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View of The Role of Trust in Political Corruption: Outline of the Subject

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Political Preferences

11/2015

Editors:

Agnieszka Turska-Kawa

Waldemar Wojtasik

Katowice 2015

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Abstract:

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Key words:

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University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland

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The role of political trust in generating political corrupt behaviors

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