ISSN 1509-1619
əɪɨɫɥɚɜ Ⱦɨɜɝɨɩɨɥɵɣ Katedra Filologii GermaĔskiej
Uniwersytet WarmiĔsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie
ȾɈɉȿɌɊɈȼɋɄɂȿ ɅȿɄɋɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɁȺɂɆɋɌȼɈȼȺɇɂə ɂɁ ɇɂȾȿɊɅȺɇȾɋɄɈȽɈ əɁɕɄȺ
Key words: lexical borrowing, Dutch, pre-Petrine, Hanseatic League, Low German
ɂɫɬɨɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ɋɨɫɫɢɟɣ ɢ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɦɢ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɞɚɥɺɤɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɚɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɬɨɪ- ɝɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ. ɋɬɚɪɵɟ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɨɜ, Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ, Ʌɸɤɫɟɦɛɭɪɝɚ ɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ, ɜɯɨ- ɞɢɥɢ ɤɨɝɞɚ-ɬɨ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɮɪɚɧɤɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ Ɇɟɪɨɜɢɧɝɨɜ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ Ʉɚɪɥɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ. ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ „ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ” ɬɨɝ- ɞɚ ɟɳɺ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ. ɉɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɨɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ XV ɜɟɤɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɥɟ- ɧɢɹ Ȼɭɪɝɭɧɞɫɤɢɯ ɤɧɹɡɟɣ ɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XVI ɜɟɤa.
ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɦɢ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ 17 ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɯ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ – ɝɪɚɮɫɬɜ, ɤɧɹɠɟɫɬɜ, ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɫɬɜ – ɜɞɨɥɶ Ɋɟɣɧɚ, Ɇɚɚɫɚ ɢ ɒɟɥɶɞɵ, ɜɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ Ƚɚɛɫɛɭɪɝɨɜ.
ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣ, ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɋɬɚ- ɪɨɣ Ʌɚɞɨɝɢ, ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɚ ɜɨɫɟɦɶ ɜɟɤɨɜ, ɞɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɚ ɜ 1703 ɝɨɞɭ, ɛɵɥ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɩɨɪɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɦ ɩɭɬɢ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ɋɭɫɢ „ɢɡ ɜɚɪɹɝ ɜ ɝɪɟɤɢ”. ɉɪɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫ- ɤɨɩɤɚɯ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɵ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɧɧɨɜ, ɮɢɧɧɨɜ, ɛɚɥɬɨɜ, ɮɪɢɡɨɜ, ɜɨɥɠɫɤɢɯ ɛɭɥ- ɝɚɪ, ɚɪɚɛɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ ɋɬɚɪɨɝɨ ɋɜɟɬɚ.
ɋɭɞɹ ɩɨ ɮɪɢɡɫɤɢɦ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɦ ɢɡ XI ɜɟɤa, ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɫɤɨɩɨɤ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɋɬɚɪɨɣ Ʌɚɞɨɝɢ, ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɥɚ ɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ.
Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɚɥɢ ɫ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɨɦ, ɛɵɥɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɋɬɚɜɨ- ɪɟɧ, Ʌɟɭɜɚɪɞɟɧ, Ⱦɨɤɤɭɦ, Ƚɪɨɧɢɧɝɟɧ ɢ ȼɢɧɫɭɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɜ ɧɢ- ɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹɯ Ɏɪɢɫɥɚɧɞɢɹ ɢ Ƚɪɨɧɢɧɝɟɧ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɧɟ- ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɮɪɢɡɵ – ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɢɡ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢɧɝɜɷɨɧɨɜ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɷɬɧɨɧɢɦ ɮɪɢɡ ɛɵɥ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɣ ɫ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ mercator ɢ negotiator ɢ ɦɨɝ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧ- ɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ʉɚɪɥɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ Ʉɚɪɨɥɢɧ- ɝɨɜ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɭɩɰɨɜ:
ɮɪɢɡɵ ɢ ɟɜɪɟɢ. ɇɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ IX ɜɟɤa ɮɪɢɡɵ ɢ ɟɜɪɟɢ ɜɫɟ ɱɚɳɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɤɚɤ mercatores [RaffZoll 1977: 14–19].
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɭɝɪɨɡɨɣ ɪɚɡɛɨɹ ɢ ɝɪɚɛɟɠɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɪɨɝɚɯ, ɤɭɩɰɵ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɣ ȿɜɪɨ- ɩɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɝɢɥɶɞɢɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɧɟɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɡɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚ- ɰɢɸ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɟɡɞɨɤ ɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ. Ʉɭɩɟɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɝɢɥɶɞɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨ- ɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɡɚɧɹɬɵɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟɣ. ɋɥɨɜɨ ghilde ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɜ 1115 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ‘ɝɢɥɶ- ɞɢɹ, ɰɟɯɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɟɞ’. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɪɨɧɨɪɜɟɠɫ- ɤɨɝɨ gildi ‘ɨɩɥɚɬɚ’, ‘ɬɨɪɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɟɞ’, ‘ɞɟɧɶɝɢ’ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛ- ɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ‘ɜɡɧɨɫ ɡɚ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɛɟɞ’. ɉɨɡɠɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
‘ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɨ’ [Franck 1971: 199–200].
ȼ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɝɢɥɶɞɢɹ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ 1719 ɝɨɞɚ. ɉɪɢɧɹ- ɬɵɣ ɜ 1721 ɝɨɞɭ ɍɫɬɚɜ Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɬɚ ɞɟɥɢɥ ɜɫɺ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɧɚ „ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ”, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɚɩɢ- ɬɚɥɚ ɢ ɪɨɞɚ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɞɜɭɦ ɤɭɩɟɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɝɢɥɶɞɢɹɦ, ɢ „ɩɨɞɥɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ” – ɱɟɪ- ɧɨɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɞɺɧɳɢɤɨɜ [ȼɨɞɚɪɫɤɢɣ 1961: 23].
Ƚɢɥɶɞɢɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɥɢɫɶ ɤ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɸ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɰɟɥɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XII ɜɟɤɚ ɤɭɩɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɢɥɶɞɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɡɚɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɸɡɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɟ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫ- ɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɟɣ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ Ƚɚɧɡɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ.
ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ Rusland ‘ɤɪɚɣ, ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɨɜ’ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸ- ɳɟɣ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɢɡ ɚɪɯɢɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɚɧɡɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ Ʉɚɦɩɟɧɚ ɡɚ 1528 ɝɨɞ, ɧɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɧɚɹ Ʉɚɦɩɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɚɪɯɢɜɚɪɢɭɫɨɦ ɘɪɝɟɧɨɦ ɇɚ- ɧɢɧɝɚ ɜ Bijdrag tot Geschiedenis van Overijssel (II, 187). ȼɡɹɬɚ ɷɬɚ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɢɡ Liber Causarum, ɬɨɦ 106, ɉɨɫɨɥɶɫɬɜɨ Ʉɭɧɪɚɚɞɚ ɮɚɧ Ʉɥɟɧɤɚ ɤ ɰɚɪɹɦ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɸ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱɭ ɢ Ɏɟɨɞɨɪɭ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɢɱɭ (ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1900):
„Anno XVIII den XIX februarij. Soe is Peter Mulner ende Claes Croeser gegunt dat sy ellix een pack Camper lakenen moegen laeten verwen op een lichte blauwe verwe, beholtelicken dat se anders oprecht alycke breet ende lanck wesen sullen wardiert ende besegelt alst gewontelicken js, des so hebben Peter ende Claes weder geloeft dat die voorz.
lakenen anders nergens dan in Rusland* vercofft sullen worden, ende offte de stadt hier eynige schade over crege, dat zy daer voer staen sullen”.
„Ƚɨɞ 18-ɵɣ (?), 19-ɝɨ ɮɟɜɪɚɥɹ. ɉɟɬɪɭ Ɇɺɥɶɧɟɪɭ ɢ Ʉɥɚɚɫɭ Ʉɪɭɫɟɪɭ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟ- ɧɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɪɚɫɤɭ ɬɸɤ Ʉɚɦɩɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɭɤɨɧ ɞɥɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɢɯ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɥɨɝɨɥɭɛɨɣ ɰɜɟɬ, ɫ ɬɟɦ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɢ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɭɤɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɨ ɢ ɨɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɉɟɬɪ ɢ Ʉɥɚɚɫ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɨɛɟɳɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɤɧɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɝɞɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɤɪɨɦɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɡɚ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ ɭɛɵɬɨɤ, ɤɚ- ɤɨɣ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɝɨɪɨɞɭ”.
* ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɦɧɨɣ – ə. Ⱦ.
ɂɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɟɳɟ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɦɢ ɫɚ- ɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɫɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɫ Ɋɨɫɫɢɟɣ. Ⱦɨ 1580-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɨɜ ɛɵɥɚ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟɣ Ⱥɧɬɜɟɪɩɟɧɚ.
ȼ ɬɭ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɝɚɧɡɟɣɫɤɢɣ Ⱥɧɬɜɟɪɩɟɧ ɛɵɥ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɪɬɨɦ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨ- ɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢɡ ɡɚɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɣ ɂɫɩɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɢɢ, ɧɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ. Ɂɚɤɥɸ- ɱɟɧɢɸ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɛɢɪɠ – ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ (1485 ɝɨɞ) ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ (1581 ɝɨɞ). Ɉ ɝɨɥɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɛɢɪɠɚ ɤɚɤ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɧɚɦ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɸ ɜɵɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫ- ɤɨɝɨ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɺɧ ȼɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ȼɨɡɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ Ɏɪɚɧɱɟɫɤɨ Ƚɜɢɱ- ɱɚɪɞɢɧɢ Descrittione di tutti i Paesi Bassi, altrimenti detti Germania inferiore [Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɇɢɡɤɢɯ Ɂɟɦɟɥɶ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɇɢɠɧɟɣ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɟɣ]
(Antwerpen 1567). Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɸ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ Ȼɪɸɝɝɟ – Beursplein (Ȼɢɪɠɟɜɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ). Ɉɧɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɱɟɫɬɶ ɤɭɩɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɟ- ɦɶɢ ɮɚɧ ɞɟɪ Ȼɶëɪɫɷ (Van der Buerse), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɚ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ XIII ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɵɣ ɞɜɨɪ. ɇɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ XIV ɜɟɤɚ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɟ ɤɭɩɰɵ ɜɡɹɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɢ- ɜɵɱɤɭ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ.
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɨɝɨ ɞɜɨɪɚ Ɋɨɛɟɪɬ ɮɚɧ ɞɟɪ Ȼɶëɪɫɷ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɚɤɥɟɪɚ ɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɨ- ɪɨɧɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ, ɡɚɪɨɠɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɛɢɪɠɟɜɵɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɹɬɢ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɮɚɧ ɞɟɪ Ȼɶëɪɫɷ ɫɵɝɪɚɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶ- ɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ Ȼɪɸɝɝɟ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɭɤɚɡɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ XVI–
XVII ɜɟɤɨɜ ɜɵɯɨɞɰɟɜ ɢɡ ɇɢɡɤɢɯ Ɂɟɦɟɥɶ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɥɢ ɤɚɤ: „ɧɟɞɟɪɥɹɧɰɵ”, „ɝɚɥɚɧ- ɰɵ”, „ɚɦɫɬɟɪɞɚɦɰɵ”, „Ƚɚɥɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɢ Ȼɚɪɚɛɨɧɫɤɢɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɟ ɧɟɦɰɵ” ɢ „Ɉɪɚɧɰɨɜ- ɫɤɚɹ ɧɟɦɱɢɧɚ” [Ɇɢɥɸɤɢɧ 1909: 36]. ɉɨɞ Ȼɚɪɚɛɨɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɧɟɦɰɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɰɵ ɢɡ ɝɟɪɰɨɝɫɬɜɚ Ȼɪɚɛɚɧɬ (ɧɵɧɟ ɬɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ:
ɋɟɜɟɪɧɵɣ Ȼɪɚɛɚɧɬ, ɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹ; ɘɠɧɵɣ Ȼɪɚɛɚɧɬ, ɛɟɥɶɝɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹ; ɛɟɥɶɝɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹ Ⱥɧɬɜɟɪɩɟɧ) ɫ ɤɪɭɩɵɦɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɢ ɤɭɥɶ- ɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ Ȼɪɸɫɫɟɥɟɦ ɢ Ⱥɧɬɜɟɪɩɟɧɨɦ. Ⱥ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ „Ɉɪɚɧɰɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɧɟɦɱɢɧɚ” ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɰɵ ɢɡ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɨɜ, ɨ ɱëɦ ɫɜɢ- ɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ „ɨɪɚɧɰɨɜɫɤɚɹ”, ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɤ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɸ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɭ- ɸɳɟɣ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɢ ɜ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ – „Ɉɪɚɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɞɨɦɭ”.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ Ƚɚɧɡɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚɹ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ ɢ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ, ɬɨ ɫɨ- ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ Ƚɚɧɡɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ ɛɵɥ ɧɢɠɧɟɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɣ1. ɉɨɞ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ „ɧɢɠɧɟɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɣ” ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɬɟ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɵ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ
1 Ɉ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ „ɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɣ” ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: L. de Grauwe, Theo- distik: zur Begründung eines Faches und ein Plädoyer für eine kontinentalwestgermanische Sicht auf die neuzeitliche Bifurkation Deutsch/Niederländisch, ɜ: Die deutsche Schriftsprache und die Regionen.
Entstehungsgeschichtliche Fragen in neuer Sicht, ɪɟɞ. R. Berthele, H. Christen, S. Germann, I. Hove, Berlin–New York 2000, c. 127–156.
ɝɟɪɦɚɧɰɟɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɢɫɶ ɜɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɪɨɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟ- ɧɢɸ ɡɜɭɤɨɜ.
ɇɢɠɧɟɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɠɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɧɚ ɝɚɧɡɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚɯ ɨɬ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɨɜ ɞɨ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɨɫɬɚ- ɜɢɥ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɪɨɫɤɨɲɢ, ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɢɧɵ, ɪɟɦɟɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɚɪɟɚɥɟ Ȼɚɥ- ɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ, ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ ɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ [Peters 1973: 76].
Ƚɚɧɡɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɚ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ
ɇɢɠɧɟɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɟ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɦ ɪɚɫɰɜɟɬɚ Ƚɚɧɡɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɦɨɥɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɧɹɡɶ Ɇɫɬɢɫɥɚɜ Ⱦɚɜɢɞɨɜɢɱ ɜ 1299 ɝɨɞɭ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɥ ɫ Ɋɢɝɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɨɸɡ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɣ ɞɨ- ɝɨɜɨɪ. ɋɪɟɞɢ 18 ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɯ ɤɭɩɰɨɜ, ɲɟɫɬɟɪɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡ ȼɟɫɬ- ɮɚɥɢɢ ɢ ɞɜɨɟ ɢɡ Ƚɪɨɧɢɧɝɟɧɚ [Henn 2009: 16], ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɰɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɧɢɠɧɟɫɚɤɫɤɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɪɟɚɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ „ɧɢɞɟɪ- ɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ”. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɨɜ Ƚɚɧɡɵ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɛɵɥ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ, ɜɟɞɶ ɧɟɞɚɪɨɦ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ: „ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɉɟɬɪ I ɪɭɛɢɥ ɨɤɧɨ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ, ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɞɜɟɪɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɫɬɟɠɶ”.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɵ ɋɤɜɚɣɪɫ ɢ Cɜɟɬɥɚɧɵ Ɏɟɪɞɢɧɚɧɞ Ƚɚɧɡɚ ɢ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ: əɡɵɤɨɜɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ (Ɇoɫɤɜɚ 2002). ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɚ ɫɨɞɟɪ- ɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɤɨɧɤ- ɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɵ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɥɢɲɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ.
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜ- ɧɨɣ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ȼɢɞɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɯ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɬɨɥɦɚɱɚɦ – ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɚɦ ɭɫɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ. Ɉɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɷɬɨ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɨ ɩɨ- ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨ-ɧɢɠɧɟɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɤɨɜ Ɍɨɦɚɫɚ ɒɪɨɜɟ ɢɡ 1582 ɝɨɞa, Ɍëɧɧɢɫɚ Ɏɟɧɧɟ ɢɡ 1607 ɝɨɞa (ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɟɦ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɤɟ ɢɡ XVI ɜɟɤɚ) ɢ ɚɧɨɧɢɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɤɚ ɢɡ 1568 ɝɨɞa [Hendriks, Schaeken 2006–2008].
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɥɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɧɢɠɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ Ƚɚɧɡɵ ɩɨ ɛɨɥɶ- ɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɲɢɟ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɹɞɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟ- ɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɇɟɪɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɭɩɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɞɧɚ ɛɵɥ ɥɚɫɬ: ɞɜɟ ɬɨɧɧɵ ɢɥɢ 120 ɩɭɞɨɜ. Ʌɚɫɬ ɛɵɥ ɢ ɦɟɪɨɣ ɜ 12 ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɟɣ ɯɥɟɛɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɫɵɩɭɱɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɋɥɨɜɨ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨ-ɧɢɠɧɟɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɧɢ- ɤɚɯ Ɍɨɦɚɫɚ ɒɪɨɜɟ (1582 ɝɨɞ) ɢ Ɍëɧɧɢɫɚ Ɏɟɧɧɟ (1607 ɝɨɞ). Ɉ ɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɦ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɢɤɪɨɬɨɩɨɧɢɦ Lastage (Ʌɚɫ- ɬɚɠɟ) – ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ Ⱥɦɫɬɟɪɞɚɦɚ XVI ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ, ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹ- ɳɟɟ ɤ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɵɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɦ: ɡɞɟɫɶ ɛɚɥɥɚɫɬɢɥɢ (ballasten) – ɫɝɪɭ- ɠɚɥɢ ɢ ɤɥɚɥɢ ɨɬɝɪɭɡɤɭ, ɪɚɡɝɪɭɠɚɥɢ (ontlasten) ɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɚɥɢ (belasten) ɫɭɞɚ.
ȼ XIII–XVII ɜɟɤɚɯ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɛɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɦɭ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɭɬɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɢ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ, ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɹɠɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɨɪɭɞɢɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɲɧɭɪɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɢɠɧɟɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɝɚɧɡɟɣɰɟɜ reɟp [Ʉɥɟɣɧɟɧɛɟɪɝ 1981: 234]. ɇɚ ɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟ- ɪɢɨɞɚ (ɜ XII–XV ɜɟɤɚɯ) reɟp – ‘ɜɟɪɺɜɤɚ’, ‘ɫɬɪɨɩ’ [Franck 1971: 540]. ɂ ɜɩɨɥ- ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɝɚɧɡɟɣɰɚɦɢ ɫɥɨ- ɜɨ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɩɚɫɬɶ ɢ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɗɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ [Ɏɚɫɦɟɪ 1986, ɬ. 3: 471] ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɩ, ɤɚɤ ‘ɜɢɞ ɤɚɧɚɬɚ’, ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɍɫɬɚɜɟ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɦ (1720 ɝɨɞ). ɋɥɨɜɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɢ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɝɚɪɞɟɥɶɪɟɩ ‘ɫɧɚɫɬɶ, ɫɥɭɠɚɳɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɥɸɛɨ- ɝɨ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɪɟɹ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɮɟɥɹ’. ȼɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ Ɋɟɩɟɪɛɚɧ (Reeperbahn) – ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ Ƚɚɦ- ɛɭɪɝɚ. ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XVI ɜɟɤɚ ɡɞɟɫɶ, ɭ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɣ ɜ ɩɨɪɬ, ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɦɚɧɭ- ɮɚɤɬɭɪɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɤɚɧɚɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɪɭɫɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɟɣ.
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɩɪɢɜɨɡɢɦɵɯ ɝɚɧɡɟɣɰɚɦɢ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɶ, ɛɵɥɢ ɞɨɪɨɝɢɟ ɫɭɤɧɚ ɢɡ Ɏɥɚɧɞɪɢɢ. Ɏɥɚɧɞɪɢɹ, ɚ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɢ Ȼɪɚɛɚɧɬ, ɫɭɦɟɥɢ ɭɠɟ ɫ ɞɜɟ- ɧɚɞɰɚɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɨ- Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ 1200 ɢ 1304 ɝɨɞɚɦɢ, ɛɵɥɚ ɉɚɥɚɬɚ ɫɭɤɨɧɳɢɤɨɜ ɂɩɪɚ (Lakenhalle van Ieper) – ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɰɟɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɭɤɧɨɞɟɥɢɹ. ɂɡ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɡ- ɜɟcɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɜ 1137 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɭɤɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɂɩɪɚ [Mühle 1997: 162]. ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɥɚɧɞɪɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɥɚɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɫɭɤɧɨɞɟɥɢ- ɟɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɟɳɺ ɨɬɵɫɤɚɬɶ ɜ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɪɬɨɜ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ:
popeline (ɩɨɩɥɢɧ ɨɬ Poperinge) ɢ cambrai (ɤɟɦɛɪɢɤ ɨɬ Kamerijk).
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɞɨɪɨɝɢɯ ɢ ɥɭɱɲɢɯ ɫɨɪɬɨɜ ɮɥɚɧɞɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɤɧɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɥɚɬ. ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ scharlaken, scheerlaken, schaerlaken ɩɪɨɢɡ- ɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɫɢɞɫɤɨɝɨ saqirlat ‘ɩɭɪɩɭɪɧɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ’. ȼ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɛɵɥɢɧɚɯ ɩɨɞɱɟɪ- ɤɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɞɟɠɞɭ ɢɡ ɫɤɨɪɥɚɬɚ ɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
ɂɡ ɪɭɫɫɤɨ-ɧɢɠɧɟɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɤɚ Ɏɟɧɧɟ ɭɡɧɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɟ ɛɪɚ- ɤɚɜɚɥɶɧɢɤ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɧɢɠɧɟɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɣ ɤɚɤ wraker [Hendriks, Schaeken 2006–2008: 53]. ɗɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ Ɏɚɫɦɟɪɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɛɪɚɤ ‘ɢɡɴɹɧ’ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɠɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɝɨ brak ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ ȱ [Ɏɚɫɦɟɪ 1986, ɬ. 1: 206]. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɝɥɹɞ, ɛɪɚɤ ‘ɧɟɞɨɛɪɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɫ ɢɡɴɹɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ’, ɛɪɚɤɨɜɚɬɶ ‘ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɫɨɪɬ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ, ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɩɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭ’ ɩɨɩɚɥɢ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɟɳɟ ɏȱȱȱ ɢ ɏȱV ɜɟɤɚɯ. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɡɜɭɤɨɜ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɬɨ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ Ʉɨɪɧɟɥɢɫɚ Ʉɢɥɢɚɧɚ (1573 ɝɨɞ) ɡɚɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ brak ‘ɡɚɫɬɨɹɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɜɨɞɚ’ ɩɨɞɚɧɨ ɫ ɚɧɥɚɭɬɧɵɦɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɦɢ wrack, brack [Kiliaen 1972: 60].
Ʉ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɦ ɪɚɫɰɜɟɬɚ Ƚɚɧɡɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ, ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɝɥɹɞ, ɢ ɤɪɭɠɤɚ – ɤɚɤ ɦɟɪɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɞɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬ- ɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɟɪ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɪɚɜɧɚɹ 1/8 ɜɟɞɪɚ, ɩɨɩɚɜɲɚɹ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɢɠɧɟɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɝɨ. Ʉɚɤ ɦɟɪɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɨɫɭɞ ɢ ɜ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ ɢ ɜ ɡɟɦɥɟ ɇɢɠɧɹɹ ɋɚɤɫɨɧɢɹ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ: croes, crues, kroes, krues – ɪɚɜɧɚ ɞɜɭɦ ɩɢɧɬɚɦ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ ɥɚɬɵɧɢ ɋɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɜɟɤɨɜ crucibulus ‘ɤɭɜɲɢɧ’ [VD 1992: 1553].
ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɩɢɜɧɵɯ ɥɚɪɶɤɨɜ/ɩɚɥɚɬɨɤ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɚɹ ɬɚɪɚ ɤɭɞɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɜɚɥɢ ɩɢɜɨ ɜ ɉɢɬɟɪɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɪɭɠɤɚ, ɚ ɧɚ ɘɝɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɤɚɥ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɢɬɟɪɰɚ ɛɨɤɚɥ (ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɩɢɜɭ) – ɷɬɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɢɡ ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ. Ʉɪɭɠɤɚ ɠɟ (ɩɢɜɧɚɹ) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɣ, ɫ ɝɪɚɧɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡ, ɤɟɪɚ- ɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɪɭɱɤɢ. Ȼɨɤɚɥ ɫ ɪɭɱɤɨɣ ɧɟɦɵɫɥɢɦ.
Ⱦɨ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɞɟɥɤɚɯ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɜ ɏȱɏ ɜɟɤɟ, ɦɟɪɨɣ ɩɨɲɬɭɱ- ɧɨɝɨ ɫɱɺɬɚ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ, ɪɚɜɧɚɹ 12, ɛɵɥɚ ɞɸɠɢɧɚ. ȼɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɭɩɨ- ɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ dosin ɜ ɍɫɬɚɜɟ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɚɧɡɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɜɨɪɚ:
de jungen in den kleten solen vorcopen [...] paternostere bi cleynen dosinen [ɭɱɟɧɢɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɹɯ […] ɱɟɬɤɢ – ɦɚɥɵɦɢ ɞɸɠɢɧɚɦɢ]2.
Ɍɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦɢ ɜ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɰɚɦɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ ȼɢ- ɤɢɩɟɞɢɹ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɞɸɠɢɧɚ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ 1720 ɝɨɞɚ. ɉɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶ- ɧɨ ɨɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɦɨɪɹɤɚɦɢ. ɋɥɨɜɨ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɨ ɢɡ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɝɨ douzaine ɢɥɢ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ dozzina, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɨɬ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ duodecima3.
ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɚɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɢɧ ɮɚɧ ɞɟɪ ɋɟɣɫ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨ- ɜɚɥɚ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ʉɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɶ ɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ [Sijs 2006: 36–38] ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɡ 26 ɫɥɨɜ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɝɚɧɡɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɢ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɵ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ. ȼ Ȼɚɜɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ ɧɚ- ɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɢɚɬɸɪɚ ɪɭɤɢ ɮɥɚɦɚɧɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɚ ɋɢɦɨɧɚ Ȼɟɧɢɧɝɚ (1483–1561) ɫ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɴɺɦɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɹɠɟɫ- ɬɟɣ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ Ȼɪɸɝɝɟ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɥɚɧɞɫɤɢ ɡɜɭɱɢɬ kraan. ɋɥɨɜɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɧɵɦ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɬɢɰɵ kraan (‘ɠɭɪɚɜɥɶ’) ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɠɭɪɚɜɥɶ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɬɨɠɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɴɺɦɚ ɜɟɞɪɚ ɢɡ ɤɨɥɨɞɰɚ: ɤɨɥɨɞɟɡɧɵɣ ɠɭɪɚɜɥɶ. Ʉɪɚɧ ɜ Ȼɪɸɝɝɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɛɵɥ ɜ 1288 ɝɨɞɭ
2 Vorratshaus (Novgorod 1355–1361): Die IV. Schra des Petershofes, in: Quellen zur Hanse-Ge- schichte, B IV 1, c. 326–345.
3 ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: <ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ⱦɸɠɢɧɚ>, ɞaɬa ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: 19.12.2011.
ɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɥɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɯ ɜɢɧ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɭɛɨɪɤɢ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɧɚ ɫɭɞɧɟ ɬɨɠɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɤɪɚɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɤɪɚɦɛɚɥɤɨɦ (< ɧɢɞɟɪɥ. kraanbalk).
ɋɥɨɜɨ kraam, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɨ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɦ ɚɪɟɚɥɟ (ɜ ɤɚ- ɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ – ɝɨɥɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɣ – ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ), ɬɨɠɟ ɨɬɧɟɫɟ- ɧɨ ɤ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɝɚɧɡɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɟ. ɉɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɩɚɪɭɫɢɧɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ ɤɚɤ ɡɚɫɥɨɧɚ ɨɬ ɞɨɠɞɹ. ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ telt ɧɚ ɮɪɢɡɫɤɨɦ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɭɸ ɩɚɥɚɬɤɭ, ɚ krâm – ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ4. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ Ⱦɚɥɹ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɪɚɦɚɪɢɬɶ ɨɩɪɟ- ɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ǥɬɨɪɝɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɦɟɥɨɱɢ’ [Ⱦɚɥɶ 1905, ɬ. 2: 473], ɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɧɨɟ ɤɪɚɦɚɪɶ ɤɚɤ ǥɦɟɥɨɱɧɢɤ, ɪɚɡɧɨɫɱɢɤ ɢɥɢ ɥɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ, ɬɨɪɝɭɸɳɢɣ ɳɟɩɟɬɢɥɶɧɵɦ, ɛɚɛɶɢɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɦ; ɢɝɨɥɨɱɧɢɤ, ɳɟɩɟɬɢɥɶɧɢɤ, ɦɨɯɪɹɬɧɢɤ’ [Ⱦɚɥɶ 1905, ɬ. 2: 473].
Ʉ ɝɚɧɡɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɠɧɟɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɪɟɚɥɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɢɧ ɮɚɧ ɞɟɪ ɋɟɣɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɨ stapel ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ‘ɫɤɥɚɞɨɱɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ’ [Sijs 2006:
37]. Ɍɨɥɤɨɜɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫ- ɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɞɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɜɚ stapel:
3) ɪɨɜɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɱɟɝɨ-ɥ. […]; 4) (ɢɫɬɨɪɢɡɦ) ɦɟɫɬɨ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ;
– ɫɤɥɚɞ: Ʌɺɣɤ5 ɛɵɥ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɦ (algemeen stapel) ɪɟɣɧɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ;
5) (ɢɫɬɨɪɢɡɦ) ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ: Ȼɪɸɝɝɟ ɢɦɟɥ ɫɬɚɩɟɥɶ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɛɵɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɩɨɪɬ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɋɥɺɣɫɚ; 6) ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɫɭɞɧɚ ɢ ɫɩɭɫɤɚ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɭ [VD 1992: 2881].
ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɮɪɚɧɰ. étape ‘ɷɬɚɩ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ, ɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ’, ɡɚɢɦɫɬɨɜɚɧɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɝɨ stapel ‘ɫɤɥɚɞɨɱɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ’.
ɋɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɫɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɮɨɪ- ɦɚɦɢ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɠɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɪɟɚɥɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɪɮɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɨɪɮɨɷɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬ – ɲɬ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɡɜɭɤɚ [st] ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɫɬɚɩɟɥɶ – ɲɬɚ- ɛɟɥɶ. Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɢ ɛɢɮɭɪɤɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ 4-ɵɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬ ɷɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫɬɚɩɟɥɶ ‘ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɣ- ɤɢ ɫɭɞɧɚ’ ɨɬ ɝɨɥɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɝɨ – stapel [ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ 1999, ɬ. 4: 543], ɚ ɷɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɲɬɚɛɟɥɶ (‘ɪɨɜɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɱɟɝɨ-ɥ.’) ɨɬ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɝɨ – Stapel [ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ 1999, ɬ. 4: 687].
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɹɞɭ ɢ ɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɝɚɧɡɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢ- ɨɞɚ: ɫɬɚɬɫɤɢɣ – ɲɬɚɬɫɤɢɣ, ɫɬɚɬ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ – Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɲɬɚɬɵ (ɜɵɫɲɢɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɨɜ Staten-Generaal). ȼɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ- ɫɹ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɯɪɚɧɹɳɟɦɫɹ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɦ Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɦ Ⱥɪɯɢɜɟ
4 Das Deutsche Wörterbuch von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm, auf CD-ROM und im Internet, gefördert durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Berlin, Bd. 11, Spalte 1986.
5 Ʌɶɟɠ (ɮɪɚɧɰ. Liège), ɧɢɞɟɪɥ. Luik (Ʌɺɣɤ).
Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɂɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ Ⱦɟɥ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɧɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɟ Ƚɨɥɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɜɨɪɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ 1675–1676 ɝɝ.:
ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɱɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɩɨɞ ɋɬɚɬ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥ ɨɞɧɨɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɧɵɯ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɟɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɨɜ ɢ Ƚɟɧɞɪɢɤɚ ȼɢɥɝɟɥɦɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ Ɉɪɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɥ Ʉɨɧɞɪɚ- ɬɢɣ ɮɨɧ-Ʉɥɢɧɤɢɧ ɢ ɞɜɨɪɹɧɟ ɜɚɦ, ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɸ, ɱɟɥɨɦ ɭɞɚɪɢɥɢ [Ʌɢɫɬ 198]6. Ʉ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɫɥɟ- ɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɫɥɨɜɨ kontor, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɬɨ- ɪɚ. ȼɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɜ XIIȱ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɢ ɤ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɦɭ comptoir ‘ɪɚɫɱɺɬɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɥ’, ɫɥɨɜɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ‘ɲɤɚɮ ɞɥɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ’ [VD 1992: 1366]. ɋɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɤɚɤ kontor ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ‘ɤɨɧɬɨɪɚ’, ‘ɤɚɧɰɟɥɹɪɢɹ’, ‘ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ’. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɨ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɨ bureau, ɬɨ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɩɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɟ ɤɨɧɬɨɪɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɢɦɫ- ɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɡ ɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɧɢɤɚɤ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɧɟ- ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɷɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢ. Ⱥɧɡɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɨɪɨɣ – ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɪɚɫɰɜɟɬɚ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɚɧɡɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɤɭɩɰɵ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɰɟɜ ɜ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɟ.
ɇɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɝɚɧɡɟɣɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɤɥɟɪɤɢ – ɞɟ- ɥɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ. Ɂɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɡ ɥɚɬɵɧɢ ɋɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɜɟɤɨɜ clericus ɨɬ clerus
‘ɞɭɯɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ’, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɣ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɢ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ‘ɞɭ- ɯɨɜɧɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ’. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɢ ɨɬ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨ- ɹɡɵɱɧɨɦ ɚɪɟɚɥɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ‘ɲɤɨɥɹɪ’, ‘ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ’, ‘ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɶ’,
‘ɞɟɥɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ’ [Franck 1971: 313]. Ⱦɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɟɪɤɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɭɠɟ ɜ XIII ɜɟɤɟ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɨɪɟ ɮɥɚɧɞɪɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɮɨɜ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɷɬɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɮɥɚɧɞɪɫɤɢɟ ɤɭɩɰɵ ɢɡ Ȼɪɸɝɝɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɥɢ ɜ XIII ɜɟɤɟ ɥɨɧɞɨɧɫɤɭɸ ɝɚɧɡɟɣɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɧɬɨɪɭ, ɬɨ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɩɨɩɚɥɨ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɨ clerck ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ‘ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɶ’, ‘ɞɟɥɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ’. Ɍɟɪ- ɦɢɧ clerck ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɨɝɪɚɮɚ-ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɹ Ʉɪɢɫ- ɬɨɮɚ ɉɥɚɧɬɟɣɧɚ (1573 ɝɨɞ) ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ scriptor – ‘ɩɢɫɚɪɶ’. ȼ XV ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɢ ɜɫɟ ɝɚɧɡɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɨɪɵ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɭɠɟ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɤɥɟɪɤɨɜ [Schubert 2002: 4], ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟ- ɧɢɟɦ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɚ, ɝɞɟ ɟɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɥɚɝɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɚɦ ɧɚ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤɚ.
Ⱦɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɟɪɤɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɜ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɧɢ- ɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɥɨɬɚ: klerk admilitariteit7. ɇɚ ɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɭɞɚɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɞɨ 1883 ɝɨɞɚ. Cɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɷɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɮɥɨɬɟ:
6 Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɨ ɩɨɫɨɥɶɫɬɜɟ Ʉɭɧɪɚɚɞɚ ɮɚɧ-Ʉɥɟɧɤɚ – Ƚɨɥɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɜɨɪɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ 1675–1676 ɝɝ. ʋ 9 – ɯɪɚɧɹɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɦ Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɦ Ⱥɪɯɢɜɟ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɂɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ Ⱦɟɥ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɧɵɣ ɬɨɦ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ 600 ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ, ɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɟɪɤɚɦɢ, ɪɚɡɝɨɧɢɫɬɨɸ ɢ, ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɱɟɬɤɨɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɩɢɫɶɸ.
7 ɋɦ.: Admiraliteit in Friesland – Dokkum 1601. Notulen- en resolutieboek van het zeekantoor voor convoyen en licenten – bewaard gebleven dankzij van Beyma thoe Kingma – uitgegeven door M.H.H. En- gels Leeuwarden, ME, 2000.
ɉɨ ɞɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɤɥɟɪɤɚ, ɨɛɜɢɧɹɟɦɚɝɨ ɜɴ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɿɢ ɢɦɴ „ɮɚɥɶɲɢɜɨɣ ɜɵɩɢɫɤɢ ɢɡɴ ɫɥɟɞɫ- ɬɜɟɧɧɚɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ”, ɢ ɦɚɬɪɨɫɚ ɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɢɤɚ ɩɨ ɞɟɥɭ ɨɛɴ ɭɛɿɣɫɬɜɟ8.
Ʉ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɟ ɝɚɧɡɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɮɪɚɯɬ (ɧɢɞɟɪɥ. vracht) – ‘ɝɪɭɡ’, ‘ɜɨɡ’, ‘ɮɪɚɯɬ’, ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɜ 1286 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ‘ɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɭ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ’ [VD 1992: 3477]. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɢ ɜ ɪɭɫ- ɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ:
ȼɟɥɢɤɚɹ ɪɟɤɚ ɦɟɥɟɥɚ […] Ɏɪɚɯɬɵ ɩɚɞɚɥɢ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɚ ɤɨɩɟɟɤ [Ʌ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜ, Ⱦɨɪɨɝɚ ɧɚ Ɉɤɟɚɧ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1971, ɫ. 51].
C ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɨɩɬɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɜ XVI ɜɟɤɟ, ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɚɥ Ⱥɧɬ- ɜɟɪɩɟɧ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɚɧɡɟɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɦ ɚɪɟɚɥɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ makelaar (ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɨɟ ɨɬ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ maken ‘ɞɟɥɚɬɶ’) ɜɵɬɟɫɧɢɜɲɟɟ ɧɢɠ- ɧɟɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɟ underkoper (‘ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤ’). Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨ- ɜɚɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɟɳɺ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ maquerel ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ‘ɫɭɬɟɧɺɪ’‚ ‘ɫɜɨɞɧɢɤ’.
ɋɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɪɵɛɵ: makreel ‘ɦɚɤɪɟɥɶ’
(Scomber scombrus), ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɣ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɟ ɪɵɛɚ ɷɬɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɫɜɨɞɧɢɰɟɣ ɫɚɦɰɨɜ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɤ ɫɟɥɶɞɢ[Sijs 1998: 84].
ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ Ⱦɚɥɹ ɬɨɥɤɭɟɬ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɦɚɤɥɟɪ ɤɚɤ
ɧɚ ɛɢɪɠɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɧɹɯ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɤɭɩɳɢɤɨɦ, ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸ- ɳɢɣ ɢ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ; ɜɨɨɛɳɟ, ɢɡɛɢɪɚɟɦɵɣ ɤɭɩɟɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɫɹɠɧɵɣ, ɞɥɹ ɡɚ- ɩɢɫɤɢ ɜ ɦɚɤɥɟɪɫɤɭɸ ɤɧɢɝɭ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɹɜɥɟɧɵ [Ⱦɚɥɶ 1905, ɬ. 2: 757].
Ɇɚɤɥɟɪɚɦ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɣɫ-ɤɭɪɚɧɬɨɜ, ɩɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɚɦ, ɰɟɧɧɵɦ ɛɭɦɚɝɚɦ, ɞɢɫɤɨɧɬɭ, ɜɟɤɫɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɭɪɫɭ ɢ ɩɪ.:
ɉɪɟɣɫɴ-ɤɭɪɚɧɬɵ ɩɟɱɚɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɴ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɝɚɡɟɬ [...] ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɿɢ ɢɯɴ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɟɣɫɴ- -ɤɭɪɚɧɬɵ ɢ ɤɭɪɫɨɜɵɟ ɥɢɫɬɵ [ɍɱɟɧɵɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɢ ɂɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɘɪɶɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪ- ɫɢɬɟɬɚ, ɬ. 1].
Ɍɨɥɤɨɜɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ Prijs Courant 1522 ɝɨɞɨɦ. ɉɨ ɷɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɬɚɪɨɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɦɭ pris – ‘ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɰɟɧɚ’ [Franck 1972:
522). Ⱦɢɮɬɨɧɝɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɫɧɨɝɨ [i > ei] ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɭɠɟ ɜ XIII–
XIV ɜɟɤɚɯ ɜ ɛɪɚɛɚɧɬɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɮɥɚɦɚɧɞɫɤɨɦ ɚɪɟɚɥɚɯ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɩɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪɚ Ɏɪɢɧɝɫɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ „ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ Roma- nia ɢ Germania”. ɇɟɦɟɰɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ XVI ɜɟɤɟ ɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɟ prijs ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ.
ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ – ɫourant – ɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɨɠɟ ɤ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɦɭ ɹɡɵɤɭ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ‘ɯɨɞɤɢɣ, ɯɨɞɨɜɨɣ (ɬɨɜɚɪ)’. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɭɩɨ-
8 Ɉɧɥɚɣɧ, ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɐɚɪɫɤɨɟ ɫɟɥɨ: 1888. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɥ Ⱥɪɯɢɜɚ Ɇɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ.
Ɂɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ XVII ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ XIX ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ. Ɍɨɦ 5, 387.
ɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ Prijs Courant ɧɚɛɪɚɥ ɜ ɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɭ- ɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɺɧɧɨɣ Ɉɫɬ-ɂɧɞɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ (1602–1798). ȼ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ Preiskurant ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢ- ɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɺɦ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɢ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɢ ɨɬ Preisliste ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ. ɉɨ-ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɡɜɭɱɢɬ Liste des prix. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɪɭɫɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɣɫ-ɤɭɪɚɧɬ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ‘ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ ɰɟɧ ɩɨ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɢ ɫɨɪɬɚɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɭɫɥɭɝ’ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɞɟɪ- ɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ.
Ɂɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫourant ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ‘ɝɚɡɟɬɚ’.
ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɝɚɡɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c.
ɜɵɲɥɚ ɜ Ⱥɦɫɬɟɪɞɚɦɟ ɜ 1618 ɝɨɞɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɨɪɢɬɚ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɢɫ- ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɢ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ:
Ɉɧɴ ɫɟɥɴ ɜɴ ɤɪɟɫɥɨ ɭ ɬɨɩɢɜɲɚɝɨɫɹ ɤɚɦɢɧɚ, ɧɚɞɟɥɴ ɤɪɭɝɥɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɨɱɤɢ, ɡɚɤɭ- ɪɢɥɴ ɬɪɭɛɤɭ ɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɴ ɩɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɝɨɥɥɚɧɞɫɤɿɟ ɤɭɪɚɧɬɵ, ɨɬɦɟɱɚɹ ɤɚɪɚɧɞɚ- ɲɟɦɴ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɹɯɴ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɴ ɪɭɫɫɤɿɹ ɜɟɞɨɦɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɩɹɬɶ ɜɵɧɭɥɴ ɤɧɢɠɤɭ ɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɥɴ: „Ɉ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɢ ɢ...” [Ⱦ.ɋ. Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, Ⱥɧɬɢɯɪɢɫɬ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1906].
Ʉ ɞɨɩɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɟ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ, ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ. ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ, ɜɨɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ (Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ ɑɭɞɢɧɨɜ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1910) ɢ cɥɨɜɚɪɶ-ɝɥɨɫɫɚɪɢɣ Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟ- ɞɢɹ (ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ ɉɥɭɠɧɢɤɨɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɜa 1995) ɩɨɞɚɸɬ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɲɩɟɣɯɟɪ ɤɚɤ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɝɨ Speicher ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ‘ɤɪɭɩɧɨɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ’. ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɟ ɷɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸ- ɳɚɹɫɹ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɋɚɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ (ɥɚɬ. lex Salica) – ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɦ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɟ ɫɚɥɢɱɟɫ- ɤɢɯ ɮɪɚɧɤɨɜ (507–511) – ɫɬɚɪɨɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ spiker ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ spicarium (< spica – ‘ɡɟɪɧɨ’) [Franck 1971: 644]. əɡɵɤ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ – ɜɭɥɶɝɚɪɧɚɹ ɥɚɬɵɧɶ ɫ ɜɤɪɚɩɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɮɪɚɧɤɫɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɞ- ɧɢɦɢ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɪɨɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ. Spijker ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ‘ɚɦɛɚɪ’ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɹɡɵɱɧɨɦɭ ɚɪɟɚɥɭ, ɨɫɨ- ɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɟ ɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɟ, ɬ.ɟ. ɜ ɚɪɟɚɥɟ ɧɢɠɧɟɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ.
ȼ XIV ɜɟɤɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɦ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɝɚɧɡɟɣɫɤɢɣ Ⱦɚɧɰɢɝ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɦ Ƚɨɥɥɚɧɞɢɢ ɩɨ ɯɥɟɛɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ. ȼ ɧɚɱɚ- ɥɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ XV ɜɟɤɚ ɜ Ⱦɚɧɰɢɝɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚ- ɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɭɩɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɚɦ spiker ɢɥɢ speicher (‘ɚɦɛɚɪ’, ‘ɫɤɥɚɞ’), ɟɫɬɶ ɬɚɦ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɫɬɪɨɜ – Speicher-In- sel [Posthumus 1953: 253]. ɇɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ ɋɤɥɚɞɨɜ (ɩɨɥ. Wyspa Spichrzów, ɧɟɦ.
Speicherinsel) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɟ ɚɦɛɚɪɵ.
Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɝɨɥɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɟ ɤɭɩɰɵ ɢ ɫɭɞɧɨɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɵ ɛɪɚɬɶɹ Ⱦɟ Ɇɭɲɟɪɨɧ ɨɫɧɨ- ɜɚɥɢ ɜ 1585 ɝɨɞɭ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɭɸ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢɸ ɭ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɹ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ Ⱥɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɚ, ɬɨ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɡɚɤɚɡɭ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ
„ɝɨɫɬɢɧɵ ɯɨɪɨɦɵ”, ɝɞɟ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɱɚɧɟ ɢ Ƚɨɥɥɚɧɞɰɵ, ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɡɞɚɜɧɚ ɢɦ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɥɟ- ɝɢɢ, ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɥɢ ɫɜɨɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ, ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ [Ɉɝɨɪɨɞɧɢɤɨɜ 1890: 64].
ɂɡ Ƚɨɥɥɚɧɞɢɢ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɞɜɚ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɮɥɨɬɚ, ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ 30 ɫɭɞɨɜ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɺɦɧɨɫɬɶɸ 200–400 ɬɨɧɧ, ɩɟɪɜɵɣ 5–6 ɢɸɧɹ, ɜɬɨɪɨɣ – ɜ ɢɸɥɟ ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ Ɇɚɪɝɚɪɢɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɹɪɦɚɪɤɢ (1 ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɪɨ- ɦɭ ɫɬɢɥɸ). Ⱥɧɝɥɢɱɚɧɟ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɜ Ⱥɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɶɫɤ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ 4–5 ɫɭɞɨɜ [Blok 2008: 302].
ɋɤɥɚɞɵ ɢ ɚɦɛɚɪɵ ɷɬɢ ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɥɚɧɞɫɤɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ pakhuizen. ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɠ- ɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ pak ɧɟɜɵɹɫɧɟɧɨ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɜ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɪɨɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɲɟɪɫɬɶɸ [VD 1995: 2201]. ȼ ɮɥɚɦɚɧɞɫɤɨɦ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɟ ɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ pak (‘ɬɸɤ, ɩɚɤɟɬ’) ɡɚɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ 1199 ɝɨɞɭ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɪɚɧɧɢɦ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɡ ɝɨɥɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ (1225 ɝɨɞ) (Online Etymology Dictionary).
ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ pak ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ: ‘ɩɚɤɟɬ’, ‘ɭɡɟɥ’, ‘ɩɚɱɤɚ’,
‘ɬɸɤ’, ‘ɜɶɸɤ’, ‘ɤɨɫɬɸɦ’, ‘ɩɢɞɠɚɱɧɚɹ ɩɚɪɚ’, ‘ɤɢɩɚ’. ȼ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ‘ɬɸɤ’, ‘ɜɶɸɤ’
ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɜ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɫɭɸ ɷɩɨɯɭ:
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɮɥɨɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɞɵɦɚɬɶɫɹ, ɞɚɛɵ ɩɚɤɢ ɢɯ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɢ ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɬɶ [Ʉɧɢɝɚ ɭɫɬɚɜ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ, 1720 ɝoɞ].
ɇɚ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɨ- ɩɨɥɧɹɥɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɭɸ ɷɩɨɯɭ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟ- ɪɟɞɶ ɷɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɥɨɫɶ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɢ. Ƚɨɜɨɪɹ ɨ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɟ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɹ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢɦ, ɜɡɹɬɚ ɢɡ ɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɤɨɪɚɛɥɟɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶ- ɧɵɟ ɠɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɩɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɬɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɉɟɬɪɨɦ I, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XVIII ɜeɤa, ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɟɜɨɝɨ ɮɥɨɬɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ.
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ
ȼɨɞɚɪɫɤɢɣ ə.ȿ. (1961). ɂɡ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɬɚ. B: ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɫɨɰɢɚ- ɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɮɟɨɞɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ.
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ.
Ⱦɚɥɶ ȼ. (1905). ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ȼ 4 ɬ. ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ–Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ.
Ʉɥɟɣɧɟɧɛɟɪɝ ɂ.ɗ. (1981). „ȼɟɪɟɜɤɚ” ɤɚɤ ɦɟɪɚ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɫɭɤɧɚ ɜ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɟ XV ɜ. B: ȼɫɩɨɦɨ- ɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ. Ɍ. 12. Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ.
Ɇɢɥɸɤɢɧ Ⱥ.ɋ. (1909). ɉɪɢɟɡɞ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɰɟɜ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ. B: ɂɡ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ XVII ɢ XVII ɜɟɤɨɜ. ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ.
Ɉɝɨɪɨɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɋ.Ɏ. (1890). Ɉɱɟɪɤɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ Ⱥɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɶɫɤɚ ɜ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨ-ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧ- ɧɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ. ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ.
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Summary
Lexical Borrowing from Dutch in Pre-Petrine Russia
The article analyzes the borrowing from the Dutch language taking into account the etymological and historical aspects.
The origins of relations between Russia and the Netherlands lie in those distant times, when the European system of political, trade and other relations developed itself. The beginning of this relationship can perhaps be traced back to the example of Staraya Ladoga, city in northern Russia, which for eight centuries before the founding of St. Petersburg in 1703, was the first key port on the main trade route of ancient Russia “from the Vikings to the Greeks”.
In the beginning of the XII century merchant guilds have begun nucleation alliance of cities, mostly in the basin of the North and Baltic seas, the so-called Hanseatic League. Since the main centers of which activities were carried out of the Hanseatic League was North and East Germany, the Netherlands, respectively, then the language of communication of the Hanseatic League was Low German. This article discusses the scope of the term “German”, which is characterized by considerable inconsistency. In modern Netherlandistic to refer to this controversial use the term bifurcation, which is derived from Latin bifurcus – “forked”.
Dialects of Low German are widely spoken in the northeastern area of the Netherlands (Dutch Low Saxon) and are written there with an orthography based on Dutch orthography.
