Cooperative learning issues in elementary education: a Lithuanian case study

-RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB

445

Cooperative learning issues

in elementary education: A Lithuanian

case study

Daiva Jakavonytė-Staškuvienė

9\WDXWDV0DJQXV8QLYHUVLW\(GXFDWLRQ$FDGHP\

7äHYĀHQNRVJ/79LOQLXV/LWKXDQLD E-mail address: daiva.jakavonyte-staskuviene@vdu.lt

25&,'KWWSVRUFLGRUJ

Aušra Žemgulienė

9LOQLXV8QLYHUVLW\,QVWLWXWHRI(GXFDWLRQDO6FLHQFHV 8QLYHUVLWHWRJ/79LOQLXV/LWKXDQLD

E-mail address: ausra.zemguliene@fsf.vu.lt ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8622-6323

Emilija Sakadolskis

9LOQLXV8QLYHUVLW\,QVWLWXWHRI(GXFDWLRQDO6FLHQFHV 8QLYHUVLWHWRJ/79LOQLXV/LWKXDQLD E-mail address: emilija.sakadolskis@fsf.vu.lt ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0568-8003

Abstract

Aim. &RRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJ&/LVDZLGHO\UHFRJQLVHGSHGDJRJLFDOSUDFWLFHZKLFK

LQYROYHVVWXGHQWVZRUNLQJWRJHWKHUWRDFKLHYHFRPPRQJRDOVWKDWWKH\FRXOGQRWFRP

SOHWHLQGLYLGXDOO\-RKQVRQDQG-RKQVRQDUHDPRQJWKHPDLQWKHRULVWVEHKLQGWKHPRYH

PHQW,QWKH\DQQRXQFHGÀYHHOHPHQWVHVVHQWLDOIRUWKHVXFFHVVIXOLQFRUSRUDWLRQRI

&/LQWKHFODVVURRPDSRVLWLYHLQWHUGHSHQGHQFHEIDFHWRIDFHSURPRWLYHLQWHUDFWLRQ

FLQGLYLGXDODQGJURXSDFFRXQWDELOLW\GLQWHUSHUVRQDODQGVPDOOJURXSVRFLDOVNLOOV

HJURXSSURFHVVLQJ,QWKLVVWXG\ZHVHHNWRXQGHUVWDQGKRZSULPDU\VFKRROWHDFKHUV

LPSOHPHQWFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJDQGLQFOXGHWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGDVSHFWVLQWKHLUFODVVHV

Methods7KHTXDOLWDWLYHFDVHVWXG\ZDVFRQGXFWHGDWDSULPDU\VFKRROLQ9LOQLXV

/LWKXDQLD7ZROHVVRQVZHUHUHFRUGHGWUDQVFULEHGDQGDQDO\VHGWRJDWKHUHYLGHQFH

FRQFHUQLQJYDULDEOHVWKDWPHGLDWHFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJ7KHWHDFKHUVSODQQHGWKHOHV

VRQV WRJHWKHU XVLQJ WKH SULQFLSOHV WKDW DUH RXWOLQHG LQ D SURIHVVLRQDO GHYHORSPHQW

PHWKRGFDOOHG-DSDQHVHOHVVRQVWXG\7KHVWXG\LQYROYHGWZRWHDFKHUVDQG

SXSLOVLQWZRFODVVHVIRXUWKJUDGHUV$OVRLQWHUYLHZVZHUHFRQGXFWHGZLWKWKHWHDFK

HUVDQGWKUHHSXSLOVIURPHDFKFODVV

doi: 10.15503/jecs2021.1.445.468

Results and conclusion. 7KHIRUPVRIFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJREVHUYHGLQWKHFODVV

URRPVZHUHPDUNHGO\GLIIHUHQWHYHQWKRXJKWKHOHVVRQSODQVZHUHDOPRVWLGHQWLFDO,Q

/HVVRQWKHWHDFKHUSDLGPRUHDWWHQWLRQWRLQWHUGHSHQGHQFHLQWHUDFWLRQDQGUHÁHFWLRQ

&RQVHTXHQWO\VWXGHQWVPHQWLRQHGFRRSHUDWLRQDVVLVWDQFHDQGVSHFLÀFVRIJURXSZRUN

PRUHIUHTXHQWO\,Q/HVVRQWKHUHZDVPRUHWUDGLWLRQDOJURXSZRUNWKDQ&/VFKHPHV

DQGOHVVLQWHUGHSHQGHQFHLQWHUDFWLRQDQGUHÁHFWLRQ7KHÀYHHVVHQWLDOHOHPHQWVZHUH

XQHTXDOO\UHSUHVHQWHGLQWKHOHVVRQVKLJKOLJKWLQJWKHYDULHGXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI&/¶,Q

VLWX·UHVHDUFKUHYHDOHGZKLFKHOHPHQWVRIFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJQHHGWREHVWUHVVHGLQ

WHDFKHUSUHVHUYLFHDQGLQVHUYLFHVHWWLQJV7KHVWXG\DOVRGHHSHQHGWKHXQGHUVWDQG

LQJRIZKLFKDVSHFWVDUHPRUHGLIÀFXOWWRLPSOHPHQWRUZKLFKKDYHPDGHVLJQLÀFDQW

LQURDGVLQWRFODVVURRPSUDFWLFH

Originality. 6LWXDWLRQDO UHVHDUFK LQYROYLQJ ERWK &/ DQG -DSDQHVH /HVVRQ 6WXG\

WHFKQLTXHV SURYLGH YDOXDEOH LQVLJKWV LQWR WKH SURIHVVLRQDO GHYHORSPHQW RI WHDFKHUV

ZKRDLPWRLPSURYHWKHLUFODVVURRPSUDFWLFH

Key words:FRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJJURXSSURFHVVLQJVRFLDOLQWHUGHSHQGHQFHWKHRU\

-DSDQHVHOHVVRQVWXG\

,

OLVKHG D GRFXPHQW RXWOLQLQJ WKH FRPSHWHQFLHV WKDW SXSLOV QHHG WR VKDSH

WKHLURZQOLYHVDQGWRFRQWULEXWHWRWKHOLYHVRIRWKHUV7RDFKLHYHWKLVJRDOWKH

RUJDQLVDWLRQODXQFKHG7KH)XWXUHRI(GXFDWLRQDQG6NLOOVSURMHFW2(&'

7KHDLPRIWKHSURMHFWLVWRKHOSFRXQWULHVÀQGDQVZHUVWRWZRTXHVWLRQV

¶DWhatNQRZOHGJHVNLOOVDWWLWXGHVDQGYDOXHVZLOOWRGD\·VVWXGHQWVQHHGWR

WKULYHDQGVKDSHWKHLUZRUOG"EHowFDQLQVWUXFWLRQDOV\VWHPVGHYHORSWKHVH

NQRZOHGJHVNLOOVDWWLWXGHVDQGYDOXHVHIIHFWLYHO\"·S

&RRSHUDWLRQLVRQO\RQHRIWKHVNLOOVHPSKDVLVHGLQWKH2(&'SURMHFW7KH

GRFXPHQWKLJKOLJKWVWKHVNLOOVWKDWDUHDQGZLOOFRQWLQXHWREHHVVHQWLDOIRU

SUREOHP VROYLQJ ¶/HDUQLQJ WR >@ ZRUN ZLWK RWKHUV ZLWK GLIIHUHQW SHUVSHF

WLYHV>@DQGLGHQWLI\PXOWLSOHVROXWLRQVWRELJSUREOHPVZLOOEHHVVHQWLDOLQ

WKHFRPLQJ\HDUV(GXFDWLRQ>@QHHGVWRHTXLSVWXGHQWVZLWKWKHVNLOOVWKH\

QHHGWREHFRPHDFWLYHUHVSRQVLEOHDQGHQJDJHGFLWL]HQV·2(&'S

7KHGRFXPHQWDOVRVWUHVVHVWKDWWKLVFDQEHEHWWHUDFKLHYHGWKURXJKFROODERUD

WLYHUDWKHUWKDQLQGLYLGXDOHIIRUWV¶,QFUHDVLQJO\LQQRYDWLRQVSULQJVQRWIURP

LQGLYLGXDOVWKLQNLQJDQGZRUNLQJDORQHEXWWKURXJKFRRSHUDWLRQDQGFROODER

UDWLRQZLWKRWKHUVWRGUDZRQH[LVWLQJNQRZOHGJHWRFUHDWHQHZNQRZOHGJH

7KHFRQVWUXFWVWKDWXQGHUSLQWKHFRPSHWHQF\LQFOXGHDGDSWDELOLW\FUHDWLYLW\

FXULRVLW\DQGRSHQPLQGHGQHVV·2(&'S

,QVSLUHG E\ WKHVH 2(&' LQLWLDWLYHV LQQRYDWLYH FRRSHUDWLYH SUDFWLFHV ZHUH

FKRVHQDVWKHIRFXVIRUDWKUHH\HDULQWHUQDWLRQDOVWUDWHJLFSDUWQHUVKLS(UDVPXV

SURMHFWWLWOHG¶,QFOXVLYHFRRSHUDWLRQGHYLFHV·'LVSRVLWLIV,QFOXVLIVGH&RRSpUDWLRQ

WKDWLQYROYHVFRXQWULHV)UDQFHWKH1HWKHUODQGV,WDO\6SDLQ+XQJDU\5RPD

QLD6ZLW]HUODQGDQG/LWKXDQLD',&27KURXJKGRFXPHQWHGFODVVURRP

H[SHULPHQWVWKHFRQVRUWLXPZLOOVKDUHSUDFWLFHVDQGFRPSDUHFXUUHQWDSSURDFKHV

WKDWHQFRPSDVVVFKRROLQJLQ1RUWKHUQ6RXWKHUQ&HQWUDODQG(DVWHUQ(XURSH

7KLVZLOOHQDEOHWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDSXEOLFSODWIRUPIRUVKDULQJUHVRXUFHVDV

ZHOODVLGHDVDQGWRROVIRUSUHVHUYLFHDQGLQVHUYLFHWHDFKHUHGXFDWLRQ,QWKLVDUWL

FOHZHSUHVHQW3KDVHV,DQG,,RIWKHUHVHDUFKSURMHFWWKDWWRRNSODFHLQ/LWKXDQLD

EHIRUHWKH&RURQDYLUXVSDQGHPLFIRUFHGDWHPSRUDU\EUHDNLQWKHSURMHFW

Why cooperative learning?

&RRSHUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ LV D UHFRJQLVHG SHGDJRJLFDO SUDFWLFH WKDW WUDFHV LWV

EHJLQQLQJV WRWKH V DQG V ZKHQ VRFLDO WKHRULVWV SKLORVRSKHUV DQG

SV\FKRORJLVWV IRXQG WKDW SHRSOH ZKR ZRUN WRJHWKHU DUH PRUH HIIHFWLYH DQG

HIÀFLHQWLQDWWDLQLQJVXFFHVVIXORXWFRPHVWKDQWKRVHZKRZRUNLQGHSHQGHQWO\

WRDFKLHYHWKHVDPHJRDOV0D\ 'RRE.RKQ*LOOHV $GULDQ

5HVHDUFKRQLQVWUXFWLRQWKDWHPSOR\VVPDOOJURXSOHDUQLQJKDVUHSHDW

HGO\VKRZQWKDWVHFRQGDU\OHYHOVWXGHQWVRXWSHUIRUPWKRVHZRUNLQJLQODUJH

JURXSVHWWLQJVLQWKHDUHDVRINQRZOHGJHGHYHORSPHQWWKLQNLQJVNLOOVVRFLDO

VNLOOVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQ'DYLGVRQ 0DMRU

0DQ\WHUPVKDYHEHHQXVHGIRUJURXSOHDUQLQJLHVPDOOJURXSOHDUQLQJ

FROODERUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ FRRSHUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ SUREOHPEDVHG OHDUQLQJ WHDP

EDVHGOHDUQLQJSHHULQVWUXFWLRQSHHUWXWRULQJWHDPOHDUQLQJDQGRWKHUV,W

VKRXOG EH QRWHG WKDW PDQ\ HGXFDWRUV PDNH WKH PLVWDNH RI FRQÁDWLQJ WKHVH

WHUPV GHVSLWH VLPLODULWLHV WKHUH DUH VRPH NH\ GLIIHUHQFHV 0RVW FRPPRQO\

FROODERUDWLYH DQG FRRSHUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ DUH XVHG LQWHUFKDQJHDEO\ &ROODERUD

WLYHOHDUQLQJLVEDVHGRQFRQVHQVXVEXLOGLQJDPRQJJURXSPHPEHUV6WXGHQWV

ZRUNWRSURGXFHFRPPRQNQRZOHGJHQRWQHFHVVDULO\LQFROODERUDWLRQLQWHU

GHSHQGHQWO\&RRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJLVXQGHUVWRRGDVDFODVVURRPWHFKQLTXH

DVHWRISURFHVVHVZKLFKKHOSSXSLOVLQWHUDFWWRDFFRPSOLVKDVSHFLÀFJRDO,W

LVPRUHGLUHFWLYHWKDQFROODERUDWLYHDQGLWLVPRUHFORVHO\FRQWUROOHGE\WKH

WHDFKHUWRPD[LPLVHOHDUQLQJRXWFRPHV3DQLW]¶,QDFROODERUDWLYHSUR

MHFW>«@VWXGHQWVFRXOGGLYLGHXSWKHWDVNDQGDVVHPEOHWKHLQGLYLGXDOSDUWVLQ

RUGHUWRDFFRPSOLVKWKHFRPPRQJRDO,QFRQWUDVWFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJZRXOG

UHTXLUHVRPHFRRSHUDWLRQLQZKLFKDOOPHPEHUVZRXOGEHKHOGDFFRXQWDEOHWR

LQFUHDVHWKHLUNQRZOHGJHRIWKHLQGLYLGXDOSDUWV·'DYLGVRQ 0DMRUS

&RRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJLVWKHVSHFLÀFDSSURDFKH[DPLQHGLQWKLVUHVHDUFK

SURMHFWDOWKRXJKZHDOVRHQFRXQWHUHGHOHPHQWVRIFROODERUDWLYHOHDUQLQJSHHU

WXWRULQJDQGRWKHUIRUPVRIJURXSZRUN

,WVKRXOGDOVREHQRWHGWKDWPDQ\/LWKXDQLDQWHDFKHUVFRQVLGHUDQ\NLQG

RIJURXSZRUNWREHFRRSHUDWLYH7UDGLWLRQDOO\ZKHQVWXGHQWVDUHDVNHGWR

ZRUNLQDJURXSWKHWDVNVDUHXQGHUWDNHQE\WKRVHZKRDUHKLJKHUDFKLHY

HUVRUVKRZPRUHLQLWLDWLYHDOORZLQJRWKHUPHPEHUVWRSDVVLYHO\REVHUYHDQG

FRQFXU7KHUHIRUHWHDFKHUVKDYHQRWEHHQYHU\HQWKXVLDVWLFLQWKHLUUHDFWLRQVWR

FRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJRUDERXWZKDWWKH\DVVXPHGWREH&/VLQFHWKH\ZHUH

QRWDZDUHRIWKHGHOLEHUDWHPHWKRGVDQGVWUXFWXUHVWKDWKDYHEHHQGHYLVHGWR

RYHUFRPHWKHVKRUWFRPLQJVRIWUDGLWLRQDO¶JURXSZRUN·

6LQFHFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJKDVEHFRPHVXFKDZHOONQRZQDQGZLGHVSUHDG

SUDFWLFHZHZLOOQRWSUHVHQWWKHHQWLUHPHWKRGRORJ\LQWKLVDUWLFOH,WVKRXOGEH

QRWHGWKDWFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJWKHRU\PHWKRGVDQGVWUXFWXUHVKDYHGHYHO

RSHG LQ YDU\LQJ \HW FRPSOHPHQWDU\ GLUHFWLRQV WKURXJK WKH ZRUN RI VHYHUDO

WKHRULVWVDQGUHVHDUFKFHQWUHV0RVWSURPLQHQWDUHWKHFRQWULEXWLRQVRI'DYLG

:-RKQVRQDQG5RJHU7-RKQVRQRIWKH&RRSHUDWLYH/HDUQLQJ&HQWHUDWWKH

8QLYHUVLW\ RI 0LQQHVRWD $FFRUGLQJ WR -RKQVRQ DQG -RKQVRQ  

FRRSHUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ LV EDVHG RQ WZR WKHRULHV 6WUXFWXUH3URFHVV2XWFRPH

WKHRU\DQG6RFLDO,QWHUGHSHQGHQFHWKHRU\$OVRSURPLQHQWLQWKHGHYHORSPHQW

RIFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJWKHRU\DUH5REHUW(6ODYLQDWWKH&HQWHUIRU5HVHDUFK

DQG5HIRUPLQ(GXFDWLRQDW-RKQV+RSNLQV8QLYHUVLW\6SHQFHU.DJDQDWWKH

8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLDDQGRWKHUV7KHLUZRUNVDUHUHDGLO\DYDLODEOHWRWKRVH

LQWHUHVWHGLQOHDUQLQJPRUHDERXWWKHSUDFWLFH-RKQVRQ -RKQVRQ

-RKQVRQ-RKQVRQ +ROXEHF6ODYLQ.DJDQ.DJDQ  .DJDQ

&RQÀGHQFHLQWKHPHWKRGKDVEHHQVXSSRUWHGE\QXPHURXVUHVHDUFKVWXG

LHVDQGPHWDDQDO\VHVRIWKHHIIHFWVRIFRRSHUDWLYHFRPSHWLWLYHDQGLQGLYLGX

DOLVWLFJRDOVWUXFWXUHVRQVWXGHQWDFKLHYHPHQWLQWKHV)ROORZXSVWXGLHV

LQWKHVDQGWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKLVFHQWXU\H[DPLQHGWKHHIIHFWVRIFRRSHUD

WLYHFRPSHWLWLYHDQGLQGLYLGXDOLVWLFOHDUQLQJRQVXFKYDULDEOHVDVLQFUHDVHG

DWWHQGDQFH DFKLHYHPHQW WLPH RQ WDVN LQWHUSHUVRQDO UHODWLRQVKLSV PXWXDO

OLNLQJVRFLDOVXSSRUWVHOIHVWHHPSHUVSHFWLYHWDNLQJOHDUQLQJWRJHWKHUPRWL

YDWLRQDQGWKHLQFUHDVHLQDYDULHW\RIWKLQNLQJVWUDWHJLHVUHVXOWLQJLQVWURQJ

HIIHFWVL]HVLQIDYRXURIFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJ&OHDUO\ZHKDYHDVROLGERG\RI

HYLGHQFHWKDWWKHSHGDJRJLFDOSUDFWLFHRIFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJKDVDSURIRXQG

SRVLWLYHHIIHFWRQVWXGHQWOHDUQLQJDQGVRFLDOLVDWLRQ-RKQVRQ -RKQVRQ

$XJXVWLQH*UXEHU +DQVRQ6ODYLQ*LOOLHV

-RKQVRQ DQG -RKQVRQ LQGLFDWHG ÀYH HOHPHQWV HVVHQWLDO IRU WKH VXFFHVVIXO

LQFRUSRUDWLRQ RI FRRSHUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ LQ WKH FODVVURRP -RKQVRQ  -RKQVRQ

D*LOOLHV%XFKV6(5&

7KHVHÀYHHOHPHQWVDUHWKHWKHPHVIRUZKLFKZHORRNHGZKHQPDNLQJGHFL

VLRQVKRZWRFRGHWKHGDWDDFTXLUHGGXULQJRXUUHVHDUFKSURFHVV

‡ SRVLWLYH LQWHUGHSHQGHQFH ² SXSLOV XQGHUVWDQG WKDW WKH\ PXVW IXOO\ SDU

WLFLSDWHDQGDUHOLQNHGZLWKWKHLUFODVVPDWHVDQGWKDWWKH\FDQQRWVXFFHHG

XQOHVVDOORIWKHPVXFFHHG(DFKJURXSPHPEHUKDVDWDVNUROHRUUHVSRQ

VLELOLW\FUXFLDOIRUERWKWKHLURZQOHDUQLQJDQGWKDWRIWKHLUJURXSZKLFK

FDQQRWEHFRPSOHWHGE\DQ\RWKHUJURXSPHPEHU

‡ IDFHWRIDFHSURPRWLYHLQWHUDFWLRQ³SXSLOVHQFRXUDJHDQGIDFLOLWDWHHDFK

RWKHU·VHIIRUWVWRDFKLHYHWKHDVVLJQHGWDVN7KH\H[SODLQWRRQHDQRWKHU

ZKDW WKH\ DUH OHDUQLQJ DQG KHOS HDFK RWKHU XQGHUVWDQG DQG FRPSOHWH

DVVLJQPHQWV ,PSRUWDQW FRJQLWLYH DFWLYLWLHV DQG LQWHUSHUVRQDO G\QDPLFV

RFFXURQO\ZKHQSXSLOVSURPRWHWKHOHDUQLQJRIRWKHUWHDPPHPEHUV,WLV

WKHQWKDWWKH\EHFRPHFRPPLWWHGWRRQHDQRWKHUDQGWKHLUFRPPRQJRDOV

‡ LQGLYLGXDO DQG JURXS DFFRXQWDELOLW\ ³ SXSLOV XQGHUVWDQG WKDW HDFK RI

WKHPLVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUFRQWULEXWLQJDIDLUVKDUHRIWKHJURXS·VZRUN(DFK

VWXGHQWPXVWGHPRQVWUDWHPDVWHU\RIWKHVWXGLHGFRQWHQWQRWUHO\LQJRQ

RWKHUPHPEHUVWRGRWKHZRUN

‡ LQWHUSHUVRQDODQGVPDOOJURXSVRFLDOVNLOOV³WKLVLQFOXGHVSXUSRVHIXOO\

WHDFKLQJVWXGHQWVDERXWFRPPXQLFDWLRQOHDGHUVKLSWUXVWEXLOGLQJGHFL

VLRQPDNLQJIULHQGVKLSGHYHORSPHQWDQGFRQÁLFWPDQDJHPHQW

‡ JURXSSURFHVVLQJ³WKHJURXSUHÁHFWVRQKRZZHOOWKHJURXSPHPEHUV

DUHZRUNLQJFRRSHUDWLYHO\DQGKRZLWZRXOGEHSRVVLEOHWRLPSURYH7KH\

PDNHGHFLVLRQVDERXWZKLFKDFWLRQVVKRXOGFRQWLQXHRUFKDQJHWRLPSURYH

WKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIJURXSSURFHVVHV

Research questions, objectives, and methods 7KLVUHVHDUFKLVDFDVHVWXG\DOORZLQJWKHH[DPLQDWLRQRIUHDOVLWXDWLRQV

DQG H[SHULHQFHV 6WDNH  9HUKRHYHQ  7KLV PHWKRG LV SDUWLFXODUO\

XVHIXO ZKHQ WKH UHVHDUFKHUV KDYH OLPLWHG FRQWURO RI HYHQWV EXW ZRXOG OLNH

WKHDQVZHUVWR´KRZµDQG´ZK\µTXHVWLRQV<LQ:HZHUHLQWHUHVWHGLQ

KRZWZRIRXUWKJUDGHWHDFKHUVLQYROYHGLQWKHSURMHFWHPSOR\HGFRRSHUDWLYH

OHDUQLQJDFWLYLWLHV:HDQDO\VHGFHUWDLQEHKDYLRXUVKRZWKH\PDGHDQGLPSOH

PHQWHGGHFLVLRQVDVZHOODVWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHREVHUYHGOHVVRQV7KHJRDOLVWR

DXJPHQWDYDLODEOHUHVHDUFKDQGUHVRXUFHVRQFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJSUDFWLFHVLQ

SULPDU\VFKRROVHWWLQJVUHFRJQLVLQJWKDWWKHUHLVQRVLQJOHFRUUHFWHGXFDWLRQDO

SUDFWLFH7KHUHVHDUFKREMHFWLYHV

‡ 7RUHFRUGHYLGHQFHRIWKHÀYHYDULDEOHVWKDWPHGLDWHFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQ

LQJ HIIHFWLYHQHVV LH SRVLWLYH LQWHUGHSHQGHQFH IDFHWRIDFH SURPRWLYH

LQWHUDFWLRQLQGLYLGXDODQGJURXSDFFRXQWDELOLW\LQWHUSHUVRQDODQGVPDOO

JURXSVRFLDOVNLOOVJURXSSURFHVVLQJ

‡ 7RDQDO\VHKRZSXSLOVYLHZFRPPXQLFDWLRQDQGFRRSHUDWLRQLHZKDW

DGGHG YDOXH WKH\ FDQ GLVFHUQ KRZ WKH\ UHÁHFW RQ UHVSRQVLELOLW\ ZKDW

OHDUQLQJVNLOOVWKH\VHHNZKDWWKH\EHOLHYHKLQGHUVJRRGFRPPXQLFDWLRQ

DQGFRRSHUDWLRQ

‡ 7RDQDO\VHWHDFKHUV·UHÁHFWLRQVDIWHUWKHOHVVRQDQGWKHOHVVRQUHYLVLRQSUR

FHVVUHJDUGLQJDUHDVRILPSURYHPHQWERWKDFKLHYHGDQGVRXJKW

'XULQJWKHDQDO\VLVRIOHVVRQYLGHRUHFRUGLQJVWKHSUHYLRXVO\PHQWLRQHG

ÀYHHVVHQWLDOHOHPHQWVRIFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJZHUHGRFXPHQWHGYLDREVHUYD

WLRQIRUPV7KLVDOORZHGXVWRVWXG\KRZWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIFRRSHUDWLYH

OHDUQLQJSUDFWLFHVYDULHGZKHQGHOLYHUHGE\GLIIHUHQWWHDFKHUVHYHQZKHQWKH

OHVVRQSODQLVDOPRVWWKHVDPH$OWHW%UX %ODQFKDUG/DYLOOH$GGL

WLRQDO GDWD ZHUH JDWKHUHG WKURXJK SDUWLDOO\ VWUXFWXUHG LQWHUYLHZV ZLWK WKH

WHDFKHUVDQGWKUHHSXSLOVIURPRQHWHDPLQHDFKFODVV

7KHDQDO\VLVRIYLGHRGDWDLVDFRPSOH[SURFHVVGXULQJZKLFKZHVHHNWR

XQGHUVWDQGFRPSOLFDWHGSUDFWLFHVE\EOHQGLQJSV\FKRORJLFDODQGGLGDFWLFHOH

PHQWVWKHYDULRXVSHUVSHFWLYHVRIWHDFKHUVDQGSXSLOVLQVWUXFWLRQDOFRQWH[WV

PHWKRGVDQGDFKLHYHPHQWV$OWHW7KHSXSLODFWLYLW\WKDWLVFDSWXUHG

RQÀOPLVGHFRQVWUXFWHGDQGDQDO\VHG2QO\WKDWGDWDZKLFKDUHUHOHYDQWUHOL

DEOHDQGGLVFHUQLEOHIRUVXEVWDQWLDWLQJDFHUWDLQDFWLYLW\DUHFKRVHQIRUDQDO\

VLV'XUDQG5LD 9H\UXQHV7KLVDOORZHGXVWRH[DPLQHWKHTXDOLW\

RIOHDUQLQJDQGJURXSSURFHVVHVVRFLDOLQYROYHPHQWDQGWKHDGGHGYDOXHRI

FRRSHUDWLRQ:HZHUHDEOHWRVHHZKHQWKHZRUNZDVSURGXFWLYHZKDWFDXVHG

SUREOHPV ZKLFK SXSLO DFWLRQV GHPRQVWUDWHG LQYROYHPHQW RU SDVVLYLW\ 7KH

VXEVHTXHQWLQWHUYLHZVDOORZHGXVWRH[DPLQHZKHWKHUWKHWHDFKHUDQGSXSLOV

WKRXJKWWKDWWKH\DFKLHYHGWKHGHVLUHGUHVXOWVZKDWZHQWZHOODQGZKDWWKH\

EHOLHYHGVKRXOGFKDQJH

7KH SURFHVV RI OHDUQLQJ ZLWK RWKHUV LV PXOWLIDFHWHG LQYROYLQJ YDULDEOHV

VXFKDVclass climateSURSHUDWWLWXGHVDSSURSULDWHFRQWHQWSXUSRVLYHDVVLJQ

PHQWVWLPHPDQDJHPHQWDfoundation for learning and cognitionDOORZLQJWKH

LQFUHDVHRINQRZOHGJHDQGcooperative activitiesQHFHVVDU\IRUFRKHVLYHWHDP

ZRUN7KHVHWKUHHFRPSRQHQWVDUHUHODWHGWRWKHVRFLDOFRJQLWLYHDVSHFWVRID

WHDFKHU·VZRUN$OWHWDE&ODQHW:KHQDQDO\VLQJSXSLODFWLYL

WLHVLQFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJVWUXFWXUHVWKHIDFWRUVDQGXQGHÀQHGYDULDEOHVSUR

YLGHGE\WKHWHDFKHUDUHDOVRYHU\LPSRUWDQW-RKQVRQ -RKQVRQD*LO

OLHV+DWWLH%UHVVDX[7DOERW %UX7KLVLQFOXGHV

WKHWHDFKHU·VLQSXWLQSURYLGLQJDPRWLYDWLQJFODVVURRPFOLPDWH7KHWHDFKHU

DFTXDLQWV SXSLOV ZLWK QHZ PRGHOV RI WKLQNLQJ SUREOHP VROYLQJ VWUDWHJLHV

LQLWLDWHVFRQVWUXFWLYHGLVFXVVLRQDQGSURPRWHVUHVSHFWIXOEHKDYLRXU&RRSHUD

WLYHDFWLYLWLHVUHTXLUHWLPHWRFRQVXOWOLVWHQDQGXQGHUVWDQGWKHLGHDVRIHDFK

JURXSPHPEHU)RUPDWLYHHYDOXDWLRQVDUHSDUWLFXODUO\LPSRUWDQWVRWKDWWKH

WHDFKHUFDQSURYLGHFRQVWUXFWLYHVXJJHVWLRQV,QYLHZRIWKLVWKHFRQGLWLRQV

IRUFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJVXFKDVFODVVFOLPDWHWKHWHDFKHU·VUROHDQGPHGLDWLRQ

ZHUHDOVRFKRVHQDVWKHPHVLQDGGLWLRQWRWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGH[SUHVVLRQV

RIFRRSHUDWLYHVNLOOVDOORZLQJIRUDPRUHPXOWLOD\HUHGDQDO\VLV6WDNH

Participants, data collection and analysis scheme 7KH UHVHDUFK ZDV FRQGXFWHG DW D SULPDU\ VFKRRO LQ /LWKXDQLD·V FDSLWDO

9LOQLXVGXULQJWKHVFKRRO\HDU3UHFHGLQJWKHFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJ

WDUJHW OHVVRQV WKH SURMHFW SDUWLFLSDQWV DQG WKHLU FROOHDJXHV IURP WKH VFKRRO

UHFHLYHG LQVHUYLFH SURIHVVLRQDO GHYHORSPHQW UHJDUGLQJ WKH SULQFLSOHV DQG

VWUXFWXUHVRIFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJDQGKRZWKLVWHFKQLTXHGLIIHUHGIURPWUD

GLWLRQDOJURXSZRUN7KHSDUWLFLSDQWVDOVRSDUWRRNLQZRUNVKRSVRQ-DSDQHVH

OHVVRQVWXG\'RLJ *URYHVZKLFKZDVWKHPHWKRGXVHGE\DOOSDU

WLFLSDQWVRIWKH',&2SURMHFWWRLPSURYHWKHOHVVRQVDVWKH\ZHUHUHSHDWHG

ZLWKGLIIHUHQWFODVVHV,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHOHVVRQVWXG\IRUPDWUHFRP

PHQGVWKDWDOHVVRQEHUHSHDWHGLQWKUHHGLIIHUHQWFODVVURRPV+RZHYHUVFKRRO

FORVXUHVGXHWRWKH&29,'SDQGHPLFDOORZHGIRURQO\WZRH[SHULPHQWV

ZKLFKOLPLWWKHVFRSHRIWKLVVWXG\

(LJKWWHDFKHUVWDXJKWVSHFLÀFDOO\SODQQHGOHVVRQVLQJUDGHVRQHWKURXJK

IRXU0RVWSDUHQWVJUDQWHGSHUPLVVLRQWRÀOPWKHFODVVHVDQGXVHWKHPDWHULDO

IRUUHVHDUFKSXUSRVHV2QO\DIHZSDUHQWVUHIXVHGDQGWKHLUFKLOGUHQZHUHQRW

ÀOPHGGXULQJWKHOHVVRQ,QWKLVDUWLFOHZHSUHVHQWÀQGLQJVIURPOHVVRQVFRQ

GXFWHGE\WZRIRXUWKJUDGHWHDFKHUV(DFKFODVVFRQVLVWHGRISXSLOV

7KHFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJJURXSVZHUHKHWHURJHQHRXVLQWHUPVRIJHQGHU

DSWLWXGHDQGDFKLHYHPHQWOHYHO7KHHQWLUHFODVVZDVÀOPHGEXWRQHWHDP

ZDVFKRVHQIRUPRUHLQWHQVHREVHUYDWLRQ:HDOVRDUUDQJHGWRLQFOXGHDSXSLO

ZLWKOHDUQLQJGLIÀFXOWLHVLQWKHWHDPWKDWZDVEHLQJREVHUYHG7KHWHDPLQ

WKHÀUVWOHVVRQFRQVLVWHGRIÀYHSXSLOV²WZRJLUOVDQGWKUHHER\V7KHWHDP

LQ WKH VHFRQG OHVVRQ FRQVLVWHG RI IRXU VWXGHQWV ² RQH JLUO DQG WKUHH ER\V

$IWHU HDFK OHVVRQ WKH PHPEHUV RI WKLV WDUJHW WHDP DQG WKHLU WHDFKHU ZHUH

LQWHUYLHZHG:ULWWHQVXSSOHPHQWDU\PDWHULDODERXWWKHWHDFKHUVZDVJDWK

HUHGIURPWKHVFKRRO·VDVVLVWDQWGLUHFWRU7KHFROOHFWHGYLGHRGDWDIURPWKH

OHVVRQVDQGWKHLQWHUYLHZVZHUHWUDQVFULEHGUHOHYDQWHSLVRGHVZHUHFKRVHQ

DQGDQDO\VHGWRJHWKHUZLWKWKHLQIRUPDWLRQIURPWKHREVHUYDWLRQIRUPV

7KHTXDOLWDWLYHGDWDDQDO\VLVIRFXVHGRQWKHÀYHHVVHQWLDOHOHPHQWVRIFRRS

HUDWLYHOHDUQLQJ9LVXDOPDWHULDOVDQGLQWHUYLHZVWDWHPHQWVZHUHPDWFKHGWR

WKHÀYHWKHPHV7KHUHDVRQLQJEHKLQGWKLVDQDO\VLVRIWKHGDWDLVSUHVHQWHG

LQ7DEOH7KHFRQWH[WDQGWKHPHVDUHGHVFULEHGIRUHDFKOHVVRQ7KHPHVDUH

LQYHVWLJDWHGZLWKWKHDLGRIVXEWKHPHVPDNLQJFURVVFRPSDULVRQVRIVLPL

ODULWLHV DQG GLIIHUHQFHV &UHVZHOO  7KH UHVXOWV DUH VXPPDULVHG DQG

FRQFOXVLRQVDUHPDGH$OOÀJXUHVDQGWDEOHVLOOXVWUDWLQJGDWDH[FHUSWVDQG

DQDO\VLVWKHPHVDUHJHQHUDWHGE\WKHDXWKRUVRIWKLVDUWLFOH

Table 1

The data analysis scheme for research on cooperative learning Case contexts

Case 1 Case 2

Case accounts

Themes – Elements of cooperation

6XEWKHPHV

DQDO\VLVOD\HUV 'DWDVRXUFHV

Summation

Video Group

observation form

Interviews pupilswith

Interview teacherwith

Class climate X X

Teacher role X X

Group work X X X X

'DWDZHUHH[DPLQHGE\WZRUHVHDUFKHUV7HDFKHU$FRQGXFWHG/HVVRQ

DQG7HDFKHU%FRQGXFWHG/HVVRQ3XSLODSWLWXGHDQGDFKLHYHPHQWOHYHOV

IRUWKHWKUHHFKLOGUHQLQHDFKFODVVWKDWZHUHFKRVHQWREHREVHUYHGPRUH

FORVHO\DQGLQWHUYLHZHGDUHLQGLFDWHGDV3ORZHU3DYHUDJHDQG3

DGYDQFHG

Research results Case contexts

Lesson 1.

7HDFKHU$KDVEHHQWHDFKLQJIRU\HDUVDQGKDVEHHQFHUWLÀHGDVDQ¶H[SHUW

WHDFKHU·³WKHKLJKHVWUDQNLQJLQDÀYHWLHUV\VWHPRIFDUHHUVWDJHV $FFRUGLQJ

WRWKHDVVLVWDQWGLUHFWRU¶6KHLVJXLGHGE\WKHFRQWHPSRUDU\SDUDGLJPRIOHDUQ

LQJ6KHRIWHQRUJDQLVHVWKHOHDUQLQJSURFHVVLQSDLUVRUJURXSVDQGSXSLOV

DUHHQFRXUDJHGWRLQWHUDFWFRRSHUDWHRIIHULGHDVUDLVHTXHVWLRQVDQGGLVFXVV

)ULHQGO\UHODWLRQVKLSVEDVHGRQWUXVWDUHEHLQJFUHDWHGLQWKHFODVV7KHWHDFKHU

FRQÀGHQWO\WULHVRXWDYDULHW\RILQQRYDWLRQVLVFRQVWDQWO\KRQLQJKHUZRUN

VNLOOVDQGLVFDSDEOHRIUHÁHFWLQJRQKHUSURIHVVLRQDODFWLYLWLHV·

7KH WHDFKHU FKRVH WKH WKHPH RI /LWKXDQLD·V HPLQHQW KLVWRULFDO SHUVRQDOL

WLHV'XULQJWKHOHVVRQWKHSXSLOVZHUHWRUHYLHZDQGVXPPDULVHZKDWWKH\

DOUHDG\NQHZDERXWIDPRXV/LWKXDQLDQKLVWRULFDOÀJXUHV7KH\FRXOGXVHWH[W

ERRNVDQGLQIRUPDWLRQVKHHWVDERXWWKHÀJXUHVDQGWKHLULPSRUWDQFH7KHUH

ZHUHIRXUJURXSVRIÀYHSXSLOVHDFK,WZDVQRWHGWKDWWKHLQWURGXFWRU\SDUWRI

WKHOHVVRQZDVWRRORQJUHVXOWLQJLQDWLPHFUXQFK7KHSXSLOVZRUNHGTXLFNO\

WKH\FRPSOHWHGWKHWDVNVDQGGLVFXVVHGKRZZHOOWKH\ZRUNHGWRJHWKHUDQG

FRRSHUDWHGKRZHYHUWKHUHZDVQRWHQRXJKWLPHWRJHQHUDOLVHWKHUHÁHFWLRQV

7KHLQWURGXFWRU\SDUWRIWKHOHVVRQZDVGHYRWHGWRHQFRXUDJLQJFRRSHUD

WLYHOHDUQLQJ6\OODEOHVZHUHZULWWHQRQFDUGVWREHDUUDQJHGWRVSHOORXWWKH

WRSLFRIWKHOHVVRQ&RRSHUDWLRQZDVFHUWDLQO\HPSKDVLVHGEXWWKHWDVNZDVWRR

HDV\DQGKDGOLWWOHHSLVWHPLFYDOXH

7KHPDLQSDUWRIWKHOHVVRQLQFOXGHGIRXUWDVNV

Task 1 (5 minutes) (DFK JURXS UHFHLYHG HQYHORSHV FRQWDLQLQJ FRORXUHG

FLUFOHVRISDSHUZLWKFOXHVDERXWDFHUWDLQSHUVRQDVZHOODVWULDQJOHVZLWKWKH

QDPHVRIWKHSHUVRQDOLWLHV7KHSXSLOVZHUHWRSDVWHWKHWULDQJOHVRQWKHPDWFK

LQJFLUFOHVDQGWRDGGDIDFWDERXWWKDWSHUVRQ7KHVHZHUHWKHQSDVWHGRQD

SRVWHUDQGSUHVHQWHGWRWKHHQWLUHFODVV*URXSSURFHVVLQJIRFXVHGRQWKHIRO

ORZLQJFULWHULD+HOS,GLGLWP\VHOI,UHFHLYHGKHOS,KHOSHGRWKHUV,QIRUPD

WLRQ,NQHZWKDW,ORRNHGIRULQIRUPDWLRQDQG3DUWLFLSDWLRQ,SDUWLFLSDWHG

P\FODVVPDWHVGLGWKHZRUN

Task 2PLQXWHV(DFKJURXSUHFHLYHGHQYHORSHVFRQWDLQLQJWKHQDPHV

RIWZRSHUVRQDOLWLHV7KH\DOVRUHFHLYHGWKHLUSKRWRV7KHSXSLOVZHUHWRSUH

SDUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVDERXWWKHVHSHUVRQVDQGKDGWRLQFOXGHDWOHDVWWKUHHIDFWV

UHJDUGLQJZK\WKH\ZHUHIDPRXVZKDWWKH\DFFRPSOLVKHGDQGZKDWWKH\FUH

DWHG7KHJURXSKDGWRGHFLGHWKHLUSODFHRIELUWKDQGSDVWHWKHSKRWRRQDPDS

LQWKHDSSURSULDWHSODFH$IWHUWKHLUSUHVHQWDWLRQWRWKHHQWLUHFODVVWKH\ZHUH

WRDQVZHUWKHLUFODVVPDWHV·TXHVWLRQV7KH\FRXOGXVHWH[WERRNVRWKHUERRNV

WKHLU RZQ KRPHZRUN DQG SKRWRV 7KH SXSLOV ZHUH GLUHFWHG WR GLVFXVV DQG

GHFLGHZKLFKWKUHHIDFWVWRLQFOXGHLQWKHSRVWHUDQGZKHUHWRSDVWHWKHSKRWRV

7KH WHDFKHU VWUHVVHG ERWK FRQWHQW DQG FRRSHUDWLYH ZRUN 8SRQ FRPSOHWLRQ

HDFKJURXSDQQRXQFHGKRZZHOOWKH\ZRUNHGWRJHWKHUZKDWGLIÀFXOWLHVWKH\

HQFRXQWHUHGDQGKRZWKH\UHVROYHGWKHP

Task 3PLQXWHV$WLPHOLQHRIKLVWRULFDOSHULRGVIURPWKH^thWRWKH^st FHQWXULHVZDVWDSHGWRWKHERDUG(DFKJURXSUHFHLYHGWKUHHFLUFOHVZLWKWKH

QDPHVDQGSKRWRVRISHUVRQDOLWLHV3XSLOVKDGWRGHFLGHLQZKLFKFHQWXU\WR

SDVWHWKHLUFLUFOHV

7KHFRQFOXVLRQRIWKHOHVVRQZDVGHYRWHGWRSURFHVVLQJ7KHSXSLOVKDGWR

ZULWHVWDWHPHQWVRQ¶VWLFN\QRWHV·WREHSDVWHGLQDSSURSULDWH¶FORXGV·RQWKH

ERDUGWKDWLQFOXGHGWKHIROORZLQJTXHVWLRQV:KDWGLG,OHDUQWKDWZDVQHZ"

:KDWHOVHZRXOG,OLNHWROHDUQ":KDWZDVLQWHUHVWLQJ":KDWGLG,QRWOLNH

DQGZK\"7KHFKLOGUHQFRPSOHWHGWKHWDVNEXWWKHUHZDVQRWHQRXJKWLPHIRU

GLVFXVVLRQ

Lesson 2

7HDFKHU%KDVWDXJKWIRU\HDUVDQGLVFHUWLÀHGDVD¶VHQLRUWHDFKHU·³WKH

WKLUGFDUHHUVWDJHLQWKHÀYHWLHUV\VWHP7KHDVVLVWDQWGLUHFWRUGHVFULEHGKHU

DV¶FDOPVHQVLWLYHHPSDWKLF6KHLVDEOHWRFUHDWHIULHQGO\VXSSRUWLYHLQWHU

UHODWLRQVKLS6KHXVXDOO\HPSOR\VWUDGLWLRQDOPRGHOVRIWHDFKLQJWKDWLQFOXGH

GLVFXVVLRQH[SODQDWLRQQDUUDWLYHZKLOHZRUNLQJLQSDLUVRUJURXSVLVOHVVIUH

TXHQW7KHWHDFKHUKDVH[SHULHQFHZRUNLQJZLWKVSHFLDOQHHGVVWXGHQWVDQG

FDQDGDSWFRQWHQWWRWKHLUQHHGVDQGFDSDELOLWLHV·

$IWHU/HVVRQERWKWHDFKHUVHYDOXDWHGLWDQGGLVFXVVHGSRVVLEOHLPSURYH

PHQWV7KH\GHFLGHGWKDWWKHSDFHRIWKHOHVVRQZDVWRRIDVW\HWWKHUHZDVQRW

HQRXJKWLPHIRUGLVFXVVLRQDWWKHHQG7KHUHIRUHWKH\UHGXFHGWKHVFRSHRIWKH

VHFRQGWDVN7KHUHZHUHÀYHJURXSVRIIRXUSXSLOVHDFK7KHOHVVRQVWUXFWXUH

DQG WDVNV UHPDLQHG WKH VDPH EXW WKHUH ZDV D VPDOOHU QXPEHU RI KLVWRULFDO

ÀJXUHV

%HIRUHWKHOHVVRQWKHWHDFKHUGLVWULEXWHGVHOIDVVHVVPHQWIRUPVZKLFKZHUH

WREHFRORXUHGLQJUHHQ¶ZHOOGRQH·\HOORZ¶QRWHYHU\WKLQJZDVDFFRPSOLVKHG· RUUHG¶LWZDVQRWGRQH·6KHLQVWUXFWHGWKHSXSLOVWRQRWORRNDWWKHVKHHWVXQWLO

WKH\KDGFRPSOHWHGWKHÀUVWWDVNDQGVKHDOVRWROGWKHPQRWWRXVHUHG

6KHUHYLHZHGWKHQDPHVRIWKHHWKQRJUDSKLFUHJLRQVRI/LWKXDQLD3XSLOV

ZHUHQRWDOORZHGWRXVHDGGLWLRQDOUHVRXUFHVOHDYLQJXVZLWKWKHLPSUHVVLRQ

WKDWVKHGLGQRWIXOO\XQGHUVWDQGWKHHVVHQFHRIFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJ'XULQJ

WKH DFWLYLWLHV WKH WHDFKHU UHFHLYHG OLWWOH LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW SXSLOV· OHDUQLQJ

QHHGVRUDFKLHYHPHQWV7KHOHVVRQVHHPHGVWDJHGDQGLPLWDWLYH

7KHLQWURGXFWRU\SDUWRIWKHOHVVRQZDVVKRUWHQHGWRDOORZPRUHWLPHIRU

WKHPDLQOHVVRQ7KHPDLQSDUWRIWKHOHVVRQFRQWDLQHGVRPHZKDWDOWHUHGWDVNV

RI/HVVRQ

Task 1PLQXWHV7KLVSDUWZDVQRWFKDQJHG'LVFXVVLRQDERXWWKLVWDVN

UHJDUGLQJZKDWZDVPRVWGLIÀFXOWZDVFRQGXFWHGZLWKWKHWHDFKHUVWDQGLQJ

LQDIURQWDOSRVLWLRQ7KXVSURFHVVLQJIRFXVHGRQLQIRUPDWLRQUDWKHUWKDQRQ

JURXSZRUNVNLOOV7KHWHDFKHUDVNHGZKRZRUNHGZHOOLQWKHJURXSVDQGDOO

KDQGVZHQWXS

Task 2ZDVUHGXFHG7KHJURXSVZHUHDVNHGWRSUHVHQWQRWWZREXWRQH

SHUVRQDOLW\7KHSKRWRVZHUHSRVWHGRQWKHPDSLPPHGLDWHO\DIWHUWKHSUHVHQ

WDWLRQV7KLVOHIWPRUHWLPHIRUWKHKLVWRULFDOWLPHOLQHWDVN

Task 3ZDVDOVRUHGXFHG (DFK JURXS UHFHLYHG WZR KLVWRULFDO SHUVRQ

DOLWLHVLQVWHDGRIWKUHHWRSRVWRQWKHWLPHOLQH

7KHFRQFOXVLRQRIWKHOHVVRQSODQZDVQRWFKDQJHGDQWLFLSDWLQJVXIÀFLHQW

WLPHIRUSURFHVVLQJ

7KHSDFHRI/HVVRQZDVVORZHUZKHQFRPSDUHGZLWK/HVVRQ&ODVV

PDWHVSRVHGOHVVTXHVWLRQVWRWKHJURXSVSUHVHQWLQJWKHLUSRVWHUVDQGSXSLOV

ZHUHQRWDVSURÀFLHQWDWJHWWLQJLQYROYHGDQGDFWLYHO\FRRSHUDWLQJ'HVSLWH

SRVLWLYH FKDQJHV DQG RSWLPLVDWLRQ RI FRQWHQW WKH WLPH PDQDJHPHQW LVVXH

UHFXUUHGLQ/HVVRQSXSLOVZURWHUHÁHFWLRQVRQVWLFN\QRWHVSRVWHGWKHPRQ

WKHERDUGEXWWKHOHVVRQHQGHGEHIRUHWKHHQWLUHFODVVFRXOGGLVFXVVZKDWWKH\

KDGZULWWHQ

Case accounts

,QVXPPDULVLQJWKHÀQGLQJVRIQXPHURXVUHVHDUFKVWXGLHVUHJDUGLQJVXLW

DEOHSUHUHTXLVLWHVIRUFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJ-RKQVRQDQG-RKQVRQESUH

VHQWWKHIROORZLQJIDFWRUVDZHOOWKRXJKWRXWOHVVRQVWUXFWXUHFODVVURRPFOL

PDWHJURXSIRUPDWLRQWDVNVDQGWHDFKLQJPDWHULDOVVXLWDEOHIRUNQRZOHGJH

JURZWKDQGIRVWHULQJRIFRRSHUDWLRQDVZHOODVVWLPXODWLQJVXSSRUWIURPWKH

WHDFKHU2QHDVSHFWRIRXUDQDO\VLVIRFXVHGRQKRZWKHWZRWHDFKHUVIRVWHUHG

FRRSHUDWLYHVNLOOVGXULQJWKHLUOHVVRQV8VLQJYDULRXVGDWDVRXUFHVZHORRNHG

DWKRZWKHZRUNZDVRUJDQLVHGZKHWKHUSXSLOVXQGHUVWRRGVXSSRUWHGDQG

HQFRXUDJHGHDFKRWKHU·VHIIRUWVWRUHDFKJRDOVDQGZKHWKHUWKHWHDFKHUIDFLOL

WDWHGWKHVHXQGHUWDNLQJV

Classroom setting. 7KHVWUXFWXUHRI7HDFKHU$·VOHVVRQSODQZDVWKRXJKW

RXWLWLQFOXGHGDQLQWURGXFWLRQPDLQERG\DQGDFRQFOXVLRQ7KHFODVVURRP

ZDVSUHSDUHGIRUZRUNLQJLQJURXSVGHVNVZHUHSRVLWLRQHGWKHUHZDVVSDFH

IRUSUHVHQWDWLRQV7KHJURXSVZHUHKHWHURJHQHRXVWRLQFOXGHSXSLOVRIYDULHG

DSWLWXGHVDQGDFKLHYHPHQWOHYHOV7HDFKHU%GLGQRWFKDQJHWKHVWUXFWXUHRIWKH

OHVVRQZKLFKFRQVLVWHGRIWKHVDPHSDUWVDV/HVVRQ7KHFODVVURRPZDVDOVR

SUHSDUHGIRUJURXSZRUNDQGWKHSULQFLSOHRIKHWHURJHQHLW\ZDVPDLQWDLQHG

Lesson content7HDFKHU$SUHVHQWHGPHDQLQJIXOWDVNVVXLWDEOHIRUJURXS

ZRUN3XSLOVUHFHLYHGDSSURSULDWHKDQGRXWVDQGFRXOGXVHERRNVDQGKRPH

ZRUN DVVLJQPHQWV DERXW HPLQHQW /LWKXDQLDQ SHUVRQDOLWLHV 7HDFKHU % LQWHQ

WLRQDOO\ DPHQGHG WKH FRQWHQW UHGXFHG WKH VFRSH RI WKH WDVNV DQG SUHSDUHG

KDQGRXWV +RZHYHU LQ ERWK FDVHV WKH NQRZOHGJH WR EH DFTXLUHG ZDV IDFW

EDVHG QRW DOORZLQJ IRU HVVHQWLDO TXHVWLRQV WKDW FRXOG HQFRXUDJH GLYHUJHQW

WKLQNLQJ,WLVHQWLUHO\SRVVLEOHWKDWWKHWHDFKHUVZHUHVRIRFXVHGRQFUHDWLQJ

FRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUWKHSXUSRVHVRIWKH',&2SURMHFWWKDW

PRUHULJRURXVFRQWHQWZDVRYHUORRNHG7KHUHZDVOLWWOHDWWHQWLRQSDLGWRFULWL

FDOWKLQNLQJRUSUREOHPVROYLQJWDVNV

Time allocation.7HDFKHU$GLGQRWIRUHVHHWKHDPRXQWRIWLPHQHHGHGIRU

DOO WKH FRPSRQHQWV RI WKH OHVVRQ 7KHUH ZDV D SURORQJHG LQWURGXFWLRQ DQG

WLPHZDVVSHQWRQUHYLVLWLQJWRSLFVIURPSUHYLRXVOHVVRQV$OWKRXJKSXSLOV

ZHUHLQYROYHGDQGDFWLYHO\DQVZHUHGTXHVWLRQVWKHDPRXQWRIWLPHGHYRWHG

WRRWKHUPDWWHUVEHIRUHLQWURGXFWLRQRIWKHQHZPDWHULDOZDVWRRORQJ/DWHU

WKHWHPSRKDGWREHLQFUHDVHGDQGWKHUHZDVQRWHQRXJKWLPHIRUWKHWLPHOLQH

DFWLYLW\*URXSSURFHVVLQJGLGQRWRFFXU7HDFKHU%DOVRGLGQRWÀWLQWRWKH

DOORWWHGWLPHGHVSLWHDOWHULQJWKHDPRXQWRIPDWHULDOWREHFRYHUHGSRVVLEO\

EHFDXVHWKHSXSLOVLQWKLVFODVVZRUNHGDWDVORZHUSDFH

The teacher’s role.)RVWHULQJFRRSHUDWLYHVNLOOVLQYROYHVPRUHWKDQHQVXU

LQJ DQ DSSURSULDWH FODVVURRP VHWWLQJ DQG FXUULFXOXP 7KH WHDFKHU·V DFWLYH

UROHLVSDUDPRXQW7KH\PXVWREVHUYHVWLPXODWHJURXSOHDUQLQJVXPPDULVH

DFKLHYHPHQWV SURYLGH VXSSRUW DQG IHHGEDFN -RKQVRQ  -RKQVRQ E

7HDFKHU $ FOHDUO\ HQFRXUDJHV D FXOWXUH RI FRRSHUDWLRQ FRQVWDQWO\ VWUHVVLQJ

WKHEHQHÀWVRIFROOHFWLYHZRUNFXOWXUHGLQWHUDFWLRQDQGFRQVWUXFWLYHSUREOHP

VROYLQJLQKHUFRPPXQLFDWLRQVWRWKHFODVV$WWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHFODVVVKH

UHPLQGVSXSLOVWRGLVFXVVYDULRXVSRVVLELOLWLHVEHIRUHPDNLQJWKHLUGHFLVLRQV

6KHPRQLWRUHGWKHDFWLYLWLHVDQGJURXSZRUNUDLVHGSRLQWHGTXHVWLRQVDVNHG

IRUFRUUHFWLRQVDQGJDYHDGYLFH7KHWHDFKHUDOVRPDGHVXUHWKHSXSLOVKDG

WKRXJKWDERXWZK\WKH\ZHUHOHDUQLQJWKHPDWHULDO7KHVWXGHQWVUHVSRQGHG

¶7RNQRZPRUH·¶7ROHDUQDERXW/LWKXDQLD·VSDVW·¶6RWKDWZHFRXOGWHOORWKHUV

DERXWWKHVH/LWKXDQLDQSHUVRQDOLWLHVWRWHOOSHRSOHIURPRWKHUQDWLRQVDERXW

/LWKXDQLDQ SHUVRQDOLWLHV VR ZH FRXOG WHOO RXU FKLOGUHQ DQG JUDQGFKLOGUHQ·

7KHSXSLOVGLGQRWUHYLHZWKHUXOHVRIFRRSHUDWLRQDQGLWEHFDPHFOHDUWKDW

WKH\KDGGRQHWKLVEHIRUHDQGDOUHDG\NQHZWKHUXOHV7KHWHDFKHUGLGQRWOHW

WKHPJHWDZD\ZLWKHDV\DQVZHUV:KHQWKHSXSLOVVWDWHGWKDWWKH\ZRUNHG

¶VSOHQGLGO\·WKHWHDFKHUDVNHGWKHPIRUHYLGHQFH7KH\UHVSRQGHGE\VD\LQJ

WKDWWKH\KHOSHGHDFKRWKHUDQGGLGQRWJHWLQWRDUJXPHQWV$QRWKHUJURXS

VDLGWKDWWKH\ZRUNHGYHU\ZHOOEXWZKHQFRQIURQWHGZLWKWKHTXHVWLRQRI

KRZWKH\GLYLGHGXSWKHWDVNVWKHFKLOGUHQDGPLWWHGWKDWWKH\GLGQRWGRVR

ZHOODIWHUDOO8QIRUWXQDWHO\WKH\EODPHG3IRUQRWGRLQJWKHLUSDUW7ZR

JURXSVDGPLWWHGWKDWWKH\DUJXHGEXWWHDFKHU$UHPLQGHGWKHPWKDWWUXWKLV

ERUQIURPDUJXPHQWWKDW\RXFDQUHDFKFRQVHQVXVDQGWKDWZHPXVWDGKHUH

WR RXU DJUHHPHQWV 6KH DOVR GHYRWHG WLPH WR ZULWWHQ DQG RUDO SURFHVVLQJ RI

JURXS ZRUN DQG SXSLOV ZHUH RSHQ DERXW WKHLU VWUHQJWKV DQG VKRUWFRPLQJV

OHWWLQJXVEHOLHYHWKDWWKH\GLGWKLVUHJXODUO\'XULQJWKHLQWHUYLHZWHDFKHU$

ZDVSOHDVHGWKDW¶WKH\KHOSHGHDFKRWKHUWKHKHOSZDVWLPHO\DQGXVHIXOWKH\

DOPRVWGLGQRWQHHGP\KHOS³RQO\PLQLPDOO\·

7HDFKHU%ZDVUDWKHUQHUYRXVDQGVSHQWDORWRIWLPHUHÀQLQJWKHFRQWHQW

EXWWKHVHFKDQJHVZHUHLQVXIÀFLHQWIRUIRVWHULQJFRRSHUDWLRQVNLOOV6KHZRU

ULHGZKHWKHUKHUSXSLOVZRXOGÀQLVKLQWLPH7KHUHZHUHQRH[SODQDWLRQVRU

GLVFXVVLRQDERXWWKHVSHFLÀFVRIJURXSZRUNDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHOHVVRQDQG

WKHVWXGHQWVZHUHLPPHGLDWHO\JLYHQDWDVN7KLVPLJKWQRWKDYHEHHQDQLVVXH

LQWHDFKHU$·VFODVVEXWLWZDVDSSDUHQWWKDWWHDFKHU%·VFODVVKDGOLWWOHH[SH

ULHQFHZLWKJURXSZRUNDQGJRLQJRYHUWKHSULQFLSOHVRIFRRSHUDWLRQZRXOG

KDYHEHHQEHQHÀFLDO,WZDVFOHDUWKDWWHDFKHU%SHUFHLYHGKHUUROHLQWHUPVRI

FRQWHQWPXFKPRUHWKDQLQUHODWLRQWRWHDFKLQJFRRSHUDWLYHVNLOOV$OWKRXJKWKH

SXSLOVÀOOHGRXWWKHVHOIHYDOXDWLRQIRUPVDIWHUHDFKWDVNWKHWHDFKHUHQFRXU

DJHGWKHPWRJHWWKURXJKWKHPTXLFNO\DQGGLGQRWIROORZXSZLWKDQDO\VLV

4XHVWLRQLQJZDVIURQWDODQGGLGQRWFUHDWHRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUSXSLOVWRXQGHU

VWDQGWKHEHQHÀWVRIZRUNLQJFROOHFWLYHO\:KHQDVNHGDERXWWKHGLIÀFXOWLHV

ZKLFKWKH\KDGHQFRXQWHUHGWKHSXSLOVRQO\UHSRUWHGWKRVHWKDWKDGWRGR

ZLWKÀQGLQJVRXUFHVDQGZULWLQJWKHPXS2WKHUVFODLPHGWKDWHYHU\WKLQJZDV

YHU\HDV\1RERG\PHQWLRQHGDQ\DVSHFWVRIJURXSZRUN7HDFKHU%DOVRKDG

OLWWOHWRVD\DERXWJURXSSURFHVVHVVLPSO\VWDWLQJWKDW¶LWWRRNPHWZRZHHNV

WRSUHSDUHMXVWIRUWKLV·:KHQDVNHGDERXWSRVVLEOHLPSURYHPHQWVVKHDJDLQ

IRFXVHGRQO\RQWKHFRQWHQW

7KHÀYHHOHPHQWVRIFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJ Positive interdependence

6RFLDO LQWHUGHSHQGHQFH WKHRU\ GHVFULEHV SRVLWLYH LQWHUGHSHQGHQFH DV

RSSRVHG WR QHJDWLYH GHSHQGHQFH QR GHSHQGHQFH RU QR LQWHUDFWLRQ DV WKH

DWWDLQPHQWRIJRDOVZLWKWKHKHOSRIRWKHUV-RKQVRQ -RKQVRQ

E0RVWLPSRUWDQWLVWKHJURXS·VXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKDWWKH\DUHOLQNHGWR

RQHDQRWKHUDQGWKDWWKH\FDQQRWVXFFHHGXQOHVVDOORIWKHPVXFFHHG1DWX

UDOO\WKHUHZLOOEHWKRVHZKRVWUXJJOHDQGQHHGKHOSDQGSURSHUO\VWUXFWXUHG

FRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJKHOSVWKHVHVWXGHQWVWKHPRVW+RZHYHUKLJKDFKLHYHUV

DUHQRWQHJDWLYHO\DIIHFWHGEXWUDWKHUWKH\JDLQRSSRUWXQLWLHVWRPDQDJHDQG

EHFRPH ¶VRIW OHDGHUV· +PHOR6LOYHU .DWL 1DJDUDMDQ  &KHUQRELOVN\ 

*LOOLHV$OVRLWVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWRXUGHVFULSWLRQRISRVLWLYHLQWHU

GHSHQGHQFHLQFOXGHVWKLVSURYLVLRQ¶(DFKJURXSPHPEHUKDVDWDVNUROHRU

UHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUERWKWKHLURZQOHDUQLQJDQGWKDWRIWKHLUJURXSZKLFKFDQQRW

EHFRPSOHWHGE\DQ\RWKHUJURXSPHPEHU·

8QIRUWXQDWHO\ WKLV HOHPHQW RI FRRSHUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ ZDV YLUWXDOO\ QRQ

H[LVWHQWLQWKHVHOHVVRQV7KHUHZDVQRWKLQJLQWKHVWUXFWXUHRIWKHWDVNWKDW

SUHFOXGHGWKHVXFFHVVRIDIHOORZJURXSPHPEHULIDFODVVPDWHGLGQRWGRWKHLU

DVVLJQHGSDUW7KHUHZDVDOVRQRWKLQJLQWKHWDVNWKDWUHTXLUHGDVWXGHQWWR

PDNHVXUHWKDWWKHRWKHUWHDPPDWHVXQGHUVWRRGDQGPDVWHUHGVRPHRQHHOVH·V

FRQWULEXWLRQ7KHUHZDVOLWWOHFRQVWUXFWLRQRINQRZOHGJHWKDWUHTXLUHGLQWHQVH

GHOLEHUDWLRQDQGGHHSXQGHUVWDQGLQJ,QWKDWVHQVHWKHOHVVRQSODQVUHVHP

EOHG FROODERUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ PRUH WKDQ FRRSHUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ $OVR D IHOORZ

WHDPPHPEHUFRXOGHDVLO\¶SLFNXSWKHVODFN·RIDQLQDFWLYHSXSLOE\GRLQJ

DMREWKDWZDVQRWKLVRZQ$QH[DPSOHRIQHJDWLYHGHSHQGHQFHRFFXUUHGLQ

/HVVRQZKHQWHDFKHU%ZKRZDVVHHQDQGKHDUGE\DOODSSURDFKHG3DQG

DQQRXQFHGWKDW3KDGFUHDWHGDVXPPDU\VKHHWWKDW3FRXOGXVHGXULQJ

WKHOHVVRQ

&OHDUO\WKLVZDVDIDLOXUHRQRXUSDUW$VUHVHDUFKHUVDQGPHQWRUVZHXQGHU

VWRRGWKHQHHGIRUSURYLGLQJSURIHVVLRQDOGHYHORSPHQWRQFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQ

LQJIRUWKHSURMHFWWHDFKHUVVLQFHZHUHDOLVHGHDUO\RQWKDWWKH\LQDGHTXDWHO\

XQGHUVWRRGWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJDQGWUDGLWLRQDOJURXS

ZRUN:HVWUHVVHGWKHHOHPHQWRIface-to-face interactionDQGinterpersonal small group skillsDWWKHH[SHQVHRISRVLWLYHLQWHUGHSHQGHQFHLVVXHV:KLOHZHSUH

VHQWHGYDULRXVFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJVWUDWHJLHVVXFKDVWKH.DJDQ6WUXFWXUHV

.DJDQWKDWKDYHEHHQGHYLVHGWRHQVXUHSRVLWLYHLQWHUGHSHQGHQFHWKH

WLPHVSHQWGXULQJWKHSURIHVVLRQDOGHYHORSPHQWVHPLQDUVZDVHYLGHQWO\LQVXI

ÀFLHQW7KHUHIRUHZHHQFRXQWHUHGLQVWDQFHVRIWKHNLQGRIVKRUWFRPLQJVWKDW

DUHXVXDOO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWUDGLWLRQDOJURXSZRUN:KLOHZHREVHUYHGH[FHO

OHQW H[DPSOHV RI FKLOGUHQ ZDQWLQJ WR KHOS HDFK RWKHU WKHVH SURYLGHG JRRG

HYLGHQFHRIpromotive interactionDVVHHQLQWKHQH[WVHFWLRQUDWKHUWKDQpositive interdependence

Face-to-face promotive interaction

,Q/HVVRQWKHUHZHUHQXPHURXVH[DPSOHVRISXSLOVSURPRWLQJLQWHUDFWLRQ

7KH\HQFRXUDJHGDQGIDFLOLWDWHGHDFKRWKHU·VHIIRUWVDQGDVVLVWHGLQWKHFRPSOH

WLRQRIDVVLJQPHQWV7DEOHSUHVHQWVDXGLRDQGYLVXDOGDWDIURPWKHYLGHRRIWKH

WDUJHWJURXS,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWRWKHUJURXSVH[KLELWHGVLPLODUEHKDYLRXU

Table 2

Observed promotive interaction during Lesson 1

Episode Duration Evidence Comments

Orientation towards a result:

working to- gether;

sharing jobs;

interaction;

body positions;

sharing items and materials;



²

²





2QHER\KROGVWKHSDSHU

WKHRWKHUDSSOLHVWKHJOXH

7ZRJLUOVSDVWHWKHSD

SHUVRQWKHWLPHOLQH3

VWDQGVUHDG\WRKDQGWKH

JOXHWRRWKHUVDVQHHGHG

*URXSPHPEHUVOHDQLQ

WRZDUGVHDFKRWKHUWKH\

WDONQHJRWLDWHDQGVKDUH

PDWHULDOV

7KHJLUOVÀQGLQIRUPDWLRQ

LQWKHLUVRXUFHVZKLOHWKH

ER\VYHULI\WKHLQIRUPD

WLRQXVLQJWKHLUWH[WERRNV

3OLVWHQVDWWHQWLYHO\ULV

LQJIURPKLVVHDWPRXWK

RSHQ

$VSXSLOVFRQIHUDQG

VKDUHPDWHULDOVWKH\DUH

SDVVHGIURPRQHWRDQ

RWKHU

7KHLWHPVERRNVZULW

LQJLPSOHPHQWVJOXHDUH

ZLGHO\VFDWWHUHGRQWKH

WDEOHJLYLQJWKHLPSUHV

VLRQWKDWWKH\DUHFRPPX

QDOSURSHUW\

Encouraging interaction:

discussion;

encouragement to speak;

listening;

directing;

²





30DVNV3¶+RZ

GLG\RXGRDW\RXUMRE"

'LG\RXQHHGKHOS":KR

KHOSHG\RX"·

3H[SODLQVWKDWUHG

PDUNLQJVPHDQWKDW¶QR

ERG\KHOSHGXV·

Leadership (responsibil- ity):

job distribu- tion;

providing help;

²









²

3WDNHVRQWKH¶VRIW

OHDGHU·UROHDQGH[SODLQV

WR3ZKDWKHVKRXOGEH

GRLQJ

3KHOSV3DQGH[

SODLQVWKHWDVN

3H[SODLQVDQGJLYHV3

WKHVXPPDU\KDQGRXW

Leadership (manage- ment):

monitoring the work of others;

directing towards the result;

providing op- portunities for others;

²





²



3REVHUYHVWKHZD\3

GRHVWKHWDVNDQGRQO\

WKHQZLWKGUDZVIURPWKH

others to concentrate on KHURZQSDUWRIWKHWDVN

3FRPSOHWHVKHUSDUW

RIWKHWDVNDQGJOXHVWKH

WULDQJOHRQWRWKHFLUFOH

3WKHJURXSOHDGHU

KROGVXSWKHSRVWHUZKLOH

3SUHVHQWVWKHUHVXOWVRI

WKHLUZRUN

7KHYLGHRPDWHULDOVKRZVSXSLOVZKRZRUNDWWHQWLYHO\DFWLYHO\VWULYHWR

DFKLHYH WKH FRPPRQ JRDO LQWHUDFW DQG KDYH FORVH LQWHUSHUVRQDO WLHV 7KH\

UHYHDO WKLV WKURXJK WKHLU LQWHUDFWLRQV FRQIHU OLVWHQ KHOS HDFK RWKHU MRLQWO\

SUHVHQWWKHUHVXOWVDQVZHUTXHVWLRQVWKURXJKERG\SRVLWLRQVOHDQLQJLQWR

HDFKRWKHUWKHLUDFWLRQUHODWHGWRPDWHULDOVVKDULQJDQGMRLQWO\UHIHUULQJWR

VRXUFHV

-RKQVRQ-RKQVRQDQG+ROXEHFGHYRWHDJUHDWDPRXQWRIDWWHQWLRQ

WRERWKYHUEDODQGQRQYHUEDOEHKDYLRXUGXULQJLQWHUDFWLRQV7KH\HQFRXUDJH

WHDFKHUVWRH[DPLQHZKDWWHDPZRUNVNLOOV¶ORRNOLNH·DQG¶VRXQGOLNH·,WLVQRW

HQRXJKWRWHOOSXSLOVZKLFKVNLOOVRQHZDQWVWKHPWRXVHGXULQJDOHVVRQ7KH

DXWKRUVOLVWVRPHRIWKHYLVXDOFXHVWKDWLOOXVWUDWHHQJDJHPHQWLQJRRGLQWHUDF

WLYHVNLOOV7KHVHLQFOXGHVPLOHVH\HFRQWDFWWKXPEVXSDSDWRQWKHEDFN

OHDQLQJIRUZDUGDQLQWHUHVWHGSOHDVDQWH[SUHVVLRQRSHQJHVWXUHVDQGSRV

WXUHRQHSHUVRQWDONLQJZLWKRWKHUVOLVWHQLQJS9LVXDOHYLGHQFHRI

VXFKEHKDYLRXUVFDQEHVHHQLQ)LJXUHLQZKLFKZHVHHRWKHUJURXSVRISXSLOV

ZKRSDUWLFLSDWHGLQ/HVVRQQRWWKHRQHWKDWZDVVHOHFWHGIRUDQDO\VLV6XS

SRUWLQJGDWDIURPWKHREVHUYDWLRQIRUPFRQÀUPVWKDWWKHVHVFHQHVGHSLFWSRVL

WLYHRSHQDQGUHVSHFWIXOLQWHUDFWLRQVDPRQJWHDPPHPEHUV

Figure 1

Visual examples of face-to-face promotive interaction in Lesson 1



7KHGLVSOD\RISLFWXUHVLQ)LJXUHGHSLFWVH[DPSOHVRIVRXUFHDQGPDWH

ULDOVKDULQJLQ/HVVRQGXULQJWKHVHDUFKIRULQIRUPDWLRQQHHGHGWRFUHDWHWKH

SRVWHU

Figure 2

Visual examples of material sharing in Lesson 1

3HPHUJHGDVWKHREYLRXVOHDGHUZKRWRRNRQWKHLQLWLDWLYHRIKHOSLQJ

RWKHUVHVSHFLDOO\WKHORZHUDFKLHYLQJ36KHFRQVROLGDWHGHYHU\RQH·VHIIRUWV

WRZDUGVWKHGHVLUHGUHVXOWDQGGXULQJWKHWLPHGHYRWHGWRUHÁHFWLRQDWWKHHQG

RIWKHOHVVRQ6KHGLGQRWXSVWDJHWKHRWKHUVEXWUDWKHUOLVWHQHGWRWKHRSLQLRQV

RIRWKHUVDOORZHGJURXSPHPEHUV·LQSXWVDQGOHWRWKHUVSUHVHQWWKHZRUN6KH

DOVRGLVSOD\HGPDQDJHPHQWVNLOOVE\PRQLWRULQJWKHZRUNRIRWKHUVGLUHFWLQJ

WKHPWRZDUGVWKHGHVLUHGUHVXOWÀUVWKHOSLQJRWKHUVDQGRQO\WKHQWXUQLQJWR

KHURZQZRUN

7KH LQIRUPDWLRQ LQFOXGHG LQ WKH REVHUYDWLRQ IRUPV FRQÀUPHG WKH LQWHU

DFWLRQ DPRQJ WKH JURXS PHPEHUV HVSHFLDOO\ WKH FORVH FRQWDFW EHWZHHQ WKH

DGYDQFHGSXSLO3DQGWKHVWUXJJOLQJSXSLO3,QWHUYLHZVZLWKWKHWKUHH

Table 3

Observed promotive interaction during Lesson 2

Episodes Duration Evidence Comments

Orientation towards a result:

working to- gether;

sharing jobs;

interaction;

body positions;

sharing items and materials







'XULQJWKHLQWURGXFWRU\DFWLYLW\

DQGGXULQJWKHPDLQWDVNVWKH

SXSLOVVLWGLVWDQFHGIURPRQH

DQRWKHU

3WDONVRQO\WRWKHER\QH[WWR

KLP7KHWZRRIWKHPFRPSOHWH

WKHLUWDVNVEXWWKH\GRQRWVSHDN

WRWKRVHVLWWLQJDFURVVWKHPWKHUH

LVQRFRRSHUDWLRQ

3DQGWKHER\QH[WWRKLPGLV

WULEXWHWKHPDWHULDOIRUWDVN

$OOGRWKHLURZQZRUNEXWWKHUH

LVVRPHSDLULQWHUDFWLRQ3

KHOSV3

Encouraging interaction:

discussion;

encouragement to speak;

listening;

directing;

²



²



3OHDQVWRZDUGVWKHER\VLWWLQJ

DFURVVKLPEXWKHUHFHLYHVQR

UHVSRQVHDQGUHWXUQVWRKLVLQL

WLDOSRVLWLRQ

2QHER\H[DPLQHVWKHPDWHULDO

IRUWKHWDVNVKRZVDQGGLVFXVVHV

LWZLWK3RQO\2WKHUVGRQRW

SDUWLFLSDWH

Leadership (responsibil- ity):

job distribution;

providing help;



 3FRPSOHWHVWKHWDVNZLWKWKH

ER\VLWWLQJQH[WWRKLPDQGWKHQ

JHWXSWRSUHVHQW

7ZRER\VFRQIHUUHJDUGLQJDOO

WKHWDVNFRPSRQHQWVRWKHUVDUH

OHVVDFWLYH²DOOZRUNLQGLYLGX

DOO\

Leadership (manage- ment):

monitoring the work of others;

directing oth- ers towards the result;

providing op- portunities for others;

²







²



No instances were observed in the target group.

,QDQRWKHUJURXSWKHUHLVVRPH

QHJDWLYHLQWHUDFWLRQGXHWRWKH

OHDGHU·VDFWLRQV

- $JURXSPHPEHUZDQWVWR

LQWHUDFWDQGUHDFKHVIRUWKH

V\OODEOHFDUGVWKDWKDYHWREH

DUUDQJHGLQWRZRUGV

- 7KHJURXSOHDGHULPPHGL

DWHO\HQIROGVWKHFDUGVDQG

SXOOVWKHPWRZDUGVKHUVHOI

- 7KHER\SXOOVEDFNKLVKDQG

OHDQVKLVKHDGRQKLVKDQG

DQGQRORQJHUSDUWLFLSDWHV

FKRVHQ SXSLOV UHYHDOHG WKDW WKH\ XQGHUVWRRG WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW DVSHFWV RI

FRRSHUDWLRQ LQWHUSHUVRQDO FRQQHFWLRQ KHOS DQG MRLQW UHVSRQVLELOLW\ :KHQ

DVNHGZK\WKH\OLNHZRUNLQJLQDJURXSWKH\UHVSRQGHG

3Someone can explain things to you; you don’t have to do everything, write everything by yourself. Your friends can help you.

3Because then we do everything faster and we can agree faster.

3You are not the only one doing everything since someone helps, and well, there is responsibility because it’s not all on you, but on others too. You are not alone.

:KHQDVNHGZKDWKHOSHGWKHPWKHPRVWWKH\QDPHGVSHFLÀFSXSLOVDQG

GLGQRWJHQHUDOLVH

3 $NYLOŝ DQG 5ƈWD KHOSHG EXW -XOLXV GLG WRR ZKHQ ZH KDG WR ZULWH DERXW

-DEORQVNLV5ƈWDJDYHPHLQIRUPDWLRQDQG$NYLOŝKHOSHGPHGRWKHZRUN

35ƈWDDQG-XOLXVKHOSHGPHWRR

35ƈWDKHOSHGXVPRVWEHFDXVHVKHZDVPRVWSUHSDUHGVKHKDGIRXQGWKHPRVW

information.

7HDFKHU $ ZDV SOHDVHG ZLWK WKH SXSLOV· ZRUN DQG VWUHVVHG WKDW ZKHQ

ZRUNLQJ LQ JURXSV WKH FKLOGUHQ QHHG WR NQRZ KRZ WR GLVFXVV PDNH UHD

VRQHG FRQFOXVLRQV DQG WR GHOLYHU WKHP SXEOLFO\ DQG IRUFHIXOO\ 6KH FRQ

VLGHUHGWKHOHVVRQDVXFFHVVEHFDXVHFKLOGUHQZHUHDEOHWRÀQGDJUHHPHQW

&OHDUO\7HDFKHU$UHJXODUO\HPSOR\VJURXSZRUNDQGKHUSXSLOVNQRZWKH

UXOHVDQGDUHXVHGWRZRUNLQJLQJURXSV7KH\LQWHUDFWDQGUHÁHFWRQWKHLU

SHUIRUPDQFHLQWKHJURXS

7KH DQDO\VLV RI /HVVRQ  GDWD VKRZHG WKDW WKH OHVVRQ FRQWHQW ZDV PRUH

SURPLQHQWWKDQWKHDVSHFWVRIFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJ7KHUHZDVOLWWOHSURPRWLYH

LQWHUDFWLRQDVVKRZQLQ7DEOH

,QIRUPDWLRQRQWKHREVHUYDWLRQIRUPFRQÀUPVWKDW3RQO\WDONHGWR3

ZKLOH 3 ZRUNHG DQG WDONHG RQO\ WR KLV QHLJKERXU 7KH YLGHR GDWD VKRZV

QRGLVFHUQLEOHSURPRWLYHLQWHUDFWLRQ7KHUHZDVVRPHVKDULQJRIWDVNUHODWHG

PDWHULDOV 7KHUH ZDV VRPH SDLU LQWHUDFWLRQ EXW QRW DPRQJ WKH HQWLUH WHDP

7KHUHZDVQHJDWLYHLQWHUDFWLRQWKDWDURVHIURPDFRPSHWLWLYHVLWXDWLRQ7KLV

ZDVLQVWDUNFRQWUDVWZLWKDOOWKHKDQGVWKDWZHQWXSLQUHVSRQVHWRWKHTXHV

WLRQ¶:KRZRUNHGZHOOLQWKHJURXS"·

'XULQJWKHSXSLOLQWHUYLHZDIWHUWKHOHVVRQZHDVNHGZKDWKDGKHOSHGWR

ZRUNLQWKHJURXS7KHUHVSRQVHVVKRZHGWKDWVWXGHQWVZHUHPXFKOHVVDZDUH

RIWKHDVSHFWVQHHGHGIRUFRRSHUDWLRQ

31-because I had a handout [information prepared by classmates]. There was QRWKLQJRQ-DEORQVNLVEXW,IRXQGVRPHWKLQJDERXW%DVDQDYLĀLXV5XJLOŝKHOSHG>«@

when I needed to write.

3 Linas helped; well--not really helped. He showed me the sheet about

%DVDQDYLĀLXV

31LNLWDKHOSHGZKHQ,DVNHGDERXWVRPHWKLQJWKHQKHZRXOGWHOOPH>«+H

seems to be the smartest.

7HDFKHU%UHYHDOHGWKDWJURXSZRUNDQGFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJKDGQRWEHHQ

XVHGLQWKLVFODVVEHIRUHWKHSURMHFW6KHVDLGWKDWWKH\KDGEHHQGRLQJWKLVIRUD

PRQWKEHFDXVHLWKDGWREHGRQHIRUWKHSURMHFW'DWDIURPRWKHUVRXUFHVFRQ

ÀUPHGWKDWWKHSXSLOVLQWKLVFODVVDUHQRWDFFXVWRPHGWRZRUNLQJLQJURXSV

7KHFRPSOH[LWLHVRIFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJDUHREYLRXVO\QRWVRPHWKLQJWKDWZH

VKRXOGH[SHFWDWHDFKHUWRPDVWHULQVXFKDVKRUWWLPH3URIHVVLRQDOGHYHORS

PHQWLQWKLVDUHDZLOOEHGHSHQGHQWRQKHUEHOLHILQWKHYDOXHRIWKHPHWKRG

'XULQJKHUUHÁHFWLRQVRQWKHOHVVRQVKHPRVWO\VSRNHDERXWKHURZQUROHLH

KRZVKHSUHSDUHGIRUWKHOHVVRQWKHFKDQJHVLQFRQWHQWDQGWKHVFRSHWKDWVKH

LQLWLDWHG6KHVDLGOLWWOHDERXWSXSLOOHDUQLQJDQGFRRSHUDWLRQ

Individual and group accountability

7KLVDVSHFWRIFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJLVDQRWKHUDUHDLQZKLFKRXUUHVHDUFK

SDUWQHUV KDG LQVXIÀFLHQW IDPLOLDULW\ ZLWK WKH SULQFLSOHV WKDW JRYHUQ WKH

PHWKRG :H VKRXOG QRW HYDOXDWH SXSLOV EDVHG RQ JURXS UHVXOWV 7KH SUR

FHVVRIOHDUQLQJFDQWDNHSODFHZLWKLQWKHJURXSDQGWHDPPHPEHUVVKRXOG

HQVXUH WKDW HDFK RI WKHP KDV PDVWHUHG WKH PDWHULDO +RZHYHU DW WKH HQG

RI WKH SURFHVV HDFK SXSLO VKRXOG EH LQGLYLGXDOO\ DVVHVVHG DQG SUHVHQWHG

ZLWKWKHUHVXOWV¶6WXGHQWVOHDUQWRJHWKHUEXWSHUIRUPDORQH·6(5&LV

RIWHQXVHGDVDPDQWUDLQFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJ:KLOHDOHVVRQVKRXOGFOHDUO\

HQDEOHVWXGHQWVWRGHFLGHZKHWKHUWKHJURXSKDVDFKLHYHGWKHJRDOVLWVKRXOG

DOVRHQVXUHLQGLYLGXDOVXFFHVV

,QGLYLGXDO DFFRXQWDELOLW\ LV GHHPHG LPSRUWDQW WR SUHYHQW LQVWDQFHV RI

ZKDWKDVEHHQFDOOHG¶VRFLDOORDÀQJ·¶IUHHULGLQJ·RU¶KLWFKKLNLQJ·RQWKHZRUN

RIRWKHUV/DDO*HUDQSD\H 'DHPL/HDUQLQJLQJURXSVPDNHVHDFK

PHPEHUDVWURQJHULQGLYLGXDO-RKQVRQ-RKQVRQDQG+ROXEHGFLWH/

9\WRWVN\ZKRVWDWHG¶:KDWFKLOGUHQFDQGRWRJHWKHUWRGD\WKH\FDQGRDORQH

WRPRUURZ·S

5HDFWLQJWRFRPPRQPLVWDNHVHQFRXQWHUHGLQ&/SUDFWLFHV/DDO*HUQSD\H

DQG'DHPLVWDWH¶>&RRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJ@LVQRWWRPDNHOHDUQHUVFRQ

YHUVHZLWKHDFKRWKHUHLWKHUIDFHWRIDFHRULQDFRPSXWHUFRQIHUHQFHZKLOH

WKH\GRWKHLULQGLYLGXDODVVLJQPHQWV,WLVQRWDVNLQJVWXGHQWVWRGRWKHWDVN

LQGLYLGXDOO\DQGWKHQDVNLQJWKRVHZKRÀQLVKÀUVWKHOSWKRVHZKRKDYHQRW\HW

ÀQLVKHG$QGLWLVFHUWDLQO\QRWKDYLQJRQHRUDIHZVWXGHQWVGRDOOWKHZRUN

ZKLOHWKHRWKHUVMXVWDGGWKHLUQDPHVWRWKHUHSRUW·S

:KLOHVKRUWFRPLQJVDURXQGpositive interdependenceFDQEHDVVLJQHGWR

WUXQFDWHG SURIHVVLRQDO GHYHORSPHQW RQ FRRSHUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ WKLV LV QRW

QHFHVVDULO\ WKH FDVH UHJDUGLQJ individual accountability 3DUWLFLSDQWV ZHUH

UHSHDWHGO\WROGWKDWJURXSUHVXOWVVKRXOGQRWWUDQVIHUWRLQGLYLGXDOJUDGHV

7KH SDUWLFLSDWLQJ WHDFKHUV FOHDUO\ XQGHUVWRRG WKLV +RZHYHU RXU OLPLWHG

VWXG\XVHVREVHUYDWLRQDOGDWDIURPDVLQJOHFODVVSHULRG,WLVHQWLUHO\SRVVL

EOHWKDWWKHWHDFKHUVPHDQWWRIRFXVRQDFFRXQWDELOLW\LQDIXWXUHOHVVRQ)RO

ORZXSOHVVRQSODQVZHUHQRWDUHTXLUHPHQWRIWKH',&2SURMHFWVRWKLVLV

VLPSO\DFRQMHFWXUH:HFDQKRZHYHUFRQYLQFLQJO\VWDWHWKDWDWWHPSWVDW

WKHNLQGRIDFFRXQWDELOLW\GHVFULEHGKHUHZHUHQRWVHHQLQWKHWZROHVVRQV

ZHVWXGLHG

Interpersonal and small group social skills

$OOWKHRULVWVDQGSUDFWLWLRQHUVRIFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJVWUHVVWKHLPSRU

WDQFHRIVSHFLI\LQJDQGWHDFKLQJGHVLUHGEHKDYLRXU¶3ODFLQJVRFLDOO\XQVNLOOHG

VWXGHQWVLQDJURXSDQGWHOOLQJWKHPWRFRRSHUDWHGRHVQRWJXDUDQWHHWKDW

WKH\DUHDEOHWRGRVRHIIHFWLYHO\:HDUHQRWERUQLQVWLQFWLYHO\NQRZLQJKRZ

WR LQWHUDFW HIIHFWLYHO\ ZLWK RWKHUV ,QWHUSHUVRQDO DQG VPDOO JURXS VNLOOV GR

QRWPDJLFDOO\DSSHDUZKHQWKH\DUHQHHGHG<RXPXVWWHDFKVWXGHQWVWKH

VRFLDOVNLOOVUHTXLUHGIRUKLJKTXDOLW\FRRSHUDWLRQDQGPRWLYDWHVWXGHQWVWR

XVHWKHVNLOOVLIFRRSHUDWLYHJURXSVDUHWREHSURGXFWLYH·-RKQVRQ-RKQVRQ  +ROXEHFS

7HDFKHUV ZKR SDUWLFLSDWHG LQ WKH SURIHVVLRQDO GHYHORSPHQW VHPLQDUV

ZHUHH[SOLFLWO\WROGWKDWLIWKH\DUHQRWZLOOLQJWRXVHFODVVURRPWLPHWRWHDFK

WHDPZRUN VNLOOV WKH\ VKRXOG IRUJHW DERXW VXFFHVVIXOO\ HPSOR\LQJ FRRS

HUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ DV D KROLVWLF V\VWHP RI OHDUQLQJ 7KH FKDRV UHVXOWLQJ IURP

XQSUHSDUHGFODVVURRPLQWHUDFWLRQVLVRQHRIWKHPDLQUHDVRQVZK\WHDFKHUV

UHMHFWFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJ)LUVWO\ZHPXVWPDNHVXUHWKDWSXSLOVVHHWKH

QHHGIRUWHDPZRUNVNLOOV8VLQJUROHSOD\WRSURYLGHH[DPSOHVRIVLWXDWLRQV

ZKHQWKHVNLOOLVPLVVLQJLVRQHZD\WRGRWKLV6HFRQGO\WKHVWXGHQWVQHHG

WRXQGHUVWDQGZKDWWKHVNLOOVDUHKRZWRHQJDJHLQWKHVNLOODQGZKHQWR

XVH LW -RKQVRQ -RKQVRQ DQG +ROXEHF  SURSRVH WKH XVH RI 7&KDUWV

$VSUHYLRXVO\PHQWLRQHGDIWHUOLVWLQJWKHVNLOOVWKHWHDFKHUPLJKWDVNWKH

FODVV¶:KDWZRXOGWKLVVNLOOORRNOLNH"·$IWHUEUDLQVWRUPLQJWKHFODVVPLJKW

DJUHHRQDOLVWRIQRQYHUEDOEHKDYLRXUVWKDWHQFRXUDJHSDUWLFLSDWLRQVPLOHV

H\HFRQWDFWWKXPEVXSDSDWRQWKHEDFN$IWHUVWXGHQWVJHQHUDWHVHYHUDO

LGHDV WKH WHDFKHU PLJKW DVN WKH FODVV ¶:KDW ZRXOG WKLV VNLOO VRXQG OLNH"·

7KHSXSLOVVKRXOGFRPHXSZLWKDFWXDOSKUDVHVVXFKDV¶:KDWLV\RXULGHD"·

¶$ZHVRPH·¶*RRGLGHD·RU¶7KDW·VLQWHUHVWLQJ·7KHVHFRXOGEHSRVWHGLQWKH

FODVVURRPDVYLVXDOUHPLQGHUV7KLUGO\WHDFKHUVQHHGWRVHWXSSUDFWLFHVLWX

DWLRQVDQGHQFRXUDJHPDVWHU\RIWKHVNLOOS

:HFDQRQO\SUHVXPHWKDWWHDFKHUVKHHGHGWKHZDUQLQJDQGPDGHXVHRI

WKHDFWLYLWLHVWKDWZRXOGKHOSGHYHORSWHDPZRUNVNLOOVEHIRUHWKH\HQJDJHGLQ

SODQQLQJWKHWDUJHWOHVVRQ:HGLGQRWH[SHFWWRVHHPDQ\H[SOLFLWH[DPSOHV

RIWHDPVNLOOLQVWUXFWLRQGXULQJWKHREVHUYHGOHVVRQVLQFHWKDWVKRXOGKDYH

RFFXUUHGHDUOLHU+RZHYHUWHDPZRUNVNLOOGRHVQRWHQGZLWKWKHSUHSDUDWRU\

VWDJH-RKQVRQ-RKQVRQDQG+ROXEHFFRQWLQXHZLWKDIRXUWKVWHSHQVXU

LQJWKDWVWXGHQWVUHFHLYHIHHGEDFNRQWKHXVHRIWKHVNLOODQGWKDWWKH\UHÁHFW

RQ KRZ WR HQJDJH LQ WKH VNLOO PRUH HIIHFWLYHO\ QH[W WLPH :H GLG H[SHFW WR

ÀQGVRPHH[DPSOHVRIVXFKIHHGEDFN7DEOHVSUHVHQWVDIHZH[DPSOHVRIWKH

WHDFKHU·VUROHLQIRVWHULQJVRFLDOVNLOOVGXULQJ/HVVRQ

Table 4

Examples of the teacher’s input in fostering teamwork skills during Lesson 1

Episodes Duration Evidence Comments

The teacher’s role in fostering pupils’

teamwork and social skills.



 7KHWHDFKHUDSSURDFKHVWKH

JURXSDQGRIIHUVDGYLFHIf you cannot think of a fact on your own, ask a teammate for help.

:KHQWKHWHDFKHUDVNVKRZ

WKH\GLGLQWKHJURXSWKH

SXSLOVUHVSRQGLQXQLVRQvery well6KHWKHQDVNVDPRUH

VSHFLÀFTXHVWLRQUHJDUGLQJ

KRZJRRGWKH\KDYHEHHQDW

VKDULQJMREVDQGWKHJURXS

OHDGHUDFNQRZOHGJHVWKDWWKH\

KDYHGRQHso-so+RZHYHUVKH

SODFHVWKHEODPHRQ3ZKR

KDVQRWKHOSHGVXIÀFLHQWO\LQ

KHUHVWLPDWLRQ8QIRUWXQDWHO\

WKHWHDFKHUGRHVQRWRIIHU

IHHGEDFNWRFRUUHFWWKLV

SRVVLEO\EHFDXVHWKLVZDVD

VWUXFWXUDOSUREOHPUDWKHUWKDQ

DVRFLDOVNLOOVSUREOHP

$V SUHYLRXVO\ PHQWLRQHG WKH GHPRQVWUDWLRQ RI VRFLDO VNLOOV LQFOXGLQJ

WHDFKHU·VIHHGEDFNLVOHVVHYLGHQWLQ/HVVRQ$OWKRXJKLWLVREYLRXVWKDWRQH

PHPEHURIWKHWHDPZDVGRLQJPRVWRIWKHZRUNZKLOHRWKHUVZHUHSDVVLYHO\

REVHUYLQJRUURFNLQJEDFNDQGIRUWKRQWKHLUFKDLUWKHUHZDVOLWWOHLQWHUYHQ

WLRQ IURP 7HDFKHU % 6KH RFFDVLRQDOO\ XUJHG DOO WHDP PHPEHUV WR ORRN IRU

LQIRUPDWLRQ

Group processing

*URXSPHPEHUVQHHGWRSHULRGLFDOO\UHÁHFWRQWKHLUDFWLRQVWRDQDO\VHKRZ

ZHOOWKHLUOHDUQLQJJURXSVDUHIXQFWLRQLQJDQGWRPDNHSODQVIRULPSURYHPHQW

*URXSSURFHVVLQJLQYROYHVERWK¶WDVNZRUN·UHODWHGWRFRQWHQWDQGWHDPZRUN

'LVFXVVLRQVVKRXOGUHYROYHDURXQGWKHXVHIXODQGXQKHOSIXODFWLRQVRIPHP

EHUVDQGVKRXOGOHDGWRGHFLVLRQVDERXWZKLFKDFWLRQVVKRXOGEHFRQWLQXHGRU

FKDQJHG-RKQVRQ -RKQVRQE

<DJHU-RKQVRQ-RKQVRQDQG6QLGHUVWXGLHGWKHHIIHFWVRIDFRRSHU

DWLRQWKDWLQFOXGHGGLVFXVVLRQRQKRZZHOOWKHLUJURXSZRUNHGDQGKRZWKH\

FRXOG LPSURYH HIIHFWLYHQHVV E FRRSHUDWLRQ ZLWKRXW JURXS UHÁHFWLRQ DQG

FLQGLYLGXDOHIIRUWVLQJURXSV5HVXOWVVKRZHGWKDWORZPHGLXPDQGKLJK

DFKLHYHPHQWSDUWLFLSDQWVZKRKDGZRUNHGLQFRRSHUDWLYHJURXSVWKDWLQFOXGHG

UHÁHFWLRQ DOO DWWDLQHG EHWWHU GDLO\ UHVXOWV WKDQ WKRVH ZKR GLG QRW HQJDJH LQ

UHÁHFWLRQRUZRUNHGLQGLYLGXDOO\&URVDOVRVWUHVVHVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI

VRFLDODQGLQGLYLGXDOVXSSRUWZKHQUHÁHFWLQJXSRQJURXSZRUN&URV/DIRU

WXQH DQG 0RULVVH  DQG 0RULVVH /DIRUWXQH DQG &URV  VWUHVV WKH

LPSRUWDQFHRIFRQYH\LQJUHÁHFWLRQVRUDOO\5HÁHFWLRQLVDQH[FHOOHQWFRJQLWLYH

WRROHQDEOLQJGHYHORSPHQWRILGHDVDQGWKHVHDUFKIRUPHDQLQJ

7HDFKHU$GHYRWHGDFRQVLGHUDEOHDPRXQWRIWLPHIRUUHÁHFWLRQRQWHDP

ZRUN7KLVLVSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH3XSLOVDOVRÀOOHGRXWZULWWHQVHOIDVVHVVPHQW

IRUPVDQGUDWHGWKHPVHOYHVE\FRORXUFRGLQJWKHLUDFWLRQVLQHDFKWDVN*UHHQ

VWRRG IRU ZHOO GRQH \HOORZ DFNQRZOHGJHG WKDW QRW HYHU\WKLQJ ZDV DFFRP

SOLVKHGDQGUHG²LWZDVQRWGRQH

Table 5

(YLGHQFHRIUHÁHFWLRQRQWHDPZRUNGXULQJ/HVVRQ

Episodes Duration Evidence Comments

6HHNLQJ

DQVZHUVWR

TXHVWLRQV

what did we accomplish?

What else should we do? How can we do that differently?





7KHJURXSOHDGHUDVNVHDFK

JURXSPHPEHUWKHLURSLQLRQ

DERXWKRZVXFFHVVIXOO\WKH\

KDYHDFFRPSOLVKHGWDVN7KH

PHPEHUVGLVFXVVZKLFKJURXS

PHPEHUVKDYHKHOSHGZKRPDQG

ZKDWKDYHEHHQWKHLUDFWLRQV

:KHQVXPPDULVLQJWKHLUZRUN

DQGSUHVHQWLQJWKLVWRWKHFODVV

WKH\FODLPWKDWWKH\KDYHQRW

QHHGHGDQ\RXWVLGHKHOSDQGWKDW

WKHWDVNKDVEHHQHDV\

'XULQJWKHLQWHUYLHZ3VWDWHGWKDWKHHQMR\HGHYHU\WKLQJEHFDXVHKHOLNHG

WHDPZRUN*URXSOHDGHU3UHFRJQLVHGWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIQRWGRLQJWKLQJV

DORQHEHFDXVHWKHQWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\GRHVQRWIDOORQRQHSHUVRQ3DQG3

DFNQRZOHGJHGWKDWWKHUHZHUHTXDUUHOVDQGWKHWHDFKHUGHYRWHGWLPHWRGLV

FXVVKRZGLVDJUHHPHQWVFDQOHDGWRDJUHHPHQW3DOVRQRWHGWKDWJURXSZRUN

LVQRWDVHIIHFWLYHZKHQSXSLOVFRPHWRFODVVXQSUHSDUHGZKLFKLVDOVRVWUHVVHG

E\'HVSDURLVDQG/DPEHUWDQGE\+DVQL%HOOHWrWHDQG3RWYLQ

1RLVHZDVDOVRDQLVVXHIRU3,QJHQHUDOWKHSXSLOVLQ/HVVRQZHUHYHU\

SRVLWLYHDERXWFRRSHUDWLYHJURXSZRUNDQGDFNQRZOHGJHGWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI

JLYLQJDQGUHFHLYLQJUHVSHFW$OWKRXJKWLPHZDVGHYRWHGWRUHÁHFWLRQWKHUH

ZDVDODFNRIGHHSHUPHWDUHÁHFWLRQRQJURXSZRUN

$VPHQWLRQHGSUHYLRXVO\ERWKWHDFKHUVUDQRXWRIWLPHIRUPRUHFRPSOHWH

SURFHVVLQJRIWKHLUZRUNLQJURXSV,QERWKFDVHVPRUHVRLQ/HVVRQWKH

WHDFKHUVUHÁHFWHGRQWKHWDVNZRUNDQGWKHOHVVRQSODQUDWKHUWKDQWKHWHDP

ZRUNDQGVRFLDOVNLOOV7HDFKHU%GHYRWHGDOPRVWQRWLPHWRWKLVHOHPHQWRI

FRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJDQGLWZDVDSSDUHQWWKDWVKHGLGQRWÀQGWKLVWREHD

ZRUWKZKLOHDFWLYLW\6KHSRVHGDJHQHUDOTXHVWLRQWRWKHHQWLUHFODVVDQGQRW

DOOJURXSVUHVSRQGHG%HIRUHWKHOHVVRQWKHWHDFKHUGLVWULEXWHGWKHVHOIDVVHVV

PHQWIRUPVDQGLQVWUXFWHGWKHSXSLOVWRÀOOWKHPRXWDIWHUWKHÀUVWWDVN6KH

DOVRWROGWKHPQRWWRXVHWKHLUUHGPDUNHUVVLQFHWKHUHZHUHQRREVHUYHUVLQ

WKHFODVVDWWKLVWLPH7KHUHZDVQRGLVFXVVLRQDERXWWKHVHOIDVVHVVPHQWIRUP

WKHFKLOGUHQZHUHQRWDVNHGWRVKDUHDQGWKHWHDFKHUSRVHGQRTXHVWLRQVDERXW

FRRSHUDWLRQ$OOKHUTXHVWLRQVFHQWUHGDURXQGWKHFRPSOHWLRQRIWKHWDVN,Q

KHURZQUHÁHFWLRQVKHVSRNHPRVWO\DERXWKHUVHOIOHVVRQSUHSDUDWLRQFKDQJHV

LQOHVVRQFRQWHQWDQGOHVVRQVFRSHUDWKHUWKDQIRFXVLQJRQSXSLOOHDUQLQJRU

FRRSHUDWLRQ

Conclusions

&RRSHUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ LV PRUH WKDQ SXSLOV ZRUNLQJ WRJHWKHU ,W UHTXLUHV

WHDFKHUVWRFRQVFLRXVO\SLFNVWUXFWXUHVWKDWFRPSHOVWXGHQWVWRXVHVRFLDOVNLOOV

DQGEHFRPHLQWHUGHSHQGHQWZLWKRQHDQRWKHUWRFRPSOHWHDMRE)LYHNH\HOH

PHQWVKDYHEHHQLGHQWLÀHGDVHVVHQWLDOIRUFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJWREHHIIHF

WLYH D SRVLWLYH LQWHUGHSHQGHQFH E IDFHWRIDFH SURPRWLYH LQWHUDFWLRQ F LQGLYLGXDODQGJURXSDFFRXQWDELOLW\GLQWHUSHUVRQDODQGVPDOOJURXSVRFLDO

VNLOOVHJURXSSURFHVVLQJ$OWKRXJKWKHVFRSHRIWKHUHVHDUFKZDVOLPLWHGWR

WZRFODVVHVLQDVLQJOHSULPDU\VFKRROLWEHFDPHDSSDUHQWWKDWWKHWHDFKHUV·

DWWLWXGHVDQGH[SHULHQFHZLWKJURXSZRUNVWURQJO\LQÁXHQFHGKRZWKH\LQWHU

SUHWHGWKHVHÀYHHOHPHQWV:KLOHIDFHWRIDFHSURPRWLYHLQWHUDFWLRQZDVWKH

VWURQJHVWIDFWRUWKHUHZHUHDOPRVWQRVLJQVRISRVLWLYHLQWHUGHSHQGHQFHDQG

LQGLYLGXDODFFRXQWDELOLW\

7KLVVWXG\XQGHUOLQHVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI¶LQVLWX·UHVHDUFKLQWKHFODVVURRP

$OWKRXJKZHDUHSURIHVVLRQDOUHVHDUFKHUVDQGKDYHKDGPXOWLSOHRSSRUWXQL

WLHVWRREVHUYHZRUNLQFODVVURRPVZHGLGQRWUHDGLO\SHUFHLYHPDQ\RIWKH

LVVXHVWKDWPLJKWXQGHUFXWDPRUHIXOÀOOLQJH[SHULHQFHRIFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQ

LQJ&RQVWDQWO\JRLQJEDFNZDUGVDQGIRUZDUGVEHWZHHQWKHRULHVRIFRRSHUD

WLYHOHDUQLQJDQGWKHFROOHFWHGGDWDZHZHUHDEOHWRXQGHUVWDQGPDQ\RIWKH

FKDOOHQJHV PLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJV DQG PLVSHUFHSWLRQV WKDW VXUURXQG WKLV YHU\

SRSXODUPHWKRG7KHVWXG\UHYHDOHGZKLFKHOHPHQWVRIFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJ

QHHGWREHVWUHVVHGLQWHDFKHUSUHVHUYLFHDQGLQVHUYLFHVHWWLQJV

7KH ÀQGLQJV DOVR DOORZ XV WR IRFXV RXU IXWXUH UHVHDUFK RQ FRRSHUDWLYH

OHDUQLQJERWKZLWKLQDQGRXWVLGHWKHIUDPHZRUNRIWKH',&2SURMHFW:KHQ

OHVVRQVUHVXPHDIWHUWKH&29,'SDQGHPLFORFNGRZQZHZLOOEHDEOHWR

RIIHUPXFKPRUHWDUJHWHGSURIHVVLRQDOGHYHORSPHQWRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUWHDFK

HUVEDVHGRQWKHÀQGLQJVRIWKLVDQGIXWXUHUHVHDUFK

$VWKH',&2SURMHFWFRQWLQXHVLWZLOOEHLQWHUHVWLQJWRVHHZKHWKHUWKH

RWKHU  FRXQWULHV KDYH HQFRXQWHUHG VLPLODU VWUHQJWKV DQG ZHDNQHVVHV RU

ZKHWKHUGLIIHUHQWOHDUQLQJFRQWH[WV\LHOGGLIIHUHQWUHVXOWV

Note:7KHUHVHDUFKZDVIXQGHGLQSDUWE\WKH(UDVPXVSURMHFW',&2

¶,QFOXVLYHFRRSHUDWLRQGHYLFHV·'LVSRVLWLIV,QFOXVLIVGH&RRSpUDWLRQ