The study of urban form in the Netherlands

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URBAN

MORPHOLOGY

J o u r n a l o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l S e m i n a r o n U r b a n F o r

2016

Volume 20

Number 1

m

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Jeremy Whitehand, Urban Morphology Research Group, School o f Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University o f Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U K . E-mail: J.W.R.Whitehand@bham.ac.uk

K a r l Kropf, B u i l t F o r m Resource L t d , U K

Peter L a r k h a m , Birmingham City University, U K

Pierre Gauthier, Department o f Geography, Planning and Environment, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve W., Montreal, Quebec, Canada H 3 G 1M8. E-mail: pierre.gauthier@concordia.ca

Phil Jones, University o f Birmingham, U K

Susan Whitehand, University o f Birmingham, U K

Meta Berghauser Pont, Chalmers tekniska högskola, Sweden Michael Conzen, University o f Chicago, U S A

Michael D a r i n , Ecole d'Architecture de Strasbourg, France Francois Dufaux, Université Laval, Canada

Piper Gaubatz, University o f Massachusetts, U S A Frederico de Holanda, Universidade de Brasilia, Brazil Kwang-Joong K i m , Seoul National University, South Korea Karsten L e y , Hochschule 2 1 , Buxtehude, Germany

Sylvain Malfroy, Ecole d ' I n g é n i e u r s et d'Architectes de Fribourg, Switzerland Vitor Oliveira, Universidade do Porto, Portugal

Brenda Case Scheer, University o f Utah, U S A Feng Song, Peking University, China

Giuseppe Strappa, Sapienza - Universita di Roma, Italy

The contents o f Urban Morphology are indexed or abstracted in Arts & Humanities Citation Index, Avery

Index to Ai'chitectural Periodicals, Current Contents/Arts & Humanities, CyberGeo Contents Review, GEOBASE, Geographical Abstracts, Internationale Bibliographic der geistes- und sozialwissen-schaftlichen Zeitschriftenliteratiir, ISI Alerting Services, Sage Urban Studies Abstracts, Scopus, The Histoiy Journals Guide, and Zetoc Electronic Table of Contents.

Authors alone are responsible for opinions expressed i n Urban Morphology. Articles (preferably not exceeding 5000 words, w i t h an abstract in less than 200), 'Viewpoints' (nonnally not exceeding 1000 words), conference reports, news and notices o f forthcoming events intended for publication in Urban

Morphology should be addressed to the Editor. Notes for the guidance o f contributors are on page 2.

Membership and Subscriptions

Urban Morphology! is published biannually, i n A p r i l and October, by the International Seminar on Urban

Form (ISUF), Committee on Geographical Studies, University o f Chicago, Foster Hall 510, 1130 East 59th Street, Chicago, I L 60637, USA. The annual subscription, which includes membership o f ISUF, is £25 (45$, 40 Euros, or the equivalent o f £ 3 0 in any other currency) for individuals and £50 f o r institutions. Subscriptions should be sent to D r Michael Barke, ISUF Treasurer, Division o f Geography, University o f Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, N E l 8ST, U K . Cheques should be made payable to 'International Seminar on Urban F o r m ' .

Cover design by K a r l K r o p f Editor:

Associate Editors:

Book Review Editor:

Assistant Editors:

Editorial Board:

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

Journal of the International Seminar on Urban Form

Volume 20 Number 1 April 2016

3 Editorial comment 5 B. C. Scheer

The epistemology o f urban morphology 18 M. Maretto and N. Scardigno

Muratorian urban morphology: the walled city o f Ahmedabad 35 TV. Marzot, R. Cavallo and S. Komossa

The study o f urban f o r m in the Netherlands 45 G. Cataldi

A double urban l i f e cycle: the case o f Rome

Viewpoints

62 Joharmes Fritz and the origins o f urban morphology A. Simms 65 Muratori or Rossi? A Chinese perspective H. Deng

66 Does the typological process help to build a sense o f place? D. Gokce and F. Chen 69 The study o f urban f o r m and disasters: an opportunity for risk reduction

M. Montejano-Castillo

72 Urban morphology and energy: progress and prospects M. Silva, V. Oliveira and V. Leal Reports

33 Second International Seminar on Urban Spaces, Krakow, 2015 A. A. Kantarek 34 First Symposium o f the Turkish N e t w o r k o f Urban Morphology, Mersin, 2015 T. Ünlü 58 Twenty-Second International Seminar on Urban Form, Rome, 2015 H. Neis

60 ISUF business meetings, 2015 S. M. Whitehand Book reviews

74 F. W u (2015) Planning for gi'owth: urban and regional planning in China

F. Song, L. Ningting and Y. Dai

75 A - M . Chatelet, M . D e n è s and C. Mazzoni (2014) La villepaifaitement imparfaite

P. Gauthier

11 G. Strappa (2014) L 'architettura come processo: il mondo plastico murario in divenire F. Dufaux

78 A . Simms and H . B . Clarke (eds) (2015) Loi'ds and towns in medieval Europe: the European

Histoj'ic Towns Atlas Project C. M. Hewitt

80 A . M . Ramos (2011) i?/ efecto Cerda. Ensanches mayores y menores S. P. Fernandes 82 Book notes

Notes and notices

34 Meeting o f the Council o f ISUF 43 ISUF Conference 2016

44 ISUF 2017: City and teiTitory i n a global era 44 Journal of Space Syntax

57 Journal of Urbanism 73 Second P N U M Workshop

81 Cutting into the substance o f urban f o r m 81 Understanding historic towns

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34 Report

First Symposium of the Turkish Network of Urban Morphology, Mersin,

Turkey, 22-23 October 2015

Following from a Foundation Workshop in April 2014, this first symposium of the Turkish Network of Urban Morphology (TNUM) was hosted by the Centre for Mediterranean Urban Studies at Mersin University. Attracting 56 participants from 19 universities, 35 papers were presented. The top-ics addressed included methods and techniques in urban morphology; planning, architecture, design and their relation to urban form; urban growth and fringe belts; the history of urban fomi; morpho-logical agencies; public space; typomorphology; and space syntax.

In the first plenary session, Tolga Ünlü and Yener Ba§ (Mersin University) explored the transforma-tion of the city of Mersin since the early-twentieth century. Based on a historico-geographical approach and morphogenetic method, first they revealed the urban development pattern at a macro scale thi'ough an investigation of fringe-beh for-mation and modification processes. Then they con-sidered development cycles and 'morphogenetic types' in a detailed exploration of the transfoma-tion of plot and building patterns. The subsequent plenary session comprised two papers on different approaches to the study of urban fomi. Ayje Sema Kubat (Istanbul Technical University) discussed the use of space syntax as a method for investigat-ing the relationship between spatial organization and social structures, focusing on open spaces in a range of Turkish cities. Cana Bilsel (Middle East Technical University) considered the contribution of urban morphological research within urban historical studies. Taking an international perspec-tive, she was mainly concerned with developing a methodological framework for urban historical smdies tln-ough explorations into the shaping of urban space.

The first day concluded with a special session on different approaches and methods in the study of urban form. Spatial-analytical, configurational and historico-geographical approaches were

considered, including their implementation in different contexts. A 'parametric' moiphological method was discussed as a tool to linlc morpho-logical research with planning and urban design practices.

The second day contained sessions on 'Morphological processes within historical city centres'; 'History of urban fonn'; 'Urban growth and fringe belts'; 'Space syntax'; 'Morphological agencies'; and 'Morphological research and plan-ning and design practice'.

This first symposium of T N U M revealed sub-stantial research potential for the study of urban foiTn in different disciplines (notably planning, architecture and geography) and accommodating different approaches and methods. In the conclud-ing session, participants discussed the structure of T N U M and possible collaborations of research-ers both within T N U M and with other regional networks.

The Secretariat of T N U M will be based in the Centre for Mediterranean Urban Studies at Mersin University. The next symposium will take place in 2017 in Istanbul organized by Istanbul Technical University. The symposium in 2019 w i l l be in Anl<;ara organized by Middle East Technical University.

It has been agreed to develop a commonly accepted vocabulai^ of urban morphology in the Turkish language, and to give attention at an early stage to the place of urban morphology in education. Although the participants at the sympo-sium were mostly from the disciplines of planning and architecture, it is anticipated that at the next symposium there w i l l be greater representation of other disciplines, notably geography, histoiy and archaeology.

Tolga Ünlü, Centre for Mediterranean Urban Studies, Mersin Universit}', Yeni^eliir, Mersin 33343, Turkey. E-mail: tolgaunlu@gmail.com

Meeting of the Council of ISUF

The next meeting of the Council of ISUF will take place immediately preceding the Conference of ISUF to be held in Nanjing, China, 8 to 10 July 2016. Any matters that members of ISUF wish to bring to the attention of the Secretary-General of

ISUF, Professor Kai Gu, should be communicated to him at the School of Architectare and Planning, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand (e-mail: k.gu@auckland. ac.nz) by 1 June 2016.

Urban Morphology (2016) 20( 1), 34 © International Seminar on Urban FoiTn, 2016 ISSN 1027-4278

The study of urban form in the Netherlands

Nicola Marzot, Roberto Cavallo and Susanne Komossa

Faculteit Bouwkunde, Technische Universiteit Delft, Julianalaan 134, 2628 BL Delft

The Netherlands. E-mail: N.Marzot@tudelft.nl

Revised version received 9 January 2016

Abstract. 777e study of urban form in the Netherlands has been heavily

influenced by the Modern Movement and characterized by strong disciplinaiy specialization. On the one hand there is the distinction between art and engineering and on the other the search for instrumental universal rationality. This helps to explain the increasing interest, initially within academe, in the first English and German translations of some outstanding works of Italian researchers, who were at the time already acting as leaders in new perspectives in the fields of urban form and architecture In Iceeping with the Dutch practical attitude, these investigations contributed to urban developments of the post-industrial era, beginning at the end of the 1970s. Today much of the study of urban form entails investigation of how global trends affect local systems and how local systems can be improved by analysing best practices. In that respect the Netherlands has been able to establish a leading role in contemporaiy architecture that is widely recognized within Europe.

Keywords: building typology, architecture, disciplinaiy specialization, urban policy, hybrid buildings

The M o d e m Movement has played a major role in the study o f urban f o r m i n the Netherlands. Related to this, analytical meth-ods have been characterized by strong disci-plinary contrasts. There has been a persistent separation between scientific and humanistic disciplines. This was especially evident up until the end o f the reconstruction phase f o l -l o w i n g the Second Wor-ld War. Consequent-ly, architectural and urban histoiy has largely been under the control o f art historians, and hence primarily concerned w i t h stylistic aspects. I n contrast, technical aspects relating to tectonics and infrastructures have been the domain o f engineers.

This separation between the arts and engi-neering affected both the understanding o f urban f o r m and its role in design practice. This historical context explains w h y the

w o r k by H . Brugman and C. H . Peters,

Oud-Nederlandsche steden in haar ontstaan, groei en ontwikkeling (1909) was largely forgotten

during the growth o f modernity, but has been recognized since the 1960s as a strategic prec-edent and counterpoint i n attempts to focus discussion on the premises o f industrial ration-ality i n the field o f urban analysis. I n fact this thi-ee-volume w o r k was written by a historian and a lawyer w i t h the clear intention o f casting a new interdisciplinary light on the study o f city f o r m . I t combined urbanism, history and landscape. I n the mid-1970s it was regarded by some o f the more talented young scholars as the first contribution to urban morphology and building typology, at a time when the rise o f a new discipline was scarcely being con-templated. Also during the 1970s, a promising group o f students, including Henlc Engel and

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36 The study of whan form in the Netherlands

Sergio Umberto Barbieri, had started to share a personal interest i n urban f o r m and build-ing type and were attendbuild-ing the art and archi-tecture seminar on utopia run by the historian Kees Vollemans, who stressed the importance o f subjectivity and human w i l l i n design. Vollemans introduced students to the w o r k o f Manfredo Tafuri, encouraging discussions relating to Teoria e storia deWarchitettura (Tafuri, 1968) and Progetto e utopia (Tafuri,

1973). A n English translation o f the latter was available i n 1976, and Vollemans h i m -self translated into Dutch extracts f r o m both books f o r use i n lectures and seminars.

The availability o f the German edition o f A l d o Rossi's Die architektur der stadt (Rossi,

1972) was crucial at this time in creating increasing awareness o f urban morphology as an interdisciplinary field. Rossi was seen by some as having constructed a new relation-ship between modernity, history and archi-tectural design and, additionally, between architecture and the f o r m o f the city. This perception was above a l l based on an idea o f f o r m derived f r o m Elementi primari (Rossi, 1966). According to Rossi the Elementi

pri-mari preserved their o w n inner logic despite

their change o f use over centuries, and they were evidence o f an enduring rationality that suggested a timeless archetypal foundation o f architecture i n w h i c h all built artifacts are specific historical interpretations. I n this way Rossi seemed to provide young Dutch archi-tects w i t h the possibility o f bridging the gap that modernity had exposed between building and history, and therefore between histoiy and rationality. Complementary to Rossi, Tafuri's legacy delivered an architectural criticism conceming history and context, which was missing in the Dutch debate. I n fact, these posi-tions were completely different f r o m those o f M a x Risselada and others that focused on plan analysis and on a close reading o f the archi-tectural prototypes o f modemism, such as the works o f Russian constructivists, or o f Emst May in FrankfLirt. To understand this position, it is important to remember that architectural criticism at the time was mainly ideological, based on the w o r k o f Alexander Mitscherlich (1963) and Jürgen Habermas (1969). This was

applied to architecture and urbanism but was not concemed w i t h the relationship w i t h archi-tectural and urban f o r m . A t this time placing stress on the importance o f tracing any artifact back to a related system, or way or thinldng, was the way to true understanding o f the value and necessity o f studying urban f o r m .

From that moment onward there was increasing awareness in the Netherlands that to move to a rationalist position implied relat-ing the language o f architecfiiral f o r m to his-tory, w h i c h conventionally has its roots i n clas-sicism. This was a standpoint very different f r o m that o f van Eyck, the Smithsons, Team X , and the legacy o f the M o d e m Movement after the Second World War, w h i c h did not recognize any relationship to historical forms (Engel, 2013).

In 1975 the tradition of stadsanalyse o f f i -cially started at the Technische Universiteit D e l f t w i t h the analysis o f areas designated f o r urban renewal, like the study o f Dapperbuurt by Henlc Engel and Janne Hobus (Engel and Hobus, 1978). For this w o r k the study o f Schoonhoven by Henk Visser was pivotal (Visser, 1964). It focused attention on topog-raphy, ground parcellation and site ownership as important factors i n urban development and f o r m .

Various branches o f teaching f o l l o w e d the direction i n which architecture was moving. W i t h i n the study o f urbanism. Rein Geurtsen (1984) influenced the w o r k o f Han Meyer and Maurits de H o o g (Stroink and De Hoog, 1985). This led to a series o f graduate theses, such as those o f Rob Louët, Casper van der Hoeven and Jos Louwe i n 1980, w h i c h were published in 1985 i n the f o r m o f the book Amsterdam

als stedelijk bouwwerk. Ultimately landscape

architecture was also affected by these new developments i n research.

The construction of a discipline

The establishment i n the Netherlands o f a largely new research field identifying itself w i t h urban moiphology was the result o f converging interests dealing w i t h modernist ideological criticism, rooted in the late-1960s

The study of urban form in the Netherlands ₃₇

student movements and transformations in the structure o f the city. Associated w i t h post-industrial economic developments, these aspects would get even more entangled w i t h each other after the end o f the 1970s. Significant stimuli were conferences, book translations and exhibitions, which resulted in wider dissemination o f what had largely matured w i t h i n academic symposia. Sergio Umberto Barbieri and Henk Engel organ-ized i n 1977 a series o f conferences at the Technische Universiteit D e l f t . A m o n g those invited was the Italian theoretician and architect Giorgio Grassi, leaving behind an important manuscript on typology, published in Aktie onder architektuur: het ontwerp

van 4 architekten (Risselada et a/., 1968). I n

addition, Hans K o l l h o f f ' s seminal drawings, published i n Collage city (Rowe and Koetter, 1978), inspired Barbieri and Engel, suggest-ing a possible translation o f Rossi's ideas on the c i t y The Dutch translation o f Tafuri's

Progetto e utopia was published i n 1978 as Ontwerp en utopie, architektuur en ontwik-keling van het kapitalisme. Translated by

Barbieri, Boelcraad, Denissen and Vollemans, it was immediately recognized as a flmdamen-tal step towards the creation o f a shared con-sciousness o f the new ideas. However, it did not achieve the expected success. According to the authors, this was probably owing to dif-ficulties w i t h the translation.

In parallel w i t h these intellectual initiatives in the 1990s, the study o f urban f o n n was influencing planning practice in, f o r exam-ple, the renewal o f nineteenth-century areas such as the Oude Westen next to the city centre in Rotterdam and the Dapperbuurt i n Amsterdam. Additionally the approach devel-oped at Technische Universiteit D e l f t , w h i c h matured through links to Italian research and design, was brought to the attention o f local municipalities as a criticism o f cuiTent proce-dures. I n the practice o f urban renewal various approaches were evident at that time, includ-ing the 'spot-wise' approach o f fillinclud-ing i n and the so-called 'Bouwen voor de buurt'. B y basi-cally denying the overall relationship o f the interventions to the city f o r n i as a whole, such approaches were mainly concentrating on

inhabitants' needs and interests and directed to improving housing conditions. A m o n g the well-lcnown architects at that time, only A l d o van Eyck, Theo Bosch and Carel Weeber tried to avoid this 'non contextual and ahis-torical approach'. The shift to a more urban instead o f neighbourhood based ideology and approach took place when local politicians and the Dienst Stadsontwikkeling, especially the Rotterdam Municipality, realized that the city was starting to shrinlc, losing many inhabitants forced to move elsewhere o w i n g to urban renewal policies and practices. The main feature o f these policies was the mov-ing o f people to new towns, causmov-ing declinmov-ing densities i n rebuilt areas and simultaneously an increase in the average amount o f space per household. I n fact, the number o f inhabitants per dwelling i n the Netherlands declined.

In an attempt to stop this trend, at the end o f the 1970s former harbour areas attracted the attention o f local politicians as poten-tial housing areas, including f o r people w i t h higher incomes. It was realized that w i t h -out higher-income inhabitants, tax revenues w o u l d decline and cultural institutions w o u l d be unsupportable. I n recognition o f this, the pragmatic D u t c h spirit was able to f o m i an alliance w i t h the new cultural perspectives that f o l l o w e d modernist practice.

It was against this background that a series o f city developments was planned, start-ing w i t h the Rotterdam M ü l l e r Pier Housstart-ing Competition i n 1977. I n the same year, Francesco D a l Co, Kenneth Frampton and Stanislaus von Moos were involved in contri-butions to the periodicals Lotus, Architectural

Review and Archithese, and were invited by Archdecture International Rotterdam (AIR)

to deliver a 'critical reading' o f Second World War reconstruction interventions i n the city o f Rotterdam. Their essays (Eylauan, 1979) had a remarkable impact on the architectural and urban discourse o f the time. M o v i n g away f r o m the initial task o f commenting on and criticizing the given Hst o f 22 buildings, all three participants made a plea f o r a bet-ter architectural climate, claiming a central role f o r reflection and the f o n u i n g o f new ideas regarding the spatial development o f the

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38 The study of urban form in tiie Nettierlands

city (Vollaard and Gijlema, 2007). I t was not by chance that AIR invited three historians, since an historical awareness o f architecture and the city was considered to be crucial but largely lacking. The challenge was to fill the gap between the approaches o f historians and engineers.

This gave rise to a crucial discussion on the reading and understanding o f the city. For the AIR Design Competition, organized by Barbieri, Weeber and van Hattem, five archi-tects (Joseph Kleiues, A l d o Rossi, Oswald Mathias lingers, Derek Walker and Richard Meier) were invited to prepare design propos-als for the RijnhavenAVilhelmina Pier in K o p van Z u i d (Barbieri and Weeber, 1982). Rossi's proposal i n particular introduced a new f o r m o f urban research in the Netherlands, putting f o r w a r d a manifest f o r an 'architecture o f the c i t y ' . The AIR manifesto and discussions had a major impact on the thinldng o f municipali-ties, not only i n Rotterdam and Amsterdam, but also i n The Hague. The debate on the resuhs o f the AIR competition had a major influence on Dutch urban policies and plan-ning activities during the 1980s. I t gave rise to a new concern f o r urban f o r m and the quali-ties o f public space. Another cmcial event for the discipline was the Italian exhibition on Venice that Barbieri and Weeber brought to Rotterdam under the titie 10 Beelden voor

Venetië.

These events created controversy among the Dutch audience. The authors were blamed for bringing 'paper architectiu-e' into the dis-cussion. Even more crucial was the exhibition

Architectuur en planning and the related

cata-logue Architectuur en planning: Nederland

1940-1980 - Dutch post-war architecture and urban planning. Barbieri (1983) stressed

the demise o f a rational architecture as the topic to be pursued.

Fields of application

I n relation to the growth o f urban morphol-ogy John Habraken played a crucial role, emphasizing the idea o f 'system' w i t h i n the production o f architectural and urban f o r m .

He observed how people were changing their own l i v i n g spaces, at the individual f a m i l y scale, by indirectly claiming a role i n their construction. A f t e r the Second World War the Netherlands was facing a period o f unprece-dented need f o r housing w i t h limited financial means: this was the so-called 'wederopbouw periode'. Habraken (1961) developed his idea o f 'De drager en de mensen'. His ideas need to be seen in the light o f the housing short-age and subsequent industrial methods o f construction, including high-rise building. He was attempting a compromise between unavoidable mass production principles and the perceptions o f the inhabitants. He dis-tinguished between on the one hand what should be under the control o f the institutions, and the rules o f technology, and on the other what could be claimed by the community and the individual. The 'culfiaral' improvement o f this approach was immediately evident, and its application i n the study o f urban fab-rics became an element in Habraken's work, especially when high-rise development was criticized and forms o f low-rise development became common.

Habraken founded the SAR group {Stichting

Architekten Research) w h i c h was related

to Bond Nederlandse Architecten {BNA). Architecfiiral firms, including Van den Broek and Bakema, financed the group. However, there were tensions between Forum, the inter-national journal i n w h i c h Van den Broek and Bakema were involved, and SAR. A f t e r a failed

SAR competition i n Maarseveld, Van den

Broek and Bakema had to leave SAR to avoid conflict o f interests. Compared to Habraken's attention to the production and building technology o f housing, w h i c h were deeply imbued w i t h modernity, Formn concentrated on new forms o f l i v i n g , and usually took a rather anti-urban, collective stance. A l d o van Eyck developed a more urban approach com-pared to that o f other Forum members such as Herman Hertzberger and Piet B l o m . This was probably caused by the severe criticism o f the so-called Dutch Strucfiaralism by Peter and A l i s o n Smithson i n 1962 (Engel, 2007; Smithson, 1991). Van Eyck was stimulated to reformulate his point o f view after this

The study of urban form in the Netherlands 39

criticism. Nevertheless, the tissue theories o f Habraken influenced the design and planning o f urban renewal areas, such as Jacobsplein in Rotterdam.

With regard to this, Barbieri made a first attempt i n the international journal Lotus

International (Barbieri, 1978) to describe the

architectural proposals o f van Eyck and Theo Bosch i n Z w o l l e and Weeber i n Dordrecht. Although underlining a rational foundation based on industrial principles o f repetition and modularity, resembling those still evident in the historical centre, Barbieri retrospec-tively considered that these examples were not entirely successful. The main problem was that f r o m G r a n p r é M o l i e r é onward archi-tecture i n the Netherlands was intended to be either an artistic or a teclmical practice and Dutch architects seemed not to be able to linlc these two aspects.

W i t h i n this framework, searching f o r a new rationality rooted i n environmental context rather than i n universal values and aspirations, the position o f the Office f o r Metropolitan Architecture ( O M A ) is interesting. To under-stand i t one has to return to the Internationale Bauausstellung i n Berlin. There, after his return f r o m the United States, Ungers together w i t h Rem Koolhaas and Elia Zenghelis col-laborated and criticized the 'historicist' approach o f the Krier brothers. Especially i n the proposal for the IJ-plein in Amsterdam i n 1980, O M A was trying to continue the f o r m and 'metaphorical' language o f modernism. According to Lara Schrijver (2008), Koolhaas attempted to include housing corporations and future inhabitants i n decisions about housing plans and design. Such an approach, i n w h i c h there is provision f o r discussing alternatives, fits perfectly w i t h i n Habraken's legacy o f guaranteeing the participation o f inhabitants in the design-driven decision making process.

This is o f course very different f r o m the Italian approach, which basically puts for-ward the architect as the specialist who makes a conrprehensive proposal and leaves the politicians to act upon it. However, a disci-plinary approach, developed w i t h i n a criti-cal architectural discourse, still also holds value in the Dutch context. I n this respect

Engel's coUaboration w i t h Grassi for the 'Bebouwingsplan Vreeswijk N o o r d ' 1999¬ 2000 i n Nieuwegein is o f interest.

De N i j l Architecten, the office led by Engel, started its practice i n 1979 by incorporating urban analysis into its architecfijral design w o r k f o r urban renewal. However, w i t h i n this perspective, De N i j l tried to move beyond a contextual approach. This procedure was, according to Engel himself, much closer to Rossi's Tendenza idea than to the views of Saverio M u r a t o r i , who thought that design should evolve f r o m urban analysis. I n fact, while the latter was searching for recurrences w i t h i n a very specific homogeneous area i n w h i c h he f o u n d evidence o f a time-limited historical identity that he called ' t y p e ' , the former was searching f o r lueta-historical invariants by analysing the same architec-tural subject under successive transforma-tions, defining them as primary elements. I n accord w i t h Rossi's position. Engel believes that urban analysis allows designers to be aware o f different developiuents, f o r exam-ple w i t h i n D u t c h cities, transferring findings f r o m one city to another. I n his view, urban analysis generates a k i n d o f Icnowledge that is proper to architecture intended as an 'autono-mous' discipline (Engel et al., 2013). I n an early project i n the Oude Westen district, close to the historical centre o f Rotterdam, he introduced f o r example a gallery on the second floor at the rear o f the block i n such a way that ground and first-floor dwellings could as far as possible have f r o n t doors on the street side. This provides a load-bearing span o f about 6 m between dwellings, coiTe-sponding to the proportions o f a traditional Dutch house. This access feature is at vari-ance w i t h the 'modernistic' portico stairs. I t ' i m p o r t s ' a foreign solution i n order to connect w i t h former Gothic and nineteenth-century houses i n a modern project, built not by individual owners but by a hous-ing corporation. I t is these kinds o f forms as w e l l as the architecture o f public institu-tions that establish and fuel city development (Gramsbergen, 2014).

I n this respect it is not only Rossi who holds a central position, but also Jean Castex, Jean

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40 _{The study of urban form in the Netherlands}

Jacques Depaule and Philippe Panerai. W i t h the translation o f Formes urbaines, de Filot

a la bai-re, originally published in 1977 and

7 years later translated into Dutch, not only monuments and institutions, but also trans-formations o f the urban block enter D u t c h discourse. D i f f e r i n g f r o m the Italians, this Versailles school o f urban morphology also took account o f the common places o f l i f e in its studies, addressing the everyday envi-romuent o f city dwellers: blocks and streets. Additionally, their studies had a broad time span, starting f r o m the Paris o f Haussmann and ending w i t h the prototypical blocks o f mod-e r n i s m / C o n g r è s Intmod-ernational d'Architmod-ecturmod-e Moderne. I n fact, this research group assumes the presence o f an inner logic that links the history o f urban forms to everyday practices. In other words, it maintains that these prac-tices are reflected in specific urban and archi-tectural models, like the building block i n a particular city at a particular moment i n time.

I n the Netherlands the design competition o f the Haarlem H o f j e s i n 1992 reflects and reintroduces the Hof the courtyard, as a t y p i -cal feature o f Dutch city f o r m . The De N i j l projects o f Paddepoek Gouda and Vreeswijk all feafiire the Hof as a fundamental urban ele-ment. Sometimes it was already present i n the urban tissue, as i n Haarlem where i t is a con-stituent element; i n other cases it was intro-duced anew. I n Maastricht the urban plan o f the Sphinx Ceramique Terrain, a luasterplan by Jo Coenen, Barbieri and Geurtsen, com-missioned by the municipality i n 1987-90, shows the urban block as an architectural object and urban entity that brings street, block and court into a very specific mutual relationship. I n 1982 Weeber's design f o r the Venserpolder in Aiusterdam experiments w i t h the perimeter block, as opposed to the 'open composition' as introduced i n the Netherlands before and after the Second World War. These proposals basically paved the road f o r experi-ments i n the 1990s, such as the I-CNSM-eiland in Amsterdam, where K o l l h o f f introduced the urban block as ' G r o B f o r m ' .

To complete the panoraiua, i n the field o f landscape architecture it is worth mention-ing the work o f Cleiuens Steenbergen at the

Technische Universiteit D e l f t . Thanlcs to his efforts, the laiowledge legacy developed by students in the field o f architecture and urban-isiu i n the 1980s is evident in the atteiupt to redefine the architecture o f the garden and the landscape w i t h i n the renewed analytical approach in landscape design. I n this respect the book Architecture and landscape, co-edited in 1996 w i t h Wouter Reh (Steenbergen and Reh, 1996), is an interesting example o f projecting urban f o r m into the dimension o f the landscape. However, despite the impact o f the book. Steenbergen did not succeed in establishing a critical legacy in the design o f the Dutch landscape. The problem w i t h land-scape architects is that they tend to emphasize drawing, not translating the technical aspect o f land reclamation into a cultural reflec-tion o f the ten-itory (Reh, 1996). Regarding Dutch landscape, Simon Schama's popular books also help to clarify the D u t c h mental-ity (Schama, 1988). A n attempt to systematize morphological approaches i n the Netherlands is available i n 'Stadsmorfologie, een proeve van vonugericht onderzoek ten behoeve van stedenbouwhistorisch onderzoek' (Koster, 2001).

Conclusion

Both aspirations and opporfianities have played a part in the growth o f interest i n urban morphology and building typology i n the Netherlands. I n the case o f the former, the theoretical legacy o f the Italian intellectual criticism o f modernity was important, nota-bly i n Tafuri's Pi'ogetto e utopia. As far as the latter is concerned, the influence o f Dutch culture has been important: its pragmatism, once deprived o f any ideological premise, heavily affected the transfoiTnation o f the city during the 'post-industrial' phase. Especially relevant was the deep concern about planning practice as i t existed i n the 1960s and 1970s. That practice led to the production o f an excess o f cheap social housing in cities while, paradoxically, the number o f inhabitants in the major cities was decreasing. I n addition, housing for higher income residents was in

777e study of urban form in the Netherlands

41

short supply, w h i c h meant that municipali-ties failed to receive sufficient tax income to maintain existing levels o f urban amenity.

These circumstances demanded a clear policy. The new brief entailed more expen-sive housing at higher density near to city centres and 'densification' o f existing tissue, to counteract the previous phase o f dispersal o f people and opportunities. Density stud-ies, income calculations and the creation o f consensus were all needed. The political pro-gramme changed and the architect's task was to refoiTuulate the design brief and produce comprehensive and consistent proposals. The new approach required new instruments. A great number o f 'density' studies were pro-duced. Dutch architects became renowned for combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. M a n y important studies on this subject have been published (see, f o r exam-ple, Bergerhauser Pont and Haupt, 2010). I n fact this combined approach was still evident during the decades that f o l l o w e d , lasting until the recent economic-financial crisis.

These practical considerations have recently been added to by discussions w i t h i n ISUF. Many researchers w i t h i n I S U F prefer analytical methods o f investigation while i n the Netherlands design practice remains the main p r i o r i t y I n addition, the influence o f tbe Italian legacy reiuains significant. L o o k i n g back, it is evident that Rossi played a lead-ing role, and the position and influence o f Muratori, w h i c h was laiown before ISUF caiue into being, should not be underesti-mated. However, while the Muratorian per-spective was that the 'design solution' would f o l l o w f r o m analysis o f existing urban f o r m , emphasizing that this would provide the key to development and change, in the Dutch perception o f urban f o r m and building type, i n f l u -enced by Rossi's work, analysis and design act as different categories. More precisely, analysis determines the field and framework in which the Dutch architect formulates the b r i e f Whereas Muratori considers the city as a continuum, Rossi understands it as a frag-ile composition and an unstable battiefield o f varying competing initiatives, and therefore as a political artifact.

Today Dutch and Italian practices d i f f e r i n the way that political choices are made. I n the Netherlands, it seems that architectural criti-cism does not affect the political sphere, since the latter is concemed w i t h the technical level o f local luunicipalities, developers and archi-tects. I n Italy the autonoiuous value o f the architecfiiral proposal is understood as part o f the political debate even i f , paradoxically, it does not affect it. I n fact, it is evident that to establish a prominent position as an architect in Italy one needs to come up w i t h an origi-nal theoretical architecfiiral position and pro-gramme, as in the case o f Rossi's Tendenza (Bonfanti et al, 1973) or Giancarlo de Carlo's

Participation (De Carlo, 1973). I n due course

it has become important f o r an Italian archi-tect to associate his position w i t h congenial political parties, b l o w i n g that this association w i l l remain at the level o f pure 'representa-tion' o f political struggle without interfering w i t h actual developments.

For different reasons, including different degrees o f political awareness, the behef that architecture as a physical dimension o f plan-ning and building should or could be part o f the public debate seems to be an aspect o f idealism in both the Netherlands and Italy. However, disenchantment o f the former Dutch epigones o f urban morphology came at the end o f the 1980s and the beginning o f the 1990s. A t that point i t was already clear that the rational foundation o f architecture was no longer an ideological possibility, but ultimately a dis-ciplinary one. This is w h y Koolhaas - who is able to reduce the urban problematic to operational pragmatism - is often mentioned as the antagonist o f Rossi. This also explains how, as AIR tried and partly succeeded, Dutch architects continue to act coherentiy w i t h regard to the initial assumptions o f the disci-pline, once deprived o f its original political claims.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Professor Henk Enge! and Professor Sergio Umberto Barbieri for the val-uable information they provided during interviews.

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42 The study of urban form in the Netherlands

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ISUF Conference 2016: Urban morphology and the resilient city

The Twenty-Third International Seminar on Urban Form (ISUF 2016), hosted by the School of Ai-chitecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, will take place in Nanjing, China, from 8 to 10 July 2016. The theme of the conference is 'Urban morphology and the resilient city'. Topics to be covered include:

• Urban morphological theoiy

• Urban morphology and urban design/planning • Urban form, society and technology

• The fringe-belt concept

Urban morphology, sustainability, and climate change

• Transformation and resilience in urban development

• Urban form in the global era • Urban form in Asia

• East and West: similarities and contrasts Post-conference excursions include short excur-sions in Nanjing (the Confucius Temple, Dr. Sun

Yat-sen's Mausoleum, and the Presidential Palace) and a two-day excursion to the historical city of Suzhou.

Nanjing was one of the earhest estabhshed cit-ies in China. It first became a capital in 229 CE, and it has continued to be a prominent place in Chinese history and culture. It is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China. As the capital of the Ming Empire, Nanjing was the largest city in the world from 1358 to 1425. Legacies fi^om that period include the longest city wall in the world, 21 km of which still exist. In

1912, Nanjing was selected as the capital of the Republic of China and became the national centre for modernization. It remains a national centre of education, research, transport networks and tour-ism as well as the second-largest commercial cen-tre in the East China region after Shanghai.

More infonnation is available on the conference website (http://urbanform.cn).

• • M

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44 _Notices

ISUF 2017: City and territory in the global era

The Twenty-Fourth International Seminar on Urban Form (ISUF 2017) wiU take place in Valencia, Spain, from 4 to 8 July 2017. The theme of the conference is 'City and tenitoiy in the global era'. The organizers and the Council of ISUF invite participation in the Conference by interested academics and professionals. Topics on which proposals are particularly welcome include: • Stages in teiTitorial configuration

» Urban form and social use of space • Reading and regenerating the informal city • Elficient use of resources in sustainable cities • City transfonnations

• Big data

• Tools of analysis in urban morphology • Urban green space

Proposals for papers should take the form of abstracts of papers. They should be prepared in the following foiTuat: title of paper, author(s) name, affiliation, address, e-mail address, telephone number, kej^ords and 250-word abstract. They should be e-mailed to isufli2017valencia@gmail, com. Abstracts of papers must be received on or before 31 Januaiy 2017. Notification of whether abstracts have been accepted w i l l be provided by

15 March 2017. Those whose abstracts have been accepted will be required to pay a registration fee by 30 April 2017 to have their papers included in the conference programme. The registration fee includes membership of ISUF for 1 year, and con-ference lunches and dinners. Following acceptance of abstracts, submission of papers (not exceeding 4000 words) is optional. I f submitted, they should be received by 30 May 2017. Authors should con-sult the 'Notes for the guidance of contributors to

Urban Morpliology', available on the ISUF

web-site (www.urbanform.org) or in recent copies of the journal, before preparing their papers. Selected papers may be published after the conference.

The official conference language is English. There w i l l be a New Researchers' Fomm in which researchers new to the field are invited to take part. New researchers should indicate when they sub-mit their abstracts whether they would like to be included in the New Researchers' Fomm. There w i l l be a number of excursions to places in the city and the region.

Enquiries and suggestions concerning the con-ference should be forwarded to isufh2017valen-cia@gmail.com

Journal of Space Syntax

Volume 6, Number 1 of the Journal of Space

Syntax, published online on 26 October 2015,

contains the following articles:

S. Westin, 'To Imow is to loiow one's geometry' -Reflections on the problem of inference in space syntax from the viewpoint of a human geographer'

D. Seamon, 'Understanding place hohstically: cit-ies, synergistic relationality, and space syntax' F. Weissenborn, 'After structure: expression in

built foiTn'

L. S. Liebst, 'Phenomenology of the movement economy: a multilevel analysis'

H. Stöger, 'Roman neighbourhoods by the num-bers: a space syntax view on ancient city quar-ters and their social life'

N . Charalambous and 1. Geddes, 'Making spatial sense of historical social data'

J. Peponis, C. Feng, D. Green, D. Haynie, S. H. K i m , Q. Sheng, A. Vialard and H. Wang, 'Syntax and parametric analysis of superblock patterns'

L. Lim, T. Yang, A. Vialard, C. Feng and J. Peponis, 'Urban morphology and syntactic structure: a discussion of the relationship of block size to street integration in some settlements in the Provence'

M . D. Major, 'The invention of a new scale: the paradox of size and configuration in American cities'

1]

A double urban life cycle: the case of Rome

Giancarlo Cataldi

DIDA, Dipartimento di Architettura, Universita di Firenze, via della Mattonaia 14, 50121 Firenze, Italy. E-mail: giancarlo.cataldi@gmail.com

Revised version received 21 November 2015

Abstract. Rome is distinguished from the large majority of cities by the

double life cycle ofits long history In this paper attention is focused on the permanent .substratum structures that ensured 'continuity in change' during this cit)' s transition from Antiquity to the Middle Ages: for the Muratorian school this is the basic principle of 'cyclic law'that regulates the life and histoiy of the city. In Rome this phenomenon of rebirth is particularly clear: the basic buildings of the medieval city attracted by the new rehgious centre of the Vatican, were located spontaneously in the planned fabric of the imperial special buildings in Campo Marzio. On

an urban scale, this implemented the 'medievalization process' theorized by Gianfranco Caniggia, following Saverio Muratori's studies of Rome's urban history.

Keywords: Rome, urban structures, city planning, historical transformation

The focus o f attention i n this paper is the 'substratum permanent structures' that i n f l u -enced the transformation o f Rome. O w i n g to its dual l i f e cycle and unusual complexity, Rome is an exceptional city. The New Rome

topography by N o l l i (1748) (Figure 1) is the

first measured urban map o f the modern era. It documents the f o r n i o f Rome i n the middle o f the eighteenth century when, after a period o f building stagnation, the city entered a new phase o f growth. The areas built w i t h i n the Aurelian walls (which were still intact 1500 years after their construction) are located mainly i n the area formed by the meander o f the River Tiber facing the Vatican citadel. The remaining area w i t h i n the ancient city walls in the eighteenth century was mostly pasture, having been employed f o r centuries as a source o f building materials. Painters, academics and architects have left countless testimonies to this landscape, especially i n figurative f o r m .

Urban development and territory

The Ager Romanus (Figure 2), the rural area surrounding Rome, was traversed by the meanders o f the River Tiber and consisted o f an alluvial plain between the Tyrrhenian coast and the pre-Apennine ridge. I n its last stretch the flow o f the river was, and still is, influenced by the presence o f tbree orographic systems: the M o n t i Volsini and the A l b a n H i l l s , o f volcanic origin, and between them the north-eastern system o f the M o n t i Sabini.

Rome is a prime example for those who believe that the origins o f cities are closely linked to the characteristics o f their terri-toiy. The union o f three peoples, destined to come together in the future urban setting, seems to originate f r o m the convergence in Rome o f three ridge paths - Latin, Sabine and Etruscan (Caniggia and M a f f e i , 1979, pp. 206-10; Cataldi, 1970, pp. 3-29; Cataldi, 2004, pp. 8 0 - 1 ; Muratori, 1967, pp. 499-506)

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3 Editorial comment 5 B. C. Scheer

The epistemology of urban morphology 1 8 A4. Maretto and N. Scardigno

Muratorian urban morphology: the walled city of Ahmedabad 35 N. Marzot, R. Cavallo and S. Komossa

The study of urban form in the Netherlands 45 G. Cataldi

A double urban life cycle: the case of Rome

Viewpoints

62 Johannes Fritz and the origins of urban morphology A. Simms 65 Muratori or Rossi? A Chinese perspective H. Deng

66 Does the typological process help to build a sense of place? D. Gokce and F. Chen

6 9 The study of urban form and disasters: an opportunity for risk reduction M. MontejancrCastillo

72 Urban morphology and energy: progress and prospects M. Silva, V. Oliveira and V. Leal

Reports

33 Second International Seminar on Urban Spaces, Krakow, 2 0 1 5 A. A. Kantarek

34 First Symposium of the Turkish Network of Urban Morphology, Mersin, 2 0 1 5 T. Ünlü

58 Twenty-Second International Seminar on Urban Form, Rome, 201 5 H. Neis

6 0 ISUF business meetings, 201 5 S. M. Whitehand

Book reviews

74 F W u (201 5) Planning for growth: urban and regional planning in China F. Song, L. Ningting and Y. Dai

75 A M . Chatelet, M . Denès and C. Mazzoni (2014) La ville parfaltement imparfaite

P. Gauthier

77 G. Strappa (2014) Farchitettura come processo: il mondo plastico murario in divenire F Dufaux

78 A. Simms and FH. B. Clarke (eds) (2015) Lords and towns in medieval Europe: the European fiistoric Towns Atlas Project C M. hiewitt

80 A. M . Ramos (201 1) El efecto Cerdd. Ensanches mayores y menores S. P Fernandes 82 Book notes

Notes a n d notices

34 Meeting of the Council of ISUF 43 ISUF Conference 2 0 1 6

4 4 ISUF 201 7: City and territory in a global era

4 4 Journal of Space Syntax 57 Journal of Urbanism 73 Second PNUM Workshop

81 Cutting into the substance of urban form 81 Understanding historic towns