ßihl. Niiuk Pr/.yro
Z IN S T Y T U T U G E O G R A F IC Z N E G O U N IW E R S Y T E T U JA G IE L L O N S K IE G O .
W IK T O R ORM ICKI (K rak ö w ).
Die Kartoffelwirtschaft in Südw est-Polen.
I. D ie in d e n m e is te n A tla n te n ü b lic h e k a r to g r a p h is c h e D a r s te llu n g d e r w ir ts c h a fts g e o g ra p h is c h e n P ro b le m e h a t e in e n a u s g e s p r o c h e n s ta tis c h e n C h a ra k te r. E in z e ln e V e rs u c h e d e r d y n a m is c h e n D a r s te llu n g u n te r n a h m e n E n g e lb re c h t, T h ie s s e n , S c h e u u. a. E s fe h lt je d o c h v o lls tä n d ig a n S tu d ie n , w e lc h e b ei B e rü c k s ic h tig u n g d e r E in h e it d e r E rs c h e in u n g e n m e n s c h lic h e r W irts c h a ft in g le ic h e m M a s s e d a s V e r s tä n d n is s o w o h l d e r S ta tik w ie a u ch d e r D y n a m ik d e r W irts c h a ft b e w e is e n . (A m w e ite s te n g in g e n in d ie s e r R ic h tu n g v o n d e n b is h e rig e n A u to re n W. S c h m id t, G . H e is e u . E. F rie d ric h in „ W e lth a n d e ls a tla s “).
D ie b e ig e fü g te k a rto g ra p h is c h e B e a r b e itu n g tr a c h te t a lle d ie w ir ts c h a f t
lic h e n E rs c h e in u n g e n u n d P r o z e s s e z u v e rb in d e n , w e lc h e v o m g e n e tis c h e n u n d s y s te m a tis c h - w irts c h a f tlic h e n G e s ic h ts p u n k te a u s d ie g e s a m te K a rto ffe l
w irts c h a ft in S ü d w e s t- P o le n b ild e n . D ie s e A rt d e r A u ffa s s u n g t r ä g t v o n v o rn h e re in m o n o g ra p h is c h e n C h a r a k te r ; s ie is t b e g r ü n d e t in d e r A b h ä n g ig k e it g e w is s e r I n d u s trie z w e ig e v o n d e r b o d e n s tä n d ig e n R o h s to ffe rz e u g u n g u n d in d e r W irts c h a fts h a rm o n ie d e s u n te r s u c h te n G e b ie te s . M an w ird d e m n a c h b e s s e r d a s Z u s a m m e n a rb e ite n d e r e in z e ln e n B e z irk e e r fa s s e n , in d em m a n die G ru n d la g e zu ih re r S o z io lo g ie le g t, u. zw . d u rc h d a s H e ra u s g re ife n e in z e ln e r W irts c h a fts g e b ie te , d ie F e s tle g u n g ih re r h a n d e ls w ir ts c h a f tlic h e n Z u s a m m e n h ä n g e u n d F u n k tio n e n , s o w ie d u rc h d a s A u fs te lle n e in e r w i s s e n sc h a ftlic h b e g rü n d e te n w ir ts c h a f ts g e o g r a p h is c h e n P r o g n o s e , w e lc h e b ei e in e r P la n w ir ts c h a f t u n b e d in g t n ö tig ist.
II. D ie K a rte (u n g e fä h r 1 :7 5 0 .0 0 0 ) u m f a s s t e in G e b ie t, w e lc h e s im O s te n b is S a n o k , R z e s z ö w u n d d ie M ü n d u n g d e s S a n in d ie W e ic h s e l re ic h t.
A uf d e rs e lb e n w ird d a r g e s te llt: f l ä c h e n h a f t d ie I n te n s itä t d e s A n b a u e s , l i n e a r b zw . b ä n d e r f ö r m i g d ie B a h n tr a n s p o r te u n d d ie H a n d e ls m ö g lic h k e ite n , e n d lic h m itte ls S i g n a t u r e n d ie U m s ä tz e d e s H a n d e ls u n d d e r In d u strie.
D ie R o h s to ffe rz e u g u n g w ird d a r g e s te llt d u rc h d e n E r n te - E r tr a g a u f 1 k m 2 d e r G e s a m to b e rflä c h e , d ie in d u s tr ie lle V e ra rb e itu n g d a g e g e n w u r d e a ls o r ts g e b u n d e n e E rs c h e in u n g m itte ls Z e ic h e n lo k a lis ie rt. A u s s e rd e m w u rd e n d ie U n te rn e h m u n g e n ih re m C h a ra k te r, d e r H ö h e d e r J a h r e s p r o d u k tio n u n d d e r Z ah l d e r b e s c h ä ftig te n A rb e ite r n a c h u n te rs c h ie d e n . Ä h n lich w ie d ie In
d u s trie w u rd e a u c h d e r H a n d e l m it g e n a u a u s m e s s b a r e n Z e ic h e n u m f a s s t, w o b e i B in n e n h a n d e l u n d A u s s e n h a n d e l, E in fu h r u n d A u s fu h r, s o w ie d ie W a re n g a ttu n g e n b e r ü c k s ic h tig t w u rd e n .
D ie H a n d e ls s ig n a tu re n fu s s e n a u f s ta ti s t i s c h e r G ru n d la g e , in d e m d ie H a n d e ls u m s ä tz e d u rc h K re ise in e in e r s e c h s s tu f ig e n S k a la d a r g e s te llt sin d . D a d ie s ta tis tis c h e K la s s ifik a tio n d a s B ild g e n e r a lis ie r t, h a t m a n in je d e r K re is s ig n a tu r e in e n in n e re n K re is e in g e tra g e n z w e c k s z a h l e n m ä s s i g e r
2
A n g a b e d e s H a n d e ls u m s a tz e s je d e r e in z e ln e n E is e n b a h n s ta tio n . D e r sc h w a rz b e le g te in n e re K re is z e ig t an, d a s s d e r H a n d e ls u m s a tz sic h m it d e r o b e ren G re n z e d e r K la s s e n a b te ilu n g d e c k t; d e r n ic h tb e le g te b e s a g t d a s D e c k e n m it d e r u n te r e n G re n z e d e r s e lb e n K la s s e n a b te ilu n g . D e r s c h w a rz b e le g te K re is s e k to r b e z ie h t sic h a u f d ie d a z w is c h e n lie g e n d e n F ä lle . In d e r a n g e n o m m e n e n s e c h s s tu fig e n S k a la b e tr ä g t d ie S p a n n w e ite d e r K la s s e n a b te ilu n g e n 100, 400, 1000, 1500, 9000 u n d 12000 t. N im m t m a n a lle S p a n n w e ite n g le ic h 360° (im in n e re n K re is) a n , so e n ts p re c h e n in d e n e in z e ln e n K la s
s e n 100 t. — 360°, 80°, 36°, 24°, 4° i; 1 ‘5°. W e n n z. B. d e r jä h rlic h e H a n d e ls u m s a tz d e s O rte s X — 2.200 t b e tru g , so e rh ie lt d ie s e r O rt d ie s t a ti s tis c h e S ig n a tu r d e r O rte m it 1.500—3.000 t U m s a tz ; d a a b e r d e r ta ts ä c h lic h e H a n d e ls u m s a tz um 700 t d ie u n te re G re n z e d e r K la s s e n a b te ilu n g ü b e r
s c h r itt u n d d a in d e n A b te ilu n g e n m it 1.500 t. S p a n n w e ite 100 t e in e m B o g e n v o n 24° e n ts p re c h e n , w u r d e d e r K r e is a u s s c h n itt 7 X 2 4 ° = 168° s c h w a rz b e le g t.
U m d a s A b le se n zu e rle ic h te rn , w u r d e in d ie L e g e n d e d e r K a rte d ie D a r s te llu n g d e r W in k e l u n d P r o z e n te a u fg e n o m m e n .
G e s o n d e r t w u rd e n d ie E is e n b a h n tra n s p o r te b e a r b e ite t, w o b e i d ie B re ite d e r B ä n d e r d ie jä h r lic h e B e la s tu n g d e r E is e n b a h n lin ie n b e z e ic h n e t. D ie T r a n s p o rtw irts c h a ft u n d d ie B e d e u tu n g d e r e in z e ln e n L in ie n w u rd e n d u rc h d ie G e g e n ü b e r s te llu n g d e r in e n tg e g e n g e s e tz te n R ic h tu n g e n v e rla u fe n d e n T r a n s p o rte h e rv o rg e h o b e n . (In b eg riffe n in d ie s e r B e a r b e itu n g is t n u r d e r T r a n s p o r t v o n R o h s to ffp ro d u k te n , d a fü r d ie F a b r ik a te e n ts p r e c h e n d e D a te n fe h le n ).
D e r V e rb ra u c h w u rd e in d ire k t d a r g e s te llt. M an k a n n a u f s e in e H ö h e s c h lie s s e n a u s d e m V e rla u f d e r I s a ry th m e n d e r E rn te p e r K o p f d e r L a n d b e v ö lk e ru n g u n d a u s d e m V e rg le ic h d e r D a te n fü r d e n H a n d el u n d fü r d ie A u sfu h r.
III. D ie n o rd s ü d lic h v e rla u fe n d e Is a ry th m e v o n 11 q (p e r K o p f d e r L a n d b e v ö lk e r u n g ) te ilt d a s u n te r s u c h te G e b ie t in e in e n ö s tlic h e n T e il m it Ü b e rp ro d u k tio n v o n K a rto ffe ln , m it s ta r k e n tw ic k e lte r A u s fu h r s o w ie h o c h s te h e n d e r B r e n n e r e i- I n d u s tr ie , w e lc h e s ic h e n tla n g d e r E is e n b a h n lin ie n k o n z e n trie rt, u n d e in e n w e s tlic h e n T e il m it U n te rp ro d u k tio n , w e lc h e r g ro s s e M e n g e n K a rto ffe ln z u r D e c k u n g d e s B e d a r f s ein fü h rt. B e s o n d e r s zu e r w ä h n e n is t d e r B ezirk B ie ls k o — P io tro w ic e a ls d e r e in z ig e im w e s tlic h e n G e b ie t, w e lc h e r z a h lre ic h e B re n n e re ie n b e s itz t.
In B e z u g a u f d ie T r a n s p o rtw ir ts c h a f t u n te r s c h e id e t m a n A u sfu h rlin ien (z. B. D q b r o w a —T a r n ö w , T a r n o b r z e g - D g b ic a u. a. m .) u n d E in fu h rlin ie n ( C h a b ö w k a — Z a k o p a n e , N o w y S q c z —K ry n ic a).
In c h a r a k te r is tis c h e r W e is e m a c h e n s ic h u. a. d ie U n te rs c h ie d e in L e
b e n s s ta n d a r d b e m e r k b a r ; s o fü h rt d e r ö s tlic h e T e il m it e in e r E rn te ü b e r 11 q, K arto ffeln a u s , w ä h re n d d a s G e b ir g s g e b ie t ( Z a k o p a n e , N o w y T a r g , Z y w iec) bei ä h n lic h e n V e r h ä ltn is s e n K a rto ffe ln in b e d e u te n d e n M e n g e n e in fü h rt.
Q u e l l e n : 1. K w a rta ln ik S ta ty s ty c z n y 1926, III, s tr . I.
2. M a te rja fy rg k o p is m ie n n e D y re k c ji M o n o p o lu S p iry tu s o w e g o (1925).
3. P a m ig tn ik II Z ja z d u S lo w ia n s k ic h G e o g ra fö w i E tn o g ra fö w w P o ls c e w 1927 r. K ra k ö w 1930, II, str. 89.
4. R o c zn ik S ta ty s ty c z n y R z e c z y p o s p o lite j P o ls k ie j 1923, II, T a b l. 8, 1624, III, T a b l. 3.
5. R o c zn ik S ta ty s ty c z n y P r z e w o z u to w a r ö w n a P o ls k ic h K o le ja c h P a fi- s tw o w y c h 1925.
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