ELECTRICIAN
7 N O V E M B E R 1947 S I X P E N C E
G / E 7 0 I
THE ELEC TR IC IA N 7 NO VEM BER 1947
Supply (M e te rs ) A ct 1936.
0 Trouble-free service and low maintenance costs ensured by absence of complicated mechanisms.
$ Foolproof coin receiver prevents Illegal practices, cannot be jam m ed, and protects mechanism fro m dust.
# Y o u r interests separately safeguarded by Independent sealing of term inal blocks, cover and coin box.
A fully insulating cover [and case house this 8J lb. m eter.
W rite f o r f u l l d e t a i l s to :
EKC O -EN SIG N ELECTRIC LTD ., EKCO W O R K S , S O U T H E N D -O N -S E A S O U T H E R N SALES OFFICE
W E S TE R N SALES OFFICE N O R T H E R N SALES OFFICE M ID L A N D SALES OFFICE
S , V i g o S t r e e t , L o n d o n , W . 1 S O , B r i d g e S t r e e t , C a r d i f f K e n t S t r e e t W o r k s , P r e s t o n , L a n c s 4 0 & 4 2 , S u m m e r R o w , B i r m i n g h a m
7 NO VEM BER 1947 THE EL EC TfHClAN
. - A') i O AAr.. A-Sv
L o o k at any M.E.M. job—switchfuse or motor starter. Look how simply its purpose is achieved—no waste space—no waste material—tjie minimum of parts. Look at its robust quality and its low cost. How is it done ? By giving far more thought at the outset to planned design and production—by producing in large quantities and pro
ducing almost every part under the same roof. No wonder M.E.M. switchcraft sets the pace every time in progress and value. Write now for copies of the new M.E.M. Catalogues.
MIDLAND ELECTRI C MANUFACTURING CO., LTD., BIRMINGHAM, 1 1
B ra n c h e s in L o n d o n a nd M a n c h e ste r.
THE E L E C T R IC IA N 7 NO VEM BER 1947
7 NO VEM BER 1947
F U S E D P L U G S A N D S O C K E T S
3 kw 13 A m p e r e s 2 3 0 v o l t s SOCKET CONTACTS
A R E S HUTTERED Orders f o r lim ited q u a n titie s accepted
a g a in st priority demands
M A N U F A C T U R E IS L I C E N S E D U N D E R L E T T E R S P A T E N T
REYROLLE
H E B B U R N C O . D U R H A M E N G L A N D A S K F O R P A M P H L E T A o . 1 2 0 3THE E L E C T R IC IA N
A laminated bakelite product w hich com bines h i g h e l e c t r i c a l a n d mechanical properties with ease of machining.
Manufactured in various grades to suit every purpose. W r it e for
Catalogue N o. P/44.
THE E L E C T R IC IA N 7 NO VEM BER 1947
C R O M P T O N P A R K I N S O N L I M I T E D , A S T O R H O U S E , A L D W Y C H . L O N D O N , W . C . 2
Telephone: C H A n c e ry 3 3 3 3 Telegra m s: C rom p ark, Estrand, London
^ / s
(rompton
WoDo^o C C S B L E
7 NO VEM BER 1947 THE ELEC TR IC IA N
M e m b e rs o f the C a b le M a k e r s ’ Association
T H E L I V E R P O O L E L E C T R I C C A B L E C o ., L td ., B O O T L E , L I V E R P O O L , 20
THE E L E C T R IC IA N 7 NOVEM BER 1947
In efficien t, o ld -fa sh io n e d m e th o d s o f lig h tin g e n c o u ra g e ill-lit o d d c o m e rs to b eco m e d u m p in g g ro u n d s fo r e v e ry o n e ’s o d d s a n d e n d s. B u t e v e ry in c h o f v a lu a b le floor sp a c e c a n b e u se d u n d e r t h e b rillia n t, g lare-free lig h t o f S ieray F lu o re s c e n t T u b u la r la m p s. T h e y sav e c u r r e n t to o . T h e 5 f t. la m p u ses on ly 80 watts, th e 4 ft. lam p only 40 watts — y e t th e y g iv e F O U R a n d F I V E tim e s m o re lig h t th a n o rd in a ry fila m e n t la m p s o f c o m p a ra b le w a tta g e .
P lan for better lighting now — Siemens lighting engineers are at your service — without obligation.
F L U O R E S C E N T L A M P S
" 'Jka ya h d stick o j Good - Xlqktonq"
S I E M E N S E L E C T R I C L A M P S & S U P P L I E S L I M I T E D 38/39, Upper Thames Street, London, E.C.4
7 NO VEM BER 1947 THE ELEC TRICIAN
Fine copper wire is drawn on British high speed machinery using Diamond dies, thus ensuring a perfect finish and gauge, to meet the most exacting specifications
T e l e p h o n e : A B B e y 27 71 (Pte . B r . E x .) W o r k s : Enfie ld, M id d le s e x .
P R ES S TOOLS PRESSINGS M O U L D S AN D JI GS
THE E L E C T R IC IA N 7 NO VEM BER 194 7
B T H
V I L L E S D E NT-H B S W IT C H G E A R
C L A S S AG I
THE B RITISH THOMSON-HOUSTON COMPANY LIM ITE D . W1LLESDEN, ENCLAND.
H e a vy -d u ty S w itc h a n d F u se U n its tested fo r s e rv ic e o n 2 5 M V A . syste m s u p to 6 6 0 volts.
T e ste d fo r re p e a te d d ire c t-o n lin e m o to r-sta rtin g duty.
U n it c o n s tru c t io n p e rm its of a n y sw itc h b o a rd form ation.
Switch and Fuse Unit with cover
removed.
7 NO VEM BER 1947
A 2674
THE E L E C T R IC IA N
B
T h e m o s t a d va n ce d fo r m o f s im p lifie d
vibration-proof
fu se d e sig n
S to 100 amps
250 ACDC 3 — 500 ACDC4
(Rewireable) (with cartridge)
ü
I
--- ■
y
| T H E • F U S E Y O Ü W I L L E V E N T U A L L Y U S E |
pit**
E D W A R D H M JC V A & C O L T D
S H A R S T O N R D . W Y T H E N S H A W E . M A N C H E S T E R
dm . E .W . 16
G R E A T A C H I E V E M E N T S
5 7 0 miles of tubing buried in concrete....^... storing 3 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 c.f. of water.
Irrigates 2 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 acres.
THE BOULDER DAM COLORADO
A . tremendous modern achievement o f Management and Labour.
W Y L E X
A c h i e v e m e n t i n E l e c t r i c a l A c c e s s o r i e s
G E O R G E H . S C H O L E S & C O . L T D . W Y L E X W O R K S , W Y T H E N S H A W E , M A N C H E S T E R
THE E L E C T R IC IA N 7 NO VEM BER 1947
IS N »
r I 1 M ß (
L A M P S FITTINGS
The British Thomson-Houston Co. Ltd..
Crown House. Aldwych, London, W.C.2. NOVEMBER 8-
GOOD LIGHT - GOOD WORK
I
N the war years many m an ufacturers learned the value o f light in relation to output.T h e better the lighting the better the output, the fewer the mishaps and the smaller th e waste of time and material.
So valuable a lesson should not be ignored or overlooked in peace, especially when it is easy to learn.
Correct lighting is not a m atter for experiment. It is a scientific achievement which requires specialised know
ledge. B T H Lighting Engin
eers have mastered the tech
nique thoroughly, and are willing to place their exper
ience at your disposal w ithout obligation on your side. E n
quiries should be addressed to :—
B T H Lighting Advisory Service, Bridle Path, Watford.
Telephone: Watford 770 1 /8.
7 NOVEM BER 1947 THE ELEC TR IC IA N
The MAVITTA Drafting Machine stamps your drawing office as EFFICIENT.
Made of steel tube with adjustable ball-bearings. The main angles are located automatically, Intermediate angles by lock. Scales have inlaid ce 11 u loid edges and are divided t o o r d e r o n t w o edges.
THE MAVITTA DRAFTING M ACH IN ES Lid.
Anchor Works, ParkRd., Aston, Birm ngham,6.
Tel: East 0842.
Te le gram s:
MAVITTA, Birmingham.
M A V I T T A
D R A F T I N G M A C H I N E S
INSTRUMENT WIRES INSULATING MATERIALS
WEST INSULATING COMPANY
L T D .,
2, Abbey Orchard Street, Westminster, London, S.W.1
Our Boar
O p e n m a r i n e . t y p e s w itc h b o a r d c o n tr o llin g th r e e 200 k W g e n e r a t o r s a n d c ir c u its a n d in c o r p o r a t i n g D o rm a n XL a ir- b r e a k c ir c u it b r e a k e r s a n d D o r m a n " F " ty p e s w itc h e s a s in s t a l l e d o n th e L .N .E. R a il w a y 's n e w c a r g o l i n e r S .S . A r n h e m
(Jo h n B ro w n & C o ., L td .)
DORMAN & SM ITH LTD. • MANCHESTER • LO N DO N • GLASGOW THE E L EC T R IC IA N
E2I47
7 NO VEM BER 1947
to c o v er ALL your
OFFICE MACHINES ■ SYSTEMS • EQUIPMENT A ccounting M achines • A d d in g M achines ■ Calculating M achines • Filing E quipm ent ■ Production C ontrol C harts ■ K ardex V isible R eco rd s • C ertified Safe E quipm ent ■ R em ington T y p ew rite rs an d Supplies.
REMINGTON RAND LTD., COMMONWEALTH HOUSE,
1, New Oxford St., London, W .C .l. Phone: CHAncery 8888 S ALES O F FI C E S AND S E R V I C E D E P O T S T H R O U G H O U T G R E A T B R I T A I N
7 NOVEM BER i 947 THE E L EC T R IC IA N
Atlas lamps put good lighting ‘ on the map ’ . . . can even show up tricky sales problems in a more favourable light . . . stay bright when business gets dull. More and more enterprising people are specifying Atlas lamps because they have checked up withengineers and electricians that for long life and sheer light value there is no better lamp.
Every Atlas lamp is guaranteed to be made to strict B.S.I. specification and is tested at each stage o f manufacture. Write for terms to-day.
A C O M P L E T E L I G H T I N G S E R V I C E O ur lighting engineers will supply
you with exactly the lighting you need, exactly where you need it. We design and supply m odern fittings, using new m aterials boldly, yet
planned with comm on sense and
‘ eye - appeal ’. We offer you a c o m p le te , in d iv id u a l lig h tin g service. W hy n o t get in to u ch ? There is no obligation.
A T L A S L A M P S
f o r S T A Y I N G P O W E R
THORN ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIES LTD., 105-109 JUDD ST., LONDON, W.C.I. Tel. Euston 1183
N O RTH ERN B RA N C H : STEV EN SO N SQ U A RE, M AN CH ESTER 1. T E L. C EN TR A L 3185 N .E. D ep o t: 46 Sandhill, Newcastle-on-Tyne 1. Tel. Newcastle 24068
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THE E L E C T R IC IA N 7 N O VEM P^R 1947
m.
An'
\809
P1CEA EX l ELSA ~ o r th e Common Spruce, 4^0E /5 a g ra cefu l ta ll g ro w in g tre e e a s ily d istin g u ish a b le from the F ir by its p e n d u lo u s cones. The p r in c ip a l so u rc e o f s u lp h ite p u lp s in Europe, frees o f thePicea fa m ily a r e used, to p ro d u c e m a n y v a r ie tie s o f pulp, both in Europe a n d in America. The fibres, relatively long, help to im part stren g th an d g o o d foldin g properties to SCOTTISH HEROES COVERS, JVOREX BOARDS and MELLOTEX.
S C O T L A N D
Auchm ufy fi Rol+ies Paper Mills M a rk in c h .F iF e
L O N D O N
I Tudor St,E.C4 BIR M IN G H A M
116 Colmore Row M ANCHESTER
372 C o rn Exchange Buildings C o r p o r a t io n S h re e f
TH E P IO N E E R S O F TWI N-W IR E P A P E R S F O R P R IN
ELECTRICAL AND RADIO ENGINEERS
quickly appreciate the value of having a reel of Barlecta Adhesive Thread handy in their tool kit or on the
bench in the workshop.
4/6
per 100 yard R E E L (subject)
W o u n d o n m etal sp o o l. E n c lo se d in a l u m i n i u m
case.
Ple ase o r d e r t h r o u g h y o u r u s u a l W h o le s a le r
B A R R IE S
E L E C T R IC A L A G E N C IE S LTD.
KIN G S T R E E T , B R IG H TO N , 1.
T elephone: B rig h to n 8366 (7 lin e s ) P .B .X .
The ZENITH ELECTRIC CO. Ltd.
S o le M a k e r s o f t h e w e ll- k n o w n " Z e n i t h ’ * E l e c t r i c a l P ro d u c t * Zenith Works, Villiers Road, Willesden Green, London, N.W. 2 Phone : W IL Ie td e n 4087-8-9 Grams : Voltaohm . Phone. London
B .l .
EBONITE & RESILON
• LA M IN A T ED BAKELISED M ATERIAL
I N S U L A T I O N
R A W MATERIAL IN SHEETS, RO DS A N D TUBES
O R
M A C H IN ED , TURNED, CU T A N D DRILLED T O D R A W IN G S
Apply
U H L H O R N BROS. LTD.
S3 . C IT Y R O A D L O N D O N , E C. I
C L E R K E N W E L L 2 3 3 3 -4
1 / Lt
THE E L E C T R IC IA N 7 NO VEM BER 1947
R E G IS T E R E D
TRANSFORMERS
INDUCTANCES A N D CHOKE COILS
A IR -C O O L E D A N D O IL-IM M ERSED L e t us quote fo r y o u r requirements— sm all or large
( I) H o w the light is distri
buted.
(2) These covers cut out end flicker.
(3) Reflector is detachable from control channel.
Industrial operations often call for soft, highly diffused light, particularly when polished surfaces such as on car bodies or small parts must be seen clearly. Opaiised Perspex, as used in the Crompton AT. 1412 Fluorescent unit, provides just such a quality of light and the right proportion of upward and downward distribution.
The reflector keeps its whiteness indefinitely, and the whole model is light in weight and extremely durable.
Its high efficiency is comparable with the finest vitreous enamel.
Other features ensure quiet operation and the maximum ease of installation and wiring. All control gear is built in the unit and wired to a single mains terminal block. There are alternative centres for conduit or chain suspension. The design also includes lamp end covers to eliminate end flicker. This is one of the wide range of Crompton Lighting Units.
(ro in p to ii
FOR THE L A T E S T I N L I GI
C R O MP T O N P A R K I N S O N L I M I T E D , A S T O R H O U S E , A L O W V C H , L ONDON, W . C . 2
Telephone : C H A n ce ry 33 33 T elegram s : C rom park, Estrand, London
S o ft lig h t w i t h o u t loss . . .
7 NOVEM BER 1947 THE E L EC T R IC IA N
R eg istered T ra d e M a r k
T H E R E H E S T A N D S — sym bol o f authority in an orderly W orld — controlling — directing — obeyed because absolutely trustw orthy and reliable.
W hat a fitting com parison w ith B IR C H R E S IS T A N C E S , Arms of the Ohm’s Law.
Backed by m any years o f practical experience in which their reliability has been tested under all conditions, B IR C H R E S IS T A N C E S , in th eir various applications, stand up to th eir job and can always be depended upon to provide specified service because of their first-class workmanship.
P l e a s e c a l l upon us to help you solve any R e s i s t a n c e problem.
R e sistan ce s
M ay we quote you for any of the following :—
D IM M E R S — R E G U L A T O R S ( F ie ld , S h u n t, V o I t a g e )— RES I S T A N C E S ( A r c L a m p , C h a r g in g , R e g u la tin g S lid in g ) — R H E O S T A T S — E L E M E N T S a n d S P IR A L S — A s b e s to s W o v e n R e s is ta n c e N e t s a n d G r id s . H . A . B I R C H & C O . L T D . , Wilohm Works, Wood Street, WILLENHALL, STAFFS Telegrams: “ W ILO H M ,” Willenhall. Telephone: Willenhall 494-495
G97.
A N E W and
comprehensive List of S L ID IN G R E S IS T A N C E S and D I M M E R S is now available on application
THE E L E C T R IC IA N 7 NqVEM BER 1947
WORD
Ready fo r Use, in W orkshop, Factory, Office . . . fo r Nameplates Brand Marks Monograms Patent Numbers Instructions Diagrams W irin g Layout W arnings Type,Catalogue or Serial Numbers
-PREFABRICATED
Every branch of industry has a thousand uses for T rapinex Paint Transfers, additional to the more obvious uses for publicity, display and packaging—the ‘ p ain ted ’ w ord for the printed word wherever required on glass, plastics, metal, wood or any other sm ooth surface. T h e easily applied, ready for use, transfer has for many years been used for products as diverse as cosmetics and
heavy machinery. .
T rapinex Paint Transfers are produced in special paint m any times brighter th an ink, and offer brilliant colour effects in any num ber of colours together w ith bold relief and cut-out design. N o film or paper background mars the distinctive effect. Because they are paint, Trapinex Transfers w ithstand weather and the colours are fast.
Advice freely given, but when you w rite for prices please state (1) Size, (2) Q uantity, (3) N u m ber of Colours, (4) Purpose, (5) W ording required, (6) A rough sketch would help. W E HAVE N O S T O C K L IN E S O R P R IC E L IS T S .
TRAPINEX .PROCESSES.
T R A P I N E X (R e g d .) P a i n t T ra n sfers are f u l l y p a te n te d a n d m a n fa c tu re d o n ly b y
T R A P I N E X L T D ., 19, C o m m e r c e H o u s e , H ig h R o a d , W O O D G R E E N , N .M . Phone : Bow es P a r k 6811/3. G ra m s : Trapinex, W ood, London. C a b le s : Trapinex, London
■ NO VEM BER 1947 THE E L EC T R IC IA N
A POWER BEHIND
COMPANY
BRITAIN’S DRIVE
ENGLISH ELECTRIC
G e n e r a t i n g Plan t f o r S t e a m , W a t e r o r O i l P o w e r • S u b - S t a t i o n s an d C o n v e r t i n g P la n t • T r a n s m i s s i o n S y s t e m s , S w i t c h g e a r and C o n t r o l • E l e c t r i c T r a c t i o n a n d T r a n s p o r t * I n d u s t r i a l E le c tr if ic a tio n Ele ctrica l E q u i p m e n t f o r M a r i n e P u r p o s e s . D o m e s t i c and A l l ie d A p p l i a n c e s • A i r c r a f t a n d A i r c r a f t Ele ctrica l E q u i p m e n t .
The English Electric Company Ltd. W orks a t : Stafford, Preston, Rugby, Bradford, Liverpool.
Registered Office:
Queens
House•
Kingsway•
London, W .C.2THE E L E C T R IC IA N 7 N O VEM BER 1947
Number 3621 7 NOVEM BER 1947 Vol. CXXX1X No. 19
CONTENTS
V iew s on C urrent A ffairs ... 1357 B .E . . A p p o in tm e n ts ... 1360 A .C . N e tw o r k A n a ly se r ... 1361 I .M .E .A . C o n ven tio n ... 1382 S ta n d a r d ’s N e w F a c to r y ... 1363 E lectrica l E q u ip m e n t o f S h ip s ... 1364 P o r tr a it—D r . S. W h ite h e a d... 1365 A to m ic E n e rg y P ro b lem s ... 1366 E lectrica l P erso n a lities ... 1367 R a ilw a y S ta tis tic s ... 1368 A n sw ers to T echn ical Q u estion s ... 1369 H en le y ’s P rize-g ivin g ... 1370 E le c tr ic ity S u p p ly ... 1371 Sales of E le c tr ic ity... 1372 E lectric T ra ctio n E q u ip m e n t ... 1373 E lectrica l I n v e n tio n s ... 1374 E q u ip m e n t a n d A p p lia n ce s ... 1375 In d u s tr ia l In fo rm a tio n ... 1376 C o n tra cts O pen ... 1378 C o m p a n y N e w s ... 1379 C om m ercial In fo rm a tio n ... 1380
M I D L A N D S O F F I C E :
D a im le r H o u se , P arad ise S tre e t, B irm in g h am T e le p h o n e : M id la n d s 0 7 8 4 -5
S C O T T I S H O F F I C E : 116, H o p e S tre e t, G lasg o w , C .2 . T e le p h o n e • C e n tra l 3970
The offices o f Th e El e c t r i c i a n are closed on S a tu rd a ys in accordance with the Five-day W eek” p la n adopted by B en n Brothers, L td .
S I N G L E C O P Y ( Fr i d a y) - - 6 d .
(b y p o s t) - 8 d .
A N N U A L S U B S C R IP T IO N
H O M E A N D OVERSEAS - 30s.
Coal Danger F
E A R of th e coal p osition in its relatio n to electricity supply during th e w in ter h a s been voiced in th is colum n on a num ber of occasion^ in th e la s t six m on th s, and th e official figures con
cerning o u tp u t show th a t our a n x ie ty is n o t w ith o u t foundation. Coal su p p lies for electricity generation from current o u tp u t and stock -liftin g for th e w inter, w ere given b y th e M inister of Fuel' a fo rtn ig h t ago as am ounting to 16.45 m illion tons, a n d in Th e El e c t r i c i a n o f O ctober 24, d o u b t w as expressed of their adequacy. To th a t d ou b t is now added th e p ossible danger th a t n o t even th a 16.45 m illion ton s m ay b e available.
Coal a t th e volu m e ab ove for th e pur
p ose o f electricity generation w as deter
m ined a s p art of th e G overnm ent pro
gram m e for th e com ing w inter, and w hen announcing it, th e M inister o f F u e l m ade i t clear th a t should th e supply in d u stry consum e m ore th a n 16.45 m illion ton s, th e excess could only b e m et b y draw ing upon coal supplies in ten d ed for industry. A s good or b ad as th e figure of 16.45 m illion m ay be, it is based on a forecast of 3.9 m illion to n s o f deep-m ined coal in a full w orking week w ith o u t holidays, w hereas for th e p a st five w eeks, o u tp u t h a s been falling short o f th a t volum e. In th e w ords of th e M inister for E conom ic A ffairs, “ W e h a v e n o t reached th e production lev els necessary for w inter supplies and so our w hole production program m e is in jeop ard y.”
T his ob servation is, w e u n d erstand, intended to m ean th a t there is a danger th a t industry, because of coal shortage, m a y n o t be able to a tta in its o u tp u t
D
so m e pruning o f th e coal a llocation for e lec tricity gen eration is a tem p tation w hich th e M inister m a y find hard to resist. I n order to h elp h im do so, h ow ever, w e draw a tte n tio n to th e fa c t th a t w hereas b efore th e w ar it w a s th e aim o f th e su p p ly in d u stry to sta r t th e w in ter w ith co a l sto ck s equal to 10 to 12 w eek s’ w in ter consu m p tion , th e re
serve on O ctober 25, according to th e M inistry o f F u el, w a s o n ly six w eek s’
stock . T he M inister m u s t also bear in m in d th a t coal con su m p tion for elec
tr ic ity g en eration h a s in th e p a s t in v a ria b ly ex ceed ed d eliveries during the w in ter m on th s, a n d th is y ea r th e w agon sh o rta g e m a y co m p lica te th e issue.
The In du stry and E xp ort Targets W H IL E th e gen eral econom ic picture, a n d n o t le a s t th e p o sitio n of th e supply in d u stry b o th a s regard s coal and re
eq u ip m en t is, if a n y th in g , ev en less s a tis fa cto ry to -d a y th a n a m o n th ago, it is m o st en couraging to n o te th a t th e m an u fa ctu rin g sid e of th e in d u stry h a s tak en fron t p lace in agreeing to th e exp ort ta rg ets a n n o u n ced o n S eptem ber 12.
A ccord in g to Mr. Ha r o l d Wi l s o n, the n ew P r e sid e n t of th e B oard o f Trade, th e elec trica l m achinery, telephone an d telegrap h a p p a r a tu s a n d w ireless a p p a r a tu s m an u factu rers h a v e alread y s ta te d th a t, p rovid ed sufficient q u a n ti
tie s o f coal a n d raw m a teria ls are m ade av a ila b le, th e y w ill be ab le to reach their ta rg ets, w hile th e w ire a n d cab le m a n u factu rers h a v e ask ed th a t their ta rg et o f a m o n th ly ra te o f £9 0 0 000, w hich, in cid en tally, is th e figure reached during th e fou rth quarter o f 1946, be increased.
So far th is year, th e m o n th ly a verage has been £1 0 6 0 000. T h a t th is should be p ossib le a t a tim e w hen in tern al con su m p tio n is a lso running a t a high ra te in d ica tes a tech n ical efficiency o f w hich all concerned m a y be proud.
S teel C ontrol
F O L L O W IN G th e assurance recen tly g iv en b y th e M inister for E conom ic A ffairs th a t th e ste e l a llocation m ach in ery w a s to b e cured o f its w orst d efects, th e B o a rd o f T rade h a s n ow set up R egion al E x p o r t C om m ittees, “ to co
ordinate official m easu res to encourage an d a ss ist ex p o rts a n d to a s s is t in ensur
in g th a t th e im p ortan ce o f th e ex p o rt d rive is ap p reciated a t ev ery level of
I f th e com m ittees are given reasonable freedom of action, som e of th e an n oy
a n ces a n d hindrances h ith erto arising from over-cen tralised control m a y be avoid ed , a n d Mr. Wi l s o n’s a ssertion th a t in dealing w ith in d ivid u al firms the com m ittees w ill be given th e m axim um d iscretion is o n th is a cco u n t to be w el
com ed. Y e t another a sp e c t of control on w h ich a long overdue decision appears a t la s t to h a v e b een tak en is th e presen t a rran gem en t under w hich a firm h a n d lin g som e im p ortan t ex p o rt d evelop m en t h a s to go to on e d ep a rtm en t for its m aterials, to an oth er for an y n ecessary building a n d to still another for ad vice on m ark ets, etc. T h is sta te o f affairs, w e a re told, is to end, an d so far a s p ossible on e responsible d ep a rtm en t w ill look after all a firm ’s needs from other dep artm en ts. Sound a s th ese m easures m ay, w e hope, p rove to be, th e p ity is th a t h ad m ore a tte n tio n been paid to th e v o ice o f in d u stry, th ey eould h a v e been tak en tw o y ea rs ago.
S taggered H ours and F ire Risks T H E F ire Offices’ C om m ittee F ire P r o te c tio n A ssociation h a v e draw n a tte n tio n to th e fa c t th a t relieving th e peak load b y spreading th e w orking d ay over a longer period, m ay or m ay n o t increase th e fire hazard. W h eth er i t d oes or does n ot, depends u pon th e a lertn ess of m in d w hich m an agem en ts are ab le to encourage am ong th eir em ployees, for fire is, in th e m ajority o f cases, caused th rou gh negligence or carelessness. I n com m enting upon th e risk, th e a sso cia tio n p oin ts out, am on g other things, t h a t th e m ajority of serious fires in in du strial buildings occur after w orking hours. Staggered h ou rs m ean t h a t p eop le are p resen t to d e te c t fires a n d ex tin g u ish th em in th eir in cip ien t sta g es for m ore of th e 24 h ou rs th a n w ould be th e case w ith norm al w orking. T h e h azards w ill n ot b e so g reat w hen regular sh ifts h a v in g effective supervision are em ployed, a s w hen n igh t w ork is due to sp asm od ic rushes of orders w ith resu ltin g casu al em p loy
m en t. On th e other hand, m achinery w ill b e w orking for longer periods th an norm ally w ith o u t o p p ortu n ity for in sp ectio n a n d overhaul. I n m an y cases th e la tter can be done on ly w hen m achinery is silen t, w ith th e result th a t w ear and tear w ill be increased, and
THE E L E C T R IC IA N 7 NO VEM BER 1947
attach ed to b o th th ese features. Further, the p h ysical strain resulting from a change in w orking hours m ay affect workers, reducing their alertness.
E .D .A .—E.R.A. C om m ittee
T H E q uestion o f closer collaboration b etw een th e E .D .A . an d th e E .R .A . has b een considered b y th e former, an d as a result, a J o in t C onsultative C om m ittee is to be estab lish ed , w ith a view to pre
v en tin g overlapping o f effort on th e part of th e tw o associations. T h e desirability o f su ch a com m ittee becam e apparent in con n ection w ith inform ation on the lo a d characteristics o f dom estic ap pliances an d th e behaviour o f dom estic consum ers, in th a t separate publication o-f th e inform ation on th e su b ject b y the D om estic In sta lla tio n s an d A ppliances C om m ittee on th e one han d and Section K . o f th e E .R .A . on th e other, lim ited th e results. T h e d u ty o f th e C om m ittee w ill be to a v o id duplication o f effort b y exam in in g various su b jects for in v esti
gation an d deciding w ith in th e province of each association, w hich can carry ou t m ost effectively a n y particular item of research.
Radio and th e P ress
T H E in trod u ction o f tw o-w ay radio fa cilities for reporters covering im p o rta n t assign m en ts is b rou gh t a stage nearer b y th e announcem ent, in our con tem porary, “ T he N ew spaper W orld,”
th a t th e P o s t Office is now prepared to g ran t licences to new spapers to operate
“ w alk ie-talk ie ” equipm ent, so lon g as th e a p p a ra tu s h a s a m axim u m power n o t exceeding 1 W , is o f a typ e approved b y th e G.P.O., and ch an n el selection is carried o u t b y m eans of a sw itch. I t will, how ever, be som e m o n th s before an y se ts are generally av a ila b le for P ress use, a n d th e congestion problem s likely to arise w hen a num ber of reporters cover th e sam e e v e n t w ill n ecessitate a schem e, draw n up b y th e new spapers concerned, to regulate traffic. U n til this is done, th e G.P.O w ill n ot issue licences for m ore pow erful equipm ent. W hile the introd u ction o f radio-telephony w ill u n d oubtedly lessen th e in terval b etw een a n ew sw orthy ev en t and its appearance on th e fron t page, w e foresee a period of
scram bling or carrier suppression— w hich w ould scarcely be feasible w ith portable ap p aratu s— th e op p ortu n ities for piracy b y an y organ isation equipped w ith an efficient listen in g p o st w ill be consider
able.
P ow er S tatio n E xten sions
D U E ito transposition in ty p e setting, th e lim ita tio n u pon pow er station e x ten sio n s im posed b y th e cu t in th e ca p i
ta l eq u ip m en t program m e w a s given in our la st issue a s 1 500 MW in 1948 and a fter 1949, 1 150 MW. T he lim itation s should h a v e read 1 150 for 1948, 1 600 for 1949 and 1 500 MW thereafter, for it w a s in th a t order th a t th e figures th a t follow ed w ere arrived at, and is th e order in w h ich th ey will, i t is an ticip ated , appear in th e W h ite Paper. Since m aking observations on th e effect w hich th e lim itation s w ill h a v e up on th e sup
p ly industry, w e h a v e h a d an oppor
tu n ity of hearing th e considered opinion of th o se w ho w ill h a v e th e responsibility of m eetin g th e electricity dem and in 1950 onw ards. T hese are, in brief, to th e effect th a t though i t is th e G overn
m e n t to -d a y w hich h as m ade th e lim ita
tio n on pow er plan t extension, i t will b e th e B ritish E lectricity A u th ority w hich w ill b e criticised b y th e public for the incon ven ien ces caused in th e years to com e. T he circum stances are, in fact, th e sam e a s those w hich h a v e sur
rounded th e Central Board since 1940, and so th a t th e good nam e of electricity m a y n o t suffer, no opportunity m u st b e lo st in publicising th e fa c t th a t th e short
age of generating cap acity w hich w ill m ark th e years 1950 onw ards is b o m of G overnm ent p olicy and is in no w ay due to lack of vision on th e part of the industry.
B .E .A . A p p oin tm en ts
T H E a p p oin tm en ts mad© th is w eek b y th e B .E .A . to fill certain of th e k ey en gineering p o sitio n s in th e organisation w ill be n oted w ith in terest. T he nam es given in th is issue are w ell know n in the in d u stry a s being held b y m en w ell e x perienced in running electricity supply, and readers w ill join u s in w ishing them every success in th eir new surroundings.
7 NO VEM BER 1947 THE ELEC TRIC IA N
B.E.A. APPOINTM ENTS
C H IE F E N G IN E E R A N D T W O D E P U T Y C H IE F S N A M ED
T
H E British E lectricity Authority this week announced five further appointm ents. They are as fo llo w s:—
Mr. V. A. Pask, who is at present engaged on special duties w ith the Central Electricity Board, is to be chief engineer.
M R . V. A. PASK M R . J . D . PEAT T IE
H e is 52 years o f age and has had 35 years’
practical experience in all classes of elec
tricity supply work. Mr. Pask received his early education and engineering train
ing in Preston, and afterwards held appointm ents in Paisley, H ull and Bootle before becoming deputy general manager and engineer of the Newcastle and district electricity undertaking. H e was for eight years city electrical engineer at Norwich prior t o . joining the C .E.B . in January, 1940, as district manager for Mid-East England. Four years later he also took over the managership of North-East England w hen the tw o areas were com
bined for adm inistrative purposes. A t the end of 1945 Mr. Pask became personal assistant to the general manager.
Mr. J . D. Peattie, deputy chief engineer to the C .E .B ., is to be deputy chief engi
neer concerned w ith transmission. He is 57 years o f age and has been w ith the Central Board for the last 18 years. He was the Board’s chief operation engineer for 15 years until he took up his present appointm ent in 1944. For three years before th e 1914-18 war, in which he served w ith the R oyal N aval Division, Mr. Peattie w as w ith Siemens Schuckertwerke, Berlin, and in the interval betw een the war and his joining the staff o f the C .E.B. in 1929, he held appointm ents, successively, with Metropolitan Electrical Co., L td ., Edmiston Brown and Co., L td., and the Manchester electricity department.
Mr. R. R . Martindale, chief operating engineer and executive assistant to the Engineer-in-chief, London Power Co., is
to be deputy chief engineer concerned with generation. He is 54 years of age. After works training with J . H. Holmes and Co., of Newcastle, Mr. Martindale joined the electricity supply industry in 1911 in the service of the Tynem outh Corporation, and held appointments, successively, w ith the Cleveland and Durham Power Co. and with the London Electric Supply Corporation a t their Deptford generating station (later taken over b y the London Power Co.).
During the 1914-18 war he served in the R .A.O .C. as officer-in-charge of mobile workshops for artillery repairs in the field.
In 1926 he was appointed chief assistant engineer at the Deptford generating station of the London Power Co., and in 1932 became chief assistant engineer a t th at com pany’s Battersea generating station.
H e was appointed personal assistant to the Engineer-in-Chief of the London Power Co. in 1937, and in 1940 became chief operating engineer and executive assistant
to the Engineer-in-Chief.
Mr. H. Nimmo, Electricity Commissioner
M R . R . R . M ARTINDALE M R . H . N IM M O
and president of the A .S .E .E ., is to foe area liaison controller. H e is 62 years of age and, before becoming an Electricity Com
missioner in July, 1945, he was chief engi
neering inspector to the Commission from 1929. Fuller details of Mr. Nimm o’s career were given in a “ Portrait ” in our issue of October 17. Mr. Nimmo will con
tinue to act in a part-time capacity as an Electricity Commissioner until the Com
mission is formally dissolved.
Mr. R. A. Finn, a partner in the firm of Sydney Morse and Co., London, is to be solicitor and chief legal adviser. H e is 47 years of age and has had considerable ex
perience of legal work for the electricity industry.
The appointment of deputy chief engi
neer for research has still to be made.
t h e e l e c t r i c i a n 7 NO VEM BER 1947
Calculating Device for Power Engineering Problem s
T
H E accurate prediction of the operating characteristics of a projected power scheme or of the effect of an alteration to an existing system , while of great import
ance to supply engineers, may frequently involve calculations so protracted and laborious as to be impracticable. The solving of such problems can be greatly expedited by the use of an a.c. network analyser, a precision instru
m ent embodying variable resistors, reactors, capacitors and transformers, together with voltage sources variable in magnitude and phase, all of which can be arranged to form a miniature counterpart of the generators, lines, load and other components of the system being studied.
In recent years, a number of network analysers for special purposes have been constructed in this country and overseas, but up to the present an instrument has not been available for general
use in Great Britain. On Tuesday after
noon, a t the B.T-H . Willesden Works in Neasden Lane, London, N.W .10, such an equipment, built by the companies of the A .E.I. Group, was officially opened b y the chairman of A .E .I ., L td., Mr. Oliver L yttelton. A number of other directors and officials of the group, including Dr. H.
Warren, were present at the ceremony.
Giving a short introductory talk, Mr. H.
Trencham, who had been associated with the design of the instrument since its in
ception before the war, explained that although the analyser had been built on the same broad lines as instruments made by the General Electric Co., of America, many ideas by British engineers had been incorporated.
The scope of the A .E .I. analyser is not limited to electrical problems, and its em
ploym ent will facilitate the solution of many mathematical and scientific problems capable of expression in terms of electrical equivalents. Installed in a suite of rooms to enable the preliminary data on any problem to be collated in comfort, it will now be available for use b y accredited representatives of any supply authority, manufacturing company, industrial organ
isation O T scientific body which considers it may be of assistance.
7 NOVEM BER 1947
The analyser consists of variable voltage sources with impedances and coupling units of sundry types, all of which may be inter
connected to form a model equivalent to
the system under consideration, together with means of metering the units so built up. To lim it the physical size to an economical and easily workable level, a frequency of 500 c / s and nominal voltage and current values of 50 V and 50 mA have been adopted as basic quantities.
This enables telephone-type apparatus to be used for interconnection and switching functions, with resultant saving in space.
As far as the calculations on the board are concerned, the analyser quantities are immaterial, since, before setting up a prob
lem, all the system characteristics are com
puted as percentages of a selected voltage and kVA base.
After analysis has been carried out, the results are interpreted as system values w ith the aid of the appropriate factors.
Normally, a single-phase equivalent net
work is derived from the system diagram and used in setting up. This equivalent is derived directly from phase quantities for system s under balanced conditions, or by means of symmetrical and related com
ponent m ethods where unbalance occurs as, for example, in the case of single-phase to earth faults.
The three central cubicles of the equip
m ent are made with desk fronts, all the metering controls and th e majority of the
THE E LEC T R IC IA N
E
supply circuits being located a t the centre desk so as to be readily accessible during operation. Provision has been made for 12 generator units, 120 line impedance units, 30 load impedance units, 36 auto
transformers, 60 capacitor units, 16 coup
ling transformers of ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and \/3 :1, and there are 12 metered jumper circuits. The three-phase, 500 c / s supply is obtained from a motor- generator set, electronically regulated to within + 0.2 per cent, of the nominal value, and rem otely controlled from the centre desk.
T W E L V E V O L T A G E SO U R CES
Each of the generator units comprises essentially a phase-angle control, variable through 360°, and a voltage magnitude control w ith a range from 0 to 285 per cent, without appreciable phase change.
W ith these, it is possible to obtain 12 voltage sources on the analyser, each variable in phase angle and magnitude.
The line and load units are tapped reactor banks and non-inductive resistors.
To represent a load in situations where the voltage m ay va.ry, or to represent differential tap selection on transformers in parallel, auto-transformers, each having a range of + 30 per cent, in 1 per cent, steps, are used. Banks of tapped capaci
tors represent the capacity of long lines, cables and other 'apparatus, and th e coup
ling transformers m ake i t possible to include the effect of m utual coupling be
tw een circuits.
Normal indicating instrum ents are in
stalled for the control of th e motor-genera- tors and the generator units. For m eter
ing circuits set up by m eans of the various elem ents, there are three master instru
m ents ; a voltm eter, an ammeter and a w a tt/v a r m eter. All these are operated by negative-feedback amplifiers and thus represent a negligible burden on the cir
cuits into which th ey m ay be inserted.
Multiple ranges are obtained by suitable current shunts and voltage dividers.
To provide a convenient phase referenge for the currents and voltages being mea
sured, a phase-shifting device is mounted on the main control panel to feed a variable resistance load. From this cir
cuit, a voltage and current, variable in phase and m agnitude, can be matched w ith values obtained from points in the set-up network, using the master instru
ments, and thus the phase-angle of the network quantities can be readily deter
mined.
The five main groups of problem to which the a.c. network analyser may be usefully applied are : (a) studies of system s operating normally and load division '(in
cluding best location of additional genera
tors and effects of reactors and load varia
tio n s); (b) studies of system s under fault conditions (including maximum short- circuit d u ty for circuit-breaker applications and the effect of various neutral earthing m ethods); (c) stability studies; (d) appa
ratus and circuit problems (including generation of harmonies by transformers and rectifiers and starting- m ethods for synchronous motors) (e) various mechan
ical, thermal and other non-electrical problems which can be represented by electrical equivalents.
I t is expected by the designers th at the maximum error in any set-up on the analyser will be ± 2 per cent., and th a t generally it will be less. They stress, however, th at the accuracy of the results obtained cannot be better than the accu
racy of the system data upon which studies are based, and those using the equipm ent are urged to obtain th e most accurate data possible. The analyser has certain fundam ental limitations. First, it is lim ited to a single frequency, so that in the study of harmonic problems, for example, a separate analysis on the appro
priate network m ay be necessary for each frequency. Secondly, it is a “ steady state ” device, applicable to the solution of transient stability problems only by step-by-step m ethods. The study of the effects of lightning and switching surges is usually better performed on other types of model circuits. Finally, the analyser cannot solve problems for which no theory of solution is known.
Those wishing to avail them selves of the services offered by the new instrument are asked to communicate directly with the Engineer-in-Charge, A .E .I. Network Analysis Department, 20, Neasden Lane, London, N.W .10.
I.M .E .A . Convention
W
ITH .reference to the note in TheEl e c t r i c i a n of October 1 0 , w ith respect to holding an I.M .E .A . Conven
tion next year, it is understood that arrangements are now in hand for holding such a convention. The arrangements envisage th at should the vesting date be a date prior to the holding of the conven
tion, the British Electricity Authority will be prepared .to act as guarantors within specified limits. On the vesting date, the industry will operate under the B .E .A . and Area Boards and, subject to the concur
rence of the latter, th e Authority will be prepared to give the necessary permission for the paym ent of expenses of the two nominated representatives of each mem
ber, on a scale similar to that now paid by the respective local authorities. The venue of the convention will be notified in the near future.
THE E L E C T R IC IA N 7 N O VEM BER 1947
T
WO years ago the R oyal Ordnance factory at Newport, Monmouthshire, was transferred to Standard Telephones and Cables, Ltd., under the Government scheme for the distribution of industry in what were formerly distressed areas, and soon afterwards the machines that had been turning out guns, projectiles and bayonets were being replaced by tex-M R. g e o r g e A. ISAACS, Minister of Labour, and the m a y o r o f Ne w p o r t (second and third, re
spectively, from the left) watch a high-speed braiding machine used in the production of flexible cables. M R. R . J . d i g h t, works superin
tendent, is on the left
tile cable machines from th e Standard fac
tory at North Woolwich, followed early in 1946 by plant and material from the company’s war dispersal factories at Leicester and insulant plant from their Enfield works. A training school and classes were instituted for the instruction of local labour and now nearly 1 600 work
people, m any of whom had been making m unitions of war in the same workshops, are producing telecommunication cables and long distance transmission equip
m ent which are being sent all over the world. An order has been received from the G.P.O. for 800 miles of drop cable, and a large quantity of military equip
ment is being reconditioned.
On Friday, October 31, Mr. George A.
Isaacs, Minister of Labour and National Service, wa,s among a party who toured the works, and he was greatly impressed b y w hat the company had achieved in the conversion of the factory, the facilities provided for the workpeople’s welfare and recreation, the high standard of efficiency attained in a period of about a year and nine months and the quality of the equip
m ent turned out.
In introducing Mr. George Isaacs, who
addressed the workpeople assembled in their canteen after lunch, Sir Thomas Spencer, managing director of the com
pany, said they had trained some 2000 local people who ought to be proud of w hat th ey had established in their town.
He wished to thank them publicly for the part th ey had played in building up th at new industry. The programme for 1948 included a very large percentage in
crease in production for export. He wanted them to m eet th at budget and he was confident th at they were going to succeed. The company was very proud of its reputation, and he knew the people of Newport would not let it down.
Mr. Isaacs referred to the good spirit th a t existed between the management and workers in the factory and stressed the importance of the work they were doing there for export and for internal communi
cations.
The Mayor of Newport thanked the Minister for his attendance and spoke of the good relations that existed between the company and the local authority.
The conversion of the factory necessi
tated considerable planning and installa
tion work. Although the existing air- compression plant was available for con- ' nection to the rubber mixers, the sliding doors of which operate pneumatically at a pressure of 100 lb. per sq. in., m any additional services were required. Miles of pipe-work had to be erected for service to rubber making machines. The excava
tion of 70 000 cu. ft. of soil was necessary to enable strong foundations to b e made before the transferred machines could be established and used. Three existing boilers had to be supplemented b y a vertical boiler of 250 lb. per sq. in. steam pressure, and a similar boiler ordered for planned future loads. Some tw o miles of steam pipe were installed and over 1000 valves were necessary to give control with flexibility to th e complex system in the rubber and plastic cable shop. To bring cooling water to the rubber mills, Banbury mixers and calenders, a closed cold water system supplied from a 10 000 gal. storage tank by means of impeller pumps was designed, to provide pressure in place of gravity, and installed in trenches cut in the floors and covered with concrete slabs reinforced to bear standard floor loadings. To maintain th e supply of water in this system five centrifugal pumps capable of handling 40 000 gal. an
7 N O VEM BER 1947 THE E LEC T R IC IA N
hour a t a pressure of 50 lb. per sq. in.
are used. For the distribution of power, over five miles of tubing and 16 miles of wiring, ranging from the smallest size to .2 in. cables, were required for harnessing the plant, including the 200 H.P. motors which turn, th e Banbury mixers.
Some idea of the size of the factory, which measures a m ile and a quarter round th e perimeter, m ay be gathered from the fact th a t it covers thirty-five acres, has a working floor space of 350 000 sq. ft. and the main shop floor is larger than th e deck of the “ Queen M ary.” The only extension planned at the m om ent is to th e transmission testing apparatus shop, providing accommodation for another 80 operatives. This highly specialised apparatus, covering the com
plete range of requirements of communi
cation system s, is called for in ever- increasing quantities for testing and main
taining networks throughout the world, and its manufacture is one of th e import
ant activities in the factory. I t is much in demand in the U .S.A . Exam ples of this equipm ent in th e process of assembly and com plete, were seen by the visitors in their conducted tour of the workshops.
In one of th e shops, it was mentioned, work was being done on part of the pub
lic address system for th e new chamber of the House of Commons, which is being suoolied b y the company.
Much interest was displayed in a
insulation of wire conductors w itn p .v .e .o i rubber, by a continuous extrusion and vulcanising process. The operator was feeding into tne machine pre-neated strips of p .v .c ., and the plastic was extruded on to the moving wire and then vulcanised b y steam heat as it passed through the machine. This method saves the time that would be taken by a separate vu l
canising process. One of these machines will deal w ith 20000 yards of conductor an hour.
Another machine, of th e longitudinal type, was covering w ith rubber sheet 25 wires simultaneously. I t can insulate 30 wires a t once with one or more layers of rubber. The vulcanising is done sepa
rately.
Another operation that attracted special attention was the continuous extrusion of lead sheathing for cable. The machine operates at a pressure of three tons per.
sq. in. and will cover a m ile of cable with one charge.
A task not previously undertaken by the company was the making of three in
sulating machines of standard design.
More machines were needed and were un
obtainable, so th ey were manufactured in th e tool room of the works at Newport.
Cord finishing and much of the fine work requiring a delicate touch is done by young women.
Electrical Equipment of Ships A
l t e r a t i o n s and additions to thecurrent Regulations for the Electrical Equipm ent of Ships have been authorised by the Council of the I.E .E . A supple
ment to the third edition of the regulations containing these amendm ents is published, and the changes will have effect from November 1. The alterations and addi
tions will extend the currency of the present edition pending the issue of a re
vised 4th edition. I t will be found that th e amendments embrace the whole field covered b y the regulations, bu t th at they are chiefly concerned with th e recognition of new typ es of cable and with develop
m ents arising from th e use of alternating current in ships. The new types of cable now recognised under an amendm ent to R eg., N o. 701 include polychloroprene-insu- lated cables of the “ R .N .N .” type, cam
bric-insulated cables w ith polychloroprene sheathing, and mineral-insulated copper- sheathed cables. The requirements cover
ing the insulation of mineral-insulated copper-sheathed cables are set out in a
new ly framed Regulation, No. 917.
Among the changes introduced to deal w ith a.c. supplies, is a new R eg., No. 105, requiring the adoption of standard phass- rotation for three-phase supplies, and a new R eg,, No. 4 i6 , which details the special requirements in relation to the installation of transformers.
A new definition of tubular fluorescent lamps (B.S. 1270, type-reference M CF/U) is given, and the requirements in relation to the fittings and auxiliaries for such lamps are set out in a new R eg., N o. 1007.
Tables 1 to 5, giving the current ratings of various types of cable, have been amended slightly in relation to cooling-air temperatures, and Tables 1A, 4B and 4C have been inserted. The first of these deals with the current rating of three-core vulcanised-rubber-insulated cables ; the others deal with cambric-insulated poly- ehloroprene-sheathed cables.
Copies of the supplement m ay be ob
tained from the Secretary of the institu
tion. price Is. net.
THF ELECTRICIAN' 7 NOVEMRI R 1947
