Cenomanian to Lower Eocene deep-water agglutinated Foraminifera from the Zumaya Section, Northern Spain

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae (1997), vol. 67: 257-270.

CENOMANIAN TO LOWER EOCENE DEEP-WATER AGGLUTINATED FORAMINIFERA FROM THE ZUMAYA

SECTION, NORTHERN SPAIN

Wolfgang KUHNT1 & Michael A. KAMINSKI2

1 G e o lo g is c h -P a lä o n to lo g isc h e s Institute, CAU , O lsh au sen str. 40, D -2 4 1 1 8 K iel, G erm a n y 2 R esea rch S c h o o l o f G e o lo g ic a l & G e o p h y sic a l Scien ces, B irk b eck C o lle g e & U n iversity C o lle g e L ondon,

G o w e r St. L ondon, W C 1E 6B T , U.K.

Kuhnt, W. & K aminski, M. A., 1997. Cenomanian to lower Eocene deep-w ater agglutinated Foram inifera from the Zum aya section, northern Spain. Ann. Soc. Geol. Polon., 67: 257-270.

A b stra c t: An analysis o f 71 samples from the Zum aya Section o f northern Spain ranging in age from Cenomanian to lower Eocene enabled us to calibrate the biostratigraphic ranges o f D eep-W ater Agglutinated Foram inifera (DW AF) to the standard planktonie foraminiferal zonal schemes. Comparison with the standard “Geroch and N ow ak” zonation o f DW AF provides further evidence for the supraregional validity o f this zonation, as well as new information on the palaeobiogeography o f many o f the species first described from the Flysch Carpathians.

The nominate taxa o f six o f the seven T uronian-Palaeocene DW AF zones defined by Geroch and Nowak (1984) were observed in their proper stratigraphie succession at Zumaya (the Ammobaculites problematicus, Uvigerina- mmina jankoi, Goesella rugosa, Hormosina ovulum gigantea, and Spiroplectammina spectabilis zones o f Geroch

& Nowak). Only the index taxon o f the lower Paleocene Rzehakina fissistom ata Zone was not observed, however this zone may be recognised based on alternate criteria (the last occurrence o f Goesella rugosa). The benthic foraminiferal extinction at the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary is proposed as an alternate criterion to delimit the top o f the Spiroplectammina spectabilis Zone.

A b stra k t: A naliza 71 próbek z profilu Zum aya w północnej Hiszpanii, obejmującego utwory od cenomanu do dolnego eocenu, pozw oliła na wyznaczenie zasięgów stratygraficznych głębokowodnych otw ornic aglutynują- cych oraz na korelacje tych zasięgów ze standardow ą biozonacją opartą na otw omicach planktonicznych. A nali­

zując zasięgi otw ornic aglutynujących z tego profilu profilu potwierdzono uniwersalny charakter biozonacji zaproponowanej przez G erocha i N owaka (1984) oraz stwierdzono jej przydatność rów nież dla obszarów pozakar- packich. Praca dostarcza także nowych danych z zakresu paleobiogeografii gatunków otwornic aglutynujących, opisanych z fliszu karpackiego. Badania potwierdziły następstwo stratygraficzne pięciu poziom ów (Ammobaculi­

tes problematicus, Uvigerinammina jankoi, Goesella rugosa, Hormosina ovulum gigantea oraz Spiroplectammina spectabilis sensu Geroch & Nowak) opartych na gatunkach wyznaczonych jako przewodnie przez G erocha i N ow aka (1984). Jedynie gatunek indeksowy dla dolnopaleoceńskiego poziomu Rzehakina fissistom ata nie został znaleziony w badanym profilu. W pracy zaproponowano zastępcze kryterium do w yznaczenia poziom u Rzehakina fissistom ata — zanik gatunku Goesella rugosa. Zanik licznych gatunków otw om ic bentonicznych na granicy paleocenu i eocenu może być dodatkowym kryterium do w yznaczenia górnej granicy poziomu Spiroplectammina spectabilis.

Key w ords: benthic Foraminifera, biostratigraphy, Cretaceous, Paleogene, Basque Basin, Spain.

Manuscript received 25 November 1996, accepted 10 May 1997

INTRODUCTION

T h e c o a sta l se c tio n e x p o s e d a lo n g th e c o a st o f n o rth e rn S p ain n e a r Z u m a y a is p ro b a b ly th e m o s t c o m p le te a n d e x ­ p a n d e d s e c tio n o f U p p e r C re ta c e o u s a n d lo w e r P a la e o g e n e d e e p -w a te r se d im e n ts in E u ro p e . S tu d ies o f th e p la n k to n ie fo ra m in ife ra l b io s tra tig ra p h y (H e rm , 1965; H illeb ran d t, 1965; C a n u d o e t al., 1995) in d ic a te c o n tin u o u s s e d im e n ta ­ tio n in th e c o a sta l se c tio n fro m th e lo w e r C a m p a n ia n to the

lo w e r E o cen e. In a d d itio n , r e la tiv e ly c o m p le te C re ta ­ c e o u s/T e rtia ry a n d P a la e o c e n e /E o c e n e b o u n d a rie s a re e x ­ p o se d in th e c li f f s e c tio n an d h a v e re c e n tly b e e n th e to p ic o f d e ta ile d stu d ie s (M o u n t & W a rd , 1986; M o u n t e t a l., 1986;

O rtiz , 1995).

B e c a u se o f th e p o ss ib ility o f u n d e rta k in g p re c is e bio- s tra tig ra p h ic a l c o rre la tio n s to th e s ta n d a rd p la n k to n ie fo ra-

258

ZUMAYA SECTION

Fig. 1. Map o f the northern coast o f Spain, showing the locali­

ties o f the studied sections; 1 - investigated sections

m in ife ra l zo n al b io s tra tig ra p h y , th e Z u m a y a se c tio n s o ffe r th e u n iq u e o p p o rtu n ity to c a lib ra te th e b io s tra tig ra p h y o f th e d e e p -w a te r a g g lu tin a te d fo ra m in ife ra in th is m id -la titu d e b a th y a l settin g . P re v io u s b io s tra tig ra p h ic a l stu d ie s o f th e U p p e r C re ta c e o u s D W A F fro m n e a rb y O D P sites on th e G a lic ia M a rg in (M o u lla d e e t al., 1988; K u h n t & C o llin s, 1996) h a v e n o t b e e n a b le to d ire c tly c a lib ra te th e s tra ti­

g ra p h ie ra n g e s o f a g g lu tin a te d sp e c ie s o w in g to th e la c k o f c a lc a re o u s m ic ro fo s sils in a su b -C C D settin g .

T h e p u rp o s e o f th is stu d y is to re p o rt th e stra tig ra p h ie ra n g e s o f D W A F in th e Z u m a y a se c tio n , an d c o m p a re o u r b io s tra tig ra p h y to th e z o n a tio n o f ag g lu tin a te d fo ra m in ife ra d e fin e d by G ero ch an d N o w a k (1 9 8 4 ) fro m th e P o lish C a r­

p a th ia n s 1. T h e G e ro c h an d N o w a k Z o n a tio n w a s p re v io u sly a c c e p te d by a w o rk in g g ro u p o f IG C P P ro je c t 2 62 (T e th y a n C re ta c e o u s C o rre la tio n ) as th e w o rk in g h y p o th e s is a g a in s t w h ic h o th e r b io s tra tig ra p h ic a l sc h e m e s are to be te ste d . T h is c o m p a ris o n w ith th e b io s tra tig ra p h ic a l su c c e s sio n in the O u te r C a rp a th ia n s p ro v id e s n ew d a ta o n th e p a la e o b io - g e o g ra p h y o f D W A F a n d th e ir u tility fo r b io stra tig ra p h y in a re a s o u ts id e th e C a rp a th ia n s.

STUDY AREA

T h e B a sq u e B a sin is o n e o f th e se d im e n ta ry b asin s a lo n g th e N o rth Ib e ria n c o n tin e n ta l m arg in o f th e B ay o f B isc a y . T h e fo rm a tio n o f th e s e b a sin s o w es larg ely to the C re ta c e o u s strik e -slip te c to n ic s a ss o c ia te d w ith th e Ib erian ro ta tio n , w h ic h re s u lte d in tre n c h b asin s (S c h w e n tk e &

K u h n t, 1992). In th is s tu d y , w e p re s e n t th e stra tig ra p h ie d is ­ trib u tio n o f D W A F in th e C e n o m a n ia n to lo w er E o c e n e o f th e Z u m a y a S ectio n , s itu a te d a lo n g th e so u th ern c o a st o f th e B a y o f B iscay .

T h e Z u m a y a s e c tio n c o n sists o f tu rb id ite s an d d eep - w a te r lim e sto n e s, a n d is c o n tin u o u sly e x p o se d a lo n g th e b ase o f th e sea c li f f fro m P u n ta A itz u ri to S an T e lm o b e a c h in Z u m a y a . T h e s e d im e n ts a t Z u m a y a w e re d e p o site d in a s u b s id in g fly sc h tro u g h b e lo w th e w a v e b ase, b u t ab o v e th e ly so c lin e . E stim ates o f th e w a te r d ep th v a ry fro m 2 5 0 -5 0 0

1 1 « 1 * 1 I «

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un na m ed In te rva l zone

C. o v u la g ro u p

B. p rv b to m e ftc u s

Fig. 2. Stratigraphie profile o f the Upper Cretaceous to Paleo- cene o f the Zum aya Section, with the ranges o f stratigraphically important taxa observed in this study

m d u rin g th e C e n o m a n ia n -T u ro n ia n (S c h w e n tk e & K u h n t, 1992) to 1000 m d u rin g th e la te r p a rt o f th e C re ta c e o u s (H e rm , 1965), an d p e rh a p s e v e n d e e p e r d u rin g th e P a la e o - cene. O rtiz (1 9 9 5 ) n o te d th a t th e c a lc a re o u s b e n th ic fo ra m in ife ra in th e u p p e r P a la e o c e n e p a rt o f th e s e c tio n re­

sem b le a ty p ic a l “V e la s c o - ty p e ” fau n a, a n d a s s ig n e d a lo w e r b a th y a l p a la e o d e p th . T h e p la n k to n ie fo ra m in ife ra l b io s tra ti­

g ra p h y o f th e se c tio n s has b e e n stu d ie d b y H e rm (1 9 6 5 ) fo r th e U p p e r C re ta c e o u s a n d b y H ille b ra n d t (1 9 6 5 ) fo r th e P a l­

a e o cen e. C a n u d o e t al. (1 9 9 5 ) stu d ie d th e p la n k to n ie fo ra ­ m in ife ra a c ro s s th e P a la e o c e n e /E o c e n e b o u n d a ry . P re lim i­

n a ry stu d ie s o f th e D W A F fro m th e s e c tio n in itia lly c a rrie d o u t b y K a m in sk i (1 9 8 8 ), S c h w e n tk e an d K u h n t (1 9 9 2 ), an d by K u h n t an d K a m in s k i (1 9 9 3 ). O rtiz (1 9 9 5 ) stu d ie d th e b e n th ic fo ra m in ife ra a c ro s s th e P a la e o c e n e /E o c e n e tra n s i­

tio n a t th e to p o f th e e x p o se d se c tio n .

Sample localities

T h e 71 sa m p le s e x a m in e d in th is s tu d y w e re c o lle c te d fro m P u n ta A itz u ri to th e to p o f th e b e a c h o u tc ro p a t S an T e lm o (s e c tio n s 1 , 3 , 4 , a n d 5 in F ig. 1). F o r th e C o n ia c ia n - S a n to n ia n in te rv a l, w h ic h is la c k in g a t th e b e a c h se c tio n d u e

I T h is s tu d y is d e d ic ate d to th e m e m o ry o f o u r b e lo v e d te a ch e r a n d c o -w o rk e r S tan G ero ch . O n e o f us (M A K ) re c alls an o c c a sio n w h e n Stan w a s p resen ted w ith a few sam p les fro m Z u m a y a w h ich an a sso ciate from K ra k ó w h a d c o llected d u rin g o n e o f the m an y g e o lo g ic al fie ld trip s to th e area. S ta n w as d elig h te d to see so m a n y o f “h is ” fa v o u rite species in the m a te ria l, and c erta in ly w o u ld h av e lik ed to h av e th e o p p o rtu n ity to ex am in e the sec tio n in g re a te r d etail. W e are p le a se d to p re s e n t this sy n th esis o f b io stratig rap h ical d ata fro m Z u m a y a as a v a lid a tio n o f S ta n ’s w o rk o n th e use o f D e ep -W a te r A g g lu tin a te d F o ra m in ife ra as zo n al in d icato rs b o th in th e C arp ath ian s and for strati g rap h ical c o rre la tio n in o th e r areas.

DEEP W ATER AGGLUTINATED FORAM INIFERA FROM ZUM AYA

259

to a fau lt, an in la n d s e c tio n a lo n g th e ro a d S S -V -1 3 3 6 fro m Ic ia r to th e P la y a Z a c o n e ta (s e c tio n 2 ) has b e e n sa m p le d (J o ń c z y k , 1990). T h e c o m p o s ite lith o lo g ic a l se c tio n fro m th e C re ta c e o u s p a rt o f th e o u tc ro p is sh o w n in F ig u re 2. T h e b a se o f th e stu d ie d s e c tio n is re p re s e n te d b y a m a jo r fau lt.

T h is s e c tio n e x te n d s fro m th e T u ro n ia n to th e top o f the D a n ia n lim e sto n e s. O v e rly in g th e D a n ia n c a lc itu rb id ite s at P u n ta A itz g o rri, th e u p p e r P a la e o c e n e to lo w er E o c e n e o u t­

cro p a t San T e lm o c o n sists m o s tly o f d is ta l silic ic la stic tu r- b id ite s a n d a ss o c ia te d m a rls. T h e sa m p le s re p o rte d in th e P a la e o c e n e p a rt o f th e s e c tio n c o rre sp o n d to th e sa m p le n u m b e rs o f H ille b ra n d t (1 9 6 5 ), w h o p ro v id e d a d e ta ile d d ra w in g o f th is p a rt o f th e o u tc ro p . T h e P a la e o c e n e /E o c e n e b o u n d a ry is e x p o se d in th e ro a d c u t le a d in g to th e b each h o u se , an d is p re s e n t as a c h a ra c te ristic d is so lu tio n h o riz o n re p r e s e n te d b y grey c la y s to n e . F o r th is p a rt o f th e sectio n , th e d a ta is c o m p ile d fro m O rtiz (1 9 9 5 ), w h o stu d ie d 29 c lo s e ly -s p a c e d sa m p le s a c ro s s th e P a la e o c e n e / E o c e n e tr a n ­ sitio n (Z o n e s P 4 to P6b).

METHODS

S a m p le s w e re d is a g g re g a te d u sin g sta n d a rd m ic ro p a - la e o n to lo g ic a l te c h n iq u e s, a n d fo ra m in ife ra w e re m o u n te d on c a rd b o a rd slid es fo r m ic ro s c o p ic e x a m in a tio n . Id e n tific a ­ tio n s o f th e sp e c ie s a re b a s e d on th e w o rk o f G e ro c h an d N o w a k (1 9 8 4 ), K a m in s k i e t al. (1 9 8 8 ), K u h n t (1 9 9 0 ), K u h n t a n d K a m in s k i (1 9 9 0 ), K u h n t a n d M o u lla d e (1 9 9 1 ), K a m in s k i a n d G e ro c h (1 9 9 3 ), an d K a m in sk i e t al. (1 9 9 6 ).

D a ta c o m p ile d fro m th e P a la e o c e n e /E o c e n e b o u n d a ry stu d y o f O rtiz (1 9 9 5 ) w as s ta n d a rd iz e d to o u r o w n ta x o n o m ic a l co n c e p ts. T h e p la n k to n ie fo ra m in ife ra l z o n a tio n a d o p te d for th is stu d y is th a t o f C a ro n (1 9 8 5 ) fo r th e C re ta c e o u s, an d B e rg g re n a n d M ille r (1 9 8 8 ) fo r th e P a la e o c e n e . M ic ro fa u n a l slid e s are h o u s e d in th e a u th o r s ’ c o lle c tio n s.

RESULTS

O u r a n a ly s is o f th e T u ro n ia n to lo w e r E o cen e s u c c e s ­ sio n in th e Z u m a y a se c tio n y ie ld e d o v e r 95 sp ecies an d ta x o n o m ic g ro u p s o f d e e p -w a te r a g g lu tin a te d fo ra m in ife ra (T a b le 1). T h e w h o le s u c c e s sio n c o n ta in s fo ra m in ife ra l a s­

s e m b la g e s ty p ic a l o f th e “ lo w to m id -la titu d e slo p e ” D W A F b io fa c ie s o f K u h n t e t al. (1 9 8 9 ); F igs. 3 - 7 . T h is b io fa c ie s is c h a ra c te ris e d by v a ry in g a d m ix tu re s o f c a lc a re o u s b e n th ic a n d p la n k to n ie fo ra m in ife ra , a n d th e D W A F in c lu d e m a n y c a lc a re o u s -c e m e n te d fo rm s s u c h as a ta x o p h ra g m iid s. T h e p re s e n c e o f c a lc a re o u s -c e m e n te d sp e c ie s b e lo n g in g to th e g e n e ra C la v u lin o id e s, D o ro th ia , G a u d ryin a , a n d M a rsso - n ella c o n trib u te to th e o v e ra ll h ig h d iv e rsity o b se rv e d in th e sam p les.

A t th e b a se o f th e stu d ie d se c tio n , th e C e n o m a n ia n to b a sa l C o n ia c ia n sa m p le s c o n ta in o n ly sp a rse fo ra m in ife ra . In o u r T u ro n ia n sa m p le , th e in d e x sp e c ie s B u lb o b a cu lites p r o b le m a tic u s (N e a g u ) w a s o b se rv e d . A b o v e th is level, s a m p le s c o lle c te d fro m th e C o n ia c ia n in th e I c ia r-P u n ta Z a ­ c o n e ta R o a d s e c tio n c o n ta in c o m m o n U vigerin am m in a ja n k o i (M a jz o n ). T h is sp e c ie s ra n g e s into th e lo w e rm o st

C a m p a n ia n in th is se c tio n . T h e first o c c u rre n c e o f C la v u li­

n o id es su b p a risien sis (G rz y b o w sk i) w a s also fo u n d in th e C o n iacian .

N e a r th e b a se o f the lo w e r C a m p a n ia n , th e first o c c u r­

re n c e s o f S p iro p lecta m m in a ex gr. d e n ta ta (A lth ) a n d G o e ­ s e lla ru g o sa (H a n z lik o v â ) a re o b se rv e d . T h is sp e c ie s is fo u n d s p o ra d ic a lly in sa m p le s th ro u g h o u t th e C a m p a n ia n an d M a a s tric h tia n . S p ecies d iv e rsity in c re a se s in th e lo w e r p a rt o f th e m id d le C a m p a n ia n w h e n th e first c o n s is te n t o c ­ c u rre n c e C au dam m in a o vu la (G rz y b o w sk i) is o b se rv e d . D i­

v e rsity a g a in in c re a se s in th e lo w e r p a rt o f th e u p p e r M a a s ­ tric h tia n , w h e n m a n y o f th e ty p ic a l “ fly s c h -ty p e ” o rg a n i­

ca lly c e m e n te d a g g lu tin a te d sp e c ie s a p p e a r in th e s e c tio n o r b e c o m e m o re c o m m o n . O n e d is tin c tiv e e v e n t is th e F O o f R em esella va ria n s (G la e s sn e r) in th e u p p e r M a a s tric h tia n .

T h e C re ta c e o u s/T e rtia ry b o u n d a ry a t P u n ta A itz g o rri is c h a ra c te rise d by an a ss e m b la g e d o m in a te d b y o rg a n ic a lly c e m e n te d ta x a su c h as A m m o d iscu s, A sc h e m o c e lla , S u b reo - p h a x , R e cu rvo id es, a n d th e tu b u la r fo rm s B ath ysiph on an d R hizam m ina. S ig n ific a n tly , th e L O s o f G o e se lla ru g o s a and C la vu lin o id es su b p a risie n sis are b o th a ss o c ia te d w ith th is h orizon.

A b o v e th e K /T b o u n d a ry , th e D W A F a ss e m b la g e s fro m th e lo w er D a n ia n c a rb o n a te -ric h se d im e n ts still c o n tain co m m o n c a lc a re o u s -c e m e n te d fo rm s s u c h as A ren o b u lim i- na, C la vu lin o id es a n d D o ro th ia . H o w e v e r, h ig h e r in th e D an ian th e c a lc itu rb id ite s e x p o se d in th e b e a c h o u tc ro p at S an T e lm o are re p la c e d b y m o re te rrig e n o u s s e d im e n ts, an d th e o rg a n ic a lly -c e m e n te d fly s c h -ty p e fo rm s b e c o m e d o m i­

nant. T h e LO o f S p iro p le c ta m m in a ex gr. d e n ta ta is o b ­ se rv e d in Z o n e P l b . T h e P a le o c e n e a s s e m b la g e s a b o v e th is level are d o m in a te d by tu b u la r fo rm s su ch as R h a b d a m - m ina, R h izam m in a, N othin, a n d o rg a n ic a lly c e m e n te d ta x a su ch as S a cca m m in a p la c e n ta (G rz y b o w sk i), P sa m m o s- p h a e r a spp., R ec u rv o id e s sp p , a n d P a ra tro c h a m m in o id e s sp p . T h e D W A F a ss e m b la g e s c o n ta in g re a te r p ro p o rtio n s o f ta x a th a t are ty p ic a l o f g re a te r w a te r d e p th s , a n d b e a r a g re a te r re s e m b la n c e to th e P a la e o c e n e “ L iz a rd S p rin g s”

fau n a, w h ic h is in te rp re te d as re p re s e n tin g lo w e r b a th y a l d e p th s (K a m in sk i e t al., 1988). In h is s tu d y o f th e c a lc a re ­ ou s b e n th ic fo ra m in ife ra , O rtiz (1 9 9 5 ) also a ssig n e d a lo w e r b a th y a l p a le o d e p th to th e u p p e rm o s t P a la e o c e n e p a rt o f th e S an T e lm o o u tc ro p .

A n u m b e r o f first o c c u rre n c e s a re o b s e rv e d in th e P a ­ leo ce n e. T h e F O o f S p iro p le c ta m m in a n a v a rro a n a (C u s h ­ m an ) w as o b se rv e d in Z o n e P i c , b u t as th is sp e c ie s is k n o w n fro m o ld e r stra ta in o th e r se c to rs o f th e N o rth A tla n tic , it is lik ely th a t its a p p e a ra n c e in Z u m a y a is a s s o c ia te d w ith th e fa c ie s ch an g e. A s tra tig ra p h ic a lly sig n ific a n t m o rp h o ty p e o f H a p lo p h ra g m o id e s th a t is tra n s itio n a l b e tw e e n H a p lo - p h ra g m o id e s w a lte r i (G rz y b o w sk i) a n d R e tic u lo p h ra g - m o id es ja r v is i (C u sh m a n & R e n z ) is first o b s e rv e d in Z o n e P3b. T h is H. w a lteri/R . ja r v i s i tra n s itio n a l fo rm h as also b e e n o b se rv e d in Z o n e P 4 in th e L iz a rd S p rin g s F o rm a tio n , a n d it also o c c u rs in th e u p p e r P a la e o c e n e o f th e N o rth S ea an d N o rw e g ia n S ea. A lso o c c u rrin g a t th is lev el is th e F O o f D o ro th ia b elo id e s (H ille b ra n d ), a s p e c ie s first d e sc rib e d fro m th e P a la e o c e n e o f th e G o sa u u n it in A u stria . S u rp ris­

in g ly , th e sp e c ie s S p iro p lecta m m in a s p e c ta b ilis (G rz y ­ b o w sk i) is rare in th e s tu d ie d s a m p le s, a n d its F O w a s n o t

260

O c c u rre n c e o f a g g lu tin a te d F o ra m in ife ra in th e in v e s tig a te d sa m p le s

Table 1

SAMPLE 332 ZUM 134 135 136 13S 145 93 67 312 356 344 344 346 360 366 ZUM 34S 44 54 1&4 325 334 352 353 367 368 371 374 404 407 438 323 324 35 47 152 330 TUR 1 81 16 62N 85 84 18 6SN 92 77T 77M 82 96 98 0b 3 8 65 24 53 64N 00 81 100 101 105 111 128 130 133 50 52 4 57 19

--- B T . . ~ .— — ---

R R R R

Ammobaculitee jarvtai Ammodiscus ere lace us Ammodiscus glabralus Ammodiscus pemyi Ammodiscus peruvianue Ammodscus planu6 Ammodecus sp. (rough) Ammosph. pseudopaudloailsta Arenobulniina dorbigiyi Asehemocella spp.

Bathysiphon epp.

Bubobaculrtes problematic us Caudammna wuloides Caudanmna cwula Clavulrtoidee amorphe ClavulhoidsG aspera ClavulhokJes gaultńus Clavulhoidee głobulfora Clavulinoides gr. eggeri Clavulinoides 9 ib p ans tenais Clavulnoidea trilatera Crfcrostomołdes spp.

Cystammna sp.

Dorothia beloides Dorathia crassa Dorolhia axycona Oofathia retusa Dorolhia tmitatansis Eggerella trochoides Eggerellna 9pp.

Gaudrytia cretacea Gaudrywia pyramtdata Gaudryina sp.1 Glomospira charoides Glomospka gordialis Gkmospira irregularis Glomospira serpens Gkmospirella gaubina Glomospirella grzybowskii Glomospirella spp.

GoeseBa rugosa

H. walteri - H(?) jaivfei (transitional) Haptophragmiun spp.

Haplophragmotdes eggeri Haplophragmoides horridus Haplophragmotdes spp.

Haplophragmotdes walteri Hormosha velascoensis Hyperammina dilatata Kalamopsts grzybowskii Karrerulha conversa Karrerulha homda Karrerulha ten is Lrtuotuba Irtuiformis Nothia exceba

Paratrodiammriotdes heteromorphus ParatrcchammhokJes acervulatus Parotrochaiminoklee irregularis Paratrodiammhokiee spp.

Paratrocharrm incudes subcoronal us Popovia elegan6

Peammcsphaera irregularis Pseudobolivina sp.

Reeurvoidee aft. anormis Recurvoidea gerochi Recurvotdee nucleolus Recurvoidee epp.

Remesella varia ns Reophax duplex Reophax pilulifer Reophax sp.

Rhabdanmina spp.

Rhtzammha grzybowskii Rhizammtia spp.

Rzehakina epigona Saccammina grzybowskii Saccammha placenta Sculptobaculitee barri Sphaerenwnina gerodii Spropłectanmina cretosa SpiroptecUmmina ex gr. dentata Spiroplectsnmna israefskyi Spiroplectanmina navarroana Spiroplectanmina spectabilis Spiropledrtata annectens Subreophax pseudoscalaris Subreophax scalaris Subreophax splendidus Tritaxia spp.

Trochammina epp.

Trochammrioidee dubius Trodianmhoidee proteus UvigerTiarrmina jankoi Vemeuilna cretacea VemeuHnoidas polystrophus

C R F . R R R F

mm

R

R R

R?

R

R R R R R R

H R C H B R F H T I- C F ft F F T R

R R . R

R R R

F R

C C F

R R

F C F R R R F R R

R R

R F C

. R .

F F R R R

R R R F C R F

R F . R . R

. F . F .

C F . R C C R

. R R

R . R

R R F .

R R

C C

. R . R R . R .

R R

R F?

R?

R C

C R R

F A F C R R F F? C C F R R F C R F R R F

. . . . . . R? . .

F R

R

R A R R

R R .

R R

■ - * ...

...

. . . . . . R ...

f c 8 * . . . * ...H . F F . . . B f R H . «

F F

R . .

R C C R

R R?

F F C R R

C G . B R . Ê

. R

F F R ...

R F R F R R R

C T CON SAN C A M P A N I A N MAA

LOWER 1 MIDDLE luPPER LOWER

DEEP W ATER AGGLUTINATED FORAM INIFERA FROM ZUM AYA

261

36 56 244 383 2 117 U 3 8 118 1

> ZUM ZUM 328 3Z7 ZUM 160 328 368 370 430 465 ZUM ZUM 400 400 400 400 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 400 I 5 54 55 1 139 56 10B 104 132 135 KT2 KT1 1 2 5 6 12 16 19 22 30 39 40 53 57 60

Ammobacuütee jarvtsi Ammodiscus cretaceus Ammodiecue glabratus Ammodiecus pemyi Ammodiscus peruvianus Ammodiscus planus Ammodiscus sp (rough) Ammoaph. peeudopauciloculata Arenobulmha dorbignyi Asehemocella spp.

Bathysiphon spp.

Bubobaculites probtematicus Caudammfia ovuloides Caudammvia ovula Clavurnoides amorpha Clavulnoides aepera Clavulhoides gaultin us Clavulroides globulifera Clavulrwides gr. eggen Clavulhoides subpariswisis Clavulhoidee trilatera CribroetomoideB spp.

Cystammha sp!

Dorothia belotdes Dorothia crassa Dorothia oxycona Dorothia retusa Dorothia tmüatensis Eggerella trodioides Eggerellha spp.

Gaudryina cretacea Gaudrytia pyramid ata Gaudrynasp.1 Glomospira charoidee Glomoepira gordlalis Glomospira Irregularis Glomospira serpens Glomoeplrelle gaultine Glomoeplrella grzybowskii Glomoeplrelle epp.

Goeselia rüg osa

H. welteri • H(?) Jarvtoi (transitional) Hapłophregmlum spp.

Hapłophragmofdes eggerl Hapłophragmotóee horridue Hapłophragmołdee epp.

Hapłophragmołdee waKerl Horm os Ina vetaecoensls Hyperammlne dilata ta Ka Um ope Is grzybowefcil Karrerulha conversa Karrerulha horrida Karrerullna len le lltuotuba litu Hormis Nothl« excefu

PeratrodiwnmlnoWee heterumorphus Paratrochammlnoldee aeervulatus ParatrochwnmlnoWee Irregularis Paralrochanminołdee epp.

Paratroch «nmknoidea eubcoronatue Popovla ełegane

Psammoephaera Irregularis Peeudobolwlne ip.

Recufvoldee off, «normte Recurvoldee gerochl Recurvokiea nudeolue RecurvoWee epp.

Remeeella vertane Reophax duplex Reophax pllullfer Reopht* ep.

RhaMemmlna epp.

Rhlzammlna gnybowskii RhliammJna epp, Rjehakłna epigona Baccammln« grzybowekN Baceammlna placenta ScuiptobaculNee barri Sphaerammlna gerochl Splroplectammlna cretoe«

Bplrepłectammlna amgr. dentala Splropleetammln« toreeltkyl Bplroplectiinimh* nevarroana Splroplecternmlra epectobllls Splropłectinda «nnectene Bubreoph« pnudoeodarte Subreoph« scalarts Bubreophox »piendldus Trftoda epp.

Trechartmlna epp.

Troehammlnoldfi dubiue TrochammlnoWee proteus Uvigerinammtna janhol Vemeulllna cretaeea VemeulllnoWie polyetrophm

I- C R

F R R R

R R R

R R R R R

R P

R R R R R

R7

ft Ä ft F

C A C R

R R R R

F R R F

R C R

R

R R R

R R R

H ft

R R R R R

R

R F R R R

R

R R R (H R

F C C

R R R R

R

F F R

R F

R F F R R F F

R F F F F R

R F F . F

!

R . , ,

c c c c Its A t ;

" . ... ;...r...

R F

C C F R R

C C C

R C . .

R

F R . F F . R

A Ç A C F F A

Ć... F... R ... F _ R _ R...Ć _ R ...

R F C

F

C C C

$ ,rt *

R R

R R F R

R

R R R

A A F F

R R

R F

R R R F

F F F F R

C R

R

C C C C F F F C

* * $ F h n F

" R ... . . ... * A ...R"

F R R R R

R F F F

• • W & M

R R . F , R

R C C

F C R R .

R R

. R F

R F C C C

R

R

C R C R C F F R

R R R R

M A A S T R 1 C H T 1 A N P A L E 0 C tu Z LU

1 MIDDLE 1 UPPER P ij P1b I P1c |p2 I P3a I P3b | P4 PS

262

Fig. 3. SEM micrographs. A. Ammodiscus cretaceus, sample ZU M -6/I, G. gansseri Zone: B. Ammodiscus peruvianus, sample ZU M -6/I, G. gansseri Zone; C. Glomospirellci gauliina, sample 135-61, M. sigali - D. concavata Zone; D. Ammodiscus cf. pennyi, sample 135-61, M. s ig a li- D . concavata Zone; E. Glomospira serpens, sample ZU M -6/I, G. gansseri Zone; F .Saccam m ina cf. placenta:

sample 327-55, G. gansseri Zone; G. Lituoiubci lituiformis, sample ZUM-6/1, G. gansseri Zone; H. Glomospira irregularis, sample ZUM -6/1, G. gansseri Zone; I. Caudammina ovulum, sample ZUM -6/1, G. gansseri Zone; J . Subreophax cf. splendidus,".sample 327-55, G. gansseri Zone; K. Hormosina velascoensis, sample 327-55, G. gansseri Zone; L. Hormosina velascoensis, sample ZUM -6/1, G.

gansseri Zone: M. Hyperammina dilatata, sample Ma-42. Danian; N. Hvperammina dilatata. sample M a-42. Danian Length o f scale bar - 200 (.im

D E E P W A T E R A G G L U T I N A T E D F O R A M IN IF E R A F R O M Z U M A Y A

263

Fig. 4. SEM micrographs. A. Bulbobacnlites problematicus, sample ZUM-TUR. M sigali /o n e ; B-C. Bulbobacnlites problematicus, sample ZUM -TUR, M. sigali Zone; D. Ammobaculites cl jarvisi, sample 369-103, A. m ayaraęm is Zone; E. Ammobaculites sp., sample Z U M -IO 'l, G. eugubina Zone; F-H. Ammobaculites sp, 3. snmple ZUM-KT1, G. eugubina Zone; 1. Hubreophax cf, scalaris, sample ZU VI-6/1, G. gansseri Zone; J, Reophax sp.: sample ZUM -6/1, G. gansseri Zone; K. 1'seudoboHvina sp., sample 135-61, M. sigali - D.

concavata Zone; L. Verneuilinioicles paiystrophus, sample 135-61, M. sigali - D. concavata Zone; M. K arrehella Iw rrida, sample 145-95. M. sigali - IX concavata Zone. Length o f scale bar - 200 (am

264

Fig. S, SEM micrographs. A. Ammosphaeroidina pseudopauciloculata. sample 328-58, //. mayaroensis Zone: B. Ammosphcieroidinci pseudopauciloculata, sam ple 369-103, A. mayaroensis Zone; C. Ammosphaeroidinapsendopauciloculata. sam ple ZUM -6/2. G. gansseri Zone, D. Haplophragmoides cf. walteri’, sample 135-61, Ivl. sigali — D. concavata Zone; E-F. Haplophragmoides sp. 2, sam ple 135-61.

M. sigaii — D. concavata Zone; G. Haplophragmoides sp. 323-50, sample 323-50, G. calcarata Zone; H. Cribrostom oides trinitatensis, sample Ma-42, Danian; I-J. Haplophragmoides sp. 2, sample Ma-42, Danian; K. Recurvoides sp., sample 135-61, M. sigali - D.

concavata Zone; L. Uvigerinamminajankoi, sample 135-61, M s i g a li - D . concavata Zone. Length o f scale b a r - 2 0 0 am

D E E P W A T E R A G G L U T I N A T E D F O R A M I N I F E R A F R O M Z U M A Y A

265

Fig. 6. SEM micrographs. A. Paratrochamminoides heteromorphus, sample 327-55. G. gansseri Zone; B. Trochamminoides cf.

dubiits. sample 135-61. M. sigali - D. concavata Zone; C. Trochamminoides cf. proteus, sample ZUM -6/1, G. gansseri Zone; D.

Trochamminoides proteus, sam ple ZUM-6/1, G. gansseri Zone; E. Paratrochamminoides sp., sample 327-55, G. gansseri Zone; F.

Trochammina cf. deformis. sam ple ZUM -6/1, G. gansseri Zone; G. Trochammina globigerinifonnis, sam ple Ma-42, Danian; H.

Trochammina globigerinifonnis. sam ple ZUM -6/1, G. gansseri Zone; I-J. Trochammina globigeriniformis, sam ple 13 5-61. M. sigali D.

concavata Zone. K. Clavulinoides eggeri, sample 356-92. A1. sigali — D. concavata Zone; L. Clavulinoides eggeri. sample 34S-3, G.

\ enti icosa Zone. M. 7 /itaxia sp., sample .'|4S-3. G. ventricosa Zone; N-O. Dorothia retusa, sample 34S-3, G. ventricosa Zone. Length o f scale bar - 200 um

10 — A-ccales..

266

Fig. 7. SEM micrographs. A. Goesella rugosa, sample ZUM -6/1, G. gansseri Zone: B. Goeselia n igosa, sample ZUM -6/2, G. gaiisseri Zone; C . G oesella sp., sam ple 369-103, A. mayaroensis Zone; D. Gaudryina sp. (coarse), sample ZUM -6/1, G. gansseri Zone; E.

Remesella varions, sam ple ZUM -6/1, G. gansseri Zone; F-G . Remesella varions, sample 369-103, A. mayaroensis Zone; H -I. Gaudryina pyram idata, sample 360-96, G. elevata Zone; J . Gaudryina cretacea, sample 368-101, G. ventricosa Zone; K. Remesella varions, sample M a-42, Danian; L. Spiroplectammina israelskyi, sample M a-42, Danian; M . Spiroplectammina dentala, sam ple ZUM -6/1, G. gansseri Zone; N-O . Dorothia crassa, sample ZUM -6/1, G. gansseri Zone. Length o f scale bai' - 200 ^m

DEEP W ATER AGGLUTINATED FORAM INIFERA FROM ZUM AYA

267

o b se rv e d u n til th e u p p e r p a rt o f Z o n e P4. L ik e w ise , th e g e ­ n u s R zeh a k in a o c c u rs v e ry ra re ly in o u r sam p les. B o th fo rm s are c o m m o n in th e u p p e r P a la e o c e n e in T rin id a d and in th e F ly s c h C a rp a th ia n s, b u t th e ir stra tig ra p h ie o c c u rre n c e is m u c h re s tric te d a t Z u m a y a .

T h e P a la e o c e n e /E o c e n e b o u n d a ry is re p re se n te d b y a 2 0 c m th ic k d a rk -g re y sh a le lay er, o v e rla in by 4 m o f red clay . T h e d a rk -g re y sh a le la y e r re p re se n ts a d isso lu tio n h o r­

izon th a t c o rre sp o n d s to th e b e n th ic fo ra m in ife ra l m a ss e x ­ tin c tio n an d th e d elta 13C sh ift (O rtiz , 1995), w h ich are u se d to d e lim it th e P /E b o u n d a ry in d e e p sea co res. In h is stu d y o f th e b e n th ic fo ra m in ife ra l e x tin c tio n a t Z u m a y a , O rtiz (1 9 9 5 ) re p o rte d th a t the to ta l b e n th ic fo ra m in ife ra d iv e rsity d ro p s by 9 4 % (fro m 74 to 4 s p e c ie s) acro ss th e g re y sh ale layer.

B e lo w th e g re y sh a le la y e r, th e u p p e r P a la e o c e n e a ss e m ­ b la g e s c o n ta in th e ty p ic a l fly sc h -ty p e fo rm s such as G an- d ryin a p y r a m id a ta C u sh m a n , D o ro th ia retu sa (C u sh m a n ), C la vu lin o id es am o rp h a (C u sh m a n ), R e m e se lla va ria n s (G la e s sn e r), S. s p e c ta b ilis (G rz y b o w sk i), C rib ro sto m o id es trin ita ten sis C u sh m a n & Ja rv is, S acca m m in a p la c e n ta (G rz y b o w s k i), H o rm o sin a vela sco en sis (C u sh m a n ), C aitd- am m in a o v u lo id es (G rz y b o w sk i), a n d T roch am m in oides spp. T h e e x tin c tio n o f C au dam m in a sp p ., C la vu lin o id es a m o rp h a (C u sh m a n ), C. g lo h u lifera (T en D am & S igal), D o ro th ia retu sa , R e m e se lla varian s, R zehakina ep ig o n a (R z e h a k ), a n d T roch am m in oides p ro te u s (K a rre r) w e re o b ­ se rv e d a t o r ju s t slig h tly b e lo w th e g rey sh a le lay er, a lo n g w ith th e e x tin c tio n o f n u m e ro u s P a le o c e n e ca lc a re o u s b e n ­ th ic ta x a . F o llo w in g the b e n th ic e x tin c tio n in th e in terv al o f low d e lta l3C v alu es, th e a g g lu tin a te d fo ra m in ife ra c o n sist o f sm all, th in -w a lle d s p e c ie s o f H a p lo p h ra g m o id es sp p ., G lo m o s p ira c h a ro id es (Jo n e s & P ark er), a n d Trocham m ina spp. A b o v e th e d is so lu tio n h o riz o n , th e lo w e rm o st E o c e n e (u p p e r p a rt o f Z o n e P 6 a a n d lo w e rm o st p a rt o f Z o n e P 6b) a g g lu tin a te d a ss e m b la g e s a re c h a ra c te rise d by su c c e s siv e p eak s o f K a rreru lin a c o n v e rs a (G rz y b o w sk i) an d G lo m o s­

p ir a c h a ro id e s. O th e r E o c e n e su rv iv o rs in c lu d e A m m o d is­

cus g la b r a tu s C u sh m a n & Ja rv is, H a p lo p h ra g m o id es w a i­

te r i (G rz y b o w sk i), L itu o tu b a litu iform is (B ra d y ), S a c c a m ­ m ina g r z y b o w s k ii (S c h u b e rt), S p iro p lecta m m in a n a va r- ro a n a (C u sh m a n ), S. s p e c ta b ilis (G rzy b o w sk i), Trocham m i- n aa Itiform is C u sh m a n & R en z, an d T roch am m in oides su b - co ro n a tu s (G rz y b o w sk i) (O rtiz , 1995).

COMPARISON WITH THE “GEROCH AND NOWAK ZONATION”

T h e s tra tig ra p h ic a l su c c e s s io n o f in d ex sp e c ie s at Z u ­ m a y a d is p la y s m a n y fe a tu re s in c o m m o n w ith th e z o n atio n fo r th e S ile sia n N a p p e o f th e O u te r C a rp a th ia n s d e fin e d by G ero ch a n d N o w a k (1 9 8 4 ). T h is z o n a tio n h as se rv e d as a b io s tra tig ra p h ic a l sta n d a rd fo r n u m e ro u s ad d itio n a l stu d ies, b o th in th e a re a o f th e C a rp a th ia n s (e.g ., B u b ik , 1995) a n d in d iffe re n t re g io n s o f th e N o rth A tla n tic a n d w e ste rn T eth y s (e.g ., K a m in s k i et al., 1989; K u h n t, 1990; K u h n t & M o u l- lad e, 1991; C o c c io n i e t a l . , 1995).

In th e Z u m a y a se c tio n s, w e o b se rv e th e m o s t o f th e e s­

se n tia l in d ex ta x a o f the T u ro n ia n to P a la e o c e n e zo n es e s­

ta b lis h e d b y G e ro c h an d N o w a k , alth o u g h th e re are so m e 55

60-

65

70-

75-

80-

85

90 Series.

Stage

upp.

5 mid.

(0 5 low.

upp.

mid.

low.

Santonian

Coniacian

Turonian

Zonation of Geroch & Nowak

(1984)

Zones recognised in Zumaya, Spain

Spiroplectammina spectabilis

(PRZ)

Rzehakina epigona fissistomata

(PRZ)

Hormosina ovulum gigantea

(TRZ)

Goesella rugosa (PRZ)

Uvigerinammina jankoi (PRZ)

A. problematicus (PRZ)

Spiroplectammina spectabilis

(PRZ)

Unnamed interval zone

Remesella varians (PRZ)

Caudammina ovula/gigantea

(PRZ)

Goesella rugosa (PRZ)

Uvigerinammina jankoi (PRZ)

B. problematicus (PRZ)

Index taxa

|=FO "T ^ L O

I benthic extinction S. spectabilis

I

1 3 oo

I 30)

t>

Oo

Fig. 8. A comparison between the succession o f DW AF zones observed at Zumaya, with the zonation o f Geroch & N ow ak ( 1984)

n o ta b le d iffe re n c e s (F ig. 8).

T h e sp e c ie s B u lb o b a cu lites p r o b le m a tic u s w a s o b ­ se rv e d in o u r sin g le T u ro n ia n s a m p le . T h is is th e n o m in a te ta x o n o f G ero ch an d N o w a k ’s “A. p r o b le m a tic u s Z o n e ” , a p a rtia l ra n g e z o n e w h ic h is o f m id d le C e n o m a n ia n to e a rly T u ro n ia n ag e in th e P o lish C a rp a th ia n s . Its o c c u rre n c e at Z u m a y a m e a n s it p o ss e sse s a w id e b a th y m e tric d is trib u tio n , as it also o c c u rs c o m m o n ly in th e T u ro n ia n a t O D P S ite 641 o f f G a lic ia B an k , w h ic h w as b e n e a th th e C C D a t th e tim e.

T h e in te rv a l b e tw e e n th e F O o f U vig erin a m m in a ja n k o i a n d th e F O o f G o e se lla ru g o sa d e fin e s th e u p p e r T u ro n ia n to S an to n ian U. ja n k o i Z o n e o f G e ro c h a n d N o w a k . U v ig e r­

inam m ina ja n k o i w as o b se rv e d in p ro p e r s e q u e n c e in the C o n ia c ia n o f th e Z u m a y a se c tio n s. H o w e v e r, it is k n o w n to ra n g e u p w a rd s fro m th e T u ro n ia n in o th e r areas. W e h a v e fo u n d th is sp e c ie s at n u m e ro u s lo c a litie s , b o th in th e N o rth A tla n tic D S D P /O D P sites an d in c o m m e rc ia l w e lls d rille d

268

a lo n g th e N o rth A tla n tic m arg in s. It is a v e ry u se fu l zo n a l in d ic a to r in th e m o s t areas.

T h e F O o f G o e se lla ru g o s a w as o b se rv e d a t th e b a se o f th e C a m p a n ia n , in full a g re e m e n t w ith th e G e ro c h an d N o w a k Z o n a tio n . Its o c c u rre n c e in th e N o rth A tla n tic s e c ­ to r, h o w e v e r, see m s to b e lin k e d to th e o c c u rre n c e o f c a l­

c iu m c a rb o n a te in s e d im e n ts. It is a c a lc a re o u s-c e m e n te d fo rm , an d is n o t fo u n d b e n e a th th e C C D in th e a b y ss a l N o rth A tla n tic D S D P /O D P sites.

T h e C au d a m m in a o v u la g ro u p o c c u rs c o n siste n tly a n d b e c o m e s c o m m o n in s a m p le s in th e m id d le p a rt o f th e m id ­ dle C a m p a n ia n . T h e F O o f C au dam m in a g ig a n te a (G e ro c h ) m a rk s th e b ase o f th e m id C a m p a n ia n to M a a s tric h tia n “H.

ovulum g ig a n te a Z o n e ” o f G e ro c h a n d N o w a k . W h ile w e d id n o t s e p a ra te th e la rg e r C. g ig a n te a fro m th e sm a lle r C.

ovulum in th is stu d y , w e n o te th a t th e g ro u p o c c u rs in its e x ­ p e c te d p o sitio n . A n o th e r stra tig ra p h ic a lly im p o rta n t e v e n t w h ic h m a y b e u sed to s u b d iv id e th e “H. ovulum g ig a n te a Z o n e ” is th e F O o f R e m e se lla varian s. In Z u m a y a , th is e v e n t o c c u rs in th e u p p e r M a a s tric h tia n . T h is sp e c ie s h as b e e n o b ­ s e rv e d in th e m id d le M a a s tric h tia n a t se v e ra l lo calities, such as G u b b io (K u h n t, 1990) an d a t D S D P S ites 385 an d 398 (K u h n t & M o u lla d e , 1991). K u h n t an d M o u lla d e d e fin e d a m id d le -u p p e r M a a s tric h tia n R. va ria n s Z o n e b ased on its first o c c u rre n c e .

A t Z u m a y a , th e n o m in a te sp e c ie s o f G ero ch an d N o w a k ’s lo w e r P a la e o c e n e “R zeh akin a fis s is to m a ta Z o n e ” w as n o t o b se rv e d . O n ly sp o ra d ic o c c u rre n c e s o f rz e h a k in id s w ere fo u n d in th e u p p e r M a a s tric h tia n a n d P a la e o c e n e p a rt o f th e s u c c e s sio n , a n d th e s e are m o re sim ila r to th e ty p e s p e ­ cies o f th e g en u s, R. ep ig o n a . In g en eral, R. fis s is to m a ta is ra re in th e N o rth A tla n tic . H o w e v e r, th e “R. fis s is to m a ta Z o n e ” c a n still be re c o g n is e d a t Z u m a y a b a se d on a lte rn a te c rite ria . G e ro c h an d N o w a k re g a rd e d th e L O o f G o e se lla ru- g o s a to c o in c id e w ith th e K /T b o u n d a ry (th e b ase o f th e “ /?.

fis s is to m a ta Z o n e ” ) in th e P o lish C a rp a th ia n s. T h is is in full a g re e m e n t w ith o u r o b s e rv a tio n s a t Z u m ay a.

S p iro p lecta m m in a s p e c ta b ilis h as a cu rio u s p a la e o b io - g e o g ra p h ic a l o c c u rre n c e in th e ea ste rn A tla n tic a n d T eth y s.

Its F O d e fin e s th e b a se o f G e ro c h & N o w a k ’s T h a n e tia n S.

s p e c ta b ilis Z o n e in th e P o lish C a rp a th ia n s. Its F O w as r e ­ c o rd e d as u p p e r M a a s tric h tia n in T rin id a d by K a m in sk i e t al. (1 9 8 8 ). It is c e rta in ly a b u n d a n t in th e u p p e r P a la e o c e n e in th e N o rth S ea an d w e s t o f S h etlan d s, b u t it w as n o t o b ­ s e rv e d in o u r P a la e o c e n e - lo w e r E o c e n e sa m p le s fro m th e T a la a L a k h ra fly sch fro m n o rth e rn M o ro c c o (K a m in sk i e t al., 1996), o r in th e P a la e o c e n e -E o c e n e a t O D P S ites 897, 899, an d 9 0 0 on the Ib e ria A b y ssa l P lain (K u h n t & C o llin s, 1996). In Z u m a y a , its o c c u rre n c e is rare an d d isc o n tin u o u s.

W e o b se rv e d it in o u r sa m p le s fro m Z o n e s P 4 an d P5. It d is ­ a p p e a re d a t th e P a la e o c e n e /E o c e n e b o u n d a ry , th e n re a p ­ p e a rs in sm a ll n u m b e rs in lo w e r E o cen e Z o n e P 6 b (O rtiz ,

1995).

W e p re f e r to u se th e te rm in a l P a la e o c e n e b e n th ic e x ­ tin c tio n to d e fin e th e to p o f th e u p p e r P a la e o c e n e S. s p e c ta ­ b ilis Z o n e fo r a n u m b e r o f re a so n s. F irstly , a t th is level a larg e n u m b e r o f c o s m o p o lita n d e e p -w a te r b e n th ic fo ra m in i­

fe ra b e c o m e ex tin ct. S e c o n d ly , th e n o m in a te sp e c ie s o f G e ­ ro ch a n d N o w a k ’s “ S a c c a m m in o id e s ca rp a th icu s Z o n e ” has n e v e r b e e n o b se rv e d o u ts id e th e F ly sch C arp a th ia n s. T h ere

are m u ltip le c rite ria th a t ca n b e u se d to re c o g n ise th e to p o f th e S. sp e c ta b ilis Z o n e, b o th w ith in th e C a rp a th ia n s a n d in th e T e th y a n - N o rth A tla n tic p ro v in c e , in c lu d in g a size re ­ d u c tio n in th e a g g lu tin a te d fo ra m in ife ra , a s h ift in th e p ro ­ p o rtio n s o f m o rp h o g ro u p s (K a m in sk i e t a l., 1996), a n d a sh arp d e c re a se in d iv e rsity (O rtiz , 1995). In m a n y a re a s, the lo w e r E o c e n e a sse m b la g e s r e f le c t m o re o lig o tro p h ic c o n d i­

tio n s a n d are c h a ra c te rise d b y ta x a s u c h as K a rre ru lin a a n d G lo m o sp ira .

CONCLUSIONS

T h e b io stra tig ra p h ic su c c e s s io n o f D W A F in th e Z u ­ m a y a se c tio n o f n o rth e rn S p ain a llo w s u s to re c o g n ise m a n y o f th e C o n ia c ia n to P a la e o c e n e z o n e s o rig in a lly d e fin e d b y G ero ch a n d N o w a k (19 8 4 ).

T h e U vigerin am m in a ja n k o i P R Z , G o e se lla ru g o sa P R Z , H o rm o sin a ovulum g ig a n te a P R Z w e re all o b s e rv e d in th e ir p ro p e r su c c e ssio n , a n d d ire c tly c a lib ra te d to the sta n d ­ ard p la n k to n ie fo ra m in ife ra l b io s tra tig ra p h y in th e Z u m a y a S ectio n . O w in g to th e lack o f tw o in d e x ta x a fro m the G ero ch a n d N o w a k Z o n a tio n (R zeh a k in a fis s is to m a ta an d S a cca m m in o id es ca rp a th icu s), a lte rn a tiv e c rite ra are p ro ­ p o se d to d e lim it th e b a se s o f th e s e z o n es. W e c o n c lu d e th a t the G e ro c h an d N o w a k Z o n a tio n c a n be u s e d as an e x c e lle n t w o rk in g m o d e l fo r “ m ix e d a s s e m b la g e s ” c h a ra c te ristic o f low to m id -la titu d e slo p e m arl D W A F b io fa c ie s , e v e n in a r­

eas th a t are g e o g ra p h ic a lly re m o v e d fro m th e P o lish C a rp a ­ th ia n s. W ith few n o ta b le e x c e p tio n s , th e in d e x ta x a ch o sen by G e ro c h an d N o w a k fo r th e ir b io s tra tig ra p h ic a l sch em e are c o sm o p o lita n ta x a th a t h a v e a w id e g e o g ra p h ic a l an d pa- Ia e o e c o lo g ic a l d istrib u tio n .

Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge grants from the N A TO Collabo­

rative Research Programme (G rant 890149), and from the British Council/DAAD British-German A cadem ic Research Collabora­

tion Programme (Project 797), w hich have enabled field work and later scientific cooperation. Field data and sam ples from the Zu­

maya region were kindly contributed by A. v. H illebrandt (Berlin) and by K. Jończyk (Tübingen). We thank A. E. L. Holbourn for reviewing the manuscript. This is contribution no. 52 o f the Deep- Water Agglutinated Foram inifera Project.

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