Chemical Engineering, Vol. 54, No. 1

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(1)t h CHEMI CAL & METALLURGi C. H ^ ^ rc s u e features: Solvent K p c o v e ry. with. a c tiv a te d. cprbon in article and flow sheet*, fluid catalysts for gas reactions, chlorine from tfC I, im pervious g ra p h ite •>f<$ heat exchangers, costs ( o f piping installations, how lA n fiin e e rin g re s e a rc h is d e te r m in in g ^causes of industrial explo sions, and cheap oxygen: its present and future Cpver picture: Adsorbers in activated c a r b o n s o lv e n t r e c o v e r y system.

(2) LUBRICATING GREASE. OR SHAVING CREAM. OR PARAFFIN WAX. OR INDUSTRIAL STARCH. What viscous material can you process more profitably? A L M O S T in v a r ia b ly th e p rocessin g o f _L \_ v isc o u s m a teria ls in v o lv e s h e a tin g or coolin g. V o ta to r e q u ip m e n t p rovid es a c o n tin u o u s, closed s y s te m em b o d y in g th e c le a n e st, sa fe st, m o st efficient h e a t tran sfer o p e r a tio n for th is pu rp ose. D o e s a d ep en d a b le, m ore u n iform jo b in gen era lly less th a n h a lf th e floor sp a ce re q u ired b y b a tc h m e th o d s. M a k es possible c orresp on d in g sa v in g s in labor, h e a t or re frigeration , an d ov e ra ll op era tin g exp en se for a g r ea t c ro ss-se ctio n o f in d u str y . D IS T R IC T. O F F IC E S :. 150 B r o a d w a y , N ew Y o rk C ity 7. •. T h e a b o v e w ere p ick ed a t ra n d o m from m ore th a n a d o z e n tr ie d an d p ro v ed V o ta to r a p p lic a tio n s. T h e r e are m a n y p o te n tia l V o ta to r a p p lic a tio n s o f w h ich e v e n w e m a y n o t be a w a r e — th e p roc e ssin g o f v isc o u s m a ter ia ls c o v er s su ch w id e in d u str ia l territo ry . I f y o u p rocess a n y th in g in v isc o u s form , c h a n c e s are V o ta to r e q u ip m e n t can c u t y o u r c o sts, in crea se y o u r profits. W rite to T h e G irdler C o rp o ra tio n , V o ta to r D iv isio n , L o u isv ille 1, K e n tu c k y .. 2 6 1 2 R u s s B u ild in g , S a n F r a n c is c o 4. •. 6 1 7 J o h n s to n B u ild in g . C h a r lo tte 2 , N. C .. UU IN1 1INuuus. Pin Qp p HEAT TRANSFER Aftfn PR0CESS1NG EQUlp^pj^j. W.

(3) 3 S 2 / V 7. ?■. CHEMICAL ENGINEER!. In this issue G reater P ro du ctivity fo r Progress E D IT O R IA L F O R E W O R D. G rap h ite H e a t Exchangers.............. By C . E. F O R D. with CHEMICAL Ł METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING. Technical W r i t i n g ............................... By D A L E S. D A V IS V o lu m e 54. N um ber 1. Progress in Solvent R eco very................................................................................................. 98. E D IT O R IA L S T A F F. JA NUARY. 1947. Hydrochloric Acid H ydrolysis............................................................................................. 100 By W . C . G A R D IN E R. S. D . K I R K P A T R I C K .................................... E d ito r J A M E S A . L E E ............................M a n a g in g E d ito r T H E O D O R E R. O L IV E A sso c ia te E d ito r HENRY M. B A T T E R S M a r k e t E d ito r L E ST E R B. P O P E A s s is ta n t E d ito r R IC H A R D W . P O R T E R A s s is ta n t E d ito r E D M O N D C. F E T T E R A s s is ta n t E d ito r R IC H A R D F . W A R R E N A s s is ta n t E d ito r. Death on the D esert.................................................... . . . ^.r. • • • • • > ............................ 102 By C R O S B Y F IE L D. Fluidization in Chemical Reactions.................................................................................... 105 By J O H N C . K A L B A C H. Estimating Chemical Piping C osts..................................................................................... 1 09 E D IT O R IA L R E P R E S E N T A T I V E S JO H N R. C A L L A H A M S a n F rancisco J. V . H I G H T O W E R ........................ W a sh in g to n E A R L E M A U L D I N .................................... A tla n ta R. S . M c B R I D E .................................. W a sh in g to n E. S . S T A T E L E R .......................................Chicago. By R . J . S C H R A D E R. 1946 Power S h ow .............................................................................................................. HI. E D IT O R IA L S T A F F. Organizing Engineering Research......................................................................................... 118. By D A V ID B. H E R T Z M. A . W I L L I A M S O N ................................P u b lish er. Oxygen— Past, Present and Prospects....................................................................... D IS T R IC T M A N A G E R S E . H . B E D E L L .......................................N e w Y o rk R . G. F R E D E R I C K ................................N e w Y o rk F R E D G R A N T ........................................... C leveland L. A . C U N N I N G H A M ............................. Chicago W . D . B O Y D ...................................................B o sto n E . M . S C H E L L E N G E R ............... P hiladelphia. 123. A C H E M IC A L E N G I N E E R I N G R E P O R T. Chemical Engineering Plant N oteb ook .............................................................................. 132 Solvent Recovery W ith Activated Carbon........................................................................ 136 -------- . . W . . n r z 'T I Til T -n E T A W 'C U C C T A C H E M IC A L E N G I N E E R I N G. P IC T U R E D F L O W S H E E T. C hlo rine vs. M a te ria ls o f C on struction ..................................... JO H N C H A P M A N. W o r ld N e w s D irecto r. P u b lish e d m o n th ly . P ric e 35 c e n ts p e r copy. P u b lic a tio n office, 99-129 N o rth B ro ad w ay , A lb an y 1, N . Y . A d d re s s co m m unications ab o u t s u b sc rip tio n s to J . E . B la c k b u rn , J r ., V ic e -P re s id e n t (fo r circ u la tio n o p e ra tio n s ). C hem ical E n g in e e rin g , w ith C hem ical & M e ta l lu rg ical E n g in e e rin g . S u b sc rip tio n r a te s — U n ite d S ta te s , an d p o sse ssio n s: $3 p e r y e a r, $4 fo r tw o y e a rs, $5 fo r th re e y e a rs ; C a n a d a : $4 p e r y e a r, $6 f o r tw o y e a rs , $8 fo r th re e y e a rs (payable in C an a d ian f u n d s ) ; P a n A m e ric a n c o u n trie s : $5 fo r one y e a r, $8 f o r tw o y e a rs , $10 fo r th re e y e a rs ; all o th e r -c o u n tr ie s , $15 p e r y e a r, $30 fo r th re e y e a rs . P le a se in d ic a te position a n d com pany connection on a ll su b sc rip tio n o rd ers. E n te re d as second-class m a tte r S ep te m b e r 3, 1936, a t P o s t Office a t A lb an y , N . Y ., U .S .A ., u n d e r a c t of M a rc h 3, 1879. C o p y rig h t 1947 by M cG raw -H ill P u b lis h in g C om pany, In c . — all rig h ts reserv ed . B ra n c h offices: 520 N o rth M ich ig an A v e n u e , C hicago 11; 68 P o s t S tre e t, S an F ra n c isc o 4 ; A ldw ych H o u se , A ldwych, L ondon, W .C . 2\_ W a sh in g to n 4 ; P h ila d elphia 2 ; C leveland 15; D e tro it 2 6 ; S t. L ouis 8 : B oston 16; L os A n g ele s 14; A tla n ta 3; P itts b u rg h 22. R e tu rn P o sta g e G u a ra n te e d . M c G R A W -H IL L. P U B L IS H IN G IN C .. C O .,. JA M E S H . M cG R A W F o u n d e r a n d H o n o ra ry C h airm an P u b lic atio n Office 99-129 N o rth B roadw ay,. A lb an y. 1, N .. Y.. E d ito ria l an d E x e cu tiv e Offices 3 3 0 'W eS f "’iS n ff' S trs e t^ N fe w Y ork 18, N . Y. J A M E S H . M cG R A W , J r . , P r e s id e n t; C U R T I S W . M cG R A W . S e n io r V ice-P resid e n t and T re a su r e r ; J O S E P H A . G E R A R D I, S e c re ta r y ; N E L S O N B O N D , D irecto r o f A d v e r tis in g ; E U G E N E D U F F I E L D , E d ito r ia l A s s is ta n t to th e P r e s id e n t; an d J . E . B L A C K B U R N , J r ., D ire c to r o f C irculation. M em ber A .B .P .. M em b er A .B .C .. C able A d d re ss M c G R A W -H I L L N ew Y ork. A. S Y M P O S IU M. W a tc h in g W a s h in g to n .................. .. . 78 E d it o r ia ls ............................................ . . 116 Plan t N o te b o o k ................................. . . . 132 E quipm ent N e w s ............................... . . 143 N e w P ro du cts.................................... N e w s .................................................... . . Convention C a le n d a r...................... . . Readers’ V ie w s ................................. . . Foreign N e w s ................................. . . . ... Germ an Chem ical Industries. Corrosion F o ru m ............................ . . . Log o f E xperience........................ . . .. 165 166 182 186 204 211 217. A dvertisin g In d e x. Personals .......................................... In d u s trial N o te s ............................. Convention Papers........................ Foreign A b s tra c ts ......................... B ook R eview s .................................. G overnm ent P ub lication s............ M anufacturers’ P ublications. ... E c o n o m ic s ......................................... Production T re n d s ........................ Production D a t a ............................ P r ic e s ................................................. N e w C on struction.......................... 358 & 360. ... ... .. . .... 221 228 236 256. ... ... ... ... ... .. .. 266 270 279 280 282 286 290.

(4) ALORCO. i. i r n a w A l P D A I I a. AI P O A I. (ALCOA A LU MI. The same top quality Aluminas and Fluorides—produced by the Aluminum Ore Company, and for years sold under the "Alorco” brand name and trade-mark— now carry the ALCOA trade-mark. They will be marketed exclusively by the Chem icals Division of Aluminum Com pany of America. Just as the ALCOA shield has long been the symbol for the best in. aluminum—so now look to it for the best in aluminas and fluorides. ALCOA ALUM INAS are versatile. chemicals. They are used as hardbiting abrasives . . . as high temper ature refractories . . . as catalyst carriers . . . for drying gases and liquids . . . and employed in dozens of other ways. More likely than not, the spark plug "porcelains” in your car are made of Alcoa Alumina.. ALCOA FLUORIDES are u sed in many ways . . . for laundry com pounds . . . for preserving wood . . . and as Alcoa Cryolite Insecticide to protect both farm and orchard crops. Let us tell you how these Alcoa products can serve you. Call your nearest Alcoa sales office, or write A l u m in u m. C ompany. of. A m e r ic a ,. 1778 Gulf Bldg., Pittsburgh 19, Pennsylvania.. C h e m ic a l s. D iv is io n ,. ALCOA FORMERLY. SOLD. UNDER. THE. TRADE. NAME. “ALORCO”. • J A N U A R Y 1947 • CHEM ICAL EN G IN EER IN G.

(5) M. ty. u. U. m. d. H. a. m. TO DRY? FromtheanswertothisquestionLink-Belt dry. inro gblaenm dspyro cem ssayenbgeinheaevrsingw oA uldlittle knosw w ha tf p o u . tu d y o endtyitp enssoufnedqeuripw m e nhtitnoo w era m psloyw eo dua ndshth e cth o i o h i c p e te l d o w w ro tiohneth ofem erthn oo dt.youcouldprofit bysomealtera. LINK-BELT ROTO -LOUVRE DRYER. B etter Equipment M a y S a v e T im e , Low er C o s t s , Im p r o v e Y o u r P r o d u c t. In ssettitonggivue pa nseewaptte lan ttioonrsto tuddyry inig anan odldcoonoel,initg p a y c l o n n g m ecth ocdosv.ers L-B e nid ge inera ers are up nro bia suecdts; th em iraenxypein ri e n e a w n g e o f d i n d strieepsri.nW ha ylnty op te csonosfuL lt-B theD m ,n thure cip ry eo rsw :?Folowingare (toplap iceture )lum Te h,isg deryne ran d cdolo le r, ig srasduuparlem e w h e re rg v o tl e h a n i n g dre ryiln g a nlydlittle accura te coanstro lm ap re ndecto esscaorn y. R e q u i r e s a ti v e s p a c e c o a re vweitnhtioountalexepqeunipsm ent.alteC atinonresp lacC ehoyicoeuroo ld8dsry elr i v e ra . f h e diameters,variouslengths. (cuegnhterapcicotu re )ntlyApm pliixeisngpribnecdipo lef o f fo rc i n g a i r th ro n s ta m aite riaal.ndTh eolsin ag m eTm acte hin epe ca ntubre eu sfeth defoarirbcoath d ry n g c o . h e m ra o n b e v a ri e d d u ri n g th e v a ri o u s s ta g e s o f d ry i n g a s d e s i r e d . S te a m fo r c o n d i t i o n i n g a m a te ri a l b e fo re d ryingspa ca n, iaslse ocobneom ad m itto tedo.peR ete quiare sde re laeticvia ellyy little c e i c a l ra n s p su p eirite od ds.to material not requiring long retention “S S ”al(loofw erfa rp icm tuo reis)ture Thfro ism typceoairssefo roth ebfa srb tere t m o v s u c e , n n -a s o n m avteeria whaicshha akreersu ee cn t.toforcedhotairasthey mo allso,ng scbrje ROTO-LOUVRE. MULTI-LOUVRE. LINK-BELT MULTI-LOUVRE DRYER. F or f u ll d e ta ils address:. LINK-BELT C h ic a g o. LINK-BELT “ SS”. COMPANY. 9 , In d ia n a p o lis 6 , P h ila d e lp h ia 4 0 , A tla n ta , D a lla s M in n e a p o l is 5 , S a n F r a n c i s c o 2 4 , L o s A n g e le s 3 3 , S e a t t l e 4 , T o r o n t o 8 . O ffic e s in P r in c i p a l C itie s .. 1,. L /A iK m k B E LT DRYERS AND COOLERS ^ D R Y IN G. PROCESS. OR SHAKER-SCREEN DRYER. Theilustrationsabove arenotmadetoauniformscale. Dryersareavailableinseveral standardsizes.Yourinquiryin volvesnoobligation. NOTE:. ENGINEERING^. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING • JANUARY 1947 •. 5.

(6) serving industry in lacquers, artificial leathers, vinyl films and sheetings, vinyl butyral safety glass, and molded and extruded products based on the vinyl resins and cellulose derivatives. The " F l e x o l ” P l a s t i c i z e r s shown are in commercial production. Several more are available in research or development quantities. Consult us on availability. Our laboratories have prepared extensive data on the performance of the " F l e x o l ” P l a s t i c i z e r s for many uses. This informa tion will assist you in selecting the right "F lexol” P l a s t ic iz e r or mixture of plasticizers for your needs.. are designed to meet industry’s expanding needs for prod ucts with good general characteristics such as compatibility and low volatility. In addition, each " F l e x o l ” P l a s t i c i z e r is outstanding in producing one or more special properties such as low-temperature flexibility, resilience, or high impact strength. " F l e x o l ” P l a s t i c i z e r s are successfully " F l e x o l ” P l a s t ic iz e r s. C O M P A T I B I L I T Y OF " F L E X O L " P L A S T I CI Z E R S ( 2 0 % OF C O M P O S I T I O N ) W I T H V A R I O U S R E S I NS DOP Vinyl Acetate Vinyl Butyral Vinyl Chloride Vinyl Chloride-Acetate Cellulose Acetate Cellulose Acetate-Butyrate Cellulose Nitrate Ethyl Cellulose Synthetic Rubbers C — C o m p a tib le I — In c o m p a tib le. 1. 3GH. c C-l ! c c C c c 1 1 c c c c c c c c. 3G0 4G0. TOF. c 1 c c 1. c c c c. SI C -l. c c 1 c c c c. SI. SI SI. c c c. c c c. B-400. 1 1 1 1. J51 c c c c 1 —. c 1 1. c c c. S — S lig h tly L — P lastic izer sw e a ts out. " F le x o l” ie a re g is te r e d t r a d e - m a r k o f C a r b id e a n d C a rb o n C h e m ic a ls C o rp o ra tio n .. C a r b id e a n d C a r b o n C h e m ic a l s C o r p o r a t io n U nit o f U nion C a rb id e a n d C a rb o n C o rp o ra tio n. [ÏÏW1 3 0 E a s t 4 2 n d Street, New Y o r k 1 7 , N. Y . SYN TH ETIC ORGANIC CHEM ICALS. O ffices in P r in c ip a l C itie s. D istrib u te d in Canada by C a rb id e an d C arb o n C h e m ic a ls, L im it e d , T o ro n to. J A N U A R Y 19 4 7 • CHEM ICAL E N G IN E E ftij^. 6.

(7) IF IT'S. FLIGHTS • MOUNTINGS • ASSEMBLY. SCREW CONVEYORWHY NOT GET. EX A CTLY what you need? W henyouhaveconsultedacapablematerialshandlingengineer anddecidedthat ascrewconveyorisbest suitedtouseonyour particularconveyingproblem,besurethat it isproperly designed andfabricated. Atright areshownjust afewof themanyavailablestylesof Link-Belt conveyorflights. Mountingsandassembliesarewidely variedtomeetdifferentconditions. Shaftsandflightsmaybemade of steel, castiron,aluminum,ormanyothermetals. Shownbelow isasectionofconveyormadeofstainlesssteel,withseamlesstube shaft, partsweldedtogetherandhighlypolished.. S t a n d a r d P i t c h C o n v e y o r , u s e d o n o r d i n a r y lo n g i t u d i n a l c o n v e y o r s , o r f o r in c l i n e s u p t o 2 0 d e g r e e s , w i t h m o s t m a t e r i a l s . P i t c h o f f lig h t is a p p r o x i m a t e l y th e c o n v e y o r d ia m e te r .. L o n g P i t c h C o n v e y o r , o c c a s i o n a ll y e m p l o y e d o n V e r ti c a l S c r e w A g i t a t o r s f o r f lu id m a t e r i a l s , o r f o r h ig h c a p a c i ty c o n v e y in g o f v e r y f re e - f lo w in g m a t e r i a ls .. D o u b le F lig h t S h o r t P itc h S c rew . U s e d to o b ta in s m o o th , s lo w m o v e m e n t o f m a t e r i a l s . A ls o t o p r e v e n t h i g h ly f lu id p r o d u c t s f r o m f lu s h in g o r “ s p i r a l i n g ” a r o u n d s c re w f lig h ts o n f e e d e r s u n d e r b in s , h o p p e r s , e tc .. D o u b l e F l i g h t S t a n d a r d P i t c h C o n v e y o r , “ s te p p e d u p ” in d ia m e te r , a n d m o u n te d o n a c o m m o n s h a ft o r p ip e . S u c c e s s f u lly u s e d o n f e e d e r s f o r m a n y p ro d u c ts .. MAIN FACTORS TO CONSIDER. Amongthemanytechnicalfactorstobegivencarefulstudyand considerationinplanningascrewconveyor instalationarethe folowing: 1.. K in d o f M a t e r ia l H a n d le d — a. H a rd. g. S tic k y. b. S oft. h. Packs. d. L u m p y. k.. A brasive. I. Corrosive. 5.. Feed—. O p e r a tin g. C ycle—. D o u b l e F l i g h t R i b b o n C o n v e y o r , S t a n d a r d P i tc h . H a s s o m e w h a t l a r g e r c a p a c i t y t h a n S in g le R i b b o n C o n v e y o r o i s a m e d i a m e te r .. a . H o u rs per day b. D ays per year. Q u a n t it y — a . C ubic fe e t per hour b. Tons per hour. C u t F l i g h t C o n v e y o r w i t h P a d d l e s , w h ic h t e n d to r e v e r s e flo w a n d m ix m a t e r i a l s . U s e d m o s t ly f o r lig h t p r o d u c t s .. a. M a n u a lly b. U n ifo rm c. Surges. ¡. W e t. F ree -flo w in g. f. Sluggish 2.. 4.. i. D ry. c. M e d iu m. e.. 3 . W e ig h t Pounds per cubic fo o t. 6.. L a y o u t o f In s t a lla t io n —. Tobesureonall points,whynotconsultaLink-Belt Materials HandlingEngineer? Heknowsall kindsof equipment. Hecan giveyouunbiasedadvice, asLink-Belt makesalmost everytype ofconveyor. LINK-BELT. COMPANY. C h i c a g o 8 , I n d i a n a p o l i s 6 , P h i l a d e l p h i a 4 0 , A t l a n t a , D a l la s 1, M in n e a p o l is 5 , S a n F r a n c i s c o 2 4 , L o s A n g e le s 3 3 , S e a t t l e 4 , T o r o n t o 8 . O ffices, F a c t o r y B r a n c h S t o r e s a n d D i s tr i b u to r s in P r in c i p a l C itie s . 10.434. L. iN. R. ^ B. E. L. T. S. C. R. E. W. D o u b l e R i b b o n M ix i n g C o n v e y o r , c o n s is tin g o f tw o r ib b o n s o f o p p o s it e h a n d , o n e l a r g e a n d o n e s m a ll, b o t h o f t h e s a m e p i tc h .. C. O. N. V E Y O. R. COLLARS • COUPLINGS - H A N G E R S • T R O U G H S • BOX E N D S * F LANG ES - T H R U S T S • DRIVES CHEMICAL ENGINEERING • JANUARY 1947.

(8) / Indication. Remote Pneumatic. W IT H 1 2 0 0 0 S E R I E S L E V E L C O N T R O L L E R S Z « r o S e ttin g I n d e x — fo r a d -. S p e c ific G r a v i t y S c a le — coR-. Ce nt r ol le r PUoF. FEATU RES U n it C o n s t r u c t io n — T h e parts w h ic h co n s titu te th e c o n tr o l th e. m e c h a n is m. p r o p o r tio n a l. is m ,. in c lu d in g. le v e r. s p rin g ,. (i.e .,. m echan. th e. c a n ti. n o z z le ,. fla p . p e r, b e llo w s a n d c o n tr o l a rm , th e p ilo t a n d th e a ir m a n if o ld ). a re. c o m p le te. sub-assem blies a n d a r e in d e p e n d e n t o f th e case. R e s is ta n c e U n it—Scale is c a lib ra te d ove r a 10inch len gth . S im p lifie d assem bly and precision machining fo r reproduc ib le settings. Stainless steel plug and orifice.. P r o p o r tio n a l B a n d S c a le — calib ra ted from 2 to 100% over 4-inch length. Linear p ro po r tion al characteristics to close limits in a ll settings.. S p e c ific G r a v ity S ca le •— calib ra ted from 0.5 to 1.2 o r from 0.8 to 2.0 specific gra vity.. S e ttin g In d e x S ca le — provides control point set tin g through fu ll leve l range. Vernier knob fo r smooth and positive a d justment.. Pilot — T h e. la r g e. c a p ac ity p ilo t is. fasten ed d ire c tly to th e a ir m a n if o ld by m eans o f tw o screw s, e lim in a tin g any. T hveelo1p2e6d0in 0-2o0rde Sreritoespro ovfidLeevleevleC od nic troaltio er-T ra nrescm ird ttein rsgin havaeddbitio een n d e l in n o r o to therppro rim ca tio ndofle f xcib onility trollin . cTehsesre Cq ou nitro leer-T mitte vidaerysifu ncnre se tog mele evte plro rem ntsra . ns C ONTRO LLER M E C H A N IS M — availablewith either proportional (1 2 6 0 0 -2 0 ) o r p ro p o rti o n a l re s e t (1d2,6e1 0.-2 0 )ea ascitilyocna .liA llte fedatu reescifoicf th e b a s i c c o n tro lle r h a v e b e e n re ta i n e .g th e b ra s p g thie erpcro ptro ortio lm ch evla yblaalacnticoend. pra ilovt,itythsecavle e,rn on l pnoain t see ttianngis,m th,ethre erg rse iblceap ca ocnittro TRANSMITTER M EC H A N IS M — oispp era teesr a fro mtoth euesatu m eem esaesm uribnlyg. lOe e m e n t, th a t i s , fro m th e s a m e d l a c n d rq b a s th.eS rw isaera ,te itsisupcpolm pn ledteolyutp inudtegpaeungdeesnhtafro thnepcroovnid tro rm ecp ha n ism ep ya vem bee edlleto sim lify operationandservicing.. m a jo r. a ir. tu b in g. an d fa c ilita tin g. c o n n e c tio n s. re m o v a l. S im p lifie d. c o n s tru c tio n p e rm its d isass em b ly in th e fie ld fo r c le a n in g . A ir. Passages — A ll a ir passages a re. b ro n z e. or. c o p p e r,. p r e v e n tin g. th e. fo rm a tio n o f scale o r ru s t b e y o n d th e a ir filte r in th e su p p ly lin e . K n ife-E d g e an d. F le x u re. B earin gs —. T h e lo s t m o tio n a n d f r ic t io n is r e d u ced to such a p o in t by th e use o f k n ife -e d g e a n d fle x u re b e a rin g s th a t th e res p o n s e to ch ang es i n le v e l is p ra c tic a lly in s ta n ta n e o u s . Torque Tube S u b -A sse m b ly— A l l p a rts o f th e to rq u e tu b e su b-assem b ly are o f in c o n e l a n d a re fu sed to g e th e r by th e a to m ic -h y d ro g e n a rc w e ld in g. « 5 ^ B B D E 2 |). M ASO N -N EILAN. process. M o n e l a n d stainless assem blies also a v a ila b le .. REGULATOR COMPANY. steel. 1 1 9 7 A d a m s S tre e t, Boston 2 4 , M ass., U .S.A . N ew Y ork. •. B u ffa lo. •. Chicago. •. S t.L o u is. •. P hiladelp hia. •. Houston. •. P ittsburgh. •. C leveland. •. T ulsa. •. A tla n ta. •. Los Angeles. •. San Francisco. M ason R egulator Co. o f Canada, Ltd ., M o n trea l and Toronto. 8. • JA JSVARY 1 9 47 • CHEM ICAL ENG IN EERIN G.

(9) t. — A b ig B i r d l i k e t h is , t a k i n g u p le s s t h a n 1 5 0 s q . f t., h a n d l e s b e t t e r th a n a to n a m in u te o f a ro c k lik e m a te ria l th a t w o u ld so o n p u t a n o r d i n a r y f i l t e r o u t o f b u s in e s s . T h e B i r d h a s h a n d l e d 4 0 7 ,0 0 0 t o n s i n t w o y e a r s w i t h o u t a s in g l e s h u t d o w n f o r m a in te n a n c e !. H»' is rese of s th a t :vel i». ^ — A s m a ll B ir d F ilte r lik e th is , t a k i n g u p o n l y 4 ' x 7 ', r e p l a c e d t w o b i g b a t c h c e n t r i f u g a l s a t a h u g e s a v in g in p o w e r a n d o p e ra tin g co st as w e ll as s p a c e . T h e l i q u i d is a h i g h l y v o l a t i le s o lv e n t . T h e B i r d is f u m e - ti g h t. T h e s a v in g s i n s o l v e n t a l o n e h a v e a l r e a d y p a id fo r th e in s ta lla tio n .. D o n ’t le t an yb od y te ll y o u th e Bird C on tin u ou s C entrifugal F ilter is to o sm all fo r you r job — o r to o b ig .. T h e B I R D is. b u ilt in th e righ t size to h an d le it, w h eth er filtered so lid s a m ou n t to sixty ton s or a tenth o f a to n p er h our. E ven m ore im p ortan t is th e fact that for an extraordinary ran ge o f m aterials the B IR D d oes b etter filtering at lo w e r cost. B efore, y o u in v e st in filtration eq u ip m en t, in v estig a te th e BIRD.. 1 p arts ,¡f are 1e r fV. Idiog steel. BIRD SOUTH. MACHINE W A L P O L E. CHEMICAL ENG IN EERIN G • JA N U A R Y 1 947 •. ING. •. COMPANY M A S S A C H U S E T T S.

(10) IT’S IMPORTANT TO KNOW ALL THE FACTORS AFFECTING CONDENSER TUBES. I. N selecting condenser tubes it is often the case that. such conditions as temperatures, pressures, and compositions of the gases and fluids w ill be taken in to account fully, only to have the tubes thus chosen give short service. In such cases, it is wise to call in Revere and ask for a thorough check of the situation before assuming that the wrong alloy was specified. Here is a case in point. Admiralty tubes in a high stage condenser in a refinery were lasting only three or four months. In the effort to increase life, the sour gas had been treated, but as no improvement was ex perienced, the treatment was discontinued. The Revere Research report, made after laboratory investigation, stated that Admiralty metal was the correct alloy and its use should be continued, but that microscopic study of a failed tube showed definite and conclusive evi dence of fatigue corrosion, probably due to vibration. A conference with the people at the plant revealed that the condenser vibrated considerably. Hence the 10. obvious recommendations: cut down the vibration by better bracing, resume treatment of the gas, and con tinue to use Admiralty tubes. These recommendations were followed, and when last checked the new Ad miralty tubes had been serving for eight months and were still going. The Revere Technical Advisory Service is eager to serve all users of condenser tubes and plates through close collaboration in the study of difficult problems.. R EV ER E. C O P P E R AN D B R A S S I N C O R P O R A T E D F ounded by P aul Revere in 1801 2 3 0 Park A venue, N e w Y o rk 17, N e w Y ork M ills: Baltim ore, M d.; Chicago, III.; D etroit, M ich.; New Bedford, Mass.; Rome, N. Y . — Sales Offices in Prin cipa l Cities, Distributors Everywhere. L is te n to Exploring the Unknown o n th e M u tu a l N e tw o r k ev ery S u n d a y e v e n in g , 9 to 9 :3 0 p .m ., E S T .. J A N U A R Y 1947 • CHEM ICAL E N G IN E E R in q.

(11) 1\. >. L. experiencedmanagement knowshow vital Effective Lubrication isinsteppingup production,improvingqualityandloweringcosts. That’swhymoreandmoreplants— of everysize andtype— makingall kindsof goods— areusing Texaco Lubricants andSpecialized Lubrication EngineeringService.Texacooffers— 1. Ac ompletelineof service-testedlubri cantstokeepmetal-workingmachines, hydraulicmechanisms,motors— all plant equipment— operatingatpeakefficiency; 2. SpecializedLubricationEngineering. 'T 'O D A Y , i t i o n by >nd e o n ' id a ti o n s ie ff A d l t h s and. e a g e r to th r o u g h ro b le ® '. i iii. Service,rangingfromassistanceonspe cialproblemstocompleteplantsurveys, toassureusingtherightlubricantright; 3. Dependable local delivery service throughTexaco’snationwidedistribu tionfacilities. Increaseproductionandlowercostsinyourplant! Justcal thenearestofthemorethan2300Texaco distributingplantsinthe48States,orwriteThe TexasCompany, 135East42ndStreet,NewYork 17,N.Y.. TEXACO. Lubricants, Fuels and Lubrication Engineering Service. Tune i n . . .T E X A C O STAR THEATRE presents th e N E W ED DIE BRACKEN S H O W every Su nday n ight. M e tro p o lita n O p e r a broadcasts every S a tu rd a y afte rn o o n .. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING • J A N U A R Y 1 9 4 7 •. 11.

(12) throughout industry Valve Parts Used in Petroleum Refinery. Parts for Jet and Conventional Airplanes. Diesel Engine Parts. Spray Nozzle Parts for Handling Corrosive Chemicals. Top: Canning Machinery Part Bottom: Impeller. Left: Cloth Cutting Slide Right: Sewing Machine Feed Dog. Left: Scarfing Blowpipe Head. HAYNES TRADE-MARK. Right: Gear for Steel Mill Pickling Tank.

(13) HAYNES precision castings MEET THE TOUGHEST SERVICE CONDITIONS Y o u ca n n o w sp ecify parts p r o d u c ed from. You Can O btain Precision Castings K o f these H A Y N E S Alloys. ¡5 C ob alt- ch r o m iu m - tu n gsten a llo y for resistan ce to wear, heat, and corrosion. a llo y s th at d o m in a te th e field w h ere h ig h. ■. str en g th a n d r e sista n c e to h eat, co r ro sio n , a n d a b ra sio n are re q u ired . P arts can b e e n g in e e r e d fo r p erfo rm a n ce rather th an. m. sg y. H igh -stren gth n ick el-b ase allo y for r esista n ce to heat and corrosion. c o n v e n ie n c e o f fa b rica tio n , sin c e in trica te. gcR Ô M j. p arts ca n b e p ro d u c ed e c o n o m ic a lly by th e H. aynes. p r e c isio n c a stin g p ro ce ss.. H. aynes. p r e c is io n ca stin g s are u n ifo r m in q u ality,. Iron-base co m p o sitio n for resistan ce to wear and im pact. size, co n to u r, an d fin ish . In. m an y. in d u str ie s. H. aynes. p r e c isio n Cast or w rought heat-resistant alloy. ca stin g s are so lv in g d ifficu lt p ro b le m s o f d e s ig n , fa b rica tio n , an d m aterials. F or m ore c o m p le te in fo rm a tio n , w rite to any d istrict office for y ou r cop y o f th e b o o k le t,. “H. aynes. P r e c is io n C a stin g s.” O ur e n g in e e r s w ill b e g la d to d is c u s s w ith you th e p o ssib ility o f p r o d u c in g you r parts by th is n ew m eth o d .. The re g iste re d t r a d e - m a rk s " H a y n e s ," "H a y n e s S te llite ," " H a s te llo y ," "H a s cro m e ,” and "M u ltim et" distinguish products of H a yn e s Ste llite C o m p a n y.. Haynes Stellite Company Unit o f Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation. EH G eneral O ffices an d Works, K okom o, In d ian a Chicago— C leveland— Detroit— Houston— Los Angeles — N ew York— San Francisco— Tulsa. a y n e s Precision Cast ings are also available in Type 3 0 3 , Type 3 1 6 , Type 3 1 0 , Type 3 4 7 , Type 4 1 0 , Type 440-C, and other AISI grades o f stainless steel, con taining 12 per cent or more chromium.. H.

(14) T H E R E ’S W. O. R. There’s no substitute for WORK when there’s work to be done. Benefits o f the great technolog ical advances* o f recent years can be unleashed only th ro u g h production th a t p u ts them to work. Through m ass p r o d u c tio n everyo n e gains . . . it’s the American way to progress, to better living for all. Let’s work, lik e A m er ica n s, for th e r e ’s grea t w ork to b e d o n e .. K. TO B E D O N E!. *In paper, too, im portant technological advances have been made. M O S IN E E rrPaperologists” can help you make the most o f m odern essential papers in your product. Call fo r M O SINEE paper technicians!. PAPER M IL L S M. O. S. M O S I N E E. 14. I. N. E. • W I S C O N S I N. E. CO M PANY Please address ?our letter Attention Dept. C”. • JANUARY 1947 • CHEMICAL ENGINEERu\q.

(15) H H H A * V» - /"N. H -C -C -C -O H I. I. H H H. n. -. P. N. P. R. O. R. O. P. Y. I. D. li¡ r -O H. *. W. O. H I. •. U. L. N. C. A. V. T. I. Celanese production o f n -p ro p y l alcohol can now meet la rge -sca le continuous dem ands. This stra ig h t chain h yd ro ca rb o n — a p p lic a b le to processes w here its characteristic exce lle nt solvent action and m iscibility can be used to a d v a n ta g e — is a v a ila b le fo r shipment in drum o r tank ca r amounts. PH YS IC A L PROPERTIES M OLECULAR W E IG H T 6 0 .0 6 C O LO R w a te r w hite ODOR characteristic alcohol-like od o r SPECIFIC G R A V IT Y 2 0 ° /4 ° 0 .8 0 4 DISTILLATION R A N G E ASTM 2 ° including true boiling point W E IG H T PER G A L L O N 2 0 ° C 6 .7 lbs. SOLUBILITY soluble in w a te r, alcohol, e th er and p ra c tic a lly a ll oth er o rg an ic solvents FLASH P O IN T o pen cup 3 2 .2 ° C B O IL IN G P O IN T 1 atm . 9 7 .2 ° C FREEZING P O IN T -1 2 7 ° C V A P O R PRESSURE 1 0 0 ° F o r 3 7 .8 ° C 0 .9 lbs. p e r sq. In.. If you a re looking fo r an im provem ent in you r products, o r short cuts in processing, the straig ht chain ad va n ta g e s o f n -p ro p y l a l cohol a re w o rth investigation, n -p ro p y l alcohol also can be used as a replacem ent fo r oth er alcohols now in critical supply. C all o r w rite fo r a d d itio n a l inform ation and specifications. Celanese Chem ical C o rp ora tion , division o f Celanese C o rp o ra tio n o f Am erica, 180 M adison Avenue, N ew Y ork 16, N.Y.. FORMALDEHYDE • ACETAL ACETONE ‘ ORGANIC PHOSPHATES. L. C. O. L. O. N. O. U. H. M. O. L. E. ^. A CELANESE CHEMICAL. PROPIONALDEHYDE P ro p io n aldéhyde, previously a v a ila b le only in small quantities, is now offered by Celanese in drum amounts for experimen tation and pilot plant development. Large scale production facilities assure a steady suppiy of propionaldéhyde in tank car amounts in the near future. Celanese research and technical serv ice is available to you for further devel opment of your processes and products utilizing propionaldéhyde. Write us about your problems.. ETIC. ACID. PLASTICIZERS. METHANOL. INTERMEDIATES » R e s. U .S .P a t.O ff.. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING • JAISUARY 1947 •. 15.

(16) FOR THE T y p ic al C-E S tea m G e n e r a tin g Units in s ta lle d or on o r d e r fo r process p lan ts. As y ou w ou ld exp ect, th e steam requ irem en ts of th e 140-odd classifica tio n s in th e process in dustries in volve a w id e variety o f op eratin g con d itions. It is significant, then, that so m any recent in sta lla tio n s h ave b een V U U nits, illu stratin g th e extrem e ad ap ta b ility of th is stanr ar ized , symmetrical unit. A lthou gh standardized design is resp on sib le for m uch of th e VU s efficiency and relia b ility , it does n ot exclu d e any desired v a ria tio n in fu e l used or typ e of firing. T h e V U (V ersatile U n it) as in sta lled in process p lants, has used o il, gas, pulverized coal, stokers o f v a n o u s types and, in sp ecially d esign ed furnaces, bagasse and other w aste products. C apacities h ave ranged from 15,000 to 300,000 lbs. o f steam per hr., design pressures up to 1000 psi, and to ta l steam tem p era . F o r a C h e m ic a l P la n t: C-E P a c k a g e B o ile r fir e d w ith a T yp e E s to k e r. C a p a c ity — 30,000 lb of steam p e r h r ; D e s ig n P ress. — 250 p si.. tures to 935 F. B esid es th e V U U n it, C-E m anufactures m any other types of b oilers and th e m ost com p lete lin e o f fu e l b urnin g eq u ip m en t a v a ila b le today. T h us th e requirem ents of any p la n t can b e m et exactly b y C-E k n o w l edge o f your need s, C-E exp erien ce in every im portant in du stry, and C-E m anu factu ring fa cilities to produce any steam generating u n it from 30 h p up to th e largest yet b u ilt.. B 113. In a C e m e n t P la n t : A VU U n it fir e d w it h a C -E S p re a d e r S to k e r . C a p a c ity — 38,800 lb of steam p e r h r ; D e s ig n P r e s s. — 275 p s i; T o t a l T e m p . - 468 F .. In a S y n t h e t ic R u b b e r P la n t: A V U U n it o f special d e s ig n in w h ic h th e b o ile r sur fa c e is s k e le t o n iz e d to provide gas a t h ig h te m p e r a tu re to a la r g e s u p e r h e a te r d e sig n e d to ra ise 175,000 lb o f steam p e r hr to 1400 F .. C O M B U S T I O N C-E PRODUCTS INCLUDE ALL TYPES OF STEAM GENERATING. FUEL BURNING AND RELATED EQUIPMENT; ALSO MANY TYPES OF PRESSURE VESSELS. JANUARY 1947 • CHEMICAL ENGINEERinq. 16.

(17) 5 PROCESS INDUSTRIES. M. I,. In a R e fin e r y : A Y U U n it fired w ith o il and n a tu ra l gas. C a p a c ity — 260,000 lb o f steam p e r h r ; D e s ig n P ress. — 450 p s i ; T o ta l T e m p . — 680 F .. In a T e x t ile P la n t: A V U U n it fired w ith p u lv e riz e d co a l. C a p a c ity — 150,000 lb o f steam p e r h r ; D e sig n P re s s. — 650 p s i; T o ta l T e m p . — 700 F .. In a S u g a r P la n t: A V U U n it a rra n g e d w ith a s p e c ia l fu rn a c e fo r fir in g b ag asse. C a p a c ity — 40,000 lb o f steam p e r h r ; D e s ig n P ress. — 200 p s i; T o ta l T e m p . — 441 F .. F o r a P a p e r P la n t: A V U U n it fire d w ith p u lv e riz e d co a l o r o il. C a p a c ity — 170,000 lb o f steam p e r h r ; D e sig n P ress. — 1000 p s i; T o ta l T e m p . — 760 F .. E N G I N E E R I N G. 200. MADISON. AVENUE. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING • JAISUARY 1947. •. NEW. YORK. 16,. N.. Y..

(18) G r i n d i n g W e ld Z o n e s ? W h a t s e q u e n c e o f a b r a s i v e g r i t s iz e s is b e s t f o r r e f i n i s h i n g a w e ld z o n e i n E - S 1 8-8 ( T y p e 3 02) to a N o . 4 p o l i s h ? H o w c a n w e p r e v e n t a g r o o v e a t t h e w e ld ? A b r a s i v e T y p e ? A re d i f f e r e n t ty p e s o f a b r a s i v e s r e q u i r e d f o r p o l i s h i n g a n d b u f f i n g s t a i n l e s s s te e l s t h a n f o r o t h e r g r a d e s o f s te e l? ♦. B l e n d i n g H i g h F i n i s h e s ? P r a c t i c a l l y n o p o l i s h i n g w h e e l s a r e w id e e n o u g h to c o v e r t h e a r e a o f o u r p r o d u c t , s o h i g h l i g h t s s h o w u p a f t e r f i n a l p o lis h in g . H o w c a n w e b le n d th e e n tire a r e a in to a u n if o r m fin is h ? E le c tro p o lis h in g ? W h a t c le a n in g o p e ra tio n s a re r e q u ire d b e fo re s ta in le s s s te e l p r o d u c t s c a n b e e l e c t r o p o l i s h e d ? W ill e l e c t r o p o l i s h i n g r e m o v e l i g h t w e ld s c a l e a n d h e a t d i s c o lo r a t i o n s f r o m s t a i n l e s s ? P a s s iv a tin g N e c e ssa ry ? W e g e n e r a l l y im p r o v e t h e c o r r o s i o n r e s i s t a n c e o f f i n i s h e d s t a i n l e s s s te e l p a r t s b y p a s s i v a t i n g i n 3 0 % n i t r i c a c i d . W o u l d t h i s b e n e c e s s a r y if t h e y w e re e l e c t r o p o li s h e d ?. A. s h. E a s t e r n f o r. t h e. A n s w e r w h e n. N o m a tte r w h a t p ro b le m s y o u m a y h a v e in g rin d in g or p o lis h in g s ta in le s s s h e e t or p l a t e — w h e n y o u n e e d a n sw e rs , y o u c a n g e t th em from E a ste rn . W h e th e r y o u a r e g rin d in g w e ld s in p la te . . . buffin g sh e e t to a m irror finish . . . or e le c tro p o lish in g , E a s te rn te c h n ic a l m e n c a n g iv e y o u h e lp in a h u rry . Y ours is a n o p e n in v ita tio n to. S t a i n l e s s i s. t h e. c a ll, w ire , o r w rite u s fo r w h a te v e r a s s is ta n c e y o u m a y n e e d in fa b ric a tin g a n y ty p e of s ta in le ss s h e e t o r p la te . A n d , to h a v e a w e a lth of in fo rm a tio n a lw a y s o n y o u r d e sk , a s k for y o u r c o p y of o u r c a ta lo g , "E a s te rn S ta in le ss S teel S h e e ts.". jmlcoE-ai. Q u e s t i o n. EASTERN STAINLESS STEEL CORPORATION BALTIMORE 3. M A R Y LA N D. 18. • JANUARY 1947 • CHEMICAL ENGINEERiN g.

(19) A D V E R T IS E M E N T — T h is en tire page is a paid a d ve rtisem en t. P rep a red M o n th ly b y U . S . In d u stria l C hem icals, Inc.. U.S.I. CHEMICAL NEWS Ja n u a ry. ★. A. M o n th ly S e rie s fo r C h e m ists and E x e c u tiv e s o f th e S o lv e n ts and C h e m ic a l C o n s u m in g In d u strie s. THE M ONTH IN PLASTICS A n e w p lastic sa id to b e stro n g er th a n a ll others a n d lig h te r th a n th e lig h te s t m e ta l is d e v e lo p e d . . . The a d o p tio n o f a p h e n o lic m o ld e d housing fo r a n e w ly -d e s ig n e d g u ita r m arks th e e n try o f plastics into a fie ld fo rm e rly serve d a lm o s t exc lu s iv e ly b y w o o d a n d m e ta l . . . A n e w a p p a r a tus is p a te n te d fo r s im u lta n e o u s ly sub jectin g th e rm o p la s tic or th e rm o s e ttin g resins to pressure a n d h ig h -fre q u e n c y h e a tin g . . . A process is re p o rte d to be p e rfe c te d b y w h ic h m irro riz e d plastics a n d m e ta l co a tin g s can b e pro d u ced on plastics b y m e ta l d ep osits in h ig h vac u u m e v a p o ra tio n c h a m b ers . . . Fine d e ta il in th e p ro duction o f p h o to g ra p h s a n d d ra w in g s by use o f p h o to s e n s itiv e p o ly v in y l a c e ta te la c q u e r is a c h ie v e d . . . A c id etching on plastics is p e rfe c te d . . . The n e w “ Scotch” v in y l p lastic electric ta p e is c la im e d to possess increased stretch, thin ness, resist an c e, a n d fle x ib ility . . . A n “ e x p a n d e d ” p o ly s ty re n e , a lle g e d to s h o w resistance to m o ld a n d ro t, is p e rfe c te d fo r lo w -te m p e ra tu re in s u la tio n . . . A n e w plastic fa b ric fo r p e rio d fu rn itu re is an n o u n ced . . . A p a te n t le a th e r p la s tic , s u ita b le fo r upp ers a n d soles o f shoes, is p la c e d on th e m a rk e t . . . A n e w p la s tic -b a s e g lu e , w h ic h sets hot or cold, is sug gested fo r use on a ll kinds o f w o o d .. “ S m o k e le s s C oal” N o w R e c e iv in g F in a l T e sts T h e bane of in d ustrial cities, “ sm og,” may soon be a thing of the past if a new process for m akin g new types of sm okeless fu e l from w estern soft co al is successfu l. T h e process, developed exp erim en tally over a period of seven years, is now undergoing its final tests. In the process, finely d ivid ed coal is passed con tin uously through a heated horizontal re tort w hich is vibrated at a con trolled in tensity, a cco rd in g to the inventor. A t h igh tem pera tures the coal is then pressed into “ lo g s” about 2 inches in diam eter. T h e com plete process of con verting the coal into sm okeless logs is reported to take only three m inutes.. M. o d e r n. U s e. o f. F a r m M. a n y. i n g. M. T y p e s. a k e s o f. D. ★. 1947. i v e r s e. C h e m. i c a l s. W ide Range of C om pounds Are Vital In T he M anufacture of Feedstuffs. Insecticides, Insectifuges. and O ther Products Chemicals of every type, many of which have their origin in farm products, are helping America’s post-war farmer meet today’s urgent demands for increasing quantities of high quality products. These chemicals are used in the manufacture. B a c te ric id a l P o w e rs o f A lc o h o ls A r e D e te r m in e d S w edish w orkers have classified the b acteri cid al pow ers of alcohol in vitro, in the fo llo w in g order of in creasin g effectiveness: ethyl alcoho l, propylene gly co l, am yl alcohol, propyl alcoho l, and b u tyl alcohol. In the form of aerosols as veh icles for phenol, the effective ness increased in th e ord er: propyl alcohol, b u tyl alcohol, am yl alcohol, and propylene glyco l. S in ce the la tter is in the order of in creasin g b oilin g points, the authors conclude that (he b actericid al effectiveness is dependent upon the sta b ility of the aerosol.. In v e n ts F la m e p r o o f C o a tin g f o r F a b ric s A new -type flam eproof coating fo r fa b rics is claim ed in a patent issued recen tly. T h e coatin g is d escribed as con sistin g of coumarone indene resins and an antim ony oxid e or sulfide in proportion of about 8 to 5 by w eight. It is said to im prove resistan ce to w ater, w eather, m old, fu n gu s, and m ildew as w ell as m akin g the fa b ric flam eproof. A cco rd in g to the patent, the coating is applied at tem pera tures of 225 deg. to 260 deg. F.. N eiv C in n a m o n S u b s titu te A substitute for cinnam on m ay be obtained from w aste oat h ulls, it w as announced re cen tly. T h e com pound d esign ated as furanacrolein, is said to be derived in two sim ple steps from the w aste hulls.. of anim al feed s and in the preparation of com pounds that protect livestock, grains, tobacco, and dried fru its from insects and verm in. T h e y are also em ployed to k ill w eeds, to aid in the preservation of food, to hasten the rip en in g of fru its and vegetab les, and for num erous other purposes. M o d e r n A n im a l F e e d s T o day, farm anim als are fe d w ith ca re fu lly processed feed s w h ich in clu d e a ll of the es sen tial nutrients know n to be n ecessary for good h ealth and gen eral w e ll b ein g. In this planned program of anim al husbandry, five v alu able U .S .I. products are in w id e u se: C u rb a y B-G , S p ecial L iq u id C u rbay, V acatone 40, U .S .I. B ran d R iboflavin M ixtu re N o. 1, and U .S.I. B rand R iboflavin C oncen trate No. 85. T h ese products, represen tin g m ore than ten years of service to the feed in d ustry, con tain essen tial parts of the vitam in B -G com plex. Feed m an u factu rers are su b stitu tin g in creasin g am ounts of vegetab le protein to re p lace scarce anim al protein, and n utrition ists recom m end the use of vitam in B-G products to b rin g the vegetab le proteins to a high level of perform ance. C u rb ay B-G (d ried ferm en tation so lu b le s), a by-product of alcohol ferm en tation , contains vitam ins of the B-G com plex essen tial for m axim um feed efficiency. S p e cia l L iq u id C u r b ay (con den sed m olasses d istille r’s so lu b le s), a sp ecia l con cen trate derived from a yeast ferm en tation of black-strap m olasses, does an ou tstan d in g jo b as a feed stuff in gred ien t for hog and d airy rations. T h e addition of V a c a tone 40 (d ried m olasses d istille rs’ so lu b le s), w h ich is rich e r than dried skim m ilk in the essential B com plex vitam ins, is one of the ( C o n tin u e d on n e x t page ). R e s e a rc h D a ta o il P o w d e r M e ta llu rg y N ow A v a ilab le S ix research reports on the strides m ade in pow der m etallu rgy research durin g the war are now availab le to the ch em ical and re lated in d ustries. A m on g the h igh ligh ts in these reports is the discovery that nonflow ing, finely divided m etal pow ders can be m ade to flow by w aterproofing the in d ivid u al particles with a vapor of the w artim e-developed m ethyl ch lorosilan es. T h is d iscovery now m akes pos sib le the use of m any m etallic pow ders h ith er to considered u n su itable fo r pow der m etal lu rgy , acco rd in g to the authors.. C lear L iq u id S o a p T h e cloudin ess w hich results when liq u id soaps are stored in glass containers may be avoided, accord in g to the claim s m ade in a patent issued recen tly. To preserve the clarity of the soap, the inventor suggests the a d d i tion of sm all qu an tities o f com m ercial sodium silicate and a prescrib ed treatm ent.. T o d a y 's fa rm s produce m ore a n d b e tte r foods, th a n k s to a w id e v a r ie ty o f ch e m icals w h ic h g o into th e m a n u fa c tu re o f products r a n g in g fro m fe e d s tu ff in g re d ie n ts to insecticides..

(20) ADVERTISEMENT—This entire page is a paid advertisement J a n u a ry. U.S.I. CHEMICAL NEWS. *. Organic Chemicals o n the F a r m. ★. 1947. T E C H N IC A L D E V E L O P M E N T S. ( C o n tin u e d fro m page one). O ther U ses. m ore econom ical w ays of form in g a proper ration for poultry, hogs, and other livesto ck. M ade availab le recen tly are tw o riboflavin concentrates. One of these, U .S .I. B ran d R ib o flavin M ixtu re N o. 1, a n atu ral riboflavin co n centrate obtained from vegetative ferm en ta tion reaction, contains one gram of active riboflavin per ounce of m aterial, along w ith carriers and im portant vitam ins of the B com plex. T h e other, U .S.I. B rand R iboflavin C o n centrate N o. 85, also obtained from a v eg eta tive ferm entation, consists of 85 parts per hundred of active riboflavin, along w ith a natural carrier and a new vitam in of the B com plex. It is expected that m ethionine w ill be used in the near future to enrich feedstuffs.. F urther inform ation on these item s. E th ylen e is used to hasten the rip en in g of fru its and v egetab les. P la n t horm ones, em plo yed to stim ulate grow th , and to k ill w eeds, are syn thesized from org an ic ch em icals. E th yl alcoho l, am yl alcohol, eth yl acetate, and amyl a ceta te are am ong the ch em icals used to prep are flavorings, extracts, and essences.. may be obtained by w riting to U .S.I.. A n e w fa st p a in t b ru s h c le a n e r is s a id to c le an h a rd e n e d p a in t, la c q u e r, v a rn is h , s h e lla c or e n a m e l w h ile b e in g n o n -in ju n o u s to^ h o g bristle, nylon, settin g com pound or p a in te r s h a n d s. USI 1 1 To w a te rp ro o f ex terio r n e ss a n d s e e p a g e in com pound is oifered s ta te s , c a n b e a p p lie d. A n e w cold-setting w a te rp ro o f a d h e siv e , de sc rib e d a s a th e rm o p la stic s y n th etic elastic com position th a t d oes not re q u ire vulcanization, is s a id to b e u n a ffe c te d b e tw e e n the tem perature ra n g e —40 d e g . F. to + 1 6 0 deg. F., a n d to be m ore re s ista n t to o x id a tio n th a n sim ila r natural ru b b e r com pounds. (No. 151) USI. Insecticides and In sectifu ges The protection of farm anim als and w orkers against insects is now obtained by many low-cost sprays containing organic chem icals. One of the newest of these sprays is produced by com bining pyrethrum w ith a new D&Odeveloped chem ical, piperonyl butokide. Liquid insecticide and aerosols made in this way are superior to straight pyrethrum insec ticides in range of effectiveness, stability, and residual k illin g power. They are com pletely free from toxicological hazards, irritation, odor, and other undesirable properties. Other insecticides and insectifuges are constantly being developed by the Entom ological D ivi sion of Dodge and O lcott. Inc., located in U .S.I.’s newly-opened laboratory in Baltim ore.. w a lls a n d to re d u c e d a m p d a m p b a se m e n ts , a new w h ich , the m a n u fa c tu re r like a p a in t. (No. 150) USI. A liq u id w in d sh ie ld defroster, s a id to soften g re a s e , ice or frozen ra in , is c laim ed to be h a rm le ss to a u to fin ish es a n d to contain no corrosive c h em ica ls. (No. 152) USI N ew -type p a in ts, d e sc rib e d a s in te rm e d ia te s b e tw e en o rd in a ry p a in ts a n d ceram ic coatings, a re now offered for u s e s w h e re h ig h h e at- a n d w earre sista n c e a re re q u ire d . T h ey a re s a id to give h a rd , tough films th a t w ill n e ith e r fa d e nor chalk.. usi C o u rte s y U . o f M o .. lNo- 153). To rev ita liz e dried-out h a rd e n e d le a th e rs, is the p urpose of a n e w c om pound d e sig n e d to give the m axim um of w a terp ro o fin g ^ w ith o u t clogging the le a th e r " p o re s ." (No. 154) USI A quick-acting p a in t re m o v e r w ill s ta y m oist a n d deep-cutting a s long a s 24 h o u rs, re d u c in g h a rd finish coats to a q u ic k ly -y ie ld in g slu d g e , a cc o rd ing to the m a n u fa c tu re r. It is c la im e d to le a v e w ood g ra in a n d b ristle s u n a ffe c te d . (No. 155) USI. Chicks fe d w ith feedstuffs enriched w ith rib o flav in concentrates a v o id cu rle d -to e p ara ly s is (sh o w n h e re ) . . . g ro w into top egg producers.. PAINT SHOW BREAKS ATTENDANCE RECORDS Th e f ir s t p o s t - w a r coatings convention b ro k e a ll a tte n d ance records a t A t lantic City. Here, a t th e U . S . I. b o o th , seated left to right: E. G . D e la n e y o f U .S .I. a n d H . W . C a n t w e ll o f fh e C ro w n C o rk a n d Seal Co. Standing left to rig h t G rant Schleicher o f W il son Printing Ink, Dr. C. W . M ein cke of L a s tin g P ro d u c ts C o ., a n d M . M . G ruber o f U.S.I.. To p re v e n t rot of w ood, ro p e, c a n v a s , a n d cloth products, a n e w p ro d u c t h a s b e e n a n n o u n c e d w h ich is d e sc rib e d a s a liq u id w h ic h p e n e trates the fibers, w a terp ro o fin g a n d m ildew proofing the artic le s. (No. 156) USI A synthetic a sb e sto s, w h ic h m a y a lso b e u s e d a s a m ica su bstitute, is s a id to h a v e p ro p e rties sim ilar to p o ly sty re n e . It is re c o m m e n d ed for use in ele ctrica l e quipm ent. (No. 157) USI Bristles from c a s e in a re no w b e in g m a d e com m ercially for the first tim e, it w a s a n n o u n c e d recently. .Of m an y p o ssible u ses, the b ristle is sa id to be p a rtic u la rly a d a p te d to the co n stru c tion of p a in t b ru sh e s since it is re s ista n t to oils a n d o rg an ic solvents. (No. 158). U . S . I NDUSTRIAL. C H E M IC A L S ,. 6 0 EAST 4 2 N D ST., N E W Y O RK 1 7 , N . Y.. ALCOHOLS A m yl A lco ho l Butano l (N o rm al Butyl A lco ho l) Fusel O il —Refined. Ethanol (Eth yl A lcohol) S p e c ia lly D e n a tu re d —a ll re g u la r and anh yd ro us fo rm ulas C o m p letely D e n a tu re d —a ll re g u la r and anh yd ro us fo rm ulas Pure —190 p ro o f, C .P . 9 6 % A bsolute ’ Su p er Pyro A n ti-fre e z e • S o lo x p ro p rie ta ry So lven t. *A N S O LS Ansol M Ansol PR 'R e g is te re d T ra d e M ark. ACETIC ESTERS A m yl A ce ta te Butyl A ceta te Ethyl A ce ta te. O X A LIC ESTERS D ib u tyl O x a la t e D ie th yl O x a la t e. PHTHALIC ESTERS D ia m y l P h th alate D ib u tyl P h th alate D ie th yl P h th alate. OTHER ESTERS * D iato l D ie th yl C a rb o n ate Ethyl C h lo ro fo rm a te Ethyl Form ate. • RANCHES. INTERMEDIATES A c e to a c e ta n ilid e A ce to a c e t-o rth o -a n isid id e A ce to a c e t-o rth o -ch lo rq n ilid e A c e to a c e t-o rth o -to lu id id e A c e to a c e t-p a ra -c h lo ra n ilid e A lp h a -a c e fy lb u ty ro la c to n e 5-Ch lo ro -2 -p en ta n o n e 5 -D ie th yla m in o -2 -p e n ta n o n e E th yL A ce to a c e ta te Ethyl B e n z o y la c e ta te Ethyl A lp h a - O x a lp ro p io n a te Eth yl Sodium O x a la c e t a te M eth yl C y c lo p ro p y l Keto ne. ETHERS E th yl Ether E thyl Eth er A b s o lu te —A .C S .. IN. ALL. P R IN C IP A L. IN C C IT IE S. FEED CON CEN TRATES R ib o fla v in C o n ce n tra te s • V a c a to n e 4 0 • C u r b a y B -G. ’ C u rb a y S p e c ia l Liq u id. ACETON E. M. C h e m ic a lly Pure. RESINS E ster G u m s—a lj, typ es ^Congo G u m s —> a w , fu se d & e s te rifie d ^ A ro p la z a lk y d s a n d a llie d m a te ria ls * A ro fe n e —p u re p h e n o lics ‘ A ro ch e m —m o d ified typ e s N a tu ra l R e s in s—a ll sta n d a rd g ra d e s. OTHER PRODUCTS C o llo d io n s E th yle n e G ly c o l N itro c e llu lo se S o lu tio n s. E th yle n e U re th a n d /-M ethio n In e Prin te d in U .S .A ..

(21) DE S I G N. C O R R O S IV E S O L U T IO N S C A N ’T G N A W THROUGH f U f S , HEAT EX CH A N G ER. FE ATURE S. 1. The steam (or coolant) is sep arated from the acid by a Duriron corrosion-resistant tube. 2. The units can be installed vertically or horizontally. 3- There is no packing against the corrosive solution. 4. The units weigh only 145 lbs. and can be easily handled. 5. Can be connected together in series or in parallel. 6. The Duriron parts can be re moved without disturbing the steam (or coolant) inlet and outlet connections.. T h a t ’s because the inner w all and baffle core of. CAPACITY— The D urco N o . 4 heat exchanger handles. the Durco N o . 4 heat exchangers are made o f Duriron.. an acid flow o f 4 to 14 gpm w ith pressure drops o f. This Durco alloy contains l41/2% silicon and just isn’t gnawable for m ost corrosives. It can safely handle alm ost any commercial acid, including all concentra tions and temperatures o f sulfuric acid, acetic acid, nitric acid, as w ell as such corrosives as brine, nickel plating, chrome plating and anodizing solutions.. 5 to 34 ft. The heat transfer capacity o f the unit used as a heater is 135,000 to 155,000 BT U per hour with 75 lb. steam and inlet temperature o f liquid between 70° F and 130° F. A s a cooler the capacity is 45,000 to 90,000 BT U per hour, based on 100° F mean temperature differential. OTHER DURCO HEAT EXCHANGERS w ith heat trans fer capacities up to 300,000 B T U are also available. Com. DURCO. ALLOYS. D u riron a n d D u rich lo r—h ig h -silico n irons D u rim e t—a s p e c ia l, sulfuric acid -re s is tin g stainless steel Durco Stainless S te e ls -(c h ro m e -n ic k e l series). DURCO. E Q U IP M E N T. Centrifugal Pumps Valves Pipe and Fittings (Flanged and Bell and Spigot) Exhaust Fans Heat Exchangers Steam Jets Tank Outlets Ejectors Kettles. ^ From all the above abov alloys, \ also Monel,, Incon Inconel, l Nickel, Ni-Resist, Steel. y Duriron, Durichlor. plete inform ation available on request. F o r f u ll d e ta ils u n it a sk fo r n e w. o n. th e. b u lle tin. N o . 4 1 6 1 0 .. DURCO Adv. 24-GM. THE DURIR0 H CO., INC. DAYTON 1, OHIO Branch Offices in Principal Cities. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING • JANUARY 1947 •. 21.

(22) . . . a f t e r 2. m o r e. t h a n. Y e a r s ’ S e r v i c e . . .. T h ese highly alloyed valves contain ing N ick el as a major constituent re placed ceram ic and lead-lined types in circulating acid services at a G ulf Coast butadiene plant. a am gg&g - sv j. :. r-'. . ~J. For app licatio n s w h ere exc ep tio n a l cor rosion resistance is essential, it pays to consider the use o f high Nickel alloys. The valves sho w n a t the. rig h t w e re. m an u factu red b y th e A llo y Steel Prod ucts Co., Linden, N . J. o f A L O Y C O 20 , w ith com position as fo llow s: C 0 .0 7 M a x . M n 0 .6 5 /0 .8 5 Si 1.50 M a x .. Ni. 2 8 .0 0 /3 0 .0 0. Cr. 1 9 .0 0 /2 1 .0 0. Mo. 2 .0 0 /3 .0 0. Cu Fe. 3 .5 0 /4 .5 0 Balance. EMBLEM O v er th e yea rs, In te rn a tio n a l N ic k e l has a ccu m u la ted a fu n d o f usefu l in fo rm a tio n on th e selectio n , fa b rica tio n , tre a tm e n t a n d perfo rm ance o f allo ys co n ta in in g N ic k e l. T h is in fo rm a tio n and data are yo u rs fo r the asking. W r ite fo r “L is t A ” o f available publications.. THE INTERNATIONAL NICKEL COMPANY, INC. 22. J A M A R Y 1947 • CHEMICAL ENGINEERING.

(23) T h is rather grim p hotograp h o f an F T -234 D o d g e-T im k en 3-15/16" p illo w b lock at w ork in a large O regon p ly w o o d plan t sh ow s w h a t m ay happ en ev en in the m ost m odern factories. It isn ’t the result o f n eg lect, b u t is an u n avoid ab le con d ition due to the m an u factu rin g process and is further aggravated by the fact that the b lock is located in a sub-basem ent w h ere it is con stantly exp osed to m oistu re, often b ein g. in g a fu ll m easure of p rotection against friction; w ear; radial, thrust and com bined loads; and m isalignm en t. T o g et this k in d o f b earin g perform ance in your eq u ip m ent, lo o k for the trade-m ark " T I M K E N ” o n every b earin g you use. T h e T im k e n R o lle r B e a r in g C om pany, C anton 6, O hio.. under w ater d urin g the rainy season. N ev erth eless the p illo w b lock already has b een in s e r v ic e s e v e r a l thousand hours b eyond its norm al life expectancy, w ith T im k en T apered R oller B earings d eliver CHEMICAL ENGINEERING • JANUARY 1947 •. m. m. 23.

(24) IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES W O O D T A N K S h a v e c e r t a in im p o r t a n t a d v a n ta g e s. over. m e t a l ta n k s f o r. N o t t h e l e a s t a d v a n t a g e o f u s in g t h e. a c id. KELLEY. a n d w a t e r s t o r a g e ta n k s in t h e p r o c e s s in d u s tr ie s .. W ood. is. a ls o. s u p e r io r. lo n g a n d. fo r. O r ig in a l. co st,. g in e e r s. m a in t e n a n c e. fr o m. c o n t a m in a t io n. a re so m e. W OOD■ ANY. a re. yo u r s p e c ific. of. our. e q u ip p e d. to. reco m m en d. n eed s, and. o u r e x te n s iv e. o r g a n iz a t io n a s s u r e s y o u o f e c o n o m i c a l ,. th e fa c to r s a ffe c tin g w h en , w h ere, and h o w t h e y sh o u ld b e u s e d .. ANY. fro m. in s u p p l y i n g. e x a c t l y t h e r i g h t t y p e a n d s iz e t a n k f o r. p r o b le m s , r e s is t a n c e t o a c id s , a n d f r e e dom. com es. w id e e x p e r i e n c e. t a n k s t o t h e p r o c e s s in d u s t r ie s . O u r e n . w a t e r p i p e lin e s a n d p e n s t o c k s in m a n y in s t a n c e s .. o r g a n iz a t io n. r a p id , s c ie n t if ic c o n s t r u c t io n .. SIZ E. ■ ANYW HERE. K E L L E Y T a n k s m a y b e c o n s t r u c t e d o f C y p r e s s , D o u g la s F ir, O a k , M a p l e , R e d w o o d , o r L o n g L e a f Y e llo w. P in e d e p e n d i n g o n t h e. u s a g e a n d c o n d it io n s t h e y w ill h a v e t o w it h s t a n d . T h e y m a y b e o f a n y s iz e o r s h a p e t o f i t in d iv id u a l s p e c if ic a t io n s , a n d m a y b e a s s e m b le d a t a n y o f o u r p la n ts o r on t h e j o b s it e . W r ite t o r f o ld e r s h o w in g m any a c tu a l K e lle y In s ta lla tio n s .. .. G.. New York, N. Y.. K E L L E Y 95 Taylor Street Boston, Mass.. Johnson C ity Tenn. • JANUARY 1947 • CHEMICAL ENGINEERING.

(25) PENN *. SALT. 1 is an a „ ractice what has proved its w orth at P en risalt. . . especially at our M ichigan works."' D O W N T IM E SLASH ED. FROM. 10 D A Y S T O. 10 H O U R S !. At th is plant, boiler descaling w as previously done by m echanical turbining, in volvin g sh u t dow ns o f ten days or more w hile th e unit w as being dism antled. A new m eth od —built around our own P ennsalt P M -90 D escaling C om pound—com pleted the entire job in less than ten hours! D escaling w as more thorough than ever . . . in fact, P ennsalt P M -90 cleaned out p ockets probably never cleaned before!. P E N N S Y L V A N IA. SALT. SEND. FO R. D E T A IL E D. REPORT. ON. T H IS. CASE I. If you are interested in technical facts on this case, write to address below for Case R eport N o. 67-1, w hich contains com plete details. And if you have a problem in m etal cleaning, plating, enam elling or corrosion-proof co n struction, call in one of our representatives and let him add our experience to your own.. ^p e n. n. ^ B /s a. lt. /. C H E M IC A L S ÎI7. Y e ars. of S e r v ic e. M A N U F A C T U R IN G. to. In d u s t ry. C O M P A N Y. SPECIAL CH EM IC ALS D IV IS IO N , 1 0 0 0 W ID E N E R B U IL D IN G , PHILADELPHIA 7 , PA. NEW. YORK. •. C H IC A G O. •. ST.. L O U IS. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING • JANUARY 1947. •. P IT T S B U R G H. •. C IN C IN N A T I. •. W YANDOTTE. •. TACOM A. 25.

(26) A NEW DESIGN IN FILTER PRESS C O N S T R U C T IO N / THE YOUNGSTOWN MILLER VERTICAL STACK FILTER PRESS represents a ra d ica lly new design in filter press construction, wherein the plate and frame are combined in one casting and placed in a vertical stack. Cleaning and removal of the cakes is accom plished quickly and easily simply by starting with the top member and latching it in an elevated position. This permits the filte r paper and cake to be pulled forw ard out of the press. Succeeding members are sim ilarly handled until the entire press is clean. O f cast iron construction, the YM Filter Press is suitable for the filtration of many liquids, only a few o f which are alkid resins, solvents, paint, varnish, molasses, honey, fruit syrups, soaps, liquid sham poos, shaving lo tio ns; fish, linseed, castor and essential oils; cutting oils and coolants.. Filtering area- 3 1 sq. ft. Available cake space 2 cu. ft.. THE YOUNGSTOW N MILLER CO. S U B S ID IA R Y O F W ALTER KIDDE & C O M P A N Y , IN C . B e lle v ille , N e w J e rs e y. ...a. product. • JANUARY 1947 • CHEMICAL ENGINEERING.

(27) /If it can be Transported, ~.. : Processed or Stored at all. lo o k to C L C / C. fo r m e a n s to do it. — CL C ,f > built tank tars offer extra lading protection — built to I. C.C. specifications plus tests for elongation and tensile strength.. — U-68 and U-69 specifications for processing equipment and unfired pressure vessels— include hammer testing while under hydrostatic pressure. — For storage, capacities of 5,000 to 30,000 gallons! Stronger, longer life through advanced welding techniques. —Let us know your requirements.. A M E R I C A N C A R AND FO U N D R Y C O M P A N Y N ew Y o rk. •. C h ic a g o. •. S t . L o u is P itts b u rg h. •. C le v e la n d •. San. •. W a s h in g t o n. F r a n c is c o. •. P h ila d e lp h ia. BETTER!.

(28) TEXROPE ..Greatest Name in V-Belt Drives. 150 SURGING HORSEPOWERl "Super 7 ” T e x rope V -B elts har ness the 150 hp motoc that drives this b ig m ill for pulverizing rock.. mm. "S u pe r 7 ” V-BELTS F iv e T yp e s — Sizes to su it every p o w e r transm ission job.. Texsteel, Texdrive, “ M a g ic -G rip ” — sheaves in a fu ll r a n g e o f sizes, grooves.. PULLING POWER . . . i n. o n e. o. " S u p e r. f th e. 7”. 7. G. r e a t. T e x r o p e. 1. S T R O N G E R CORDS give "Super 7” Texrope V-Belts their great p ulling power. These longfibre, hard-twisted cotton cords have the strength of high-test fish lines. Laid row on row and imbedded in heat resistant rubber compound, they provide a powerful load-carrying element. 2. TOUGHER COVER. Rugged duplex construction protects the carcass of "Super 7” belts from wear and dirt. 3. H EAT RESISTANCE. All "Super 7” V-Belts are designed and built to give high resistance to heat. 4. SHOCK ABSORBING. "Super 7” con struction combines great strength with the de. F e a tu r e s V. - B. •. E xact v a r ia t io n s in speed, s t a tio n e r y o r m otion control.. e lts !. gree of resiliency necessary for long belt life and smooth power transmission. 5. PRECISION CURED in pressure molds to assure accurate section and perfect bond ing of cords, cover and cushion. 6. ACCURATELY M ATCHED. Every belt weighed, measured and carefully inspected before being sized and packed. 7. ENGINEERING LEADERSHIP. "Sup er 7” Texrope V-Belts represent 27 years of research and experience — by Allis-Chalmers, originator of the Multiple V-Belt Drive. •. "V a ri-P itc h " SHEAVES. SPEED CHANGERS Speed variations u p to 3 7 5 % at the tu rn o f a crank.. ENG INEERING Finest V - B e lt en gi neering talent in the w o rld — at you r call.. •. There are FIVE types of "Super 7” Tex rope V-Belts, to meet every operating require ment: Standard — Heat Resisting — Oil Re sisting Oil Proof — and Static Resisting. Call your Allis-Chalmers office or dealer. A llis -C h a lm e r s , M ilw a u k e e. 1,. W is.. T E X R O P E "S u p e r 7 V - B e lt s r e s u lt from the cooperative research o f tw o great c o m p a n ie s — A llis C h a lm e r s and B. F. G ood rich . T h e y are sold on ly by A -C .. A 2161. ALUS-CHALMERS. One of the Big 3 in Electric Power Equipment - Biggest of All in Range of Industrial Products 28 JANUARY 1947 • CHEMICAL ENGINEERING.

(29) Wafer Distribution System of C. H. Wheeler Water Cooling Towers of both Induced and. C O O L I N G TOWERS ENGINEERED FOR A N Y C L I M A T I C EXTREMES C. H. W heeler W a te r Cooling Towers are installed in practically every State and in many other countries where the weather is cold, such as Canada, a rid as in Mexico, and tropical as in Colombia, South America. From this it is obvious that every w a ter cooling tower presents its own individual engineering considera tions, in order to insure correct operation under the climatic extremes o f its location. . . . C. H.W heeler W a te r Cooling Towers have one exclusive feature which is "O u r Experience,” and this is second to none. W e have been building cooling towers since the days o f horse cars and gas light, so tod a y no w ater cooling problem would be new to us. W e guarantee every one o f our towers to produce the results fo r which it is designed. ri-Pitch" EAVES. C. H. W H E E L E R 1808. niatioos it tationetyoi control.. SEDG LEY. MFG. COMPANY. A V E N U E , P H IL A D E L P H IA 3 3 , PA .. R E P R E S E N T A T IV E S. IN. MOST. P R IN C IP A L. C IT IE S. PEED \NGERS ■iriaMS upI %at thetin | ink.. n e e r in g. V-Belt e f talent in tbr •at your A 3 P E "$¥' Selts result e cooperate lof W 01. n ies— % ers ami ^ ch. T h ey/ ily by A-L. Write for our 20 page Catalog No. 145 which completely describes the operation and con struction of our complete line of cooling towers.. STEAM. CONDENSERS. C O O L IN G. OF. TOWERS. • A IR. EJECTORS. • HEAT E X C H A N G E R S. PHILADELPHIA.

(30) BROUGHT TO EVERY PROCESS THRI LIGHTNIN PORTABLE MIXERS. Watch these. Lïlesaeol. «lywpi-1. iTuch®. ofCÄSii 80S. tes os wen J.M ki. iîlo iti ffilWKOi. LIGHTNIN FEATURES T«tat-iitw. A ll types o f moto; 1. AIL S Ü D « id d iq a en c lo su r es 2. U n iversal Clamp. oarroBedttcc. 3. B all-bearing thru-out iaàtfeflowia 4. A ll m achinable Cor r o sio n resistin g alloys 5. L o w C ost— Long life. ILLUSTRATIONS 1. U nusual app lication o f L ig h tn in Mixers cyclic, autom atic batch o p eration . 2. Paint dip tank irregular shapes easily handle! by L ightnin M ixers. 3. Large capacity tanks are h a n d led w ith ease. 4. N o te L ightnin M ixers ability to fit into od! corn ers and different sh ap ed tanks. 5. For Food p r o c essin g L igh tn in M ixers impro^ heat transfer and uniform ity. 6. L ightnin M ixer su pp orted separately for sffl" containers.. ± mm.

(31) LIGHTNIN PORTABLES... H A N D Y LO W COST A G ITATO R S. . . T h ou san d s o f th ese L ightnin P ortable M ixers are b ein g used through out industry w herever m ix in g and agita tion is part o f a m anufacturing p rocess. In practically every case w h en properly app lied, they have sh o w n large savings in tim e, lab or and costs. W h e r e t o u se P o r t a b le M i x e r s W hether your requirem ents call for m ixers to operate o n a w id e range o f tank capacities and liq u id viscosities or for perm anent m ou n tin g o n sin g le tanks, you can adapt L ightnin P ortable M ixers to solve your p roblem w ith sp eed and efficiency. D e sig n e d prim arily for o p en tanks up to 8 ft., in depth, these m ixers, w h en properly app lied w ill give you all o f the benefits o f P rocess Adapted A gitation. T hey are available in Va to 3 H P , direct or gear drive for any liq uids up to 4 0 0 0 cen tip o ises at m ix in g tem perature.. TOP ENTERING MIXERS: — A wide range of sizes for large or small tanks— % to 50 H.P. for vertical use on pressure or vacuum vessels. Integral mount ing, all Impeller types. R a d ia l Turbines and propellers. Illustration a b o v e — for open tanks.. W a tc h t h e s e fa c to r s : 1. T h e size o f the batch d oes not affect the load . Y o u can use a sm all m ixer on a 50 gal. p r a 5 ,0 0 0 gal. batch w ith ou t danger to the m otor but m ix in g action w ill be reduced to an unusable degree. 2 . W atch the effect o f viscosity. A m ixer specified for w ater-like m aterial probab ly operates at 80% full load . U s e this o n a m aterial lik e m olasses, and you overload and burn out your m otor. Specific gravity also affects lo a d o n p rop ellers. 3. D o n ’t increase the p rop eller size. P rop eller sizes are selected for specific viscosities. Increasing the prop eller size can also overload and burn out m otors. 4 . W h en in doubt ask M ix in g Equipm ent C o., w h eth er your present m ixer is adaptable o a n ew use or w h eth er a different size m ixer w ill save tim e and trouble.. GHTNIN. T h e Basis o f O u r R e c o m m e n d a tio n s. Twenty-five years o f experien ce have resulted in an organization, research facilities and AH IIP« J-.kill w h ich qualify M ix in g Equipm ent Com pany as a lead in g authority in the w h o le broad enclosures Qf agitation. . . . r- w r - M ix in g Equipm ent Com pany offers its services in the solu tion o f any p rob lem in v o lv in g ^ c'5 controlled recirculation o f liq uids to produ ce ph ysical and chem ical ch an ges, as in clu d ed Ball-besrinpn the fo llo w in g table: All machi® rosionresicL o w C o st -1. RATIONS. B lending M iscible Liquids. M ixing Im m iscible Liquids. Crystal Size Control. Gas A bsorption and D ispersion. Suspension of Solids. Heat Transfer. S im p le M ix in g o f solu ble liq u id s as in reduc in g concen tration. W a s h in g o f Liquids Extraction Contacting Caustic Treat. Precipitation E v a p o r a tio n Systems. H ydrogena tion Aeration Gas Scrubbing C hlorination Gas W ashing. Slurries Slaking Lime Suspensionof: filter aid, activated carbon, Fullers Earth, Crystals w h ile d is solving. Stills Evaporators Reactor V es sels H eating C ooling. :shapes®?. ing Emulsions. ■ehandled. LAB M IX E R S — l i t t l e brothers to liahtoin t o rla b l« . 4 modelt— Electric and Air Drhran. Dmcrib ed in Bulletin B77.. SIDE ENTERING MIXERS;— I to 25 H.R. for horizontal uz«. Any zize Tank. Propeller typ« Orzty. Many modelt and drivei. In uz« on tankt up ta 5,000.000 galtont capocity.. abilitytoè• baped taub. gbtnioMi*®. M ix in g E q u ip m e n t C o m p a n y O f f e r s. C o m p lete coverage o f in du strial areas w ith service for b oth irfflity ip ara ie li 'in d ivid ual user and en g in ee rs o r eq u ip m en t m anufacturer. A ssu m p tio n o f r e sp o n sib ility for se le c tio n o f m ix er size, jggjgpj^»types, perform an ce, characteristics w ith in lim its o f ex istin g tec h n o lo g y . \1 0 L. «zi«“" ». M IX IN G EQUIPMENT C O ., IN C . 1028 G arson A ve n u e ROCHESTER, N E W. YORK. MIXING EQUIPMENT CO., INC. |. 1028 G arson A v e ., Rochester 9 , N . Y .. Please send me the literatu re checked ■ □ B-66 and B-76 Side E ntering Mixers _ □ B-68 and 68B Perm anently M ounted. M ixers for Pressure Vessels and O pen Tanks □ B-75—P ortable M ixers (Electric and A ir D riven) H □ B-77—Laboratory M ixers p □ Mi-11— O perating D a ta Sheet. ^. N a m e ............................................................................................................................................. g. T itle .............................................................................................................................................. |. C o m p a n y ...................................................................................................................................... p. Address ........................................................................................................................................ .. . ___.