Splash and Spray from Road Vehicles (and Associated Topics): A Bibliography

Cranfield

June 1984

1 3 SEP. 1984

TECHNISCHE HOGESCHOOL DELFT LUCHTVAART- EN RUIMTEVAARTTECHNIEK

BIBLIOTHEEK Kluyverweg 1 - DELFT

Splash and Spray from Road Vehicles (and Associated Topics) — A Bibliography

by

N.A. Cowperthwaite

Department of Aerodynamics College of Aeronautics Cranfield Institute of Technology

Cranfield

June 1984

Splash and Spray from Road Vehicles (and Associated Topics) - A Bibliography

by

N.A. Cowperthwaite

Department of Aerodynamics College of Aeronautics Cranfield Institute of Technology

Bedford, England

Research Sponsored by:

Department of Environment: Department of Transport Transport and Road Research Laboratory

Crowthorne Berkshire

Contract Agreement No. TRR/842/424

ISBN 0 947767 10 X £7.50

"The views expressed herein are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily represent those of the Institute. "

r

1

-1. Ahman, K.I.

"Omkörning av Lastbilar -Trafikstudier." (Overtaking and Passing of Lorries).

Report No. 6, The National Swedish Road and Traffic Research Institute, Liköping, Sweden. 1972. (In Swedish).

2. Albert, B.J. and Walker J.C.

"Tyre to Wet Road Friction at High Speeds."

Proc. Institute of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 180 Pt. 2A, pp 105-121, 1965-66.

3. Alberta Department of Highways and Transport.

"Report on the Testing of Triple Trailer Combinations." Alberta Dept. of Highways and Transport, April 1960. 4. Allan, J.W.

"A Note on the Reduction of Water Snray from Heavy Lorries and on Measurement of Spray During Trials."

AASU Memo 79/1, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, University of Southampton, October 1979.

5. Allan, J.W., Burgin, K. and Lilley, G.M.

"On Water Spray Generation by Road Vehicles and Methods for its Control."

Contract Report for Department of Environment, Transoort and Road Research Laboratory, July 19 77. Southampton University. 6. Allan, J.W. and Lilley, G.M.

"Reduction of Water Spray from Road Vehicles in Wet Conditions: A Further Investigation with Improved Trials Measurement

Equipment and Technique."

AASU Memo 80/5, Dept. Aeronautics and Astronautics, University of Southampton. July 19 81.

7. Allan, J.W. and Lilley, G.M.

"The Reduction of Water Spray from Heavy Road Vehicles." Int. J. of Vehicle Design, Technological Advances in Vehicle Design Series, SP3, Impact of Aerodynamics on Vehicle Design, pp 270-307.

8. Allen, R.W., O'Hanton, J.F. and McRuer, D.T.

"Drivers Visibility Requirements for Roadway Delineation, Volume 1. Effects of Contrast and Configuration on Driver Performance and Behaviour.

Systems Technology Inc., Hawthorne, California, STI-TR-1065-1, November 19 77.

Anderson, D.R.

"Some Thoughts on Splash and Spray."

Paper delivered before the AAHSO Operating Sub-committee on Roadway Design, Washington State Highway Department, Region IV, Idaho. July 1971.

Anderson, J.W. and Carlson, G.C. "Vehicle Spray Pattern Study."

Investigation No. 338, Final Report, Minnesota Department of Highways, Traffic Engineering Section, August 17th, 1966. Anon.

"Splash and Spray. A Review of the Test Programs Aimed at Reducing the Problem of Vehicle Splash and Spray."

Diesel Equipment Superintendent, December 19 72, pp 28-29. Anon.

"Stopping Splash and Spray."

Heavy Duty Trucking, Vol. 51, No. 11, H.I.C. Corporation. Newport Beach, California, November 1972.

Anon.

"Spray Suppression Proposals too Specific." Transport Engineer, October 19 83, pp 6-7. Anon.

"Highway and Vehicle Safety Report, Vol. 4, No. 12." Stamler Publishing Co. March 13th 1978.

Anon.

"Lorry Spray Experiment: April/May 1984"

Transport and Road Research Laboratory Note. (Unpublished). Armitage, A.

"Report of the Enquiry into Lorries, People and the Environment. H.M.S.O. Report, London. December 19 80.

Barrett, R.V.

"Measurement of the Drag and Spray Produced by Model Pneumatic Wheels Moving Through Water Layers."

Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Bristol. March 1967. Barrett, R.V.

"Spray from Aircraft Undercarriage at High Speeds - A Model Investigation."

3

-Baxter, W.L.

"Spray from Road Vehicles."

Transport and Road Research Laboratory Symposiiom on Heavy Goods Vehicle Safety, Crowthorne, Berkshire, 1976.

Bhise, V.D. et al.

"Predicting Driver Seeing Distance in Natural Rainfall." Human Factors, 23(6), 667-682, 1981.

Bittker, D.A.

"Effect of Ambient Air Velocity on Atomisation of Two Impinging Water Sheets."

NASA TN-D-2087,February 1964. Braun, H.

"Neure Erkentisse uber Radabdeckungen "(Recent Findings on Wheel Coverings).

Brunswick Technological Institute, Germany, 19 72. British Standards Institution

"Draft Specification for Spray Reducing Devices for Heavy Goods Vehicles."

Document 83/7631, Technical Committee AüE/13 Commercial and Public Service Vehicles, British Standards Institution, London, 1983.

Brown, J.R.

"Pervious Bitumen-Macadam Surfacing Laid to Reduce Splash and Spray at Stonebridge, Warwickshire."

Dept. of Environment, Transport and Road Research Laboratory Report LR563, Crowthorne, 1973.

Brown, J.R.

"Interim Report on the Performance on Surfacings for Maintaining Bituminous Roads: Al Buckden (1975-77)."

T.R.R.L. Supplementary Report 476, T.R.R.L., Crowthorne, 1979. Carr, G.W.

"Some Aerodynamic Aspects of Safety in Road Vehicles." Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Vol. 187, 30, 1973, pp 333-347. Cassella, C.W. and Vivari, J.A.

"Splash and Spray Accident Reports."

28. Chatfield, A.C., Reynolds, A.K. and Foot, D.J.

"Water Spray from Heavy Goods Vehicles: An Assessment of Some Vehicle Modifications."

Department of Transport, London. Report No. VSE 513, April 1979. 29. Chapoux, E.

"De I'Effet des Dispositifs de Protection dits "Bouettes" sur des Protection d'Eau des Vehicles Automobiles."

(Investigation of the Effects of Mudflaps on Passenger Cars). Union Technique de 1'Automobile, du Motorcycle et du Cycle, CIDITVA 32-12, 1967.

30. Cranfield Institute of Technology

"Cranfield Institute of Technology Water Depth Gauge."

Cranfield Institute of Technology Technical Note TN-75-036, Bedford, U.K., November 1975.

31. Dart, O.K. Jr. and Mann, L. Jr.

"Relationship of Rural Highway Geometry to Accident Rates in Louisiana."

Louisiana State University (published in Highway Research Report No. 312).

32. Davies, C.N.

"Evaporation of Airborne Droplets."

Fundamentals of Aerosol Science (ed. Shaw, D.T.), Chapter 3, John Wiley and Sons Inc., 19 78.

33. Davis, Q.C.

"Water Surface Depth Instrument."

NASA Technical Brief 70-10103, April 1970. 34. Department of the Environment.

"Design of Heavy Goods Vehicles for Safety - Spray from Road Vehicles."

Dept. of Environment, Vehicle Engineering Division, London, 3rd February 19 76.

35. Deutsch, C.

"L'Environnement Routier Ses Effets Aerodynamiques." (The Road Environment and its Aerodynamic Effects).

Ingénieurs de 1'Automobile, June-July 1973, No. 6-7, pp 391-399.

5

-36. Dickson-Simpson, J.

"Stopping Spray from Lorries."

Transport and Road Research Laboratory Symposium on Heavy Goods Vehicle Safety, Crowthorne, Berks. 19 76. 37. Dugoff, H.

"The Davidson Laboratory Rolling-Road Facility."

Stevens Institute of Technology, Davidson Laboratory, Note 693. November 1963.

38. Dugoff, H. and Erlich, I.R.

"A Laboratory Scale Model Technique for Investigating Pneumatic Tyre Hydroplaning."

NASA CR-1074, May 19 68.

39. Federal Highway Administration.

"Reduction of Adverse Aerodynamic Effects of Large Trucks." Federal Highway Administration, Contract DOT-FH-11-9165. November 1976.

40. Federal Register

"Spray Proectors - Passenger Cars, Multipurpose Passenger Vehicles, Trucks, Buses and Trailers."

Federal Register, Vol. 35, No. 173, Washington D.C. 1979. 41. Forbes, T.W.

"A Study of Accident Hazards in Relation to Fenders and Mudguards for Motor Vehicles."

Michigan State University. (Report to Michigan State Senate Resolution No. 73, 1959), East Lancing, 1960. 42. Eraser, Dombrowski and Routley.

"The Atomisation of a Liquid Sheet by an Impinging Air Stream." J. Appl. Sci. Res., Sec. A, Vol. 12, 1963-C, D P 143-150

(also Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 18, No. 6, 1963, P P 339-353). 43. Frost, A.R.

"Rotary Atomisation."

Proc. of the Symposium on Controlled Drop Application,

University of Reading. April 1978 (British Crop Protection Council) pp 7-21.

Furness, J.W.

"The Commercial Vehicle: Some Problem Areas in Future Legislation."

Transport Engineer pp. 11, 13, 15, July 1976. Gallaway, B.M., Rose, J.G. and Schiller, R.E. Jr.

"The Relative Effects of Several Factors Affecting Rainwater Depths on Pavement Surfaces."

Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A & M University. (published in Highway Research Record No. 396).

Gallaway, B.M., Schiller, R.E. Jr. and Rose, J.G.

"The Effects of Rainfall Intensity, Pavement Cross Slope, Surface Texture and Drainage Length on Pavement Water Depths. Research Report No. 138-5, Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A & M University, May 1971.

Gaussoin, J., Nottingham, R.B. and Reichard, R.E. "Spray Suppression Device for a Highway Vehicle." U.S. Patent No. 3, 869, 617, Issued March 4, 1975. Glennon, J.C.

"The Frictional Requirements of Passing Vehicles." Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A & M University

(published in Highway Research Report No. 396). Harrin, E.N.

"Investigation of Tandem - Wheel and Air-Jet Arrangements for Improving Braking Friction on Wet Surfaces."

NASA Tech. Note D-405, June 19 60. Hills, B.L.

"Vision, Visibility and Perception in Driving." Perception, Vol. 9, pp 183-216, 1980.

H o m e , W.B.

"Air Jets - A Possible Solution to Hydroplaning and Other Associated Runway Wetness Problems."

17th Annual Int. Air Safety Seminar of the Flight Safety Foundation, Oct. 1964, pp 59-65.

H o m e , W.B. and Dreher, R.C.

"Phenomena of Pneumatic Tyre Hydroplaning." NASA Tech. Note D-2056, November 196 3.

_ 7

-53. Kamm, I.O. and Wray, G.

"Suppression of Water Spray on Wet Roads." S.A.E. Paper No. 710210, 1971.

54. Kamm, I.O., Wray, G. and Kolb, R.C.

"The Formation of Truck Spray on Wet Roads. Final Report." Stevens Institute of Technology, Davidson Laboratory,

Report SIT-DL-70-9-1431, April 1970. 55. Kamm, I.O., Wray, G. and Kolt, R.C.

"Truck Spray on Wet Roads Reduced by New Fender Design." Automotive Engineering, Vol. 78, No, 9, September 19 70, pp 28-31.

56. Kemp, D.H.

"Tyres - Grip and Slip: Noise and Spray."

. Society of Automotive Engineers, Australasia National Convention, Paper 15, 1974.

57. Kihlgren, B.

"Provning av Stankskarmar." (Testing of Fenders). National Swedish Road Research Institute, Stockholm

(predeccessor of National Swedish Road and Traffic Research Institute.) 1970. (In Swedish).

58. Koessler, P.

"Kotflugeluntersuchungen." (Investigation of Mudguards.) Deutsche Kraftfahrforschung Heft 175, 1965. (Translated from German by H.R. Fassbender, M.I.R.A. Translation No. 32/65). 59. Lane, W.R.

"Shatter of Drops in Streams of Air."

Ind. Eng. Chem., Vol. 43, June 1951, pp 1312-17. 60. Le Guen, M.H.

"Projections d'Eau Occasionnees par les Vehicles sur Route Mouillee." (Spray from Vehicles on Wet Roads.)

Ingénieurs de I'Auto, February 1973. No. 2. pp 125-136 61. Lissaman, P.B.S. et al

"Methods of Reducing the Splash and Spray Hazards of Large Trucks."

Aero Vironement Inc., Pasadena, California, Report AVFR 7149, Final Reports and Appendices. (2 Volumes).

62. Martinez, J.E., Lewis, J.M. and Stocker, A.J.

"A Study of Variables Associated with Wheel Spin-Down and Hydroplaning."

Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A & M University (published in Highway Research Record 396).

63. Mason, B.J.

"The Physics of Clouds."

Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2nd Edition, 1971. 64. Maycock, G.

"The Problem of Water Drawn up by Vehicles on Wet Roads."

Ministry of Transport, R.R.L. Report LR4, Crowthorne, U.K. 1966 65. Michigan State University

"A Study of Accident Hazards in Relation to Fenders and Mudguards for Motor Vehicles."

Highway Traffic Safety Centre, April 1960. 66. Middleton, W.E.K.

"Vision through the Atmosphere." University of Toronto Press, 1952. 67. Ministry of Transport.

"Instructions for Using the Portable Skid Resistance Tester." Ministry of Transport, R.R.L. Road Note 27, Crowthorne, U.K. 68. Monsanto.

"Truck Splash and Spray: A Discussion of its Cause, Effect and Control. (Preliminary Findings).

Monsanto, St. Louis, USA. 19 78. 69. National Swedish Road Safety Office.

"Beestammelser om Stankskydd" (Regulations Concerning Spray Protectors).

TSV Vestammelser om fordon 19-01-01-02, 2.11.1971. The National Swedish Road Safety Office, Borlange.

70. O.E.C.D.

"Adverse Weather, Reduced Visibility and Road Safety." The Road Research Group on Driving in Reduced Visibility Conditions due to Adverse Weather, OECD, Paris, 19 76.

9

-71. Onderko, W.

"Study of Truck Splash Guards."

The Franklin Institute Report F-A2090, January 19 60. 72. Palmer, G.M. and Amy, J.B.

"Model Tests of Drag and Spray Effects of Aerodynamic Modifications to Present Vehicles."

Proc. of the NSF/DOT Conference on Reduction of Aerodynamic Drag of Trucks. NSF Report NSF-RA-N-74-191, October 1974, PP 1-8.

73. Ritter, T.E.

"The Development of Techniques to Measure Vehcile Spray on Wet Roads."

Society of Automotive Engineers Paper No. 740526. 74. Ritter, T.E.

"Spray Protector Testing of Trucks."

Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas.

Report No. AR-848, December 12, 1972 (Final Report of Contract No. DOT-HS-024-2-469).

75. Ritter, T.E.

"Truck Splash and Spray Tests at Madras, Oregon." Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas.

Report No. AR-9 55, October 15, 19 74. (Final Report of Contract No. DOT-HS-5-01040).

76. Roberts, A.

"Investigation of the use of Airjets and Chines on Aircraft Undercarriage using Model Wheels and a Moving Ground Belt and Water Layer."

Ministry of Technology, S& T Memo 10/68, May 19 69. 77. Rose, M.J. and Stewart, M.J.

"A Preliminary Study of the Control of Spray from Light Vehicles by Aerodynamic Design."

MIRA Research Report 19 78/1, Motor Industry Research Association, Nuneaton, England.

78. Sabey, B.E.

"The Known Risks We Run: The Highway."

T.R.R.L. Supplementary Report No. 567, Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, U.K. 19 80.

79. Sabey, B.E.

"Accidents: Their Cost and Relation to Surface Characteristics." Paper presented at a symposium:- 'Safety and the Concrete

Road Surface - Design, Specification and Construction.'

Organised by the Cement and Concrete Association. London. 197 3. 80. Sandburg, U.

"Measurement of Splash and Spray Generated by Vehicles on Wet Roads - a Pilot Study."

The National Swedish Road and Traffic Research Institute, Report No. 124, Linköping, 1977. (In Swedish).

81. Sandburg, U.

"Splash and Spray from Vehicles on Wet Roads - a Bibliography." The National Swedish Road and Traffic Research Institute,

Linköping. 1977-78. 82. Sandburg, U.

"Splash and Spray Protection."

Internal Memorandum. The National Swedish Road and Traffic Research Institute, Linköping, 1975. (In Swedish).

83. Sandburg, U.

"Spray Protectors Testing of Efficiency."

The National Swedish Road and Traffic Research Institute, Report No. 171A, Linköping, 1978.

84. Sandburg, U.

"Spray Protectors Testing of Efficiency."

National Swedish Road and Traffic Research Institute, Report No. 199A, Linköping, 1978.

85. Sandburg, U. and Bennerhult, 0.

"The Attenuation of Tyre Noise Emmission by Tyre Enclosing." The National Swedish Road and Traffic Research Institute, Report No. 151, Linköping, 1975. (In Swedish).

86. Sherard, T.D.

"Can We do Away With Splash and Spray." Traffic Safety, November 1971.

87. Sherard, T.D.

"Splash and Spray Tests." Go, Vol. 32. No. 10, pp 38.

11

-88. Sherard, T.D.

"Suppression of Vehicle Splash and Spray."

Society of Automotive Engineers. Paper No. 730718, 19 73. 89. Sherman, R.E.

"Test-Triple Trailer Combination - Winter Conditions." A memorandum report to Major P.A. Johnson, Washington State Patrol, January 30th, 1969.

90. Shomura, M.

"On the Visibility of Trucks."

J. Soc. Automotive Engineers, Japan, Vol. 17, No.2, 196 3. 91. Simpkins, P.G. and Newton, J.R.

"Water Spray Generated by Road Vehicles."

Annual Report of the University of Southampton contract with T.R.R.L., October 1974. (Unpublished).

92. Society of Automotive Engineers.

"Rear Wheel Splash and Stone Protection."

S.E.E. J682, SAE Recommended Practice, SAE Handbook, 1983. Vol. 4, Section 36, pp 60.

93. Steckel, S.S. and Westburg, J.V.

"Full Scale Evaluation of an Air Jet System as a means to Eliminate the Harmful Effects of Wet Runways."

Report No. LB-32662, Douglas Aircraft Co. Inc., October 19, 1965. 94. Stimpson, W.A. and Shapiro, S.R.

"A Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation of Devices for Reducing the Adverse Aerodynamic Effects of Large Trucks."

Alan M. Voorhees and Associates, Final Report on Subcontract S-1093-2 to Contract DOT-FH-11-9165, August 1978.

95. Stow, C D . and Stainer, R.D.

"The Physical Products of a Splashing Water Drop." J. Met. Soc. of Japan, Vol. 55, No. 5, P P 518-532. 96. Transport and Road Research Laboratory.

"Spray Reducing Surfaces."

LF 19 5, Dept. of Environment, Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, April 1975.

97. Transport and Road Research Laboratory. "Water Spray from Heavy Vehicles."

LF 602, Dept. of Environment, Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, December 1975.

98. Voigt, P.

"Dackskarming" (Tyre Noise Enclosing).

IFM Akustikbryan, AB TM 3.63 4.04 (Alternatively Report

No. 74-4601, Swedish National Board for Technical Development, Stockholm, 1976). (In Swedish).

99. Various

Proceedings of the International Tyre Noise Conference,

Stockholm, 1979. STU-inform 168-1980, National Swedish Board for Technical Development, Stockholm 1979.

100. Walton, W.H. and Prewett, W.C.

"The Production of Sprays and Mists of Uniform Drop Size by Means of Spinning Disc Type Sprayers."

Proc. Phys. Soc. B Vol. 62, p 341, 1949. 101. Waterson, M.

"A Laser Transmission Technique for Measuring the Attenuation of Light by a Dense Spray."

Dept. of Transport, London. 102- Weinstein, A.I.

"Fog Dispersal: A Technology Assessment." J. Aircraft, Vol. 14, No. 1. January 1977. 103. Weir, D.H.

"Truck Splash and Spray - Some Recent Results."

Society of Automotive Engineers. Paper No. 800529, 19 80. 104 Weir, D.H.

"Reduction of Adverse Aerodynamic Effects of Trucks. Vol. Ill: Final Report."

Systems Technology Incorporated. Report No. STI-TR-1093-2. September 1979.

105. Weir, D.H., Strange, J.F. and Heffley, B.K.

"Reduction of Adverse Aerodynamic Effects of Trucks. Vol I. Technical Report."

Systems Technology Incorporated. Report No. STI-1093-1. September 1978.

13

-106. Western Highway Institute.

"Splash and Spray Characteristics of Trucks and Truck Combinations."

Research Report No. 5, Western Highway Institute, California, May 1973.

107. Wilcox, D.

"U.S. Operator's Idea Cleans up Nicely."

Commercial Motor, pp 32-33, 2nd January 1982. 108. Wolfson Unit.

"Optical Laser Equipment for Snray Detection."

Wolfson Unit for Marine Technology and Industrial Aerodynamics, University of Southampton, Report No. 446, May 1980.

109. Wray, G.

"The Formation of Truck Spray on Wet Roads. Phase III, Laboratory Experiments."

Stevens Institute of Technology, Davidson Laboratory, Report 1384, March 1969.

110. Yamanka, A.

"Visibility Test on Mitsubishi Fuso Heavy. Duty Trucks." Mitsubishi Nippon Juko Technical Report, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1963. 111. Yamanka, A.

"Dynamic Visibility of Motor Vehicles."

1970 International Automobile Safety Conference, 13th FISITA Congress, SAE Paper No. 70039 3.

112. Yamanka, A. and Nagaika, N.

"Measurement and Control of Truck Spray on Wet Roads." FISITA XVIth Congress, Paper 4-11, 1976.

113. York, J.L. and Stubbs, H.E.

"Photographic Analysis of Sprays."

Transactions of A.S.M.E., Vol. 74, No. 7, October 1952, pp. 1157-62.

Acknowledgement

The author would like to thank Mr. A. Naysmith of the

Transport and Road Research Laboratory and Professor A.T. McDonald of Purdue University for kindly supplying copies of their own

bibliographies which proved useful in the compilation of this report.