Magdalena Zadworna-Cieślak, Ph.D.
InstituteofPsychology
UniversityofSocialSciencesinLodz
health BehavIors of younG PeoPle – the role of PsyCholoGICal anD famIly
DetermInants
Introduction
Thequestionofahealthylifestylehasbecomemoreandmorepopulardur- ingtherecentyears,notonlyinthescientificcircles�Thenumberofpapersand
publicationconcerninghealth-impactingfactorsincreases,andtheirresultscan
besummarizedbystatingthatdifferenthumanbehaviorsaregreatlyresponsible
forthestateofourhealth�Accordingtotheconceptofso-called“healthfields”
followingfactorshavethemajorimpact:healthcare(10%),inheritance(16%),
physicalenvironment(21%),whereasthegreatestimpactisattributedtothelife- style(53%)(Lalonde,1974,quotingafter:Ogińska-Bulik,Juczyński,2008)�
Growingsocialawarenessregardingtheimpactoflifestyleonhealthcondi- tionispossibleduetoprogramspromotinghealthylifestyleandpreventionof
behaviorsthatarehazardoustohealth�Generalschoolpreventionprogramsare
availablealreadyonearlystagesofeducation(Simm,Węgrzyn-Jonek,2002)�At
thesametime,bothchildren,adolescentsandadultsbecomerecipientsofsocial
health-promotingprograms(forexample:drinkingunsweetenedwater,eatingveg- etablesandfruit,etc)andmedicalpreventioninitiatives(vaccinations,screening
tests,etc)�Alltheseactivitiesareparticularlyimportantwhendevelopinghealth
behaviorspatterns,i�e�duringchildhoodandadolescence�However,despitethe
introductionofconstantlyincreasingnumberofpreventionprogramsatschools
thetestsoftenshowtheirinadequacyandineffectiveness(Juczyńskiandothers,
2004;Sierosławski,2007)�Thenumberofsuchimpactsisgreatestfortheadoles- centgroup,asitisparticularlyexposedtobehaviorswithharmfulhealthimpact
(Oblacińska,Woynarowska,2006;Mazurandothers,2007;Sierosławski,2007;
Kolbowska,2008)�Lateststudiesmonitoringthelifestyleofadolescents(Health Behaviour in School-aged Children, A WHO Cross-national Collaborative Study)
https://doi.org/10.18778/7525-795-3.06
carriedoutinPolandin2010, shownumerousdeficienciesinpro-healthactivity
ofadolescents. Forexample,physicalactivitylevelofPolishadolescentsdecreas- eswithageandconstantlyremainsbelowtherecommendedlevel�Youngpeople
spendtoomuchtimeonpassiveinterests,mainlywatchingTVorinfrontofthe
computer(Mazur,Małkowska-Szkutnik,2011)�
Apartfromstudieslookingforthedeterminantsofhealthasecondtrendde- velops – studies aimed at finding the determinants of pro- and anti-health be- haviors�Thesestudiesarebasedondifferenttheoreticalmodels,suchasJessor’s
problembehaviortheory(1977,quotingafter:Woynarowska,2008)orthemodel
offamilydeterminantsofhealthbehaviors(Sallisa,Nadera,1988)�Thesemodels
highlighttheroleofpsychologicalandsocialfactors,includingfamilyfactors�
Researchersoftenchooseoneofthefactorgroupsandexploreitempirically�This
choiceisparticularlybeneficialforpsychologicalfactors,asthestudiesconcern- ingthemmainlyfocusontheroleofvariouspersonalitytraits,optimism,self-ef- ficacy,self-esteem,placementofhealthcontrolormethodsofdealingwithstress
in the prediction of healthy lifestyle and assessment of own health (Dolińska- Zygmunt, 2000; Mulkana, Hailey, 2001; Spear, Kulbok, 2001; MacNicol and
others�,2003;Kasapoglu,Cabuk,2006;Ziarko,2006;Finogenow,2008;Kaflik- Pieróg,Zadworna-Cieślak,2010;Zadworna-Cieślak,Ogińska-Bulik,2012)�
Whereas, it is after all the family, the socialization process, that have the
greatestimpactontheadaptationofhealthhabitsbychildren,includinghabits
relatedtophysicalactivity,properdietorhygiene,thatgraduallytransform,with
theparticipationofpersonalitytraits,intointentionalactionsaimedatpro-health
objectives�Asassumedbythemodeloffamilyformingofhealthbehaviors,for
thechildrenit’stheparentsthatrepresentmodelhealthbehaviorsandalsopro- videguidelinesandstandardsrelatedtotheirimplementationandmanagement
(Gaweł,2006)�Theperiodofadolescenceisparticularlyimportantforthisproc- ess,asthisistheperiodwhenhealthbehaviorpatternsstabilize�Formingincorrect
healthbehaviorsinthisperiodcanleadtonegativehealthconsequencesinadult- hood,suchasheartconditionsortumors�
Forthediscussedscope,studiescoveringcollectiveimpactoffamily-related
andpsychologicalfactorsinhealthbehaviorpredictionarescarce�Thisisbecause
mostofthestudiesfollowtheimpactofindividualfactorsonhealth-relatedbe- haviors(Juczyński,1997;Dolińska-Zygmunt,2000;Łuszczyńska,2004;Ziarko,
2006)�However,inrealitywedealwithaninteractionofpsychologicalandfamily
factorsrelatedtopredictionofhealthbehaviors,whichisdemonstratedinmore
andmorescientificreportsandstudies(Zadworna-Cieślak,Kaflik-Pieróg,2010;
Zadworna-Cieślak,Ogińska-Bulik,2011)�Therefore,wearedealingwithanin- teractionbetweenpeopleandtheenvironment,wheretheindividualconstitutean
intermediateelementintherelationsbetweentheindividualandtheenvironment
(Howellandothers,1995;Johnson,1995,quotingafter:Juczyński,2001)�This
papertriestocollectivelypresentbothgroupsoffactorsrelatedtodetermination
ofhealthbehaviorsofadolescents�
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HealthBehaviorsofYoungPeople…
objective
Thepurposeofperformedstudieswastoestablishthepsychologicalandfam- ilydeterminantsofhealthbehaviorsofadolescents�Twogroupsoffactorswere
analyzedtofindthekeydeterminantsfromamongstvariousvariablesfromboth
groups�
researched variables and tools for measuring them
Health behaviors were the dependent variables of the performed studies�
Accordingtotheliterature,followingwereincludedintothegroupofindepend- entvariables:
– Psychologicalvariables,individualvariables(senseofcoherence,valua- tionofhealthbyadolescents,experiencedsupportfromparents,perceivedparen- talattitudes);thesevariableswereresearchedbasedonthedeclarationsofado- lescents�
– Familyvariables(healthbehaviorsofparents,valuationofhealthbypar- ents);thesevariableswereresearchedbasedonthedeclarationsofparents�
Suchsociodemographicvariablesasage,genderandeconomicstatuswere
alsocontrolled�
Inordertostudyhealthbehaviorsofadolescents(dependentvariables)and
theirparents(independentvariables)IhaveusedHealthBehaviorsInventoryby
Juczyński(2001)�Thetoolcontains24statementsdescribingdifferenttypesof
behaviorsusingascalefrom1(“almostnever”)to5(“almostalways”)�Afteradd- ingupthefrequenciesofindividualonecandeterminethegeneralindexofhealth
behaviorsandtheintensityleveloffourtypesofbehaviorsi�e�correctdietary
habits,preventivebehaviors,healthpracticesandpositiveattitude�Thehigher/
lowertheresultthehigher/lowertheintensityofdeclaredbehaviors�
Correctdietaryhabitstakeintoconsiderationmainlythetypeoffood(e�g�
wholegrain bread, fruits and vegetables), preventive behaviors mainly concern
followinghealthrecommendationsandobtaininginformationonhealthandsick- ness,healthpracticesincludehabitsrelatedtosleep,recreationorphysicalactiv- ity,whereaspositivementalattitudesarerelatedtoavoidingtoostrongemotions,
tensionsandstresses�Thetoolachievedsatisfactorypsychometricparameters�
Furthermore,followinginstrumentswereusedforthemeasurementofde- pendentvariables:
– Sense of Coherence Questionnaire (SOC-29), author: A� Antonovsky;
Polishadaptation:J�Koniarek,B�Dudek,Z�Makowska(1993)�Thetoolenables
to measure adolescent sense of coherence and its three dimensions: feeling of
comprehensibility,resourcefulnessandfeelingofsense,
– ListofPersonalValues(LWO),author:Z�Juczyński(2001)�Thismethod
wasusedtomeasurethepositionofhealthinhierarchyofvalues,bothforadoles- centsandtheirparents,
– Scale of Social Support (SWS), author: K� Kmiecik-Baran (2000)�The
scalewasusedtomeasuretheoveralllevelofsupportreceivedfromeachofthe
parentsandfourtypesofsupport:emotional,evaluative,instrumentalandinfor- mational,
– Scale of Parental Attitudes – version for adolescents (SPR), author:
M�Plopa,(2005)�Thetoolenablesmeasurementofperceivedparentalattitudes
offatherandmother,suchasacceptance-rejection,excessivelydemanding,au- tonomy,inconsequent,excessivelyprotective,
– Demographicsurvey–usedformeasurementofsociodemographicvari- ables,i�e�age,gender,materialstatus�
test Group
Thetestswereperformedonagroupof220fullfamilies�Eachtestedfamily
consistedofbothparentsandanadolescentchild,therefore660peopleweresubject
totestsintotal�Thegroupoftestedadolescentsconsistedof107boys(48,6%of
thegroup)and113girls(51,4%ofthegroup)�Thetestedadolescentswasbetween
17and19yearsofage(M=18,02;SD=0,53)�Themothersoftestedadolescents
werebetween37and56yearsofage(M=45,32;SD=4,35),whereasthefathers
werebetween37and64yearsofage(M=46,98;SD=4,99)�Thetestedindividuals
wereselectedfromrandomLodzsecondaryschools,andthenlayeredselectionwas
appliedontheclass(grade)selectionstage�Foragivenclass(grade)thestudents
weretestedtogetherwiththeirparents�Thetestswerecarriedoutingroups,thetests
werevoluntaryandanonymous�Theteacherwasabsentfromtheclassroomwhen
questionnaireswerefilledin�Afterfillingintheirquestionnairesthestudentsreceived
closed,anddesignatedenvelopescontainingquestionnairesfortheirparents(sepa- rateforthefatherandforthemother),whichwerereturnedtothepersonsperforming
thetestsoncetheywerefilledinbyparents�Testsetsforindividualfamilieswere
coded,whichenabledconnectingtheresultsofchildrenwiththeresultsofparents�
test results
Health Behaviors of theTested Adolescents
AverageresultsoftheHealthBehaviorsInventorywerecalculatedintheini- tialstageofstatisticalanalyses�Thelevelofhealthbehaviorofadolescentswas
determined in respect to sociodemographic variables, such as age, gender and
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HealthBehaviorsofYoungPeople…
socio-economicstatus�Analysisofhealthbehaviorsaccordingtogenderallowed
toassignaverageresultstonormsformenandwomen�SeeTable1forresults�
Table1�Averageandstandarddeviationsofhealthbehaviorsinthetestedgroupofadolescents
accordingtogende
Boys Girls test t
m sD m sD p
General index of health behaviors 70,96 12,22 74,96 12,26 -2,40
*
Correct dietary habits 16,06 4,22 18,43 4,28 -4,13
***
Preventive behaviors 16,41 4,23 18,22 4,12 -3,21
**
Positive mental attitudes 19,18 4,31 19,29 4,32 -0,20
ni
health practices 18,84 3,77 19,04 3,95 -0,39
ni Source: Own work
Thedatacontainedinthetablebelow,aftercomparingtonorms(Juczyński,
2001)showthataverageresultsconcerningthegeneralindexofhealthbehav- iors,bothinthegroupofboyandgirls,fallintotherangeoflowresults(4sten)�
Additionally,meansofdetailedindexesoftheHealthBehaviorsInventory(cor- rectdietaryhabits,preventivebehaviors,positiveattitudeandhealthpractices)are
somewhatlowerforthetestedboysandgirlsthanthevaluesfordifferentgroups
ofmenandwomenobtainedbyJuczyński(2001)� Whencomparingtheresultsfor
bothgendersonemuststressthatgirlsachievedhigherscoresofgeneralindexof
healthbehaviorsthanboys(p<0,05)andcorrectdietaryhabits(p<0,001)and
preventivehabits(p<0,01)�Thisjustifiestheneedforfurtherstatisticalanalyses,
separatelyfortherepresentativesofbothgenders�
Theconductedvarianceanalysishasshownthatneitherage(F=0,91;p>0,05)
neithermaterialstatus(F=1,46;p>0,05)didnotdifferentiateintensityofgeneral
levelofhealthbehaviorsinthegroupoftestedadolescents�
Health Behavior Determinants
Stepbystepmultipleregressionanalysiswasusedtoestablishthedetermi- nantsofhealthbehaviors�Allanalyzedvariableswereincludedintotheregres- sionequation,andseparateanalyseswereperformedforeachcategoryofhealth
behaviorsandrepresentativesofbothgenders(duetodifferentiatingroleofthe
genderinthescopeofadoptedhealthbehaviors)�SeeTable2and3fordatacon- cerningthedeterminantsofgeneralindexofhealthbehaviors�
Table2�Determinantsofgeneralindexofhealthbehaviorsinthegroupofboys
r-quadrant B se B Beta t sig. t
feeling of sense 0,15 0,32 0,12 0,24 2,65 0,00
Positive mental attitudes of mother 0,24 0,82 0,27 0,26 3,05 0,00
valuation of health 0,28 1,28 0,57 0,19 2,25 0,03
acceptance attitude of the father 0,32 1,84 0,08 0,20 2,24 0,03
Fixedvalue 30,44 6,26 4,86 0,00
R=0,56,R2=0,32,F=12,85,p<0,001 Source: Own work
Astheabovedatashows,thestrongestdeterminantofhealthbehaviorsfor
thegroupofboyswasthesenseofcoherencecomponent–feelingofsense�This
variabledefinesthevarianceofdependentvariablein15%�Alowerpredictive
force(9%)wasdisplayedbythecategoryofmother’shealthbehaviors–posi- tiveattitude�Thelevelofhealth-relatedbehaviorsamongstadolescentsincreased
asthelevelofaforesaidvariablesincreased�Theremainingvariablespresented
smallcontributiontopredictionofgeneralindexofhealthbehaviors�
Table3�Determinantsofgeneralindexofhealthbehaviorsinthegroupofgirls
r-quadrant B se B Beta t sig. t
feeling of resourcefulness 0,34 0,67 0,10 0,50 6,44 0,00 Preventive behaviors of
the mother 0,42 0,75 0,22 0,23 3,33 0,00
valuation of health 0,46 1,26 0,49 0,17 2,58 0,01
acceptance attitude of
the mother 0,50 0,25 0,07 0,27 3,60 0,00
autonomous attitude of
the father 0,53 -0,24 0,08 -0,22 -2,91 0,00
mother’s health practices 0,55 0,49 0,23 0,15 2,13 0,03
Fixedvalue 18,75 6,52 2,88 0,01
R=0,74,R2=0,55,F=21,42,p<0,001 Source: Own work
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HealthBehaviorsofYoungPeople…
Incomparisontothegroupofboys,thegroupofgirlsdisplayedgreatergen- eralpresenceofalldeterminantsinthepredictionofhealthbehaviors(55%)�The
strongestpredictorprovedtobethesenseofcoherencecomponent–feelingof
resourcefulness,independentlydeterminingthevariationofdependentvariable
in34%�Thecategoryofmother’shealthbehaviors–preventivebehaviors(R2
=0,08)–provedtobethenextgreatestdeterminant,frompredictionstrength
viewpoint�Thegreaterthefeelingofresourcefulnessexperiencedbygirlsandthe
strongerthepro-healthbehaviorspresentedbytheirmothers,themorepositive
werethebehaviorsaimedatpreventingillnessdisplayedbythegirls�Theremain- ingvariablesdidnotplayasignificantpredictiverole�
Duringfurthercalculationstheregressionanalysisforconsecutivetypesof
healthbehaviors,separatelyforboysandgirls,wasperformed�Toclearlydisplay
thedata,theresultsoftheanalysisareshowninCharts1-4�Thedeterminantwith
greatestpredictivestrengthwerehighlightedinthecharts(R2≥0,05)�
2 quadrantR- B SE B Beta T sig. T
Feeling of resourcefulness 0,34 0,67 0,10 0,50 6,44 0,00 Preventive behaviors of the
mother 0,42 0,75 0,22 0,23 3,33 0,00
Valuation of health 0,46 1,26 0,49 0,17 2,58 0,01 Acceptance attitude of the
mother 0,50 0,25 0,07 0,27 3,60 0,00
Autonomous attitude of the
father 0,53 -0,24 0,08 -0,22 -2,91 0,00
Mother’s health practices 0,55 0,49 0,23 0,15 2,13 0,03
Fixed value 18,75 6,52 2,88 0,01
R = 0,74, R2 = 0,55, F =21,42, p < 0,001
Figure. 1. Determinants of correct dietary habits
CORRECT DIETARY HABITS GIRLS R2 = 0,32, F=10,03 (+) Health behaviors of the mother
– correct dietary habits /18%/
(+) Evaluative support from the mother
/5%/
BOYS R2 = 0,27, F=12,43
(+)Health behaviors of the mother – correct dietary habits
/18%/
(+)Preventive behaviors of the father/
5%/
(+) Health behaviors of the father – correct dietary habits
/3%/
(+) Overprotective attitude of the father /3%/
(-) Overprotective attitude of the mother /3%/
(+) Acceptance attitude of the mother /3%/
Chart�1�Determinantsofcorrectdietaryhabits Source: Own work
Theidenticalcategoryofhealthbehaviorsofmothers–dietarybehaviors–
provedtobethestrongestdeterminantinthescopeofcorrectdietaryhabitsfor
boththegroupofboysandthegroupofgirls�Themorehealth-beneficialwerethe
dietaryhabitsofmothersthemorepro-healthwerethedietaryhabitspresented
bytheiradolescentchildren�Evaluativesupportofmothers,incaseofboysand
preventivebehaviorsoffathers,incaseofgirls,hadlowerpositiveshareinthe
predictionofdependentvariable�Theshareofremainingdeterminantsinthepre- dictionofdietarybehaviorswassmall�
3 Figure 2. Determinants of preventive behaviors
PREVENTIVE BEHAVIORS GIRLS R2 = 0,36, F=12,15 (+) Preventive behaviors of the
father /22%/
BOYS R2 = 0,26, F=18,48
(+) Feeling of resourcefulness /14%/
(+) Valuation of health /10%/
(+) Preventive behaviors of the mother
/6%/
(+) Informative support of the mother /4%/
(+) Emotional support of the father /3%/
(+) Emotional support of the mother /3%/
Chart2�Determinantsofpreventivebehaviors Source: Own work
Thepreventivebehaviorsoffatherprovedtobethestrongestdeterminantof
preventivebehaviorsinthegroupofboys�Whereas,withthegroupofgirlsthe
greatestpredictivestrengthwasdisplayedbytheconvictionabouttheavailability
ofresourcesnecessarytofacethechallengesofeverydaylife–i�e�thefeelingof
resourcefulness�Thepreventivebehaviorsofmotherandvaluationofhealthhad
smallerpredictivesignificance�Asthelevelofaforesaidvariablesincreasedso
didthelevelofhealth-beneficialpreventivebehaviorswiththetestedadolescents�
Theremainingvariableshadinsignificantimpactonthepredictionofdependent
variable�
77
HealthBehaviorsofYoungPeople…
4 Figure 3. Determinants of positive mental attitudes
POSITIVE MENTAL ATTITUDES GIRLS R2 = 0,57, F=28,10 (+)Positive mental attitudes of
mother /33%/
BOYS R2 = 0,53, F=22,69
(+) Feeling of resourcefulness /41%/
(+) Positive mental attitudes of mother
/8%/
(+) Acceptance attitude of father /10%/
(+) Positive mental attitudes of father /4%/
(+) Feeling of sense /3%/
(-) Autonomy attitude of father /2%/
(+) Valuation of health /3%/
(+) Emotional support of mother /2%/
(-) Autonomy attitude of mother /2%/
Chart3�Determinantsofpositivementalattitudes Source: Own work
Inthecategoryofbehaviorsconcerningtheareaofmentalhealththeregres- sionanalysisprovedthestrongestcommonpredictionofanalyzeddeterminants,
bothforthegroupofgirlsandboys(R2>0,50)�Positivementalattitudesinthe
groupofboysmainlydependedonidenticalcategoryofthebehaviorsofmoth- ers�Positivementalattitudesofmothersdeterminedthevarianceofdependent
variableindependentlyin33%�Father’sacceptancebehaviorhadsmallersharein
theprediction�Whereasincaseofthegirlsitwasthecomponentofthesenseof
coherence–feelingofresourcefulness–whichindependentlydetermined41%of
thevariationofdependentvariable�Predictivestrengthofmother’spositivemen- talattitudeswassmallerinthegroupofgirls�Thehigherthelevelofestablished
determinantsthegreaterthepositiveattitudepresentedbytheadolescents�The
shareofremainingdeterminantsinpredictionofdependentvariablewasinsig- nificant�
78 MagdalenaZadworna-Cieślak
5 Figure 4. Determinants of health practices
HEALTH PRACTICES GIRLS R2 = 0,36, F=15,14 (+) Health practices of father
/10%/
BOYS R2 = 0,21, F=6,79
(+) Feeling of resourcefulness /20%/
(+) Health practices of the mother /6%/
(+) Feeling of sense /5%/
(-) Incensequence attitude of mother /5%/
(-) Valuating support of the mother /4%/
(+) Valuation of health /3%/
(-) Autonomous attitude of father /5%/
Chart4�Determinantsofhealthpractices Source: Own work
Inthegroupofboysthestrongestdeterminantofhealthpracticeswerethe
similarbehaviorsoffathers�Thefellingofsenseofboysalsohadsmallersharein
theprediction�Thehigherthelevelofbothvariablesthebetterwerethepro-health
practicesrelatedtosleeporrecreationpresentedbythetestedboys�Predictive
forceofremainingvariablesprovedtobeinsignificant�
Inturn,thestrongestpredictorforthechildrenwasthecomponentofsense
ofcoherence–senseofresourcefulness�Theremainingdeterminants,suchasthe
inconsequentattitudeandhealthpracticesofmothers,andautonomousattitude
offather,displayedsmallerpredictivestrength�Negativepredictionwasrecorded
forthelatertwodeterminants,i�e�thehigherthelevelofinconsequenceshown
bymothersandautonomypresentedbyfather,thelesshealth-beneficialwerethe
practicespresentedbytheirdaughters�
final Conclusions and Discussing the results
Accordingtotheresultsofconductedtestsonecanformseveralmostimpor- tantconclusions:
– Incomparisonwiththeboysthegirlsgenerallydisplaymorepro-health
behaviors,whereasothersocio-demographicvariables(age,materialstatus)did
notdifferentiatetheintensityofdependentvariables,
5 Figure 4. Determinants of health practices
HEALTH PRACTICES GIRLS R2 = 0,36, F=15,14 (+) Health practices of father
/10%/
BOYS R2 = 0,21, F=6,79
(+) Feeling of resourcefulness /20%/
(+) Health practices of the mother /6%/
(+) Feeling of sense /5%/
(-) Incensequence attitude of mother /5%/
(-) Valuating support of the mother /4%/
(+) Valuation of health /3%/
(-) Autonomous attitude of father /5%/
79
HealthBehaviorsofYoungPeople…
– Individualcategoriesofhealthbehaviorshavedifferentarrayofdetermi- nants,
– Determinantsofhealthylifestylearealsodifferentforthegroupofgirls
andthegroupofboys,
– Theconductedanalyseshaveconfirmedthesignificantroleofthesenseof
coherenceintheformingofhealthbehaviorsforbothgirlsandboys,
– Inthegroupofboysthepredictiveroleforhealthbehaviorsisrelatedtothe
feelingofsense�Whereasincaseofgirlsitisthepro-healthimportanceisrelated
totheconvictionthatresourcesneededtofacethechallengesareavailablenearby
(feelingofresourcefulness),
– Once can also notice the significant role of the pro-health behaviors of
parents(especiallymother)inthepredictionofhealthbehaviorsofchildren,often
identicalwiththegivencategoryofhealthbehaviorsofadolescents,
– Psychologicalfactors(especiallythesenseofcoherence)playamoresig- nificantroleinthepredictionofhealthbehaviorsofgirls,whereasthefamily- relatedfactorsseemtobemoreimportantforboys�
Thetestsconductedsofaralsoindicateanunsatisfactoryimageofhealth- related behaviors in the groups of adolescents (Oblacińska, Woynarowska,
2006; Mazur and others, 2007; Sierosławski, 2007; Kolbowska, 2008; Mazur,
Małkowska-Szkutnik,2011)�Thesestudiesalsoindicatethatthelifestyleofgirls
ismorepro-healththanthelifestyleofboys�
Moreandmorestudiesareconductedtodiscoverpsychosocialdeterminants
ofhealthbehaviors�Theypointtotheroleofsenseofcoherenceintheforming
ofhealthactivity(Szołdra,1999,quotingafter:Heszen,Sęk,2007;Zadworna- Cieślak,Gutowska-Wyka,2009)�Alsootherstudiespointoutthemostsignificant
roleofthefeelingofsenseandresourcefulness(Ziarko,2006)�Astheroleofthe
senseofcoherenceisthemanagementofotherresources,utilizingthemwhen
necessaryorwithdrawingfromasituationwhentherearenochancesforsuccess
(Pasikowski,2001)�Strongsenseofcoherencecanincreasethepro-healthactivity
throughmanagingresourcesnecessaryforcompletingtheintendedhealthaction�
Itisthekeyintermediatefactorbetweenfactorsthatimpactthelifestyleofado- lescents,althoughfortheboysitismainlythefeelingofsense,whereasforthe
girlsitisthesenseofresourcefulness(Zadworna-Cieślak,Kaflik-Pieróg,2010)�
Theconductedstudiesestablishedasignificantpredictiveroleofthehealth
behaviorsofparents�Inrespecttoindividualcategoriesofbehaviorsthesewere
oftenidenticaltypesofbehaviorsofparents�Behaviorsofmothersprovedtobe
ofkeyimportanceforthegirls�Incaseofthegroupofboys,inrespecttopreven- tivebehaviorsandhealthpractices,itwasthehealthactivityofthefatherthatwas
more important� However, in respect to the general index of health behaviors,
dietary behaviors and positive mental attitudes – similar behaviors of mothers
alsoprovedsignificantinthepredictionofhealthactivityofboys�Itisafterall
themotherthathasthestrongestinfluenceonhealthmattersathome�Usually
itisthemotherthattakescareofthehealthofhouseholdmembers,bycontrol- lingandorganizinghealthbehaviorsofotherfamilymembers(Litman,1974)�
Conclusionsconcerningtheroleofhealthbehaviorsofparentsintheformingof
thelifestyleofchildrenarealsoconfirmedbyotherstudies(Becker,1992,quot- ingafter:Heszen,Sęk,2007;Pearsonandothers,2009;Zadworna-Cieślak,2010;
Zadworna-Cieślak,Ogińska-Bulik,2011)�
Theconductedstudiesallowmetocometotheconclusionthatitisthecom- ponentsofthesenseofcoherence–resourcefulness,sense,comprehensibilityand
thehealthbehaviorsofchildren(especiallybehaviorsofthemother)thathavethe
keyimportanceinthepredictinghealthbehaviorsofadolescents�Goingfurther,
one can also notice the role of valuation of health in the process� Other stud- iesshowthatattributinghighvaluetohealthcanreducetheriskofinvolvement
in unhealthy behaviors and increase the tendency for health-beneficial behav- iors(Norman,Bennet,1996,quotingafter:Juczyński,2001;Zadworna-Cieślak,
Ogińska-Bulik,2011)�Inmyownstudiesdifferenttypesofparentalsupportand
observedparentalbehaviorshadlowerpredictiveimportanceincomparisonto
otherdeterminants�However,oneshouldpointouttheobservedupbringingin- consequenceonbehalfofthemother–highlevelofthisbehaviorhasanega- tiveimpactontheformingofpro-healthbehaviorswithadolescents�Whereasthe
negativedependenceoffather’sautonomousattitudeandhealthbehaviorsofado- lescents–particularlyinrespecttohealthpracticesofthegirls–canbesurprising�
Surpassingly,fromtheviewpointofformingofveryparticularhealthhabits(such
asbrushingtheteeth,timesofgoingtobed,typeofconsumedfood),givingthe
adolescentscompletefreedomandthefreedomofchoiceisnotappropriate�More
recommendedismodelingbytheparentsandpurposefulformingofpro-health
behaviorsandactivitieswiththeirchildren�Theseconclusionsdisplayasimilarity
withthepropositionsofthetheoryoffamilyformingofhealthbehaviors,which
amongotherthingshighlightedtheroleof“gatekeeper”,i�e�thepersoncontrol- lingandsupervisinghealth-relatedactivitiesinafamily(Sallis,Nader,1988)�Itis
alsoaknownfactthattheacceptationofparentsandprovidingchildrenadequate
supporttochildrenhaveapositiveeffectintheupbringingprocess,alsointhe
healthcontext�Otherstudiespointouttheindirectimpactofthosefactorsondif- ferenthealthbehaviors,inparticularthroughaffectingthelevelofsenseofcoher- encewithadolescents(Zadworna-Cieślak,Ogińska-Bulik,2011)�
Theobtaineddatagivespremiseforpreventiveactionsinrespecttoforming
ofhealthbehaviorsofadolescents�Theyshouldmainlytakeintoconsiderationthe
strengtheningofthesenseofcoherence�Thisspecificallyappliestoformingthe
convictionthatlifehasameaningandmotivationtowardsovercomingthefaced
obstacles,andalsotheabilitytonoticeandutilizeavailableresourcestoriseupto
challenges�Apartfromtheprogramsforchildren,theactionsaimedatparentsare
alsoveryimportant,andoftenomitted�Theyshouldbeaimedatbuildingastrong
position of health in the hierarchy of values and strengthening the pro-health
81
HealthBehaviorsofYoungPeople…
convictionsrelatedtobuildingahealthylifestyleforthefamily�Behaviorpatterns
andinfluenceoftheparentsonchildrenconstitutethebaseofformingpro-health
behaviorsofyounggenerations�Therelatedhealth-promotingprogramsmustbe
appliedalreadyonearlystagesofdevelopmentofchildren�Healthisamatterthat
involvestheentirefamily,anditcanbeimprovedthroughactivitiesthatformwith
strongparticipationoffamilyenvironment�
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