Formy żelaza jako wskaźnik pedogenezy w profilach wybranych typów gleb północnej części województwa kujawsko-pomorskiego

98 SZYMON RÓ¯AÑSKI, AGATA BARTKOWIAK, HANNA JAWORSKA

http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ssa (Read content)

SOIL SCIENCE ANNUAL

Vol. 64 No 3/2013: 98–105

*email: szymi@utp.edu.pl

DOI: 10.2478/ssa-2013-0018

INTRODUCTION

Studies on genesis, the course of soil forming pro-cesses, and consequently the classification of soils are the fundamental problems in soil science. Often the initial classification of soils, determined on the basis of morphology are not confirmed by results of laboratory analyses of chemical composition or phy-sical and chemical properties. There are many me-thods of determining the type and duration of soil-forming processes. These include, among others ad-vanced analysis of grain-size composition, mineralo-gical studies, and dating (Kowalkowski and Prusin-kiewicz, 1963; Prusinkiewicz and Proszek, 1990; Smólczyñski, 2009; Zagórski, 1996, 2003). One of the generally accepted methods in research on soil genesis is analysis of the iron forms, which changes depend on the direction of the soil-forming proces-ses, their type and intensity (Blume and Schwertmann, 1969; Cornell and Schwertmann, 2007; Konecka-Betley, 1968; Chojnicki, 2004; Kobierski, 2010).

The aim of this study was to evaluate profile di-stribution of iron and its forms in different types of soils characteristic for northern part of Poland, as evidence of soil forming processes and its compari-son with soil morphology and results of grain-size analysis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The analysed profiles represent varied soil types from the Valley of the Brda River, Œwiecka Plateau and Fordonska Valley, the northern part of the kujaw-sko-pomorskie province, Poland, characteristic for the-se regions: Endogleyic Phaeozem (profile 6), two

Flu-visols – Endogleyic Mollic Fluvisol (profile 5) and Haplic Fluvisol (profile 4), three Cutanic Luvisols

(pro-files 1–3), Brunic Arenosol (profile 7) and Albic

Po-dzol (profile 8) (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2007).

Profiles 1, 2, 3, 6 and 7 come from arable land, 4 and 5 from grassland, and profile 8 is the forest soil.

The basic physical and chemical properties such as texture, CaCO₃ content, organic carbon content, pH in H₂O and in 1M KCl, hydrolytic acidity, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and base cations were de-termined using methods generally accepted in soil science laboratories and published in one of the au-thor’s previous papers (Ró¿añski, 2009, 2010).

The content of free iron oxides (Fe_d) was deter-mined in the dithionite extraction after Mehra and Jackson (1960), the content of amorphous iron oxi-des (Fe_o) in acid ammonium oxalate extraction ac-cording to Tamm’s method (Schwertmann 1964), the total content of iron (Fe_t) was determined after dige-stion in a mixture of concentrated acids – HF and HClO₄ (PN-ISO 14869-1. 2007) by atomic absorp-tion spectroscopy using a Philips PU 9100 spectrophoto-SZYMON RÓ¯AÑSKI*, AGATA BARTKOWIAK, HANNA JAWORSKA

University of Technology and Life Sciences, Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Bernardyñska St. 6, 85-029 Bydgoszcz

Forms of iron as an indicator of pedogenesis in profiles of selected

soil types of the northern area of kujawsko-pomorskie province,

Poland

Abstract: The aim of the study was to determine types of soil-forming processes of the selected soils of Northern Poland, basing

on the content and profile distribution of iron forms, and the calculated indicators of pedogenesis. The results confirmed the previous statements on the basis of morphological and textural analyses, hypothesis of soils genesis, thereby proving the usefulness of this kind of research in determining these processes. This research showed the beginning of brunification process in the Endogleyic

Phaeozem, unnoticed in textural and morphological analysis, in which only the gleization process was previously identified. The

content and distribution of iron forms (Fed, Feo, Fec, Fes) in the profiles of the studied soils were characteristic for the type of soil and

soil-forming process.

99 Forms of iron as an indicator of pedogenesis

meter in the air-acetylene flame. Crystalline (Fe_c=Fe_d–Fe_o) and silicate (Fe_s=Fe_t–Fe_d) iron con-tent and the mobility index of iron (Fe_d/Fe_t), the activity index (Fe_o/Fe_d), the ratio of amorphous iron to total iron content (Fe_o/Fe_t) and the ratio of free iron content to the clay content (Fe_d/2µm) were calculated. For the analyzed variables, correlation coefficients were cal-culated based on the STATISTICA 10 program.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The total content of iron (Fe_t) in the analyzed soils ranged from 1.94 to 39.59 g·kg–1 _{and showed} both profile and typological differences. The highest values were found in Endogleyic Mollic Fluvisol (pro-file 5), ranging from 24.03 to 39.59 g·kg–1_{, whereas} the lowest in mineral horizons of Albic Podzol (pro-file 8) from 2.59 to 3.10 g·kg–1 _{(Table 1). These} valu-es differed each other mainly due to the concentra-tion of this element in parent materials of the investi-gated soils. For Luvisols and Phaeozem it is glacial till with texture of sandy loam (profiles 2, 3), loam (profile 1) and sandy clay loam (profile 6). Fluvisols were formed from alluvial materials of loam (profile 4) and silty loam (profile 5) texture and Arenosol and

Podzol from fluvioglacial sands with texture of sands

(profiles 7, 8).

Free iron oxides content (Fe_d) ranged from 0.42 to 18.90 g·kg–1 _{and was strongly correlated with the} total content of Fe, which was confirmed by a highly significant correlation coefficient value (r=0.924, p<0.05, Table 2) . Moreover, the content of free iron oxides was related to the content of the clay in analy-zed soils (r=0.701, p<0.05, Table 2). Diameter of the iron compounds is much smaller than 2 microns (usu-ally less than 500 nm) therefore mostly they are the component of the colloidal clay fraction of soil (Way-chunas et al., 2005).

Amorphous iron oxides content (Fe_o) ranged from 0.04 to 8.05 g·kg–1_{, and was very diversified as a} per-centage of the total metal content. In comparison with other forms of Fe, in the case of the content of amor-phous Fe forms the lowest correlation with the total content of the metal (r=0.663, p<0.05, Table 2) and the content of the clay (r=0.492, p<0.05 Table 2) was noticed. The soil with the highest content of amor-phous iron in the whole profile was Endogleyic

Mol-lic Fluvisol. It contains 3.42–8.05 g·kg–1_{, which} gi-ves a percentage of 41–48% of the total content of the metal (Fig. 1e). The lowest values were found in the Endogleyic Phaeozem (0.26–0.67 g·kg–1_{), which} was also the lowest percentage of Fe_o of total Fe con-tent (average 3.6%, Fig. 1f). The biggest differences in the content of amorphous iron forms were

determi-ned in Brunic Arenosol and Albic Podzol characteri-zed by low total iron concentration. Percentage of Fe_o reached 45% of the total (Fig. 1h) in illuvial horizon (Bs) of Albic Podzol. In the parent materials of these soils, percentage of these forms ranged from 1 to 14% (profiles 7, 8, Fig.1g, h). Furthermore, enrichment ho-rizons of these soils were characterized by a low per-centage of crystalline iron forms (9–18% Fig. 1g, h).

Crystalline iron oxides content in the studied so-ils was similar to the content of free iron oxides, ran-ging from 0.29 to 10.02 g·kg–1 _{and showed a very} strong correlation with the total content of Fe (r=0.943, p<0.05; Table 2). In five of analyzed soil profiles Fe_c content exceeded the content of Fe_o

(Cuta-nic Luvisols, Endogleyic Mollic Fluvisol, Endogleyic Phaeozem – profiles 1, 2, 3, 5, 6), in three others

situ-ation was reversed (profiles 4, 7, 8), with also highly diversified profile distribution of these forms in

Bru-nic Arenosol and Albic Podzol.

In contrast to the results of other authors in stu-died soils, there was no statistically significant rela-tionship between the iron content and its forms and content of humus (Davranche and Bollinger, 2000; Chojnicki, 2004; Kobierski, 2010). Low negative correlation with organic carbon content was noticed (r=-0.303, p<0.05, Table 2) only in the case of silica-te iron consilica-tent.

In Luvisols (profiles 1, 2, 3), the highest content of Fe was found in the illuvial horizons Bt (21,88– 29.03 g·kg–1_{), while the lowest in the surface ones} Ap (7.17–12.93 g·kg–1_{). The parent materials of} the-se soils are characterized by iron content from 16.45 to 20.02 g·kg–1_{). Moreover, illuvial horizons showed} the highest values of mobility index (Fe_d/Fe_t), and also the highest percentage of crystalline iron in the total content of the metal (17–23%, Fig. 1a,b,c). This indicates the relatively moderate rate of decomposi-tion of silicate minerals and favorable condidecomposi-tions of crystallization of iron compounds. Such profile di-stribution of iron and its forms confirms the occur-rence of lessivage process as the only soil forming process in these soils (Birnie and Paterson, 1991; Kobierski, 2010; Komisarek and Sza³ata, 2011; Ko-necka-Betley, 1968; Zagórski, 2001). The traces of gleization, noticed as a result of seasonal stagnic con-ditions in the third profile of Cutanic Luvisol played negligible role in the transformation of iron compo-unds. Similar values of activity index in investigated

Luvisols may also indicate a similar mineralogical

composition of parent materials and similar climatic conditions in their genesis (Bednarek and Pokojska, 1996). Differences of the total iron content and its forms found in the parent material in the first analy-zed profile probably is not the result of pedogenesis,

100 SZYMON RÓ¯AÑSKI, A G AT A B A RTKOWIAK, HANNA JA WORSKA

a – Cutanic Luvisol (profile 1) b – Cutanic Luvisol (profile 2)

c – Cutanic Luvisol (profile 3) d – Haplic Fluvisol (profile 4)

    & & & & Fed Feo Fec Fes        & & & & Fed Feo Fec Fes       & & & & Fed Feo Fec Fes      & & & & Fed Feo Fec Fes

101

Forms of iron as an indicator of pedogenesis

e – Endogleyic Mollic Fluvisol (profile 5) f – Endogleyic Phaeozem (profile 6)

g – Brunic Arenosol (profile 7) h – Albic Podzol (profile 8)

FIGURE. The percentage of analyzed iron forms in the total Fe content (%). Symbols as in Table 1      & & & & Fed Feo Fec Fes    ' ' & & & & Fed Feo Fec Fes       & & & & Fed Feo Fec Fes        & & & & Fed Feo Fec Fes

102 SZYMON RÓ¯AÑSKI, AGATA BARTKOWIAK, HANNA JAWORSKA

TABLE 1. The total content of iron, its forms and values of indexes in studied soils r e b m u N Horzion Depth ] m c [ _[F_ge_·kt_g–1_] Fed Feo Fec Fes Fed/Fet Feo/Fed Feo/Fet Fed/ mm2 l o si v u L c i n a t u C 1 Ap t B 1 k C 2 k C 2 2 2 – 0 1 6 – 2 2 5 9 – 1 6 5 9 < 3 9 . 2 1 5 5 . 4 2 3 5 . 7 1 2 0 . 0 2 7 2 . 4 1 0 . 8 3 5 . 4 9 9 . 5 4 4 . 1 9 6 . 1 7 6 . 0 7 5 . 0 3 8 . 2 2 3 . 6 6 8 . 3 2 4 . 5 6 6 . 8 4 5 . 6 1 9 9 . 2 1 3 0 . 4 1 3 3 . 0 3 3 . 0 6 2 . 0 0 3 . 0 4 3 . 0 1 2 . 0 5 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 1 1 . 0 7 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 8 2 . 0 6 3 . 0 7 2 . 0 3 2 . 0 l o si v u L c i n a t u C 2 Ap E B / E 1 t B 2 t B k C 6 2 – 0 6 3 – 6 2 7 5 – 6 3 0 9 – 7 5 0 2 1 – 0 9 0 2 1 < 1 9 . 7 8 5 . 8 9 1 . 8 1 3 4 . 5 2 8 7 . 2 2 7 0 . 8 1 1 1 . 2 8 7 . 1 6 4 . 4 1 9 . 6 1 2 . 6 8 1 . 4 1 8 . 0 3 5 . 0 9 9 . 0 9 2 . 1 3 0 . 1 3 5 . 0 0 3 . 1 6 2 . 1 7 4 . 3 2 6 . 5 7 1 . 5 5 6 . 3 0 8 . 5 9 7 . 6 4 7 . 3 1 2 5 . 8 1 8 5 . 6 1 9 8 . 3 1 7 2 . 0 1 2 . 0 5 2 . 0 7 2 . 0 7 2 . 0 3 2 . 0 9 3 . 0 0 3 . 0 2 2 . 0 9 1 . 0 7 1 . 0 3 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 6 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 0 3 . 0 6 3 . 0 5 2 . 0 1 3 . 0 7 2 . 0 5 2 . 0 l o si v u L c i n a t u C 3 Ap g E 1 g t B 2 t B C B k C 7 2 – 0 0 4 – 7 2 6 7 – 0 4 5 0 1 – 6 7 5 3 1 – 5 0 1 5 3 1 < 7 1 . 7 6 6 . 7 3 0 . 9 2 8 8 . 1 2 0 2 . 9 1 5 4 . 6 1 8 0 . 2 5 6 . 1 0 6 . 7 1 1 . 6 3 3 . 5 8 5 . 4 9 8 . 0 6 7 . 0 0 6 . 2 3 4 . 1 6 1 . 1 1 4 . 0 9 1 . 1 9 8 . 0 9 9 . 4 8 6 . 4 7 1 . 4 7 1 . 4 9 0 . 5 2 0 . 6 3 4 . 1 2 6 7 . 5 1 7 8 . 3 1 8 8 . 1 1 9 2 . 0 2 2 . 0 6 2 . 0 8 2 . 0 8 2 . 0 8 2 . 0 3 4 . 0 6 4 . 0 4 3 . 0 3 2 . 0 2 2 . 0 9 0 . 0 2 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 9 0 . 0 7 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 5 . 0 5 6 . 1 8 3 . 0 4 3 . 0 3 3 . 0 5 3 . 0 l o si v u l F c il p a H 4 Ap 1 C 2 2 C 3 3 C 3 4 C 4 5 1 – 0 5 5 – 5 1 3 7 – 5 5 0 9 – 3 7 0 9 < 5 6 . 9 7 4 . 2 1 7 0 . 8 1 2 7 . 6 1 4 3 . 2 0 7 . 3 2 4 . 4 6 9 . 6 7 0 . 6 3 9 . 0 7 9 . 1 6 4 . 2 8 7 . 3 3 4 . 3 3 4 . 0 3 7 . 1 6 9 . 1 8 1 . 3 5 6 . 2 0 5 . 0 5 9 . 5 5 0 . 8 1 1 . 1 1 4 6 . 0 1 1 4 . 1 8 3 . 0 6 3 . 0 9 3 . 0 6 3 . 0 0 4 . 0 3 5 . 0 6 5 . 0 4 5 . 0 6 5 . 0 6 4 . 0 0 2 . 0 0 2 . 0 1 2 . 0 1 2 . 0 8 1 . 0 3 5 . 0 4 4 . 0 6 4 . 0 7 4 . 0 7 4 . 0 l o si v u l F c il l o M c i y e l g o d n E 5 Ap C A 2 1 g C 2 2 g C 3 3 g C 3 0 2 – 0 5 4 – 0 2 0 7 – 5 4 0 0 – 0 7 0 0 1 < 9 5 . 9 3 5 6 . 3 3 2 2 . 0 3 3 0 . 4 2 8 4 . 4 2 0 9 . 8 1 9 0 . 5 1 9 4 . 3 1 3 6 . 0 1 3 1 . 0 1 5 0 . 8 6 3 . 6 6 8 . 5 2 7 . 4 2 4 . 3 5 8 . 0 1 3 7 . 8 3 6 . 7 1 9 . 5 1 7 . 6 9 6 . 0 2 7 5 . 8 1 4 7 . 6 1 0 4 . 3 1 5 3 . 4 1 8 4 . 0 5 4 . 0 5 4 . 0 4 4 . 0 1 4 . 0 3 4 . 0 2 4 . 0 4 4 . 0 4 4 . 0 4 3 . 0 0 2 . 0 9 1 . 0 9 1 . 0 0 2 . 0 4 1 . 0 5 4 . 0 2 5 . 0 2 5 . 0 1 5 . 0 1 5 . 0 m e z o e a h P c i y e l g o d n E 6 Ap C A g C 1 G 2 k G 5 3 – 0 8 4 – 5 3 5 9 – 8 4 0 4 1 – 5 9 0 4 1 < 7 1 . 7 3 6 . 5 1 7 1 . 3 2 6 7 . 8 1 3 3 . 8 1 3 8 . 1 2 3 . 2 4 5 . 0 1 9 2 . 5 8 2 . 5 7 6 . 0 6 2 . 0 2 5 . 0 0 4 . 0 5 5 . 0 6 1 . 1 6 0 . 2 2 0 . 0 1 9 8 . 4 3 7 . 4 4 3 . 5 1 3 . 3 1 4 6 . 2 1 7 4 . 3 1 5 0 . 3 1 6 2 . 0 5 1 . 0 6 4 . 0 8 2 . 0 9 2 . 0 7 3 . 0 1 1 . 0 5 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 0 1 . 0 9 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 2 . 0 0 1 . 0 8 4 . 0 7 2 . 0 8 2 . 0 l o s o n e r A c i n u r B 7 Ap B / A s B C B C 9 2 – 0 7 3 – 9 2 5 6 – 7 3 7 7 – 5 6 7 7 < 0 9 . 5 1 2 . 5 5 1 . 5 2 1 . 5 4 9 . 3 9 2 . 2 8 1 . 2 1 3 . 2 4 4 . 1 8 0 . 1 5 0 . 1 7 5 . 1 1 4 . 1 6 5 . 0 4 4 . 0 3 2 . 1 2 6 . 0 0 9 . 0 7 8 . 0 4 6 . 0 1 6 . 3 3 0 . 3 4 8 . 2 8 6 . 3 7 8 . 2 9 3 . 0 2 4 . 0 5 4 . 0 8 2 . 0 7 2 . 0 6 4 . 0 2 7 . 0 1 6 . 0 9 3 . 0 0 4 . 0 8 1 . 0 0 3 . 0 7 2 . 0 1 1 . 0 1 1 . 0 6 7 . 0 5 5 . 0 6 4 . 0 2 7 . 0 6 3 . 0 l o z d o P c i b l A 8 Oi e O a O E A h B s B C / B 1 C 2 C 9 – 0 1 3 -9 0 – 3 2 1 – 0 8 1 – 2 1 6 3 – 8 1 4 8 – 6 3 5 2 1 – 4 8 5 2 1 < 4 9 . 1 7 1 . 5 8 5 . 5 2 8 . 2 2 8 . 2 0 1 . 3 9 5 . 2 9 9 . 2 7 7 . 2 8 9 . 0 6 6 . 2 0 5 . 3 6 3 . 1 1 5 . 1 9 6 . 1 8 7 . 0 8 7 . 0 2 4 . 0 4 4 . 0 0 4 . 1 7 7 . 1 9 8 . 0 9 1 . 1 0 4 . 1 9 3 . 0 3 4 . 0 4 0 . 0 4 5 . 0 6 2 . 1 3 7 . 1 8 4 . 0 2 3 . 0 9 2 . 0 9 3 . 0 5 3 . 0 8 3 . 0 6 9 . 0 1 5 . 2 8 0 . 2 5 4 . 1 1 3 . 1 1 4 . 1 1 8 . 1 1 2 . 2 5 3 . 2 1 5 . 0 2 5 . 0 3 6 . 0 8 4 . 0 4 5 . 0 5 5 . 0 0 3 . 0 6 2 . 0 5 1 . 0 5 4 . 0 3 5 . 0 1 5 . 0 5 6 . 0 9 7 . 0 3 8 . 0 0 5 . 0 5 5 . 0 9 0 . 0 3 2 . 0 7 2 . 0 2 3 . 0 2 3 . 0 2 4 . 0 5 4 . 0 5 1 . 0 4 1 . 0 1 0 . 0 – – – 7 2 . 0 5 2 . 0 1 2 . 0 0 2 . 0 0 2 . 0 4 1 . 0

Explanations: Fet – total content of Fe; Fed – free Fe; Feo– amorphous Fe; Fec – crystalline Fe (Fec=Fed–Feo); Fes – sillicate Fe (Fes=Fet–Fed); Fed/Fet

103 Forms of iron as an indicator of pedogenesis

but stated previously on the basis of different course of granulometric curves and different values of sedi-mentological and texture indices, lithogenesis (Ró-¿añski, 2010).

A similar profile distribution of iron was noti-ced in Endogleyic Phaeozem (profile 6), except for the horizon of iron enrichment is located in the upper part of parent material – Cg (23.17 g·kg–1_). The highest value of mobilization index of iron (Fe_d/Fe_t=0.46), the highest content of crystalline forms (Fe_c=10.02 g·kg–1_{), and the lowest value of the} activity index (Fe_o/Fe_d=0.05) was also determined at this depth. In comparison with saturated horizons – G1 and Gk2, oxygen availability in Cg is much hi-gher, which constitutes favorable conditions for de-composition of silicate minerals and crystallization of iron compounds (Fe_c – 43% of Fe_t, Fe_o – 2%, and Fe_s only 55% – Fig. 1f). These processes, apart from such factor as redox conditions, are affected by pH, organic matter content and temperature, but also cul-tivation and erosion, thus this is more evident in the topsoil (Davranche and Bollinger, 2000; Li and Rich-ter, 2012). Probably, with ongoing gleization here, the beginning of brunification or lessivage processes is occuring, which appears to be resulting from accu-mulation of iron (Chojnicki, 1993, 2004; Zagórski, 2001). No illuvial enrichment of Cg horizon indica-tes the lack of movement of clay from the AC to Cg horizons (Ró¿añski, 2010), and the highest value of the ratio of free iron content to clay (Fe_d/2mm=48, Table 1) in this horizon. This is particularly evident in comparison with the overlying horizon (AC) in which the ratio was 0.10 with a difference in the con-tent of the clay of 1% (Ró¿añski, 2010) and the pH close to neutral (5.79–6.38 pH in 1M KCl). However, the Fe enrichment of Cg can be also the result of the precipitation of iron compounds from groundwater. In this situation, a clear interpretation of the direction or type of soil forming processes, based only on the con-tent of the analyzed forms of iron is not really reasona-ble, and only additional mineralogical and micromor-phological analysis would be very useful.

Fluvisols were characterized by a different

profi-le distribution of the iron forms, whiprofi-le the closely related values of all calculated indices. The lack of differentiation of these values, with varying concen-tration of iron in horizons of soil profiles, indicate lack of any soil-forming process (beside gleization) and also the young age of studied Fluvisols (D¹b-kowska-Naskrêt, 1990; D¹bkowska-Naskrêt and Kê-dzia, 1996; Chojnicki, 2001, 2004; Cornell and Schwertmann, 2007; Jaworska and Kobierski, 2004). In comparison to other investigated soils, high valu-es of the calculated indicvalu-es, are probably not the re-sult of pedogenic iron transformations, but the con-centration and form of this metal in alluvial parent material (usually strongly weathered). Content of iron and its forms determined in profiles of studied

Fluvi-sols confirmed lithological discontinuity of these

so-ils (characteristic of alluvial soso-ils) stated on the basis of the previous results of granulometric analysis (Ró-¿añski, 2010). In the case of Haplic Fluvisol (profile 4) the presence of 4 layers was confirmed on depth: 0–15, 15–55, 55–90, and below 90 cm, and in

Endo-gleyic Mollic Fluvisol (profile 5) 3 layers at 0–20,

20–70 and below 70 cm depth (Table 1). Inverse con-centration of amorphous and crystalline iron in pro-files of these soils draws attention. In Haplic

Fluvi-sol predominance of Fe_o was observed, and in Endo-gleyic Mollic Fluvisol of Fe_c (Fig. 1d,e). Presumably, this is related to the different water conditions and, consequently, the conditions of crystallization of iron compounds (Chojnicki, 2001, 2004).

In Brunic Arenosol (profile 7) and in Albic Podzol (profile 8) the total content of Fe was lower in com-parison to other types of soils and ranged within nar-row limits (3.94–5.90g·kg–1 _{and 1.94–5.58g·kg}–1 re-spectively, Table 1). Despite the low total iron con-tent (as a consequence of the concentration in parent material), a high profile variation in the content of the pedogenic forms of iron was found. Very high values of the mobility and activity indices of Fe in the A/B and Bs horizons in Arenosol, and Bh and Bs horizons in Podzol were noticed. They were also much higher than values determined in all other soils. This indicates the intensive weathering of primary mine-rals, and occurrence of suitable soil-forming process, resulting in „in situ” and illuvial accumulation of iron in enrichment horizons (Pokojska 1979; Bednarek, 1991; Janowska et al., 2002; Kaba³a, 2005; Martyn and Niemczuk, 2011). The confirmation of these pro-cesses are values of the illuviation factor for the total content of iron in Brunic Arenosol 0.87, and in Albic

Podzol 1.1. These values change for pedogenic forms

of iron up to 1.0 for Fe_d, 1.3 for Fe_o (Bs of Arenosol)

TABLE 2. Statistically significant correlation coefficients between forms of Fe and selected soil properties of studied soils (p<0.050). Symbols as in Table 1 el b ai r a V Formof rion e F t Fed Feo Fec Fes l C K H p g r o C m µ 2 < 4 9 5 . 0 n 8 1 7 . 0 4 9 4 . 0 n 1 0 7 . 0 n n 2 9 4 . 0 4 9 5 . 0 n 2 2 7 . 0 1 1 6 . 0 3 0 3 . 0 -1 7 6 . 0

104 SZYMON RÓ¯AÑSKI, AGATA BARTKOWIAK, HANNA JAWORSKA and 1.2 for Fe_d, 1.6 for Fe_o (Bs of Podzol). These

values are similar to those characterizing the

Areno-sols and Podzols from other regions of Poland

(Ja-nowska et al., 2002; Kaba³a, 2005). In Brunic

Areno-sol, the content of Fe_d in the Ap and Bs horizons was very similar – 2.29 and 2.31 g·kg–1 _{respectively.} Ho-wever, in this type of soils, in which the podzoliza-tion is not observed, the highest content of pedoge-nic iron is usually observed in humus horizons (Bed-narek, 1991). In Podzols the highest accumulation of free and amorphous iron forms is usually noticed in the horizons of illuvial accumulation of organic mat-ter, which is closely connected with iron migration with mobile humus fractions – fulvic and humic acids (Pokojska, 1979). In the analysed Albic Podzol this value was also high, but the highest one was found in the Bs horizon, which may also suggest migration of iron in the forms not only complexed with organic compounds. This was reflected in the values of mo-bility and activity indices of Fe, the highest in hori-zon of illuvial accumulation of iron (Bs).

CONCLUSIONS

1. There is a clear translocation of iron in horizons of Cutanic Luvisols. It results from the lessivage process, which is the only process forming these soils.

2. This research revealed probably the beginning of brunification process in the Endogleyic Phaeozem, unnoticed in textural and morphological analysis, in which only the gleization was previously con-firmed.

3. Fluvisols are characterized by a relatively high

content of pedogenic forms of iron (Fe_d), their small differentiation in the profiles, and different parti-cipation of amorphous and crystalline forms of this metal.

4. The highest percentage of pedogenic iron forms (Fe_d) and the greatest profile diversity of iron forms was found in the Albic Podzol, and slightly lower in Brunic Arenosol. Brunic Arenosol presents the highest Fe_o and Fe_c content in Bs – iron in situ enriched horizon, whereas Albic Podzol in Bh and Bs – illuvial horizons, which is typical for the soil-forming processes of these soils.

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Accepted: November 27, 2013

Formy ¿elaza jako wskaŸnik pedogenezy w profilach wybranych typów gleb

pó³nocnej czêœci województwa kujawsko-pomorskiego

Streszczenie: Celem pracy by³o okreœlenie kierunku i rodzaj procesów glebotwórczych wybranych gleb Pó³nocnej Polski, na

podstawie zawartoœci i rozmieszczenia w profilu form ¿elaza oraz obliczonych wskaŸników pedogenezy. Otrzymane wyniki pozwo-li³y potwierdziæ ustalon¹ wczeœniej, na podstawie badañ morfologicznych i granulometrycznych, genezê wiêkszoœci badanych gleb, tym samym dowodz¹c przydatnoœci tego rodzaju badañ w poznaniu procesów kszta³tuj¹cych je. W profilu czarnej ziemi glejowej stwierdzono niewidoczne na podstawie wczeœniej uzyskanych wyników, oznaki nak³adaj¹cego siê na proces gruntowo-glejowy procesu brunatnienia. Zawartoœæ i rozmieszczenie oznaczonych form ¿elaza (Fed, Feo, Fec, Fes) w badanych profilach by³a

charakte-rystyczna dla poszczególnych typów gleb oraz procesów glebotwórczych.