , in d e m g e s a m te n V e r b a lte n n o r m a le r L e b e - w e se n e in G e s ta ltu n g s d ra n g , e in e d u rc h g e b e n d e T e n d e n z z u r Y e r e in -