THE NEOLITHIC OF THE MOUNTAINOUS CRIMEA

Pavel M. Dolukhanov

Lu yna Doma«ska

Ali e Marie Haeussler

LeiuHeapost Ken Ja obs Valeriy I. Khartanovi h PhilipL.Kohl Nadezhda S. Kotova Ri hard W. Lindstrom Ilze Loze Dmitriy Nuzhnyi Inna D. Potekhina Dmitriy Telegin Vladimir I. Timofeev Aleksander A. Yanevi h LeonidZaliznyak 1 V O L U M E 5

•

‘w.Mar in78

Tel.(061)8536709ext. 147,Fax(061)8533373

EDITOR AleksanderKo±ko EDITOROFVOLUME Lu ynaDoma«ska KenJa obs EDITORIALCOMMITEE

SophiaS.Berezanskaya (Kiev),AleksandraCofta-Broniewska

(Pozna«), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lu yna Doma«ska

(Šód¹), ViktorI. Klo hko (Kiev), Valentin V. Otrosh henko

(Kiev),PetroTolo hko (Kiev)

SECRETARY

MarzenaSzmyt

SECRETARYOFVOLUME

Andrzej Rozwadowski

ADAMMICKIEWICZUNIVERSITY

EASTERNINSTITUTE

INSTITUTEOFPREHISTORY

Pozna«1998

ISBN83-86094-04-4

Pavel M. Dolukhanov

Lu yna Doma«ska

Ali e Marie Haeussler

LeiuHeapost Ken Ja obs Valeriy I. Khartanovi h PhilipL.Kohl Nadezhda S. Kotova Ri hard W. Lindstrom Ilze Loze Dmitriy Nuzhnyi Inna D. Potekhina Dmitriy Telegin Vladimir I. Timofeev Aleksander A. Yanevi h LeonidZaliznyak 1 V O L U M E 5

•

CoverDesign: EugeniuszSkorwider

Lingvisti onsultation:MonikaWoj ieszek

PrintedinPoland

EDITORS'FOREWORD ... 7

KenJa obs,Lu ynaDoma«ska, "BEYONDBALKANIZATION"{AN

OUTLINEPROGRAMFORADISCUSSION ... 9

PavelM.Dolukhanov,THENEOLITHICWITHAHUMANFACE

ORDIVIDINGLINESINNEOLITHICEUROPE? ... 13

Ri hard W.Lindstrom,HISTORYANDPOLITICSINTHEDEVELOPMENT

ETHNOGENETICMODELSINSOVIETANTHROPOLOGY ... 24

Philip L.Kohl, NATIONALIDENTITYANDTHEUSE

OFTHEREMOTEPASTINTHECAUCASUS ... 34

Vladimir I.Timofeev, THEEAST|WESTRELATIONS

INTHELATEMESOLITHICANDNEOLITHIC

INTHEBALTICREGION ... 44

Ilze L oze,THEADOPTIONOFAGRICULTUREINTHEAREA

OFPRESENT-DAYLATVIA(THELAKELUBANABASIN) ... 59

DmitriyTelegin, MESOLITHICCULTURAL-ETHNOGRAPHIC

ENTITIESINSOUTHERNUKRAINE:GENESISANDROLE

INNEOLITHIZATIONOFTHEREGION ... 85

DmitriyNuzhnyi,THEUKRAINIANSTEPPEASAREGION

OFINTERCULTURALCONTACTSBETWEENATLANTIC

ANDMEDITERRANEANZONESOFEUROPEANMESOLITHIC ... 102

L eonidZaliznyak,THELATEMESOLITHICSUBBASE

OFTHEUKRAINIANNEOLITHIC ... 120

Aleksander A.Yanevi h, THENEOLITHICOFTHEMOUNTAINOUS

CRIMEA ... 146

Nadezhda S.Kotova,THEROLEOFEASTERNIMPULSEIN

DEVELOPMENTOFTHENEOLITHICCULTURESOFUKRAINE ... 160

Ali e MarieHaeussler, UKRAINEMESOLITHICCEMETERIES:

DENTALANTHROPOLOGICALANALYSIS ... 195

InnaD.Potekhina,SOUTH-EASTERNINFLUENCESON

THEFORMATIONOFTHEMESOLITHICTOEARLYENEOLITHIC

POPULATIONSOFTHENORTHPONTICREGION:

THEEVIDENCEFROMANTHROPOLOGY ... 226

L eiuHeapost,GENETICHETEROGENEITYOFFINNO-UGRIANS

(ONTHEBASISOFESTONIANMODERNANDARCHAEOLOGICAL

MATERIAL) ... 232

ValeriyI.Khartanovi h, NEWCRANIOLOGICALMATERIAL

ONTHESAAMIFROMTHEKOLAPENINSULA ... 248

This volume ontains the majority of the papers presented during a

onfe-ren ethattookpla e on16th-21stMay,1997inŠód¹,Poland.The onferen e was

organized by the Institute of Ar haeology, University of Šód¹ and Departement

d'anthropologie, Universitede Montreal(Canada). The onferen e wasfundedby

theUniversityofŠód¹andbyIREX(InternationalResear h&Ex hangesBoard),

whi h also supported this publi ation. The publi ation was partly foundedbythe

UniversityofŠód¹andbytheFoundationofAdamMi kiewi zUniversity,too.

The major questions of the onferen e were, 1) whatisthe urrenteviden e

foreastern orsouthernin uen es inthedevelopmentofeastern European

Meso-lithi andNeolithi populations,and2)to whatextentare urrentpoliti altrends,

espe ially the reassertion or, in some ases, the reation of ethni and national

identities, in uen ingourinterpretationsoftheprehistori data.

The idea for su h a onferen e ame into being through the o-organizers'

long-termstudiesofthedevelopmentofthoseprehistori humanpopulationswhi h

inhabitedthevastregionstret hingnorthandeastfromtheOderriverand

Carpa-thianMountainstothefoothillsoftheUrals. Ina traditionestablishedin modern

times byGordon Childe, virtually all of the transformationsof EasternEurope's

Neolithi Age human lands ape have been assumed to be responses to prior

de-velopments in the Balkan peninsula and Danube basin. We think that a body of

neweviden e requiresa renewedanalysisof thedistributionsof ultural produ ts,

peoples,andideas a rossEasternEuropeduringtheMesolithi throughtheEarly

Metal Age withina mu h wider geographi ontext than previouslyhas been the

ase.Thisin ludesgivingadequateattentiontothefar-rangingintera tionsof

om-munitiesbetweenthePonti andBalti areawiththoselo atedinboththeCau asus

andtheAralo-Caspianregions.

Wehope thatthisvolumewill ontributetosu ha redire tion offuture

ana-lyses.

Lu ynaDoma«ska

1.All datesintheB-PSare alibrated [see:Radio arbonvol.28,1986,andthe

next volumes℄(other versions are ited for thewish of authors).Deviations from

thisrulewillbe pointoutin notes.

2. The names of thear haeologi al ultures (espe ially from theterritory of

theUkraine)arestandarizeda ordingtotheEnglishliteratureonthesubje t(e.g.

Mallory 1989). In the ase of a new term, the author's original name has been

PLISSN1231-0344

AleksanderA.Yanevi h

THE NEOLITHIC OF THE MOUNTAINOUS CRIMEA

TherstNeolithi site,situatedinthemountainouspartofCrimea, has been

dis overed at thebeginning of the20th entury[Moiseev 1918℄, andin the1930s

the Neolithi period has been taken into onsideration in divisions of the Stone

Age of Crimea for therst time [Bader 1940℄.In 1950-1980new siteshave been

dis overed andinvestigated, and asa resultof these a new systemof divisions of

theCrimeaNeolithi ameintobeing[Kraynov1960;Formozov1962;Sh hepinskiy

1968;Kolosov1971;Telegin1982℄.Atthesame time anewapproa honrelatively

fasttransitionfrom hunting and food-gatheringto farmingand attle breedingin

Crimeao uraswellasonlo alpigdomesti ation[Kraynov1960;Formozov1962;

Kolosov1971℄.Theseapproa hesarehoweverin ontradi tiontotheresultsofnew

resear h.Thepro essoftheNeolithizationofCrimearaninmore ompli atedway

thanithadbeenthoughtbeforebe ausehunter-gatherersandfarmers ould o-exist

foralongtime.Thatpro essre e tstheNeolithi ofthemountainpartofCrimea.

1. PALEOECOLOGY

Crimea, inrespe toftopography,isdividedintotwoparts:thenorth|whi h

is a plain, and the south | whi h is a mountainous part. Three main mountain

rangesbelongtothemountainsregion:northwiththeheightofupto250mabove

sealevel, entral|withtheheightofabout500m,andsouth,thehighest,rea hing

800-1500m.Thepe uliarityofthemain(thehighest)rangeareimmense plateaux

onthemountainridges.

The limate ofthepeninsula hasbeen, sin etheendofEarlyHolo ene,

de-nitely warmandhumid, similarto thepresentone. Boreal warming iswell

availa-ble,espe iallyin pollendiagramsoftheKer hsites[Matskevoy,Pashkevi h1973℄,

and in diagrams from theShan-Koba settlement [Besusko, et al. 1998℄. It isalso

themid-Holo ene temperatures dieredfor 1-2C fromthepresentonesandthe

totalfall for100mmattheoutmost[Savina, Khotinskiy1982℄.

Ina ordan e withtherhythm of limati hanges of theendof Early

Holo- eneandinmid-Holo enetypi alvegetationzoneswereformed. Inthenorthpart

of Crimea, steppes overed witha great variety of grassesdeveloped[Matskevoy,

Pashkevi h1973;Pashkevi h 1982℄.

Anin reasing humidityin themountainouspart ofCrimea aused the

repla- ement of oniferous forests by de iduous trees growing in warm ir umstan es.

Their ompositionisavailable in har oalspe trainL ateMesolithi mountainous

settlements [Gammermann 1934℄ and in pollen diagrams of the Shan-Koba site

[Besusko,etal. 1998℄.Chara teristi spe iesareas follows:oak,bee h, mapleand

rowan.AttheendoftheL ateHolo eneinthemountainouspartatypi alverti al

division of vegetation developed. There were forest-steppezones, bee h and oak

forestsandsteppeonthenorthslopes[Rubtsov1978:26-75℄.Thepresen eofthese

zones has been onrmedfor the boreal and Atlanti periods bypollen analyses

arried outby L. Besusko for Shan-Kobasite [Besusko, etal. 1998℄.The

investi-gation of fauna in theL ateMesolithi settlements ofthe se ond mountainrange

gave similarresults.Theyshowa noti eabledominationofforestfaunainrelation

tothesteppeone[Vekilova1971℄.

Atthede line oftheEarlyHolo enethepro essoffauna omplexesforming

indierentareasofthepeninsula ametotheend.Forestfaunadominatedinthe

mountainouspart; boars, deer and roe deer are knownfrom theL ate Mesolithi

andNeolithi settlements.Fauna ofopenorhalf-openbiotops|auro hs,donkey

and horse, isknown only o asionally from the settlementswhi h are situatedin

notfardistan efromthesteppezone(AlimovskiyNaves,Zamil-KobaII)[Vekilova

1971℄.Auro hs,bison,tarpananddonkeyrepresentthefaunaoftheCrimeaplain.

Theirbonesdominate in osteologi almaterial oftheMesolithi andNeolithi

set-tlementsfromthatarea. Saiga antelope anddeer are alsofoundinsmall amounts

[Matskevoy1977℄.

2. THELATEMESOLITHICSUB STRATUMOFTHEMOUNTAINOUSCRIMEA

NEOLITHIC

Typologi alandstatisti alanalysesofthe intmaterial,basedontheRobinson`s

indexwithmi rolithsasabase,andon omparisonofall ategoriesofartefa tsallow

todistinguishveL ateMesolithi andNeolithi ulturesinCrimea[Yanevi h1995℄.

Threeofthemareknownforalongtime,theyare:Murzak-Koba,KukrekandT

ash--Air ultures[Bon h-Osmolovskiy1934;Vekilova1966;Kolosov1971;Telegin1982;

Yanevi h1987a,1995℄.Theothertwo ulturesaresymptomsofnewL ateMesolithi

Fig.1.ThemapoftheTash-Air ulturesites.1-Tash-Air1;2-Zamil-Koba2;3-AlimovskiyNaves;

4-At-Bash;5-Kaya-Arasy;6-Denisovka;7-PetrovskaBalka;8-Shpan-Koba;9-Buran-Kaya3;10

-Adzy-Koba2.

There are two dierent views onthe genesis of theTash-Air ulture.

A or-dingtomostofthespe ialists that ulturedevelopedonthelo alL ateMesolithi

substratum[Kraynov1960:91-104;Formozov1962:117;Sh hepinskiy1968:121-133;

Kolosov1971:129-135;Yanevi h 1995℄.Only N.N.Danilenko onne tedtheorigin

of the Neolithi of themountainous Crimea with the Kukrek ulture [Danilenko

1969:189℄.

Comparisonof theL ateMesolithi andNeolithi intmaterial showsgeneti

linksbetweentheMurzak-KobaandTash-Air ultures.TheMurzak-Koba ultureis

representedbythefollowing omplexes: Murzak-Koba[Bibikov1940℄,Shan-Koba,

layer3and2,Fatma-Koba,layer4,3and2[Bibikov1966℄,Adzy-Koba3[Yanevi h

1984℄,L aspi7[Telegin1982℄,Shpan-Koba|theupperlayer,Kara-Koba[Kolosov

1960℄andothers.Sites of that ulture are situatedex lusively in themountainous

partofCrimea. Intheareaofthese ond(mountain)rangetheyo urinabris,on

plateauxandonopen oastalsites.

TheMurzak-Koba ultureis hara terisedbyrelativelyhighlydevelopedblade

te hnique. P yramid ores prevail in its assemblages (51-89%; Fig. 2:49, 50, 77).

There also o ur ores with doubleplatform(7-43%; Fig.2:51), pen il ores (Fig.

2:52)are knownaswell(4%),theyservedtoobtainingmi roblades.

AmongtheMurzak-Koba ulture mi rolithsgeometri forms(72-100%ofall

themi roliths),ba kedbladelets(7%;Fig.2:70,71)andtrun atedpie es(4%)

prevail (81-11%);their main type isa symmetri trapeze with steep retou h (Fig.

2:7,25-27,60-61).Theothertypeisformedbyasymmetri trapezes,one-sided

on- ave (Fig. 2:8-10, 30-31).A hara teristi typeof the Murzak-Koba ulture are a

veryshort,symmetri orasymmetri trapezes withnot hedretou honupperbase

(Fig.2:11,28,62),so- alled Fatma-Kobatrapezes.Segmentso urnotnumerously

(5-23%;Fig.2:14, 68),triangles arerare.

In omparisonwithanothertools,s rapersappearnotinlargeamountswithin

theMurzak-Koba ulture(7-13%).Theyare usuallymade ofblades butalso

s ra-persona akethatprevailin ertainassemblages, anbefound.Straightand onvex

s rapers onablade (Fig.2:17-18,44-45,75)ands rapersona ake (Fig.2:15-16)

shouldbealsomentioned,whereasburinsareevenlessnumerousthans rapers

(me-rely6%).Dihedralburinsandburinsonsnapprevail(Fig. 2:21,43,48);burinson

trun ation(Fig.2:80-82)arelessnumerousandtheybelongtoso- alledKukrek-type

burins(Fig.2:53-54).The hara teristi featureoftheMurzak-Kobaassemblagesis

an o urren eoflargeamountsofblades withnot hedretou h(54-66%).

Among bone tools arrowheads, harpoons and frames [Bibikov 1977; Telegin

1982;Kolosov1960℄arerepresented.Bonearrowheadsarehomogeneous,theyhave

ir le oroval ross-se tionandare from 0,8to1,3 m indiameter, their lengthis

|judgingfromwell-preservedspe imens|about7 m.Anarrowheadfromlayer

3ofShan-Kobaandtheonefromlayer3ofFatma-Kobahaveanelongatedgroove

(Fig.2:83),andanarrowheadfromL aspi 7|twogrooves (Fig.2:56).The length

ofharpoonsis6-8 mandtheir diameter|0,7-1 m. Theyhaveasymmetri row

ofteeth(Fig.2:58-59,87-88).

It is possible to distinguish three stages of the Murzak-Koba ulture

deve-lopment onthe basis of inttools te hnologyand morphology(Fig. 2).The rst

stage in ludes theMurzak-Koba, Shan-Koba(layer 3) and Fatma-Koba (layer 4)

assemblages, the se ond one | the Fatma-Koba (layer 3), Adzy-Koba , L aspi 7,

Shpan-Koba(layer1-2and1-3)andtheKara-Koba assemblages, andthethird|

theShan-Koba(layer 2),Shpan-Koba(layer1-1)andKukrek(layer3).

3. GENERALCHARACTERISTIC SOFTHETASH-AIRCULTURE

Nowadays over 30 Tash-Air ulture sites are known. They are as follows:

Tash-Air 1 (layer 8-5a), Zamil-Koba 2 (layer 8-5); [Kraynov 1960℄, Adzy-Koba 2

[Yanevi h 1984℄, At-Bash [Formozov 1962℄,Kaya-Arasy (lower layer);

[Sh hepin-skiy1962℄,Buran-Kaya3(layer3),Denisovka[Sh hepinskiy1968℄,Zuya1[Vekilova

1951℄et . All ofthemare situated in themountainousarea ofCrimea, in the

se- ondmountainrangeoronplateaux(Fig.1).Inthemountainstheyaremainlyabris,

someofthemare open.Theopensitesaresituatedontheplateau, usuallyonthe

Flintprodu tion

Chara teristi featureoftheTash-Air ultureisahighlevelofbladete hnique.

Blades derive hie y from ores with single platform (40-74%, Fig. 3:17, 39-40;

4:33, 35; 5:31-32).Spe ial types of ores with single platformare spe imens with

round aking surfa e(Fig. 3:39;5:32). Spe imens with doubleplatformrepresent

these ondtypeof ores(31-51%;Fig. 4:34;5:30).Othertypesare rare.

The Tash-Air ulture mi rolithi te hnique is represented by geometri

mi- roliths (89-93%)and ba ked bladelets (3-11%; Fig. 3:32; 4:10-14;5:12). Among

the geometri mi roliths trapezes play a signi ant role (65-77%). Medium high

spe imens with a at retou h (Fig. 3:1-2; 4:1-7; 5:1-6, 10) should be stressed as

themaintype oftheNeolithi trapezes ofthemountainouspartof Crimea. They

dierin proportionsandsize ofthe atretou h.High symmetri andasymmetri

trapezeswith steep retou hhavealso beenregistered. Segmentsare notso

frequ-ent(23-25%). Nearly all thesegments are of medium heightand symmetri , with

predominan e ofspe imens witha atretou h(Fig.3:4-5, 31;4:9).Nevertheless,

segmentswithasteep retou harefrequent, espe iallyinlate inventories(Fig.3:4;

5:8).

S rapersare themost abundant groupof tools (29-41%of all theretou hed

artefa ts).Thereares rapers,mainlystraightones,that onstitutethepredominant

group(Fig.3:10,13,33-35;4:16,18-23,30-31;5:13-23).Doubles rapersares ar ely

represented(Fig.4:17;5:24).S rapersona akeo urintheshapeofmassive

semi--rounds rapers(Fig.3:16,38;4:24;5:29).Burinsdonotforma largegroup(10%)

andburinonsnapistheirmaintype(Fig.3:14,37;4:25-29;5:26).The hara teristi

featureof theTash-Air ultureassemblages are borers, whi h appearin relatively

largeamounts(6%)intheshapeofratherbigbladeswithasteepretou h(Fig.5:25,

27).Retou hedbladesarenumerous,whiletheotherformsofretou hedtoolso ur

ins antyamounts.

Boneandhornprodu tsserveaspoints,axes, knives,awlsandpinsframes.A

bonetoolfromTash-Air1(layer Va)[Kraynov1960℄seemsto beveryinteresting;

itdiers from Mesolithi boneblades ofCrimea and an probablybe interpreted

as a tool of a spe i role. Horn frames are preserved mostly in parts; the only

ompletely preservedspe imen originatesfromZamil-Koba2. Itismadeofa split

boartusk[Kraynov1960:Table 13:5,7℄.

Pottery

A ording to the kind of admixture and ornamentation theTash-Air ulture

Zamil-Koba (layer6) [Kraynov1960:33-34℄,they are bla k ordark grey andhave

an admixture of nesand. All the fragmentsare non-ornamentaland ome from

vessel'sbodyex eptonepartofthebottom.

These ondgroup omprisesthepotteryfromTash-Air(layer5a),Zamil-Koba

(layer5)[Kraynov1960℄,Kaya-Arasy(lowerlayer),At-Bash,Balin-Kosh[Fomozov

1962℄andDenisovka[Sh hepinskiy1968℄(Fig.6:1-14).Theyaredarkred,brownor

dark brownfragmentswith arefully smoothedsurfa eandthey are partsofthi k

vessels with a ne admixture of rushed shells, limestone or quartz, ornamented

with omb de oration or in ised lines. These ome from slightly proled vessels

withpointedbottoms,espe iallyspe imens foundatAt-BashandBalin-Kosh.The

losestanalogy anbefoundbetweenthatpotteryinSurska-Dnieper ulturevessel

forms[Danilenko1969:189;Telegin1971:6-7℄.

There ar fragments from Tash-Air (layer 5a) and Zamil-Koba (layer 5; Fig.

7:1-13)that onstitute thethird pottery group. These have their yellow or brown

surfa esmoothed.They ome fromthin,slightlyporousvessels withan admixture

of rushedshellsorlimestone.De orationofgeometri ompositionsismadewith

a long omb.The similarity to theSurska-Dnieperand theAzov-Dnieper ulture

potteryformsshouldalsobestressed[Danilenko1971℄.

Periodizationand hronology

Be ause of s ar e amounts of pottery the Tash-Air ulture periodization is

basedon intprodu tiondevelopment,withgeometri mi rolithsmorphologytaken

intospe ial onsideration. In reasing numberof trapezes with at retou h in the

Tash-Air assemblages allows establishing the relative hronology for sites of that

ulture.The role playedbypottery as adeterminant grows onlyin late phases of

theTash-Air ulture.

Threestages anbedistinguishedinthedevelopmentof theTash-Air ulture.

TheearliestisrepresentedbyTash-Airsite1(layer8and7)andZamil-Kobasite2

(layer8and7).The hara teristi featuresof inttoolsassemblagesare: atretou h

onabout 1/3 of mi roliths number and notvery large ores sizes. The

assembla-ges donot ontainpottery.Tash-Air1(layer6),Zamil-Koba2(layer 6),At-Bash,

Adzy-Koba2andothers representthese ond stage.Flatretou h isregistered for

almosthalf of mi roliths,single trapezes withsurfa e ompletely overedwith at

retou h also o ur. The feature of the greatest importan e for that stage is the

appearan e of pottery.There are Tash-Air 1 (layer 5a), Zamil-Koba 2 (layer 5),

Kaya-Arasy(lower layer), Buran-Kaya(layer 3), Denisovka and others that form

the third stage. Almost all of geometri mi roliths are overed with at retou h,

oresare massive.

Fig.7.Tash-Air1.Potteryfromlayer5a.

under dis ussion is given by 14

C dates of the se ond stage of the Murzak-Koba

ulture: for lower layer of Shpan-Koba 6240

±

∗

[Yanevi h 1993℄ and for

L aspi 7series from 5500

±

±

14

C analysesit ispossibleto pla e tentativelytheTash-Air ultureover

aspanfromtheendofthe6thtothebeginning ofthe3rdmillennium BC.

4. MESOLITHICANDNEOLITHICECONOMYOFTHEMOUNTAINOUSAREA

OFCRIMEA

AforestanimalhuntingwasthebaseoftheMesolithi andNeolithi e onomy

of the area under dis ussion. The per entage of the forest animals rea hes 85%

of the osteologi al material of theShan-Koba ulture, 95% of the Murzak-Koba

ulture and 90% | the Tash-Air ulture. As hunting in limited zones was more

ee tive by meansof bows andarrows, it aused thesituationthatthey were the

mainequipment ofthe mountainousCrimeahunters. Dire t eviden e isprovided

by geometri mi roliths domination| used, as mentioned above, as arrowheads

at Shan-Koba and Tash-Air ultures. Judging from ethnographi al and histori al

analogies [Kroeber 1925; K uhn1952; Lin Jao Chua, Cheboksarov 1961; Mellaart

1967℄ followingmethods were pra tised: approa hing, hase, battue | in ase of

deer,approa hing whenhuntingroe-deer, battue|inboar hunting.

Ine onomyofthemountainousCrimeapopulationlandsnail(Helixalbestins)

olle tingwasofmainimportan e.Atnumeroussettlementstheirshellswerefound.

They onstitutedamain ontentofa ulturallayeratL aspi7[Telegin1982:90-92℄.

Colle ting plantswas obvious as well. Fishing was a omponent of e onomy but

regardings ar eshsour esinCrimea, itplayedase ond-raterole.Onlyat

Kara--Koba[Kolosov1960℄anabundan e ofshbonewasfound.

Theannuale onomi y leofthemountainousCrimeapopulationwasdivided

intothetwo mainperiods: winter period in these ond mountainrangezone and

summer oneonplateaux.These y lesguaranteedthebestuseoffoodsupplies of

themountainarea. The se ond mountainrange area sites were usedonly in old

periods.About90%ofdeerandroedeer on entrateinoakforestsinwintertime.

Settlement of the se ond mountain range area is eviden ed by overing of bird,

boar, roe-deer skulls with their horns ut as well as remains of wandering sh

(Salmo trutta) in monthly y les in ultural layers in winter. Winter hara ter of

that settlement is shownby usage of abris with southor west exposition and by

reli sofbuildings|forinstan eatShan-KobaandZamil-KobaII[Bibikov1977℄.

Mesolithi andNeolithi settlementsarewithnodoubt onne tedwithsummer

periods|inallprobability|withsummermigrationsofwildanimalstosubalpine

meadowsandsteppes.Insummerthereare30%ofthemountainousareaon

plate-auxwhileinwinter,forthereasonthatthe overingofsnow,only5%.Boarbones

lying(inmonthly y les)atShan-Kobaaswellasthetopographyofthesettlements

indi ate the settlementonplateaux. They are situated in openareas, entirely not

shelteredfromthewinter winds,rea hing a speedof42m/se .

Thedevelopmentofgathering| huntinge onomyinthemountainousforest

of Crimea isdivided intothree stages. In therst, theEarly Mesolithi stage the

e onomywasforming;itendedintheturnofHolo ene.These ond,L ateMesolithi

stage (Boreal andthebeginning ofAtlanti period)was a full bloomtime ofthat

bran hesofe onomy. Dis overiesof spe ialised tools(likeharpoons),andshers'

settlements (Kara-Koba) show an in reasing role of shing. An intensi ation of

e onomy led to stri tly dened seasons | using natural sour es on plateaux in

summer andin these ondmountainrangeinwinter.

The thirdstage, theNeolithi one, in theAtlanti period,was a ontinuation

ofdes ribedtypeofe onomy.Asintheprevious ase,aforestanimalhuntingwas

ofthegreatest importan e.Theper entageofanimalshuntedthiswaywas70-80%

ofallanimals.Widespreadofbowsandarrowsisindi atedbynumerousgeometri

mi rolithsattheTash-Air ulturesites. Food-gathering,as wellas shing, wasstill

pra tised.Nevertheless, domesti animalsbones(espe iallypigs)werefoundatthe

Neolithi sitesofthemountainousCrimea[Kraynov1960℄.So,itwastheNeolithi

periodwhenanintegrationoftwotypesofe onomytookpla e,anditwasbreeding

thatplayedase ond-raterole.Thatstagewasaphaseof onsolidation|a ording

toM.Zvelebil[1986℄andhismodeloffarming|breedinge onomyformation.

5. SUMMARY

TheinvestigationsofthemountainousCrimeaNeolithi periodgivethepi ture

asfollows:

1.Thepro essofforminganddevelopmentofthemountainousCrimea ultures

had an auto htoni hara ter. The Neolithi has been formed here on the basis

of lo al L ate Mesolithi . Flintprodu tion is a ontinuation of the Murzak-Koba

ulture produ tion, and it also refers to the Neolithi bone and horntools. The

potteryshowsin uen esfromthenorth oastoftheBla kSea, espe iallyfromthe

SurskaandAzov ultures.

2.The typeofL ateMesolithi e onomywas thebase forthepro essof

Neo-lithization of the dis ussed part of Crimea. The Neolithi e onomy is a further

developmentofthee onomyoftheL ateMesolithi hunters,gatherers andshers

ofmountainforests.

AR { Ar heologi kerozhledy,Praha.

AP { Ar heologia Polski,Wro ªaw.

AJPA { Ameri anJournalofPhysi al Anthropology,NewYork.

CA { CurrentAnthropology,Chi ago.

KSIA { Kratkiye Soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii Akademii

NaukUSSR,Moskva.

KSIA(Ukraine) { Kratkiye Soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii Akademii

NaukUSSR,Kiev.

KSOGAM { KratkieSoobs heniyaOdesskogoGosudarstvennego

Arkhe-ologi heskogoMuzeya,Odessa.

MASP { Materialy po Arkheologii Severnogo Pri hernomorya,

Kiev.

MIA { Materialy iIssledovaniyapoArkheologii,Moskva.

SA { SovetskayaArkheologiya,Moskva.

SAA { SovetAnthropologyandAr haeology,Moskva.

SE { SovetskayaEtnograya, Moskva.

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