University of Groningen
Development of an atomic clock for fission lifetime measurements Kravchuk, Vladimir Leonidovich
IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below.
Document Version
Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record
Publication date:
2004
Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database
Citation for published version (APA):
Kravchuk, V. L. (2004). Development of an atomic clock for fission lifetime measurements. s.n.
Copyright
Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).
Take-down policy
If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.
Download date: 06-02-2021
UiYOUiYZUXWËMLW)|U¥sSU[ËLUXWhjK|oI\Ë"MLW)jZ£hsPZYZUXW|oU«LUiINWoUXW_PjqUiUXW_RDUXsMLWogLINPZLUjKYKM"£
RhP&roUiYRDUi£hMLsSUXW¢ËMLW|U-UXPgLUXWjKNrhM"££DUXW/Ë"MLWroUiYZU/LUiINWhO~M"YZUiINPSUL]Q£ÇWroUiYRhPveiJkW|oUiI
|oUËVPjNÈJkjKPSYZUXPSYÔ|oUO~M"YZUË"MLWdjZYZINJL£ UiIwPSgkroUXP|±ÖFUXW INPGËVPWgqRDUi£hMLsUXWPWRDUXsMLWogLINPÇLU
O~M"YZUeroJUejKWoUXsUiUXW±|INo££DUXsQLUiINWTËusSJVUXPjZYZJLyÐGQPW¨y$UXPSYZUUiUXWÕroUiYZUdM"YZJVJkOLUiINWmG.eXPwr
jZ£DJkWYKMLMLWÔjZ£hsPSYKjKY PWeY-UiU@VsSUXPWoUiIKU|INo££DUXsji]&ÃqUÒUX|oUiINsMLW|jZUy$TujKPijÇINMLO~UiINj
MLj|oU-UiUiINjZYZUx|PSU|MLM"IKJL£®-UiUXji] Å JVwrroUiUiy$YroUiYWoJLg\eiUiUiIfsMLWgqgLUX|hoIN|/ËLJJLIw|M"Y
ÇIwMLOUiINjjKogLgLUXjKYKPSUxPW®roUiYfjZYKMLW|hMLM"IN|Å·-JkroIZ¤ÅroUiUXsSUiIHOJu|oUXsaËLJVJLIHjZ£hsPÇYKPWg -UiIN|
PWgLUi£hMLjZYi]ßqsroJVUi UXsrUiYpUȯV£DUiINPOUXWYZUiUXsgËMLjZYKjKYKMLM"Y|M"Yp INPGËVPWgeRDUXsMLWogLIwPǪPjiG
Pj|oUOdM"YZU«MLM"INPW¶eiUiUiIqJkOdjZYZIKUX|oUXWm]xÃqU¥IKUX|oUXWªPj |M"Yq|oUjK£hsPZYKPWogkjZYKPZ|eiJÑLJLIKY
PjXGVPWÑ|oUqJLIN|oUiIKgLINJJLYZYZUË"MLWÏ Êaì ÏtÊ j-JLy UXsDUiUXWÔM"YZYZJkjZUXÈJkWh|oUXÔMLjÖw]HÃ@MLM"IN|JJLISeXPKW
UiIxgLUiUXWªOUiYKroJu|oUXj/YZUÆËuPW|UXW\|PSU|oUpsSU[ËLUXWjN|oI/£INUXiPSUXjVhWWoUXW\OUiYZUXWm]
Å JLYeWVYZJU¶eXPZWÌY-UiUO~UiYKroJV|UXjWËVINPWËLUiIeJkWYPSLUXs|m]6ÃUUiUiINjZYZU_O~MLM"VY
gLUiRIwPSRËMLWª|oU«PWYZINPWjNPSUiLU@VsSJLuË"MLW{|oU«LUiINWm]ÃqPUPj/gLUiR>MLjZUiUiIN|ªJL£ªroUiY O~UiYZUXW
Ë"MLWÔroUiYxMLMLWYKMLsmWUXoYZIKJkWoUXWÔ|M"Y/|oUroUiYZULUiINWRËLUiIN|hMLO£YKËLJJLIw|M"Yx|oU@LUiINWÔjZ£hsPÇYi]
ºHIKJLRhsSUiUXOÍË"MLW¨|oU&eiUfÇLUiIwWoVsJL[g\PjXGF|M"Yp|oJVJLI«|oU~WoUXYZIKJkWTËLUiIw|MLO£hPWgÔ|ULUiINW
LJk|UiI -JLIN|oY UXWª|oU«usSJL\MLsjroUiY M"IKUjKYZUiUX|jsMLWogeXMLOUiIqYKPSYi].£ÇW{|oU£INM"VYKPZ
RhsPÇVY|M"Yx|oUËLUiIKVIKUigLUXW{sSU[ËLUXWhjK|oIKUXWÔjZYZUiINÑM"yrMLWoLUXsPdzeXPZWuË"MLWcroUiYNËLUiIN|hMLO£o¤
PWgkjKOJu|oUXs]
ÃqUÔY-UiUX|oU\OUiYKroJu|oUÔPjgLUiRhMLjZUiUiIN|îJL£¢|oURËVshNrYZYKPZ|îPW±UiUXWÒINPjZYKMLsSIKJVJkjZYZUiI
ï
ã)~Ä¡ k>Äpð ĺ;ãÈÏ ×iñ]ÓÃqUiUXsSYÇUXj\hPSY~UiUXW§ËLUiINjKWoUXssSUiIdRDJLYKjZUXWOUiYÑUiUXWM"YZJJkOLUiIwW
PW±UiUXW±VINPjKYKMLs]°qPSUiIN|oJVJLI«-JLIN|oY®|oUdLUiIwWmG|PSUePW±|oUeR JLYKjNPWogc-JLIN|oYgLUXO~MLM"YiG
PYroUiY¥IKJVJkjZYZUiI®gLUXjZYZJLYZUXWm]£ÇWJeXPKW¨LJLINYZURËuswrY®|oJVJLI¥rUiYVINPjZYKMLsÛeXMLs|oUÑLUiINW
jZ£>sPZYZUXWm]QÃqU jZ£>sPZYKPWogkjZ£INJV|hÈYZUXW«uWWoUXWMLssSUiUXWsMLWogkjf|U MLjKjZUXWËMLW~rUiYfIwPjZYKMLs
RDUi-UigLUXWm]h£ÐW¢MLssSU\MLW|oUiIKUXW¢IwPNrYKPWogLUXWÒ-JLIN|oUXW eiU\gLUXjKYZJL£Y
ï ð ĺ;ãÈÏ9ÂßÄñ\|oJVJLId|oU
YKjNjZUXWpsPSgLgLUXWh|oUIwPjZYKMLsM"YZJkOUXWB]QÃqUf£hsMLM"YKjF-MLM"I&|oUfLUiINW«jZ£hsPZYiG|m]«]eL]&|oUfsUXWogLYZU
Ë"MLW_roUiYËVshNrYZ£hML|ËLJJLIpjZ£>sPZYKPWogoG>Pj|MLM"INRhP UiUXW_RDUXsMLWogLINPÇLU£hM"INMLOUiYZUiIX]áq£
|oU&eiU®O~MLWPUiI"MLWªhPSY|oU¥MLM"INjKNrhPZWhsPZVroUXP|mG|M"Y@OUXW{UiUXW_jZ£>sPZYKPWogkj/yINM"gkOUXWY
eXPSUiYsMLWgkj@R Ui£>MLMLs|oU®MLjKjZUXWË"MLW)roUiYIwPjZYKMLsGm|oUsSU[ËLUXWjN|oI\ËMLW_UiUXW±jZ£hsPZYZUXW|oU
LUiINWÕ-JLIN|oUXWîM"y$gLUXsSUXP|m]ùHI«eXPKW¨UXwrYZUiI ËLUiUXs-UËyDUXÈYZUXW¢|PSUÑ|oUdRDUi-UigkPWog®Ë"MLWÒ|oU
jZ£>sPZYKPWogkjfyINM"gkOUXWYZUXWc|oJVJLIUiUXW\VINPjZYKMLsSINJJkjZYZUiIuWWoUXWÑRDU
§ò
W¦ËVsJUX|oUXWB]qqPSUiIN|oJVJLI
2 %4365L5L«ñ78XgÑtR^;=<I[]_>AFX`AR^;=<D$@+@CO^`p>M<IPGPQFGT=oDË]CT)W<\õAq>M@+@C[\ú+PQ@$ú"ö[\<V>M;=@W<Ã@$[ W<ÃPG<IDµ
<ITU`MWa=aUOdD&]_TE`tB=PGF÷ò>A<ITYW<SúC<OAT=<T>M<S[\<V>A<T
Pj®WPSUiYgLJUX|ÒYZUÔJbËLUiIIeXPSUXWÒJLyOUXWÒMLssUËLUiINjZYZJLINUXW|oUÔUËy UXÈYZUXWÌPW±INUiLUXWPWog_roUiUiyY
gLUiRINMLwrYRhPrUiYxRDUi£hMLsSUXWRËMLWª|oUpsSU[ËLUXWjN|oIX]
UiYR>sPZY{|hM"Y_|U±Y-UiUËOUiUiYKOUiYKrJV|oUXWeiUiUiIËLUiINjNNrPssSUXW|oUîsSU[ËLUXWjK|IKUXW
JL£hsSU[ËLUiIKUXWB]ùHUXW{MLsSYZUiINWhM"YKPSU[ËLUOUiUiYKO~UiYKroJV|UeiJk|jSeiUiUiIq UXsLJkO eXPKWm] £ÇW{rUiY
UiINWËLJJLIx|hPSYH£INJUiyjKNrINPSyYHPj UiUXWe£DJLgkPWg«JkW|oUiIwWoJkOUXWÑUiUXWÔWPSUX UqOUiYKroJu|oUYZU
JkWYÊ PSVLUXsSUXWm]cÃqU&eiUÔO~MLM"YgLUiRINPË"MLWÕrUiY«yUXPSY«|M"YUiUXW¨gkM"Y,ÔroUiY«JkWYZRIKUiLUXW
ËMLW¨UiUXW)UXsSUiVYZIKJkW±ÖqPW)|oUWǤjKNrPsBËMLW_UiUXWJei-MLM"I«M"YZJVJkO¹UiUXWÕsSU[ËLUXWjK|hoIroUiUiyY
ËMLW_JkWgLU[ËLUiUiIÏ®MLji]«ÃqU~OUiYKroJu|oU®Pj@jKNroUXOdM"YKPjKNr)hPSYZgLUXsSUigk|_PWøgkoI ¥ ]©V]«)U
gLUiRINPLUXWdUiUXWÑIKUXMLÈYKPSUqMLM"IKRhPHUiUXWuÒUiJkWo£IKJZUXÈYKPSUXsDPSY-|oUËLUiINjNWoUXssSUiI-RDJLYKjZY OUiY
UiUXW Å roJLIwPOYKM"IKgLUiYZLUiIwWm]£ÇW|U¥RDJLYKjKPWoge-JLIN|oY@UiUXWÝUXsPOd|oUiUXsSYZUJËLUiIKgLUX|oINM¤
gLUXWÑ-MLM"IN|JJLIUiUXWÑgLU §UȯuiPYZUiUiIN|oU Ð IwMLMLWoLUiINWeJkWYKjZYKMLM"Yi]? UiY£INJÇUXÈYKPSUXs roUiUiyY UiUXW
RhW|UXsSUXWoUiIKgkPSU\Ë"MLW®Ð Ê z{U[È£DUiIxWVisSUiJkWÉÔOÒUiJkW\RDUXjZYKMLM"Y hPSY © Ê WVisSUiJkWoUXW\|hj
roUiUiyYrUiY©
Ê
ëÐ Ê
IÊ<Ê
z{U[ÈVPWUiYKPjKNrUHUXWoUiIKgkPUÖBMLM"IN|oJVJLIfroUiY&gLUi£IKJu|ÈUiUiIN|U
Ð IwMLMLWcJkWogLU[ËLUiUiI@UiUXWcUȯoiPSYKM"YKPSUȤÅUXWUiIKgkPSU«VINPZgLY5Ë"MLW,ÕXëÐ Ê zÏX© Ê zcU[È Ô¨UXsPhO
Ï í áÆÖYZU\gLUiRIwPSLUXWmGf-JLIN|oY~|UÑ"MLWj#Ï Ê<Ê LUiUiIegLIKJLYZUiI~JkOçUiUXWËUXsSUiYZINJkW¢PSY|oU
Ç@¤jNNrPs%ËMLWîroUiY Å roJLINPO~M"YZJVJkO¹YZU\jKsMLMLWm]ÒM|oUÑIKUXMLÈYKPSUÔPj|hPSY«|jUiUXWÕgkM"Y
PW_roUiY Ð INMLMLW¨M"YZJVJkO\]®¨MLWWoUiUiI|oUWÇ@¤jKwrPs&gLU[ËVhs|_ JLIw|oY|oJJLIUiUXW¨JbËLUiIKgkMLWog
Ë"MLW{UiUXWUXsSUiVYZIKJkWPSYxUiUXW_roJLgLUiINgLUXsSUigLUXW_RhMLMLWmG JLIw|oY|MLM"INRhPû §JkWYZgLUXWjZYZINMLsPWog
PYZgLU&eiJkW|oUXWm]cÃ@PSUÔjZYZINMLsPWogcPjM"INM"VYZUiINPjKYKPSUi¡ËLJJLI
Ð
INMLMLWm]®ßqsj¥|oUdLUiINWîjZ£hsPÇY
"MLW\gLUiUXWc"M"INM"VYZUiINPjZYKPUiLUû §JkWYZgLUXW{OUiUiI JLIw|oUXWcPSYZgLU&eiJkWh|oUXWm]
ÃqUMLM"INjKwrPKWsPZVrUXP|\JkOù"M"INM"YZUiIwPjZYKPSUiLU û §JkWYZgLUXWjZYZIwMLsPWogÔYZU®JLRhjZUiIËLUiINUXW
YZUigLUXsPÇLUiIKYKPZ|cO~UiY jZ£hsPÇYKPWgkjZy$IwM"gkOUXWYZUXWÔUXWªroUiYxJËLUiIKUiUXWoLJkO~jZYKPgLU¥|oUiUXsËMLWcUiUXW
£INJÇUXÈYKPSUXsy$INM"gkO~UXWY-Pj |hjfUiUXWÔ|PSINUiYZUqO~MLM"YCËLJVJLI/|oUsU[ËLUXWjK|I%Ë"MLWdUiUXWÔjZ£hsPФ
YZUXW|U¥LUiIwWxÔçeXPSU|oU®y$JLINO¥sSU®PW_|oU¥øgkoI ¥ ]©^Öw]¥)U~WoJVUXOUXW_|oU&eiU~OUiYKroJu|oU|oU
fZM"YZJVJkOusSJL[g{OUiYKroJu|oU®JkO~|M"YeiUgLUiRhMLjZUiUiIw|¨PjqJL£¨|oUUXPSgLUXWjNNrM"££DUXWË"MLW)roUiY
M"YZJVJkOûPWÑYZUigLUXWjZYZUXssPWog¥YZJLY |oUWoUXoYZINJkWoUXWousSJL~JLy UXs fÇLUiINWVsSJLig|PSUqgLUiRhMLjZUiUiIw|
PjJL£ª|oUpUXPSgLUXWjNNrM"££DUXWuË"MLWc|oU«rUiYZULUiINW)eiUXsSyÐ]
ÈJVJLIN|M"Yf|UO~UiYKroJV|U gLUiYZUXjZYHLJkW® JLIN|UXWmGOJVUXjZYUiUiINjZYWoJLgUiUXWMLMLWYKMLsËLJVJLIZ¤
RDUiIKUXP|UXW|oU O~UiYKPWogLUXW ËLUiIKIwPNrY JLIw|oUXWm] Å UXW®UiUiIwjZYZU OJVUXjZYRDUi£hMLMLs|¥-JLIN|oUXW~roJVU
gLIKJVJLY/|oUq-MLM"INjNNrPKWsPÇuroUXP|JkOúUiUXWÔgkM"YYZUjKsMLMLWÔPWÑ|oUÇjNNrPs WVeUXPgLUXWsPZPji]
Å UXW¥Y-UiUX|oUxOJVUXjZY JLIN|UXW«RDUi£hMLMLs|JLy>rUiY&jZ£DUXÈYZINhOWPUiYQUiINWhjZYKPSgq JLIN|Y8ËLUiINjKYZJ"¤
JLIN|Ô|oJVJLIN|M"YOUiUiIN|UiIKU@UXsSUiYZINJkWoUXWÔ UigLgLUXjNsM"gLUXW\uWWoUXWe JLIw|oUXWm]gùHWÑYZUXWjNsSJLYZYZU
OJVUXjZYxJVJL\roUiY yUXPSY/-JLIN|oUXW{R UXjNNroJk |c|M"Y|oU«WM"YKINsPZLUsPKWRINUiUX|oYZUËMLWª|oU
JËLUiIKgkMLWogLUXWËLUiINMLW|UiIKY|oJVJLIN|M"Yq|oU«sSU[ËLUXWhjK|oIËMLWroUiYM"YZJVJkOèYi]go]1Ë>]jZ£hsPZYKPWog
-JLIN|oYNËLUiIKLJLINYi]
Ð PSY|oU&eiUcOUiYKPWogLUXWçËMLsY~M"y YZUcsSUXP|UXWî|hM"Y ËLJJLId|UÑRDUXjKwroIKU[ËLUXWÒIKUXMLÈYKPU{|oU
MLM"INjKwrPKWsPZVrUXP|ÉÏ"]ã Ù¹Pj@JkOíUiUXWÇ@¤jNNrPsUXsUXÈYZIKJkW±PYqYZU~jKYZJLYZUXW¨gLUX|oINUXW|oU
UiUXWªLUiINWR JLYKjNPWogo]UiYqM"INM"VYZUiINPjKYKPSUiLU¢û JkWYZgLUXWhjZ£DUXÈYZINOàRhsP§ ZYPSUiYKjM"yYZU® PФ
LUXWË"MLW)|M"YËMLW_UiUXW_£>oIKU¥gkM"YZYZJUXjZYKMLWh|¨YZUXW_gLU[ËLJksSgLUWË"MLW`m¤jNNrPsPSJkWhPjKM"YKPSU¥|PSU
gLUXsPÇVYKPK|PSg¨£hsMLM"YKje"MLW ËuPW|oUXWm]þùHwrYZUiIGq|oUgLU[ËLJksSgLUXW eXPZWPWroUiYÑUXPSgLUXWsPZLU
Uȯu£DUiINPOUXWYYZUWËLUiIKMLM"INsSJeiUXWm]uùfUXW¨YTV£hPjKwrËLJVJLIKRDUiUXs|ËMLW±UiUXW¨"M"INM"VYZUiINPjZYKPSUi
jZ£DUXÈYZINhOèPjøhgkoI ¥ ])ÐV]UiYYKroUiJLIKUiYKPjKNr)RDUiIKUiLUXWh|oUjZ£DUXÈYZINO¡eiJkW|oUiIp|oU®RhPФ
|oIwM"gLUË"MLW6`m¤jNNrPs@PSJkWhPjKM"YKPSU_PjÔ|oU_gLUXjZYKPS££DUXs|UªsPKW|oJJLIcrUiYÑgLUXO~UiYZUXWâjZ£DUXĤ
YZINhO\]{ÃqUXËLUiIwjKNrPssSUXWËLJVJLI|oUerJLgLUiI¥gLUXsUigLUXWîsPZWUXWÝeXPKW±rPSUiINRhPp|P|oUXsPǪYZU
eXPSUXWB]zcUXWOJVUiYeXPNrrPSUiIKRhP-gLJVUX|ªINUXMLsPjZUiIKUXWª|M"Y|hPSY jZ£DUXÈYZINOàroJVJLy|eXM"LUXsPÇ
û §JkWYZgLUXWjKYZINMLsPWog{YZUXW±gLU[ËLJksSgLUuË"MLW±M"YZJkO~MLPIKUdRDJLYKjKPWgLUXW¨RDU[ËM"YuÔ|m]p]eL]\UXsMLjKYKPjǤ
wroU«LUiINWRDJLYKjKPWogLUXW0Ö--MLM"INRhP/gLUiUXW
Ð
INMLMLWªgLUXO~MLM"Yq-JLIN|oYi]/ÃqU«IKUX|oUXWªPjx|M"Yq|oU
|oJVJLINjKWUiU¢Ë"MLW_UiUXW¨M"YZJVJkOLUiINW)JkWgLU[ËLUiUiIXÏ Ê<Ê<Ê<Ê LUiUiIVsSUXPWoUiIqPj|MLW)|oU Ç@¤jKwrPs
Ë"MLWdroUiY M"YZJJkO\GVMLM"IN|oJVJLI |oUx"MLWjJL£ÑPSJkWPjNM"YKPSU/JLIN|oUiIKgLINJJLYZYZUXjCËLUiINjKwrPsSYfOUiY-|oU
"MLWj/JL£cUiUXW{LUiINWoIKUXMLÈYKPUL]
Å roUiJLIKUiYKPjKwroUMLWMLsSTujZUËMLWÔ|oU@gLU[ËLJksSgLUXW#ËMLW\|oUqUXPW|hPSgLUqsU[ËLUXWjK|ICË"MLWÔroUiY
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 2000 3000 4000
80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
K α K β TH
Energy, keV
Counts
2 %4365L5L«ñ78G7müS]_O^]_ú>A<OAFX`p>MFQ<ú³xý@CT>MoC<ITÕ`ABY<Rv>AOMa=[´D&]_TÇ:.;=@COMFGa=[EýLo$<I[\<V>M<ITÕoC<Wa=OM<ITUW<
WFQ>d<VZBY<OAFG[\<IT>b
sPKWRhIKUiUX|oYZUË"MLW_|oU®gkM"YZYZJUXjKYKMLW|)gLIKJLYZUiI-JLIN|oYWMLM"INOdM"YZU®|U¥LUiIwWªLJLINYZUiI«sSUiUiyYiG
-M"Y-JL£ÑRhMLjKPj%ËMLW UXPjZUXWRDUiIKgkj JkWeiUiLUiINrUXP|jZIKUXsM"YKPSUxYZUqR UigLIwPÇ£DUXW~Pji]ÃULJLIKYKjZYZU
sSU[ËLUXWjK|hoI|hPSUeWoJLgYZJLY®UiUXW¢roUiIKLUXWRhMLM"IjZ£DUXÈYZINO8sSUXP|oYPj«JkWgLU[ËLUiUiI®Ï Êaì Ï j
ÔÊ
]iÏ«MLjÖw] £ÇWc|oUp£IwM"YKPZePjx|PSYxWoJLgdgLUiUXWªrMLMLsRhM"IKUpsPOdPSUiYgLUiRhsSUiLUXWmGLeiJkMLsj sM"YZUiI
|P|UXsPZÅeXMLsm JLIw|oUXWm]
£ÇWeroUiYUȯu£DUiINPOUXWYiGRDUXjKwroIKU[ËLUXWÔPWÑ|PSYH£hIKJUiyjKwroINPSyYiG-UiIN|oUXWÑPWeUiUXWÑjK£ UXiPMLMLs
gLUiRDJk |U«JL£hjZYZUXssPWogWû §JkWYZgLUXWjKYZINMLsPWogoG jZ£hsPÇYKPWgkjZ£IKJu|ÈYZUXWeUXW{£hIKJÇUXÈYKPUXsSy$IwM"g"¤
PWîroUiY û §JkWYZgLUXWjZ£DUXÈYZINhO ËMLWîøgkI ¥ ])ЪYZU\UXsPO~PWoUiIKUXWB]Ã@PSY®RhsSUiUi±YZUigLUXWË|oU
ËLUiIKMLNrYKPWogîPW eiUiUiIÑgLJUX|OJLgLUXsPZ ]á£ÇWËroUiYËLUiINIKUigLUXWjZ£DUXÈYZINOç-UiIN|ªËLUiIZ¤
ËLJksSgLUXWhjgLU&eiJVwrY®WMLM"I«rUiYpM"IwM"YZUiINPjZYKPSUiLUdjZ£DUXÈYZINhOÍËMLW Ð INMLMLW)MLWWoUiUiI«UiUXW
eXINjZYZJLy|oUiUXsSYZU{MLjegLUXO~UiYZUXWm]ýßWh|oUiIKU{INUXMLÈYKPSUiMLWhMLsSUXWmG MLM"IKRhPJVJLMLWh|oUiIKU
M"YZJVJkOLUiINWoUXWc JLIN|UXWÔgLUXO~MLM"YiGh UiIN|UXWÔU[ËLUXWoUiUXWj/JkW|UiIVeiJVwrYi]-ÃqUeiJUiV£IKJuÈUȤ
|IKU«O~MLM"VYgLUiRhINPSRËMLWª£hM"YZIKJVJkWroUiINLUXWWPWogMLM"IKRhPxrUiYqjZ£DUXÈYZINhOûPWcøhgkoI
¥ ])Ð-JLIN|oY-gLUiRINPSVY\Ô|Uf-ËuPWogLUiINM"y|oIN[gËMLW
Å
roJLIwPOXÖ&JkOþ|oU@jZJVJLIKYZgLUXsPZLUq£hM¤
YZIKJkWUXW,ËMLW{|oUpMLW|oUiIKUpM"YZJkO~UXW{YZUpgLUXWUiIKUiIKUXWm]
UiY RDUXsMLWgLINPZVjZYZU@JLRhjKYKM"LUXsBRhsSUiUiÔ|oU«jKYZINMLsPWog Ë"MLWc|oUjZ£hsPZYKPWogkjKy$INM"gkO~UXWYZUXW
YZUeXPKWm]{ÃqUÔLUiINWoyINM"gkOUXWYZUXWîhPSY«jZ£hsPÇYKPWogÇeiUXW|oUXWîWMLOUXsPÇ_JVJL¨gkMLO~O~MLjZYZIwM¤
sPWog±PSYÑPWÌrUiYegLUiRhPUX|ÌMLM"IÔ U)|oUû JkWYZgLUXWjZYZINMLsPWogîO~JUiYZUXWOUiYZUXWm]qPSUiIZ¤§
|oJVJLIpJkWYKjZYKMLM"Y®UiUXW±MLwrYZUiIKgLINJkW|Õ|hPSUd|oU£hM"YZINJJkWrUiIKLUXWWPWgcrPW|oUiINYi]ML|h|oUXW
|oU~jK£hsPZYKPWogkjLUiINWoUXW)UiUXW±sSU[ËLUXWjK|hoIËMLW¨JkWogLU[ËLUiUiIXÏ Ê MLjiGF|MLWÝeiJkh|oUXW)-Ud|oU
ËuPWogLUiINM"y|oINLUXW©ËMLW|oU)jZ£>sPZYZUXW|oU{LUiIwWoUXWgLU[ËLJkW|oUXWOJVUiYZUXW6roUiRRDUXWm]zÒq
uWWoUXWd U@jKsSUXwrYKjË"MLjZYKjZYZUXssUXWe|M"Y|oUqsSU[ËLUXWjK|IKUXW~usSUXPWoUiIÛeXPKWe|MLWÔ©¤_Ð¥MLji]fÃqU
MLM"IN|oUXWÔ|PSUqgLU[ËLJkW|oUXW)eXPZWÑOUiY/|oU@VINPjZYKMLs>YZUXNrWhPSUi>GeiJkh|oUXWÔ|MLWÔMLMLW\|oUroJLgLU
"MLWYseXPZWm]&ÃqUxOUiYKPWogLUXWEeXPKW®PW¥UXsSpgLU[Ë"MLsÈJkWjKPjZYZUXWYOUiYf|U-LUiIwWoVsJLVOUiYKPWogLUXWmG
|PU\Ë"M"INP§UiINUXWÔYKjKjZUXW
Ê
]iÏUXWÉÏMLji]HÃqU«OUiYKPWg~PSY/|PSY£IKJVUiyjKNroIwPSy$YsMLM"YSeXPSUXWBG|M"Y
RhPpsU[ËLUXWjK|oINUXWË"MLW Ê ]iÏÔMLj®roUiY¥YZUXNrWPjKNrîJkW|oJVUXWsPÇ JLIw|oY«JkOä|oU:fZM"YZJJkO¤
usSJLuOUiYKroJu|oU;gÑYZUgLUiRINPSLUXWB]`BU[ËLUXWhjK|oIKUXW_sMLWgLUiIp|MLWsÏMLj\eiJk|oUXW)OJLgLUXsPÇ
gLUXOUiYZUXW{VhWWoUXWÔ-JLIN|oUXWcPWÔUiUXW®ËLUiIKRDUiYZUiIN|\Uȯu£DUiINPOUXWYi]
ùHIeXPKW±PW|oUiIN|MLML|±OJLgLUXsPZVrUX|oUXW¨JkO8roUiY«RDUXjZYKMLMLWh|oUdUȯu£DUiINPOUXWYpYZURËLUiIZ¤
RDUiYZUiIKUXWm]KùfIeXPKWcRhPGËLJVJLIKRDUiUXs|ÔLUiINWoIKUXMLÈYKPUXj MLM"IKRhP |oU«MLWjËLUiUXsQrJLgLUiIqPjxJkO
UiUXW_UXsSUiVYZIKJkWogkM"Y«YZU~jKsMLMLWm]¥ÃqMLM"Iw|oJJLI« JLIN|Y@|U®MLwrYZUiINgLIKJkW|)IKUXsM"YKPSUiyHJkWRDUXsMLWu¤
gLINPÇLUiIX]PUiIËLJJLI¥OJVUiY|oUdO~UiUiYZYZUXNrWPUi) UXsHUiUiINjZY«MLMLWogLUi£>MLjZY-JLIN|oUXWB]uáqJL
ËLUiIKUXPjZY/roUiYx|M"Y/|oUM"YZJkO~MLPSIKU£hIKJVÈUXjNjZUXWÑR UiYZUiI/gLUXO~UiYZUXWcUXWÔRDUXjKNrIKU[ËLUXWÔ JLIw|oUXWm]
ÈUiUXs8ËLJJLINR UiINUXP|oUXW|Ô-UiIK\Pjx|hjNËLUiIKUXPjZYËLJJLIw|M"Y OUXW{UiUXWªWPUX-U£DJLgkPWog~"MLW
M"gLUXWcUiUXW fZM"YZJJkOusSJLigdOUiYKPWogYZU«|oJVUXWm]