Sept., 1915 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y 3
U n q u a l i f i e d S u c c e s s e s
A
are obtainable from the use of
“U niversal” M ixing A pparatus
T
HE illu stra tio n s h erew ith show on ly a few of th e types of “ U niversal” M ixin g A p p ara tu s w h ich we m ake. For in stan ce, a typ e for L ab orato ry and E xperim ental u se is sh o w n ; also a M ixer and Incorporator for h an d lin g stiff m aterials, su ch as G u tta P ercha, R ubber, etc.We show a typ e for kn eadin g and m ixing un der vacu u m , th en extractin g and re covering th e solven t, and also a m ixer th a t has no cen ter sh aft to w h ich m a teria ls can clin g.
We can su p p ly a typ e of “ U n iversal” w hich w ill satisfy y o u — abso lu tely, and we w ill be pleased to tak e th is m a tte r up w ith you.
We m a n u f a c t u r e: —
K N E A D I N G AND M I X I N G M A C H IN E S
A U T O M A T I C WEIGHING S C A L E S
V A C U U M K N EA DE R S F I L T E R PRESSE S R U B B E R WASHERS
M A S T I C A T O R S and S O L U T I O N M A K I N G M A C H IN E S
M i x e r T i l t e d fo r E m p ty in g — C o v e r R a is e d 'T i l t e d P o s i t i o n — P o w e r T il t i n g
A r r a n g e m e n t
Q Ap WERNER & PFLEIDERER COMPANY QAD
M 3 M A I N O F F I C E A N D F A C T O R Y Jb X
SA G IN A W , W. S., M ICH IG AN
N E W Y O R K , 41 P a r k R o w S A N F R A N C I S C O , P a c if ic B u ild i n g P H IL A D E L P H I A , D r e x e l B u i l d i n g Cannstatt-Stuttgart, Wuertemburg, Berlin, Cologne, Hamburg, Frankfort, Dresden, Vienna, London, Peterborough, Paris, Zurich, Hague, Milan, Moscow, Buenos Ayres
4 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y V ol. f , No. 9
A CHANCE TO VISUALIZE
the U tility o f Dorr A pparatus in Chemical Industry
I f catalogs a n t advertisements have failed to convey to yo u r mind a n y adequate conception of the nature and uses of
DORR CLASSIFIERS
A G IT A T O R S THICKENERS
it w ill pay you to inspect our exh ib it at the National E xposition o f C hem ical Industries, Grand Central Palace, N ew Y o r k C ity, week of Septem ber 20, 1915.
The Dorr Classifier or Washer (Patented)
The Dorr Agitator or Mixer (Patente The Dorr Thickener or Dcwatcrer (Patented)
W e are ta k in g (.dvan tage o f this opportunity to look for further fields o f service;
W i l l you take advantage o f this same opportunity to see Dorr machines in practical operation and consider their usefulness in y o u r own in d u stry ?
Consult our engineers on the ground
THE DORR CYANIDE MACHINERY COMPANY
730 F ir s t N a t io n a l B a n k B ld g ., D e n v e r , C o lo r a d o
11 B a tte r y P lace, N e w York C ity 16 S o u t h S t r e e t , L o n d o n , E n g la n d
The Test of Time
T H E steady, rapid grow th of our business in M e ta llic Bis- A muth, n ow surpassing, b y more than one-half, the entire quantity sold in this country, indicates em phatically that m anufacturing chemists have at all times found the standard of purity and refinement of our product u n excelled b y other brands of Bism uth.
£ \ 5 M U Thf U - 5 M R C D
M A D E IN U.S.A.
Highest P u r i t y - A r s e n i c F r e e
Sept., 1915 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
In assaying (U .S .M .R .C O .) B rand Bismuth, m anufacturing chemists find m aterial saving in the cost of producing Bism uth S ubnitrate and other Bismuth salts, because Bis
m uth ( U .S .M .R .C O .) is singularly free from Arsenic or other deleterious ingredients diffi
cult to elim inate in m eeting (U .S .P .) standards.
Bism uth (U .S .M .R .C O .) is guaranteed uniform in quality. M anufacturing chemists and m anufacturers of P harm aceu tical P reparations w ould find it advantageous to specify Bism uth ( U .S .M .R .C O .) w hen ordering supplies.
UNITED STATES METALS REFINING COMPANY
42 Broadway, New York
6 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y Vol. 7, No. 9
7 T 5 y / d w
X d £ 7f M
c v ^ U n / z T n t
r =
^ n / ( i
D o n ’t W o r r y A b o u t D i f f e r e n t Problems
in E V A P O R A T O R P R A C T I C E
L e t U s P rovide the Solution
F O R I N S T A N C E : G a rb a g e T a n k w a te r is an exceedingly vicious liquid to handle, ow ing to the presence of acetic and fatty acids. For years garbage re
duction experts have considered the utilization of this tan k w ater to be im possible—
and so it is in the ordinary evaporator. B ut T H E Z A R E M B A E V A P O R A T O R is not an ordinary evaporator. H e re is our solution of the problem:
' ! - ! I
~J:I. I I ;
S U ■« ’i ®
(I ll If
¿ M i fc
iï* . . . ' T
* '
■;p[
r V.il i
Î : : ¿ » I * i - i M
f < .—. w f /, .*-.■&« . ¿»raw »«
Join ts r e d u c e d to a m i n i m u m . Tile lin in g for interior surfaces.
L iberal use o f bronze c o n s t r u c tion.
Proper a r r a n g e m e n t o f p u m p e q u i p m e n t .
Vigorous circu lation , th erm ally in d u ce d .
Proper m e a n s for h a n d lin g solids.
A m m o n i a loss e lim in a te d .
Is the solution a good o n e? T h e experts say yes, by installing Z a rem b a Evaporators in G a rb a g e P lan ts thus:
T H R E E L A R G E Q U A D R U P L E E F F E C T S , T H R E E T R IP L E E F F E C T S , O N E D O U B L E E F F E C T , A N D O T H E R S O N T H E W A Y .
Bring on Your Problems
See o u r e x h i b i t a t t h e N a t i o n a l E x positio n o f C h e m i c a l I n d u s tr ie s t o be h eld a t t h e G ran d C e n tr a l P a la ce , N e w Y o r k C ity , w e e k o f S e p t e m b e r 2 0 th
Z A R E M B A C O M P A N Y , buffalo X y .
N ew Y ork Office: 95-97 L iberty S t.
Sept., 1915 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
S a n b o r n
M U L T I P L E E F F E C T
E v a p o r a t o r
U n d er this system, true film evaporation is obtained w ithou t the aid of any m echanical devices, b y means of the shape and grouping of the heating elements. T h is gives an extrem ely high efficiency under com m ercial operating conditions, m aintained indefinitely because of the sim plicity of the apparatus and its freedom from parts subject to w ear.
N O T E :— T h e Sanborn System is applicable to many types of existing installations at small expense, reducing up-keep costs and increasing the efficiency from 5 0 to 1 0 0 per cent.
Send for the Bulletin
SANBORN EVAPORATOR COMPANY
81 W A L L S T R E E T , NE.W Y O R K C I T Y
8 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y V o l. 7, No. 9
A NY CAPACITY A NY LIQUOR
S in g le a n d M u lt i p l e e f f e c t s d e s ig n e d t o m e e t c o n d i t i o n s a s w e fin d t h e m .
S t a r t t h e n e w y e a r b y p la n n in g a c a m p a ig n t o r e d u c e y o u r c o s t o f m a n u f a c t u r e ( s a v in g c o a l, la b o r , r e p a ir s, e t c .) b y t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n o f m o d e r n e q u ip m e n t d e s ig n e d fo r y o u r w o r k b y e v a p o r a t io n e n g in e e r s w h o h a v e t h e e x p e r ie n c e n e c e s s a r y t o w a r r a n t y o u r c o n f id e n c e .
S T A N D A R D S W E N S O N E V A P O R A T O R S
for straight concentration. H undreds of installations have proved the m erit of this design.P A T E N T E D SE C O B A S K E T T Y P E E V A P O R A T O R S
for crystallizing solutions.A lso used w here scale is apt to form on h eatin g surface. M axim um circulation of
b o t h
steam and liquor. E asily cleaned. F or salt caustic, calcium chloride, glycerine, distilled w ater, etc.S T A N D A R D V E R T IC A L T U B E P A N S
for large installations, equ ip p ed for crystallizing solutions, also for straight w ork. A ll pans fitted w ith our p atented vap o r an d steam controlling device, giving a perfect and uniform distribution of vapor toa ll
the tubes, thereby increasing the am ount of w ork possible w ith a given tube area.S P E C IA L L E A D E V A P O R A T O R S
(patent granted) for acid concentration. A design w h ich is d u ra b le and efficient. N ot lined or coated, but a substantial lead pan built for h a rd and continuous service.
E V A P O R A T O R S F O R S P E C IA L S O L U T IO N S
m ade of bronze, copper, alum inum, steel, cast iron, etc. A ny of our stan d ard type pans can b e lined w ith brick, tile, cem ent or m etal—a proven success for a good m any years.:;-A N E W E V A P O R A T O R F O R H I G H D E N S I T Y W O R K
—our latest an d most im portant im provem ent. W ith this app aratu s you can econom ically concentrate solutions (w hether crystallizing or not) much heavier than is possible in any com m ercial equipm ent previously offered.
W e h av e successfully and continuously boiled dow n in this equipm ent calcium chloride to a 6 8 p er cent solution w ith steam . S im ple operation, easy cleaning, uniform results and sm all repairs m ake this an id eal design for high density work.
E c o n o m y , d u r a b ilit y , a c c e s s ib i lit y , lo w r e p a ir s , e a s y o p e r a t io n a n d m a x i m u m s i m p l i c i t y in d e s ig n ( c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e a t t a i n i n g o f t h e s e r e s u lt s ) c h a r a c t e r iz e S w e n s o n S e r v ic e . W e c a n r e fe r t o m o r e t h a n 600 i n s t a l l a t i o n s — f u l l y h a lf o f w h i c h h a v e b e e n “ r e p e a t ” o r d e r s. A s s is t a n c e g iv e n in p r o c e s s e s u t i l i z i n g w a s t e s o l u t i o n s o r n e w c h e m i c a l p r o d u c t s .
L e t us s e n d one o f our en gineers to look over your co n d itio n s to d e t e r m in e th e type best s u i t e d to y o u r r e q u ir e m e n t s
s
iW E N S O N H V A P O R A T O R l O . l E
945 Monadnock Bldg. CHICAGO, ILL.
Sept., 1915 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y 9
MONDAY—SEPT. 20th
m arks th e most im p o rta n t event in th e industrial history of th is c o u n try — th e
opening of th e
National Exposition of Chemical Industries
G R A N D C E N T R A L PALACE N E W Y O R K C I T Y SEPT. 20th T O SEPT. 25th, IN C L U S IV E
O PEN D A IL Y 11 A. M . T O 11 P. M .
T°
be p r e s e n t is a d u t y y o u o w e t o y o u r s e l f a n d y o u r C o m p a n y .p v l S P L A Y S o f t h e n e w e s t a p p a r a t u s an d t h e l a t e s t p r o c e s s e s will be m a d e .
Y O U c o u ld s p e n d t h o u s a n d s o f d o l- ' lars a n d w e e k s o f y o u r t i m e w i t h o u t s e e in g so c o m p r e h e n s i v e l y all t h e l a t e s t d e v e l o p m e n t s in t h e I n d u s tr ia l W orld , or o b t a i n i n g t h e v a lu a b le k n o w l e d g e t h i s e x t r a o r d in a r y e x p o s itio n will g iv e y o u .
T H I S E x p o sitio n m a r k s an e p o c h in ' t h e p ro g ress o f t h e A m e r i c a n I n d u s t r i e s d e p e n d e n t o n C h e m i s t r y .
D
O N ’T be to l d w h a t YOU m i s s e d , be o n h a n d a n d t h e n t e ll t h e O T H E R FELLOW w h a t HE m is s e d .IO T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y V ol. 7, No. 9
Automatic and Positive Operation
Steam Trap
“SARCO”
■¿■■■•■»•dags:
contradicts a general “ suspicion” regard
ing steam traps.
T h e
“ S a r c o ”
is designed an d constructed w ithout levers, gauges, packing, stuffing boxes or air valves.T h e illustration here suggests its simplicity, an d the device itself never fails to prove its efficiency.
N o friction, no building up, no freezing; easily adjusted in any position. O n ce regulated, it p er
forms its function w ithout further attention.
3 5 0 ,0 0 0
S a r c o
S team T ra p s now in use.W e w ill send one on a thirty days’ trial basis, agreeing to accept its return if unsatisfactory to you
— a good offer worth accepting.
Sarco Engineering Co., South Ferry B ldg., New York
C h ica g o :
R o o m 1785 O ld C o lo n y B u il d i n g
CRUSHERS and GRINDERS
W H E N IN N E E D O F C R U S H E R S , G R IN D E R S o r S H R E D D E R S
S P E C I A L O il C a k e
L i n s e e d C o t t o n S e e d C a s t o r , N i t r e S a l t C a k e S o y B e a n C o p r a , E t c .
C o a l C r u s h e r s f o r
C o k e O v e n s G a s P l a n t s
a n d a l l I n d u s t r i a l
P l a n t s
S o a p P o w d e r A ll D r u g
M a t e r i a l P a p e r S t o c k
a n d a l l C h e m i c a l s S t o c k F o o d
C e r e a l s A l f a l f a
a n d a l l B y P r o d u c t s
f r o m F l o u r M ill s
S h r e d d e r s B a r k , C h i p s W o o d P u l p L i c o r i c e - R o o t
a n d a l l F i b r o u s
M a t e r i a l T a n k a g e
B o n e S h e l l s P o u l t r y F o o d
a n d a l l F e r t i l i z e r M a t e r i a l S h a l e
C la y A s p h a l t S a n d A ll C la y
M a t e r i a l L i m e s t o n e
L i m e G y p s u m C o a l O c h r e s D r y C o lo r s
O V E R 3000 W IL L IA M S
The W illiams Pat. Crusher & Pulverizer Co.
G R IN D E R S IN USE O ld C olon y B ld g., C h icago , Illin ois
Works: S T . L O U I S , M I S S O U R I . Offices: N E W Y O R K C I T Y , P H I L A D E L P H I A , P I T T S B U R G H , S A N F R A N C I S C O
The Journal of Industrial and Engineering Ghemistry
pu bl i s he d b y T H E A M E R I C A N C H E M I C A L S O C I E T Y
AT BASTON, PA.
Volume V II S E P T E M B E R , 1915 N o. 9
B O A R D O F E D ITO R S Editor: M . C . Wh i t a k e r
Assistant Editor: Le o i a E . M a r r s
Associate Editors: G . P. A d am so n , E . G . B a ile y , H. E . B arn ard , G. E . B arto n , A . V . B le in in ger, W m . B lu m , f f m . B ra d y , C . A . B ro w n e, ^F. K . C am ero n , W m . C am p b e ll, P. B . C arp e n te r, C . E . C asp ä ri, V . C o b le n tz , W . C . G eer, W . F . H illeb ran d , W . D . H orne, T . K a m o i, A . D . L ittle , C . E . L u ck e , P . C . M c llh in e y , J. M . M a tth e w s , T . J. P a rk e r, J. D . P en n o ck , C liffo rd R ich ard so n , W . D . R ich a rd so n , G . C . S ton e, E. T w itc h e ll, R . W a h l, W . H . W a lk e r, W . R . W h itn e y , A . M . W rig h t.
P u b lis h e d m o n th ly . S u b s c r ip tio n p ric e t o n o n - m e m b e r s of th e A m e ric a n C h e m ic a l S o c ie ty , $ 6 .0 0 y e a rly . F o r e ig n p o s ta g e , s e v e n ty - fiv e c e n ts , C a n a d a , C u b a a n d M e x ic o e x c e p te d .
E n t e r e d a s S e c o n d - c la s s M a t t e r D e c e m b e r 19, 1908, a t t h e P o st-O ffic e a t E a s t o n , P a ., u n d e r t h e A c t o f M a r c h 3 . 1 8 79.
C ontributions sh ou ld be addressed to H. C. W hitaker, Columbia U n iv ersity , N ew York City
C om m unications co n c e r n in g a d v e r tise m e n ts sh ou ld be se n t to T he A m erican C hem ical S o c ie ty , 42 W est 39th St., N ew Yor S u b scrip tio n s and c la im s for lo st c o p ie s sh ou ld be referred to Charles L. P arsons, B ox 505, W ashington, D. C.
Es c h e n b a c h Pr i n t i n g Co m p a n y, Ea s t o n. Pa.
Th e Ch e m i c a l In d u s t r i e s Ex p o s i t i o n.
747
75°
754
Or i g i n a l Pa p e r s:
T he Im p ro vem en t of H igh B oilin g P etroleum Oils, and the M an u fa ctu re of G asoline as a B y-p ro d u ct Therefrom , b y the A ctio n of A lum inum Chloride.
B y A . M . M c A fe e ... 737
T h e F u s ib ility of C oal A sh in M ix tu res of H ydrogen and W a te r V a p or. B y A . C . F ieldn er and A lex. L . F e ild ... 742
P on tian ak (Jellutong) R u b b er R esin . B y C arleton E llis and A . A . W e lls ... T h e Q u a n tity of G asoline N ecessary to Produce E x p lo sive M ix tu res in Sewers. B y G . A . B urrell and H. T . B o y d ... T h e A n a ly tic a l D istillation of Petroleum — II. B y W . F . R ittm a n and E . W . D e a n ... A C om parison of M eth o d s for D eterm in in g Putresci- b ility or O xygen D em and. B y F ra n k E . H ale and T h o m as W . M e lia ... 760
M o ly b d ic A cid R e co very. B y C . G . A rm stron g 764 T h e Iodide M eth o d A pplied to the D eterm ination of C op p er in th e Presence or T in . B y R o bert W . C o ltm a n ... T itra tio n of N itra te s w ith F errous S u lfate. B y F red C . B ow m an and W . W . S c o t t... A D evice for the S uccessive .D eterm in ation of the Solids and F a t in M ilk and O ther F luid s. B y A rm in S eid en b e rg ... 769
T h e D eterm in ation of F a t in Ice C ream b y the B abco ck M eth o d. B y C . A . A . U t t ... . 773
B ette r B read b y M ean s of N a tu ra l L a c tic A cid . B y A rnold W a h l... 773
T he E ffect of G rin din g the Soil 011 I ts R eactio n as D e term ined b y the V e itch M ethod. B y P. E . B row n and H . W . Jo h n so n ... 776
La b o r a t o r y a n d Pl a n t: In vestig atio n s on th e N a tu re and E lim in ation of O dors and D u st from a G arb ag e R edu ction P lan t. B y H erm ann W . M a h r and A lv in C . K r a f t ... 778
T w o C on ven ien t F orm s of R eceiver for F raction al D istillation s under D im inished Pressure. B y M arston T a y lo r B o g e r t... 785
T A B L E O F ; C O N T E N T S ... 736 A Sim ple A utom atic-Z ero B u rette. B y A . T . M ertes. 786 A K je ld a h l D istillation A p p aratus. B y J. M . Pickel. 787 Ad d r e s s e s: C hem ical P a te n ts— I. B y Seabu ry C . M a s tic k 7S9 A Plea for a C hem ists’ P rotective A ssociation. B y R o llin G . M y e r s ... 798
Cu r r e n t In d u s t r ia l Ne w s: F lu e G ases for E xtin g uishin g Fire in C o a l... 801
E lectrica lly R em ovin g T a r from G a s ... 801
Sulfuric A cid in G re a t B rita in ... 801
A G asholder w ith o u t a W a te r T a n k ... 802
A m erican C o p p e r... S02 T h e G alician Petroleum In d u s try ... 802
T h e M in eral Production of B ritish C o lu m b ia ... S03 A H uge B akin g-O ven for R a ilw a y C a r s ... 803
B ritish B oard of T r a d e ... 803
S aw d ust as a Fire E x tin g u ish e r... 803
S oft Soda G lass S uitable for X - R a y B u lb s ... 804
Oil in R u ss ia ... 804
W aste P rod u cts of A gricu ltu ral In te re s t... 804
M ag n esite D eposits in B ritish C o lu m b ia ..-... 804
Ob i t u a r ie s: T hom as Bliss S tillm a n ... 804
No t e s a n d Co r r e s p o n d e n c e : On M an u facture of T u rk e y -R ed Oils from F a t t y A c id s... 806
A N ew N a tiv e D ye W o o d ... 806
N o te on the D eterm ination of A lum inum O xide and T o ta l A lum inum in S te e l... 806
N o te on the D eterm ination of S u lfates in B r e a d ... 807
T h e E x a ct D ilution of L iq u id R eag en ts b y F orm u la. 807 R eagen ts for U se in G as A n alysis. I. A lk alin e P yro- gallol— A C o rre ctio n ... 807
Pe r s o n a l No t e s... 808
Go v e r n m e n t Pu b l ic a t io n s... 809
Bo o k Re v i e w s: T ransactions of the A m erican In stitu te of C hem ical Engineers; D yestu ffs and C o a l T a r P rod u cts; H a n d buch der L ack- und F irn is-In d u strie... 812
Ne w Pu b l ic a t io n s... 813
Re c e n t In v e n t i o n s... 814
Ma r k e t Re p o r t... 816 764
766
736 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y V ol. 7, No. 9
THE CH EM ICA L INDUSTRIES EXPOSITION
T h e N a tio n a l E xp o sitio n of C h em ical In d u stries is now an assured success. A lth o u g h it is th e first u n d e rta k in g o f th is k in d in A m e rica, th e en th u siastic en d orsem en t of th e su ggestio n b y th e te ch n ica l press and th e a c tiv e su p p o rt e x te n d ed to th e en terp rise b y th e in d u stries h a v e a lre a d y e stab lish ed th e E xp o sitio n as an e v e n t of g rea t im p o rta n ce to th e presen t and fu tu re d ev elo p m e n t o f ch em ical in d u stry .
T h e p u b lic h a v e a t la s t becom e in tereste d in th e im p o rta n t r 61e o f in d u stria l ch em istry and its relatio n to th eir co m fo rt and sa fe ty . T h e essen tial rela
tio n s o f th e ch em ist to th e s u p p ly of w holesom e food and drin k, to th e crop yield s o f our farm s, to th e m etals reco ve red fro m th e ores o f our m ines, to th e g a ie ty of our ga rb and th e w holesom eness of our c iv iliza tio n , to th e business of w ar and th e conse
q u e n t n ecessity of defense, are all begin n in g to be re a l
ized b y th e people. T h is, th e n , is th e p sych o lo g ica l tim e for th e ch em ical in d u stries to m ake a p u b lic b ow .
T h e E xp o sitio n has tw o im p o rta n t fu n ctio n s— one to stim u la te th e in terest of and inform th e p u b lic;
an d th e o th er to benefit and broad en th e profession th ro u g h an exch an ge o f te ch n ica l k n o w led g e and ex
perience. T h e p rogram , w h ich is now assu m ing definite form , is c a re fu lly designed to accom p lish each of th e a b o v e en ds and m uch more.
T h e P re sid e n t of th e U n ite d S ta te s has been in v ite d to a tte n d th e fo rm al open in g o f th e E xp o sitio n on M o n d a y , S ep tem b er 20th. H is acce p ta n ce w ill p u t a sig n ifica n t sta m p of a p p re ciatio n upon th e va lu e of ch em ical in d u s try to A m erica.
T h e go ve rn m en t b u reau s are g iv in g m ost a c tiv e coo p eratio n . T h e B u re au of C om m erce has p ro v id e d an e la b o ra te e x h ib it to illu stra te th e in d u strial re
sources of th e U n ited S ta tes. T h e B u re au of M in es w ill sh o w , am o n g o th er th in gs, th e results of som e of th e ir recen t research es in th e field of p e tro leu m ch em istry .
M a n y of th e im p o rta n t te ch n ica l societies h a v e p rep ared sp ecial p ro gram s to be g iv en in th e E xp o sitio n halls. T h e o rg a n iza tio n s to be rep resen ted are:
T h e A m e rican In stitu te of C h e m ica l E n gin eers, th e N ew Y o r k S ectio n o f th e A m e rican E le ctro ch em ica l S o c ie ty , th e A m e rican I n s titu te of M in in g E ngin eers, th e In d u stria l D iv isio n of th e A m e rican C h em ical S o c ie ty , th e T e ch n ica l S ectio n of th e A m e rican P ap er an d P u lp A sso cia tio n , th e N ew Y o r k Section o f th e A m e rican C h em ical S o c ie ty , an d th e A m e rican In s titu te o f E le ctric a l E n gin eers. T h ese m eetings wrill be held in th e ev en in g s an d w ill be open to th e p u b lic.
A rra n g e m e n ts h a ve been m ade for addresses on su b je c ts of n atio n al im p o rtan ce. T h e fo llo w in g list o f ‘ sp eakers is n ow alm o st co m p lete an d co n tain s th e nam es o f m a n y w ell-kn o w n sp ecialists w ho are in a p o sition to g iv e first-h an d in fo rm a tio n th a t w ill be u n d o u b te d ly of g rea t v a lu e to profession al w o rk e rs as w ell as to th e in tereste d p u b lic.
Jo h n Ba r r e t t, D i r e c t o r P a n - A m e r i c a n U n i o n— S o u th A m e r ic a n Oppor
tu n itie s
W . D . Co o l i d g e, G e n e r a l E le c tr ic C o m p a n y — T h e X - R a y
Li n n Br a d l e y, T h e R e s e a rc h C o r p o r a tio n — S o lu tio n o f S m o k e , D u st and F u m e N u is a n c e s b y E lectrica l P r e c ip ita tio n
G . B . He c k e l, N e w J e r s e y Z in c C o m p a n y — Z in c
F . W . Ke o u g h. P r e s id e n t N a ti o n a l A ss o c ia tio n o f M a n u f a c t u r e r s — A cci
d en t P reveyition in th e C h em ica l I n d u s tr ie s
J . L . Li g h t n e r, H e r s h e y C h o c o la te C o m p a n y — T h e M a n u fa c tu r e o f Chocolate Ge o. Fr a n k Lo r d, d u P o n t d e N e m o u r s P o w d e r C o m p a n y — F a r m in g with
D y n a m ite
H . A. Hu s t o n, G e r m a n K a li C o m p a n y — P o ta sh
Th o s. H . No r t o n, D e p a r t m e n t o f C o m m e r c e— F o reig n M a r k e ts fo r A m e r
ic a n C h em ic a ls
D . G . Pi e r c e, B a r b e r A s p h a l t C o m p a n y— W o r k w ith the U ltra M icroscope We l d i n g Ri n g, P r e s i d e n t A m e r i c a n E x p o r t e r s ’ A s s o c i a t i o n— T ransportation
a n d S h ip p i n g F a c ilitie s w ith F oreigfi C o u n tries
S . P . Sa d t lER , S . P . S a d t l e r & S o n s— A m e r ic a n C o n trib u tio n s to In d u s tr ia l C h e m is tr y
I . F . St o n e, P r e s id e n t N a ti o n a l A n ilin e & C h e m ic a l C o m p a n y — T h e A n ilin e D y e S itu a tio n
J . L . Ta y l o r, U . S . B u r e a u o f M in e s — E x p lo s iv e s
Ha r r i n g t o n Em e r s o n, T h e E m e r s o n C o m p a n y — E ffic ie n c y in Chemical I n d u s tr ie s
R . S. Fr i n c k, P r e s id e n t F r in c k P y r o m e t e r C o m p a n y — 2'he R e la tio n o f C h e m is tr y a n d M e c h a n ic a l M a n ip u l a tio n to the E v o lu tio n o f the Glass I n d u s tr y .
Pe r c y Wi l s o n, S e c r e ta r y A s s o c ia tio n o f A m e ric a n P o r tla n d C e m e n t M a n u f a c t u r e r s — T h e H is to r y o f C e m e n t
Ho w a r d H . Gr o s s, P r e s id e n t o f T a r if f C o m m is s io n L e a g u e — T a r i f f D is
cu ssio n
M o v in g p ictu res of a ctu a l in d u stria l o p eratio ns are to be sp e cia lly fea tu red . T h e m otion p ictu re program has been arran ged w ith th e aid o f th e B u re au of C om m ercial E co n o m ics of W a sh in g to n . T h e following p a rtial list of su b je c ts gives som e id ea of th e educative v a lu e o f th is ph ase of th e E xp o sitio n :
H a r d R u b b e r M a n u f a c t u r in g M a n u f a c t u r in g U se s of W h ite L e a d T h e T e a I n d u s t r y in C e y lo n F r o m O re to N a ti o n a l P ip e B o rin g a n d P ip in g G a s
A s p h a lt fro m L a k e T r i n id a d to S t r e e t U se s o f C e m e n t o n t h e F a r m T h e C rim e o f C a re le s s n e ss T h e M a n H e M ig h t H a v e B een A n A m e ric a n in th e M a k in g S e w a g e D is p o s a l a n d F ilt r a ti o n T a n n in g H id e s to S h o e s E l e c t r i c it y in a H o m e A p p lic a tio n o f C e m e n t S u lf u r M in in g in L o u is ia n a E l e c t r i c it y in th e M in e E l e c t r i c it y o n th e F a r m E le c tr ic P o w e r T ra n s m is s io n M in e E x p lo s io n a n d R e s c u e
S a f e M e th o d o f B itu m in o u s C o a l M in in g Z in c M in in g , M illin g a n d S m e ltin g C o p p e r M in in g , M illin g a n d S m e ltin g T h e M a n u f a c t u r e of P a p e r
T h e M a k in g o f S aw s T h e S te e l I n d u s t r y T h e C h o c o la te I n d u s tr y T a r v ia
F e r ti liz e r f ro m A ir T h e M in in g o f P o ta s h R o o fs f ro m R a g s T h e T in I n d u s t r y T h e S ilk I n d u s t r y T h e W o r k m a n ’s L esso n W o o l to C lo th in g P e r f u m e r y
F r o m C o w to C o n s u m e r M a k in g Silver*
S o a p P a i n t
C o n s u m in g S m o k e H o g C h o le ra N itr o - G e r m T h e X - R a y E le c t r i c L ig h tin g M a n u f a c t u r in g of F ile s M o to r A p p lic a tio n
T h e ex h ib its of a p p a ra tu s an d m a ch in ery include la b o r a to ry an d p la n t su p plies for th e m an u factu re of all classes of ch em icals, drugs, foo ds, and m etallurgical p ro d u cts. T h e list of ex h ib ito rs g iv en below is com p le te to d a te (A u g u st 20th).
A m e r ic a n B it u m a s ti c E n a m e ls C o.
A m e r ic a n C h e m ic a l S o c ie ty A u to m a tic W e ig h in g M a c h in e C o . J . T . B a k e r C h e m ic a l C o .
W illia m B e c k e rs A n ilin e & C h e m ic a l W o rk s B e th le h e m F o u n d r y & M a c h in e C o . B u ffa lo F o u n d r y & M a c h in e C o.
C h a d w ic k B o s to n L e a d C o . C o n d e n s ite C o . o f A m e ric a D e t r o i t R a n g e B o ile r C o . D o r r - C y a n id e M a c h in e r y C o . d u P o n t d e N e m o u r s P o w d e r C o . E l y r ia E n a m e le d P r o d u c ts C o.
F a ir v ie w F lu o r s p a r & L e a d C o . G e n e r a l B a k e lite C o m p a n y G le n s F a lls M a c h in e W o rk s H a n o v ia C h e m ic a l & M fg . C o . H u ff E l e c t r o s t a tic S e p a r a t o r C o.
I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t r u m e n t C o . L e a d - lin e d I r o n P ip e C o . M a c b e t h - E v a n s G la s s C o .
M e ta llu r g ic a l a n d C h e m ic a l E n g in e e r in g J . L . M o t t I r o n W o rk s
M o n s a n to C h e m ic a l W o rk s N a ti o n a l A n ilin e & C h e m ic a l C o . S w e e tla n d F i l t e r P r e s s C o . S w e n so n E v a p o r a t o r C o m p a n y T h w in g I n s t r u m e n t C o m p a n y
A m e r ic a n H a r d R u b b e r Co.
B r o w n I n s t r u m e n t C o.
B o o n to n R u b b e r M fg . Co.
C h e m ic a l P ro c e s s Co.
D e p a r t m e n t o f C o m m erce D e v in e C o ., J . P . D r iv e r - H a r r is W ire C o.
D u r ir o n C a s tin g s C o.
T h o s . A . E d is o n E d w a r d L . R ie h a E im e r & A m e n d E m il G r e in e r C o . E r n e s t S c o tt & C o.
H u y c k & S o n s, F . C . L e n z & N a u m a n n L u n g w itz , E m il E . K o v e n & B ro ., L . O.
M o o re F ilt e r C o m p a n y N o r to n C o m p a n y P f a u d le r C o m p a n y R a r i t a n C o p p e r W o rk s S c h a u m & U h lin g e r. In c . T o l h u r s t M a c h in e W o rk s T r o e g e r lith T ile C o.
U n ite d L e a d C o.
V a lle y I r o n W o rk s W ils o n - M a e u le n C o.
Z a r e m b a C o .
Sept., 1915 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y 737
ORIGINAL P A P E R S
T H E I M P R O V E M E N T O F H IG H B O IL IN G P E T R O L E U M O IL S , A N D T H E M A N U F A C T U R E O F G A S O L IN E
A S A B Y - P R O D U C T T H E R E F R O M , B Y T H E A C T IO N O F A L U M IN U M C H L O R ID E 1
B y A . M . McAf e e
T he conversion of h igh b o ilin g petroleu m oils into lower b o ilin g oils of greate r com m ercial va lu e is an old problem , and m a n y solu tio ns of it h a ve been proposed. F o rm e rly , w hen kejrosene w as w o rth more than gasoline, n a tu r a lly th e effort w as to increase the yield of kerosen e fro m crude oil; n o w ad ays, gaso
line is w o rth m ore th a n kerosene, and n a tu ra lly th e effort is to increase th e y ield of gasoline. B u t in p rin ciple, gasoline m akin g and kerosene m akin g from high boiling p etro leu m oils are th e sam e, and m ost of th e proposed m eth od s m ake b o th p ro d u cts. W ith v e ry little v a ria tio n , m ost of th em w ill m ake gas e q u a lly well. A carefu l ex a m in a tio n of these m ethods will show, in n e a rly all cases, th e sam e principle, n am ely, what is called cra ck in g — h ea tin g to a sufficien t te m perature to cause th e high b oilin g oils to becom e u n stable and b re a k dow n into low er b o ilin g oils. If the h eat be inten se en ou gh and th e tim e be lo n g enough the p ro d u ct will b e gas; less h ea t and a sh o rter time will m ake gaso lin e, an d a still less h e a t and shorter time will m ake kerosene.
T h e in v en to rs h a v e ru n g th e p e rm u tatio n s on this simple id ea; th e y h e a t u n der pressure and th e y h ea t under v a c u u m ; th e y h e a t in th e presence of gases;
th ey h ea t in th e presence of c a ta ly s ts ; th e y h e a t in tubes and th e y h e a t in boilers, etc., etc. I t is safe to sa y th a t in 99 per cen t of th e m ethods w h ich h a ve been proposed for co n v e rtin g h igh b oilin g oils into lower b o ilin g oils, “ c r a c k in g ” b y h e a t is in v o lve d . Som etim es it is d isguised in orn ate lan g u a g e ; som e
tim es it lu rk s b eh in d in trica te a p p a ratu s, b u t it is alw ays there.
T h e d ifficu lty , h o w e ver, w ith all th ese c ra ck in g m ethods is a d ifficu lty in principle. In b re ak in g down th e co m p lex, high b o ilin g h y d ro ca rb o n s in to several sim p ler ones, th e re is n ot enough h yd ro gen to sa tu rate th e se n e w ly form ed bodies, and u n sa tu ra ted h y d ro ca rb o n s m ust n ecessarily resu lt unless hydrogen be a d d e d or carbon su b tracte d . H yd ro ge n is too exp en sive and d ifficu lt to add and, th o u g h a part of th e carbo n is re a d ily enough su b tra cte d and deposited, th is su b tra ctio n and dep osition n eve r goes far enough— a lth o u g h th e still m an m igh t n ot be read ily con vin ced of th is. T h ese cra ck e d p ro d u cts are in large p a rt u n sa tu ra te d , and th e y are n ot desirable com m ercially. T h e y are fo u l sm ellin g; t h e y are yellow in color and becom e ra p id ly m ore y e llo w on standing; th e y d ep osit larg e a m o u n ts of carbo n on ignition in a gas en gin e; th e y burn -with a sm o k y flam e;
they co n tain resinous bodies w hich cause gu m m in g in use or on sta n d in g, etc., etc. T h e y can , of course, be refined so m e w h at w ith su lfu ric acid , b u t th e re
1 R e a d b e fo re th e S e v e n t h S e m i-A n n u a l M e e tin g o f th e A m e ric a n I n s tit u te o f C h e m ic a l E n g in e e r s , S a n F r a n c is c o , A u g u s t 2 5 , 1915.
m ust be to o m uch of th e acid used and to o m uch of th e oil is lost to p erm it in p ra ctice a n y th o ro u g h tre a tm e n t w ith acid.
A sid e from th e poor q u a lity of th e liq u id p ro d u cts ob tain ed , th e o p eratio n o f th e c ra ck in g process is a t te n d ed w ith g rea t d ifficu lty w here u n ifo rm resu lts are desired. T h e re are m a n y v a riab le s on w hich th e o b ta in in g of such resu lts depends— te m p e ra tu re , tim e, pressure and c a t a ly tic actio n of th e w alls o f th e co n tain in g vessel. A chan ge in eith er of th ese v a r ia bles m akes a change in th e p ro d u cts o b ta in ed . U sin g th e sam e ap p a ratu s, th e sam e pressure, and consu m in g th e sam e tim e, a difference of a c o m p a ra tiv e ly few d e grees of te m p eratu re in cra ck in g o p eratio n s m akes m arked differences in th e y ield and q u a lity of liq u id p rod u cts.
In m ost of th e c ra ck in g processes, pressure is em p lo y e d : 60 to 100 lbs. is usual and som e h a v e p rop osed m uch high er pressures. I t is here th a t th e g re a te st d ifficu lty becom es m anifest— th e g rea t d anger to th e op erato rs and to th e p lan t. T h e re is a lw a y s a d ep o si
tion of h ard (and flin ty hard) coke on th e inn er w alls of th e h ea tin g elem ent. Som e w ho h a ve h a d co n sid erable exp erience in c ra ck in g oils h a v e said th a t th e coke is forced into co m bin ation w ith th e iron, m a k in g it b rittle and th u s u tte rly u n able to w ith sta n d th e high te m p eratu re and pressure em p lo yed . A t a n y rate , th e dep osition o f th e carbon occu rs w here th e elem ent is h o tte st,_ cau sin g a lo cal o v e rh e a tin g a t th a t p o int. U nder such conditio ns th e tensile stren gth of th e steel becom es an u n kn o w n q u a n tity ; as lik e ly as n ot it yield s to th e stress w ith o u t a n y w arn ing.
Oil va p o rs of a te m p eratu re aroun d 650° F . ig n ite sp o n tan eo u sly w hen th e y e v o lv e from a still in to th e surro unding atm osp h ere. In cra ck in g processes th e te m p eratu re is 750 to S500 F . and ev en h ig h e r ;, hence, th e m anifest d anger of c ra ck in g p e tro leu m oils u n der such pressures.
W hen I to o k up th e gasoline p rob lem , som e tw o and one-half yea rs ago, I dism issed fro m co n sid era
tion th e id ea of c ra ck in g oils. U p to th is tim e , or since th e F ried el and C ra fts B ritish p a te n t, N o. 4769, of 1877, th ere h ad been som e degree of m ild in terest show n as regards th e effect w hich Alum inum ch lorid e m igh t h a v e on p etroleum oils, b u t no p o sitiv e resu lts h a d follow ed from th is interest. I t ap p eared to me th a t th is reactio n m igh t h a v e fa r m ore significan ce th a n w as then a p p aren t. I tr u s t th is pap er m a y in a m easure e x em p lify its significance.
I h ave fou n d th a t w ith prop er co n tro l of th e va p o rs le a vin g th e d istillin g sy ste m and en terin g th e final condenser, and w ith sufficient tim e g iv en th e alu m in u m chloride, high b oilin g oils can be c o m p le te ly b roken dowrn in to low er b oilin g oils, and no m a tte r h ow u n sa tu rate d th e high b o ilin g h y d ro ca rb o n s m a y be, th e low boilin g oils p rod u ced th e re fro m are sw eet sm elling, wrater w h ite and sa tu ra te d . T h e reactio n gives little gas and o n ly a b o u t th e rig h t a m o u n t of carbon to allow’ p ro d u ctio n o f sa tu ra te d p ro d u cts.
7 3 S T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y V ol. 7, No. 9 T h e carbo n is d ep osited not in th e form of a hard
b ak ed -o n carbo n , b u t as a gran u lar, e o k y m ass, ea sily rem o v ed fro m th e still.
B u t th e re are o th er p ro d u cts th an gasolin e th a t can be m ade from petro leu m w hich are co m m ercia lly w o rth w hile, a lth o u g h in ou r efforts to increase th e s u p p ly of gasoline w e h a ve a p p a re n tly fo rgo tte n th is fa ct. If th e m ark et v a lu e of th e vario u s p rod u cts w hich can be o b ta in e d fro m crude p etro leu m be p lo tte d , it w ill be fou n d th a t th e re is a p e ak a t th e low b o ilin g end and a n o th er a t th e high b o ilin g end.
G asoline is w o rth m ore th a n kerosene and kerosene is w o rth m ore th a n gas oil, w hile th e p ro d u cts fo llo w in g gas oil, paraffin and lu b ric a tin g oils, are w o rth as m uch or m ore th a n th e gasoline.
T h e p rob lem b efore me, th erefo re, k n o w in g th e re a c
t iv e pow er of alu m in u m chloride, w as to a p p ly it to crude p e tro leu m so th a t good h e a v y oils cou ld be o b ta in ed w hile a t th e sam e tim e co n v e rtin g th e less v a lu a b le p o rtio n s of th e crude into gasoline. T h e solu tio n of th is p rob lem is fou n d in m y p a te n t.
In th e p ra ctica l op eratio n of th is process, crude p e tro leu m o f a n y k in d is first d istilled u n til th e n a tu r a lly o ccu rrin g gaso lin e and kerosene, if th e re be a n y p resen t, is d istilled off. A s yo u are p ro b a b ly aw are, in m an y of our crude oils, and e sp e cially som e of those fro m T e x a s , C alifo rn ia and M exico, th e re is su b s ta n tia lly no gasolin e present and v e r y little kerosene. B u t in a n y e v e n t, th e crude is first h eate d to free it of a n y m oisture w hich it m a y co n tain , since th e oil m u st be p e rfe c tly d ry before ad d in g th e a lu m i
num chloride.
T h e n e x t step is to ad d an h yd ro u s alu m in u m ch lo r id e to th e rem ain in g residual oil, and th e n b rin g th e m ixtu re to b o ilin g in th e still. B o ilin g is u su a lly arou n d 5000 F . and ge n e ra lly rem ain s b etw e en 500 a n d 550° F : d u rin g th e en tire d istillatio n , ex te n d in g o v e r a period of 24 to 48 hours. T h e re is no need of e m p lo yin g e x tra pressure or v a cu u m or sp ecial a p p a ra tu s; a n y still w ith a stirrer in it suffices.
G ran ted su fficien t tim e for th e alu m in u m chloride to g e t in its w ork, th e success or fa ilu re of th is p ro cess d ep en ds u po n th e prop er control of th e te m p e ra tu re a t w hich th e oil v a p o rs are allow ed to le a v e th e d istillin g sy ste m to en ter th e final condenser. B e tw e en th e still and th e final condenser are p laced tw o air-cooled condensers co n n ected in series, w hich sep arate th e low b o ilin g oils fro m th e high b oilin g oils, retu rn in g th e la tte r, to g e th e r w ith a n y v o la tiliz e d a lu m in u m ch lorid e, to th e still. F o r a 1,000 barrel still th e air condensers w hich w e are now u sin g are drum s of o v al cross-section , 3 ft. X 6 ft. X 6 ft. high.
In ad d itio n to th e air condensers, a 3 ft. dom e is a t ta c h e d to th e to p o f th e still w h ich serves to retu rn m ost 'o f th e vo la tilize d alu m in u m ch lorid e and its com pounds. T h e o p eratio n is so co n tro lled th a t th e v a p o r is k e p t a t th e desired te m p e ratu re as in d icate d b y a th e rm o m e ter p lace d in th e v a p o r line a t th e p o in t of e x it of v a p o r in to th e final or w a ter-co o led condenser. T h e te m p e ra tu re a t th is point should not exceed 350° F ., oth erw ise, not o n ly w ill h e a v y oils distil o ver, b u t th e alu m in u m ch lorid e (or its
com po u nd s w ith h yd ro ca rb o n s) will en ter th e con
denser and clo g it up. U n der th e first nam ed condi
tio n , th e d istilla te o b ta in e d w ill be a m ixtu re of gaso
line, so lv e n t oil and kerosene w hich are afterw ards s ep a ra ted b y fra ctio n a l d istillatio n . T h ese products are all w a ter w h ite, sw eet sm ellin g, sa tu ra te d , and n eed no refining w ith su lfu ric acid . In p ractice, no tre a tm e n t is given th em , ex ce p t a w ash in g w ith alkali, fo llo w ed w ith w a ter, to rem o ve h yd ro gen sulfide.
W ith proper b a c k -tra p p in g of high b o ilin g oils into th e still fro m th e air-cooled condensers and a tem p e ratu re of 3000 F . in th e v a p o r line, th e distillate o b ta in e d w ill be gasolin e alone, w hich is re a d y for th e m a rk et w hen w ash ed w ith an a lk a lin e solution.
I h a ve sp oken of th e tim e w h ich sh o u ld be given th e alu m in u m ch lorid e for th e a cco m p lish m en t of th e desired resu lts. I t is a m istak e to assum e that w ith a g iv en a m o u n t of alu m in u m ch lorid e and boil
in g it up w ith oil, th e desired resu lts w ill be obtained.
T h a t is far from th e tru th . I do n o t wish to im pose upon y o u r p a tien ce b y dism issing consideration of th e m echanism of th is rea ctio n b y sim p ly saying it is c a ta ly tic . I am fa irly w ell satisfied th a t it is one of asso ciatio n or co m b in atio n in th e liq u id phase and d issociation in th e v a p o r ph ase. I t is w ell known th a t alu m in u m ch lorid e exists in th e solid and liquid sta te s as A 12C 16, and in th e v a p o r s ta te as A 1C 13. It is also w ell k n o w n w ith w h a t a v id ity alu m in u m chloride in th e solid or liq u id s ta te w ill com bine w ith other sa lts to form double salts. T h e m ost com m on of th ese double sa lts is th a t of alu m in u m and sodium ch loride w h ich , a t one tim e, as yo u kn o w , w as the source of m etallic alu m in u m (C astn e r process). A lum inum ch lorid e p ro b a b ly com bin es w ith these high boilin g, com plex h y d ro ca rb o n s in m uch th e sam e way as it com bin es w ith sodium chloride and when the b o ilin g te m p e ratu re is reach ed th ese double com po u nd s becom e u n sta b le and dissociate into lower b o ilin g h yd ro ca rb o n s, w hich, u n der th e tem perature con trol im posed in th e v a p o r line, le a v e th e distilling sy ste m as fa s t as p ro d u ced ; A 12C 10 is again formed and is cap ab le of co m b in in g fu rth e r w ith oth er high b o ilin g h y d ro ca rb o n s rem ain in g in th e still, and free carbo n is form ed sim u lta n e o u sly. T h is vie w of the rea ctio n here in v o lv e d is confirm ed, I b elieve, b y the o p e ratin g cond itio ns m en tion ed h ereto fo re as neces
s a ry for o b ta in in g th e desired results.
W h ile th e op eratio n , using crude oil as the starting m aterial, can be carried on to p rod u ce larg e r or smaller q u a n titie s of gasoline, in p ra ctice it is carried on so as to co n v e rt th e gas oil fra c tio n in to low boiling h y d ro ca rb o n s an d le a v e m ost of th e high b oiling h y d ro carbon s, th a t is, th e paraffin s and lu b rica tin g oils.
A c c o rd in g ly , th e op eratio n is in te rru p te d after a por
tio n of th e crude has been c o n v erted in to low boiling p ro d u cts, and th e high b o ilin g oil rem ain in g in the still is p u m p ed off w h ile h o t; on cooling it is worked up in to th e u su al paraffin and lu b ric a tin g products.
T h e alu m in u m ch lorid e rem ain s in th e still enm eshed in a m ass of coke, and th e m eth od s of its re co ve ry are fo u n d in m y p a te n ts, referred to below .
A s illu s tra tiv e of th e a ctio n of alu m in u m chloride
