Journal of the Institute of Petroleum, Vol. 28, No. 224

V o l .

28. No. 224. A

ugust

1942.

C E T A N E N U M B E R S A N D P H Y S IC A L P R O P E R T I E S O F N O R M A L A L K Y L B E N Z E N E S A N D O T H E R H Y D R O C A R B O N S .

P art I I I . E v alu atio n of n -Alkyl Benzenes and Certain R elated H ydrocarbons a s Diesel Fuels.

By T. Y. Ju, B.Sc., Stud.Inst.Pet., C. E.

^{W o o d,}

M.Sc., F.Inst.Pet., and E. H.

^{Ga r n e r,}

Ph.D., M.I.A.E., F.Inst.Pet.

T h e ce ta n e n u m b e r s o f ra-dodecyl b en z e n e a n d ra- tetrad o d ecyl b en zene w e re fo u n d t o b e 68 a n d 72, r e s p e c t iv e ly . T h e b le n d in g c u r v e s fo r th e se tw o n - a lk y la te d b en z e n e s w i t h lo w - sta n d a rd - re fe re n c e fu e l a re s t r a ig h t lin e s.

T h e b le n d in g c e ta n e n u m b e r s o f th r e e d ip h e n y l h o m o lo g u es w e re o b ta in e d b y in te r p o la tio n o r e x t r a p o la t io n fr o m b le n d s w i t h h ig h - s ta n d a rd diesel re fe re n ce fu e l : t h e b le n d in g c u r v e s a re n o t lin e a r.

T h e ce ta n e n u m b e r o f m - d iis o p ro p y l b en zene is to o lo w to be r a n s tr a ig h t in th e en g in e . T h e b le n d in g ce ta n e n u m b e r as c a lc u la te d fr o m 50 p e r ce n t, b le n d is — 3, a n d t h e ce ta n e n u m b e r o f th e u n b le n d e d h y d r o c a r b o n as o b ta in e d b y e x t r a p o la t io n is —1 2.

A s u m m a r y is g iv e n o f b le n d in g c e ta n e n u m b e rs o b ta in e d in th e p res e n t w o rk a n d o f th o se p r e v io u s ly p u b lis h e d i n th e lit e r a t u r e , an d , w h ile th e d a t a are in c o m p le te , t h e y in d ic a t e t h a t t h e h y d ro c a rb o n s w it h a c o m p a c t or h ig h ly b ra n c h e d s t r u c t u r e t e n d to h a v e lo w c e ta n e n u m b e rs . T h e r e is th u s a general s i m i l a r i t y e x is tin g b e tw e e n o cta n e n u m b e r a n d ce ta n e n u m b e r, in t h a t th e t y p e o f s t r u c t u r e w h ic h g iv e s a h ig h o c ta n e n u m b e r also g iv e s a lo w cetane n u m b e r.

I

n

a previous paper ( J . In st. Petrol, 1939, 25, ^695-703) the cetane num­

bers and blending cetane numbers of four mono-n-alkylated benzenes—

namely, amyl, bexyl, heptyl, and nonyl benzenes—were described. In the present investigation two additional n-alkylated benzenes (alkyl group : C 12 and C14) have been investigated. The boding points of these two hydrocarbons correspond to the highest-boiling fractions normally present in automotive diesel fuels, and thus, together with the other normal alkylated benzenes previously tested, comprise most of the particu­

lar hydrocarbons of this series which may be present in diesel fuels.

Biphenyl and two hydrocarbons derived from it—namely, diphenyl dimethane and dibenzyl—have also been investigated, and as these boil at normal atmospheric pressure at 254-284° C., they are within the diesel fuel range. Two other hydrocarbons have been investigated, raeto-diisopropyl benzene (an isomer of the w-hexylbenzene tested in the previous series of hydrocarbons), and dicyc/ohexyl, a fully-saturated, two-ring compound boiling at 238° C.

M ono-A lkylated Benzenes, w-dodecyl- and w-tetradecyl-benzene.

The table below gives the principal physical properties of the two ^n- alkyl benzenes under consideration.

Sy n o p s i s.

m

J U W O O D , A N D G A R N E R : C E T A N E N U M B E R S A N D

Pro p e rtie s. n - D o d e cy lb e n z e n e . n - T e tra d e c ylb e n z e n e .

B o ilin g p o in t, 0 C. . D e n s ity , d)5‘5

V is c o s ity , in cen tisto kes .

A n ilin e p oin t, ° C. . • 0 ^• S . I. T . M oore a p p a ra tu s in o x yg e n , U

172-3/9 m m . 0-8607

f 4-2095 (1 0 0 ° F . ) 1 1-5656 (2 1 0 ° F . )

13-5 244

195-6/9 m m . 0-8605 5-6099 (1 0 0 ° F . ) 1-9584 (2 1 0 ° F . ) 27-1

242

The engine tests were carried out on the C.F.R. Diesel Fuel Testing Unit in the Esso European Laboratories at Vauxhall, London, by Mr. A. Prize­

man. The method adopted for the measurement of cetane number was the “ Coincident-Flash Fixed Delay ” method, using neon lights which are located on the periphery of the flywheel, and are operated by contact points on the combustion and injection indicators (A.S.T.M. Standards on Petroleum Products and Lubricants, issued October 1938, p. ⁸ ; ^{J . Soc.}

aut. Engrs, 1938, 43, 453). The combustion and injection indicators are of the bouncing-pin type, suitable provisions having been made for adjust­

ment of the contact points. The operating conditions specified in this method are as follows :—

1. E n g in e speed . 2. Ja c k e t te m p e ra tu re . 3. Cooling liq u id . 4. C ra n k ease lu b . o il 5. O il pressure 6. O il tem p eratu re 7. V a lv e clearances, cold 8. In je c tio n a d v a n ce

9. In je c tio n pressure (o pen in g pressure)

10. In je c tio n q u a n tity 11. In je c t o r cooling water-

ja c k e t te m p e ra tu re 12. A ir in le t te m p e ra tu re

C o n s ta n t, 900 ± 9 r.p .m .

C o n s ta n t w it h in ± 1 ° F . a n d a t a tem peratu re b e tw e e n 2 0 9 ° F . a n d 2 1 5 ° F .

D is t ille d w a te r , o r r a in - w a te r , o r eth ylen e-g lyco l if n e c e ssary .

S . A . E . 30.

25-30 psi.

120-125° F . r In t a k e , 0-008 in . 1 E x h a u s t , 0 010 in .

f 13 ° b .t.d .c . fo r r a tin g .

1 5 ° b .t.d .c . fo r c o m b u s tio n c o n t a c t s e ttin g . 1500 ± 50 p si.

13 0 ± 0-5 m l./ m in . 100 ± 5 ° F . 150 ± 2 ° F .

The cetane number of the unknown sample is estimated, and two refer- ence-fuel blends, one of which has a longer delay period and the other a shorter delay period than the sample, are selected, differing by not more than eight cetane numbers. The cetane number of the fuel under test is calculated by interpolation from the required compression ratio, giving coincidence of the two neon flashes for each of the two reference fuels.

Two reference fuels, the I.P.T. high-ignition-quality and I.P.T. low- ignition-quality secondary reference fuels, were used to match the sample.

The high standard fuel has a cetane number of 70-5, and the low standard a

cetane number of 18. Fuels of any cetane number between 70-5 and 18

can be matched by mixing these two reference fuels. In the case of ^n-

tetradecyl benzene, the cetane number was higher than that of the high-

standard-reference fuel, so a blend of primary reference fuel of cetane and

a-methylnaphthalene was used in matching the cetane number of the

P H Y S IC A L P R O P E R T IE S O F N O R M A L A L K Y L B E N Z E N E S . 161

sample. In general, by careful operation, results are reproducible to within

¿ 1 cetane number.

The following table shows the cetane numbers of the pure hydrocarbons and blends of the hydrocarbons with low-standard-reference fuel.

H y d r o c a r b o n s .

C e ta n e n u m b e r, % b y w e ig h t o f h y d r o c a r b o n in b le n d s w i t h lo w - sta n d ard - re fe re n ce fu el.

10 0% . 5 0 % . 2 5 % . o % -

« - D o d e c y l b en z e n e . 68 43 31 18

n - T e tra d e c y l b en zene 72 45 ■— • 18

These experimental results are shown in Fig. 1, which gives the relation­

ship between the cetane numbers of blends of low-standard-reference fuel and of the pure hydrocarbons against the percentage by weight of low- standard-reference fuel in the blends. Here the relationship is linear in hoth cases, the blending cetane numbers being the same as when the hydro­

carbons are run straight in the engine.

X n - D o d e c y l b enzene.

0 w - T e tra d e c y l benzene.

Fi g. 1.

B L E N D I N G C U R V E S O F U- A L K Y L B E N Z E N E S W IT H L O W S T A N D A R D R E F E R E N C E F U E L . M

2

The following table summarizes the results of the six alkylated benzenes so far investigated.

1 6 9 J U , W O O D , A N D G A R N E R : C E T A N E N U M B E R S A N D

(C f. J . Inst. Petrol., 1939,

25,

^695-703).

« - A m y l b en z en e.

n - H e x y l b e n z e n e .

n - H e p ty l b e n z e n e .

n - N o n y l b e n z e n e .

n - D o d e c y l b e n z e n e .

n -T e tra - d e cy l b enzen e.

S .I .T ., ° C. (M oore’s a p p a r a tu s

in oxygen ■ ■

V .G .C .1 (M oore a n d K a y e ) . C etan e n u m b er fro m V .G .C .1 . Ceten e n u m b er fro m Ting

a n a ly sis * . . Aniline po in t, 0 C.

D iesel in d e x 1 . . ■ C etane (ceten e) n u m b er b y A .S .T .M .- C .F .R . m e t h o d 4 . B len d in g ce ta n e n u m b er fro m

5 0% b le n d

276 0-9933 7-3 30-3

< - 1 2

8 ( 1 0 ) 18

2 61 0-8795 43-8 35-1

< - 1 2

2 6 (3 0 ) 32

25 5 0-8 7 2 5 47-5 38-0

< - 1 2

35 (4 0 ) 39

24 7 0-8 6 2 3 50-8 45-4 - 1 2 - 3 3-2 5 0 (5 7 )

51

2 4 4 0 -8464 56-3 52-2 13-5 18-6 6 8 (7 8 )

68

242 0-8402 58-3 55-5 27-1 26-7 72 (82)

72

1 G = 1 0 8 2 A - 0 088 7 + (0-776 - 0-72A ) lo g lo g ( K V - 4 ) . A = 1 -0 1 5 — 0 0 0 3 N . C i. M oore and Ka>yc k 0eneG^ m b e r 15i - p 4 2A3 f o )l N ° + 0 -8 5 P .

Cf.

K r e u le n , J . Inst. Petrol. Tech., 1 9 3 7 ,

23,

^253.

i D j egei in d ex = A niline p o in t, ° F . x A . P . I .° . c f B e c k e r a n d F is c h e r , J . Soc. out. Engrs, 1934, 35, 376-380.

‘ Loc. cit.

From the above comparison it is clear that for this particular class of

Fi g. 2.

S P O N T A N E O U S IG N IT IO N T E M P E R A T U R E S OF W-ALKYL BEN ZEN ES AGAINST C H A IN L E N G T H .

hydrocarbon, the cetene numbers obtained by engine tests differ consider­

ably from those calculated from the formulae of V.G.C. and ring analysis.

Aniline points and diesel indices are available for only three of the hydro­

carbons, and these increase regularly with increasing cetane number. The relationship between aniline point and cetane number is, however, quite different from that found for gas oils from petroleum, for which diesel index and cetane number are of about the same numerical order. S.I.T.

data are in corresponding order (the lower the S.I.T. the higher the cetane number) to the results of the engine tests, but, as will be seen later, the relationship between S.I.T. and cetane numbers varies for hydrocarbons of different series.

P H Y S IC A L P R O P E R T IE S O F N O R M A L A L K Y L B E N Z E N E S . 163

V4urrv\jsr COv\?on ft t o n \s m\V\e CViavn ■

X B le n d in g c e ta n e n u m b e r fr o m t h e 5 0 % p o in t .

© C e ta n e o f u n b le n d e d h y d r o c a r b o n s . Fi g. 3 .

C E T A N E N U M B E R S O F n - A L K Y L B E N Z E N E S A G A IN S T C H A IN L E N G T H .

The spontaneous ignition temperatures of these hydrocarbons are given in Fig. 2. With increase of chain length the curve flattens and tends to become asymptotic to the chain length axis.

Fig. 3 shows ^(a) the cetane numbers of the pure hydrocarbons, and ^(b) the blending cetane numbers calculated from 50 per cent, points which are plotted against chain lengths (number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain).

It is seen from the graph that the blending cetane numbers of the lowest

members are, in every case, higher than the actual cetane numbers of the

pure hydrocarbon. The difference, however, diminishes with ascent of the

series, and for n-dodecyl and n-tetradecyl benzenes the two values are

identical. It will be noted that the blending curves for the first four

hydrocarbons were determined on blends with low-reference-standard fuel

16 4 J U , W O O D , A N D G A R N E R : C E T A N E N U M B E R S A N D

and for the last two with high-reference-standard fuel: it is not known whether this has any bearing on the results, although the first four appear to lie on different curve for the last two points.

Bi p h e n y l a n d Ho m o l o g u e s o f Bi p h e n y l.

Only the blending cetane numbers of biphenyl, || | || |, diphenyl

/ <

( J I T / % - P I T --- P J I / %

methane, || | 2 || |, and dibenzyl, || 2 2 II I, were

\ s \ s \ s

determined, owing to their low cetane number and high melting points.

The hydrocarbons were purified by heating with sodium and by vacuum distillation over sodium (diphenyl methane) or recrystallizing several times from absolute alcohol (biphenyl and dibenzyl). The following table sum­

marizes the physical properties as determined in the laboratory.

P r o p e r t ie s . B ip h e n y l. D ip h e n y l

m e th a n e . D ib e n z y l.

M e lt in g p o in t , ° C . B o il i n g p o in t , ° C . D e n s i t y , d\

V is c o s it y , i n c e n tis to k e s R e f r a c t i v e in d e x . n D

S . I . T .

6 9 1 0-9861 ( 8 0 ° C .) r 1-302 (8 0 ° C .) 11-078 (2 0 0 ° F . )

1-5870 (7 5 ° C .)

T h e S . I . T . o f b ip ! a r e a l l o v e r 440

24-8 117-8/9 m m . 1-0002 (2 6 ° C .) 2-238 (1 0 0 ° F . ) 1-087 (2 0 0 ° F . ) 1-5739 (2 5 ° C .) 1-5713 (3 0 ° C .) e n y l, d ip h e n y l m e tl

° C.

53-0 0-9590 (60° C.) 1-998 (60° C.) 1-218 (200° F .) 1-5476 (60° C.) 1-5455 (65° C.) lan e , an d dibenzyl

Cetane numbers were made on blends of the pure hydrocarbons in high- ignition-quality secondary reference fuel (cetane number 70-5). Only low- concentration blends of biphenyl could be investigated, owing to the low solubility in the secondary reference fuels. The results obtained are given below :—

H y d r o c a r b o n s .

C e ta n e n u m b e rs , % b y w e ig h t o f h y d ro c a rb o n in b le n d s w i t h h ig h - stan d ard - re feren ce fuel.

5 0 % . 4 0 % . 3 0 % . 2 5 % . 2 0% . 1 0% . o%-

B i p h e n y l _ _ 61 67 70-5

D ip h e n y l m e th a n e 41 48 ___ 57 __ 65 70-5

D ib e n z y l — 45 51 — 59 — 70-5

lig. 4 shows cetane numbers of blends plotted against the percentage

y weight of high-standard-reference fuel in the blends. There appears to

,)(„.a f/^ 't curvature for all the three blending curves, which makes it

uitticult to estimate what is the actual cetane number of the unblended

C e t a n e N u m W ir

hydrocarbons. The following blending cetane numbers are calculated from the curves either by interpolation or by extrapolation.

P H Y S IC A L P R O P E R T IE S O F N O R M A L A L K Y L « E N Z E N E S . 1 65

H y d r o c a r b o n s .

B le n d in g c e ta n e n u m b e rs .

F r o m 2 5 % b le n d . F r o m 5 0 % b le n d .

B i p h e n y l 47* 2 1*

D ip h e n y l m e th a n e 43 1 1

D ib e n z y l 39 1*

* E x t r a p o la t e d , see F ig . 4.

8 0

TO

6 0

5 0

lt-0

30 o 20 ^{Wo 60 80} \oo

% \> y v\ie\^V\Y Y\\^Yv S t a n d a r d F l\ g \ .

A B ip h e n y l.

X D ip h e n y l m e th a n e .

© D ib e n z y l.

Fi g. 4 .

B L E N D I N G C U R V E S O F D I P H E N Y L H O M O L O G U E S W IT H H IG H S T A N D A R D R E F E R E N C E F U E L .

166 JU, WOOD, AND GARNER : CETANE NUMBERS AND

D icycloh exyl an d m -D iisopropylbenzen e.

CH,

xx-C H — CH„

/ \ / \ '

Dicyclohexyl, | V i ^{J ,} and m-dmopropyl benzene, l|^ - C H < ° |>

were purified (after heating with sodium) by vacuum distillation over sodium The following table gives the determined principal physical pro­

perties of the two hydrocarbons.

P ro p e rtie s. D ic y c lo h e x y l. m - D iis o p ro p y l

benzene.

M elting p oint, 0 C.

B o ilin g points, 0 ^C.

D ensity, d%° . ■ ■

Sp. G r. 60/60 ...

V isc o s ity in centistokes A n ilin e p oint, 0 C.

R e fra c tiv e index, n'D .

S . I. T . M o o re’s a p p a ratu s in o x yg e n , 0 ^C.

4-2 / 238-5 t 95-6/9 m m .

0-8865 0-8906

f 3-057 (1 0 0 ° F . ) 1 1-235 (2 1 0 ° F . )

48-2

r 1-4795 (2 0 ° C .) 1 1-4745 (3 0 ° C .)

257

204

75—6/9 m m . 0-8596 0-8638 1-250 (1 0 0 ° F . ) 0-644 (2 1 0 ° F .)

m iscib le 1-4890 (2 0 ° C.) 1-4850 (3 0 ° C.) 416

The cetane number of dicyclohexyl benzene and of blends with high- standard-reference fuel were determined, but only for blends with ^m- diisopropyl benzene, as the cetane number of the pure hydrocarbon was too low. The results of these engine tests are shown below.

C e ta n e n u m b e r, % b y w e ig h t o f h y d r o c a r b o n in b le n d s w i t h h ig h - sta n d a rd - re fe re n ce fu el.

10 0% . 6 5 % . 5 0 % . 2 5 % . 1 0% . o % .

D icyclo hex yl . 53 __ 61 66 ^{— 70-5}

w -D nso p rop yl benzene — 2 1 34 53 64 70-5

These data are plotted in Fig. 5, and the blending cetane numbers calcu­

lated from 50 per cent, points, together with the cetane number of un­

blended hydrocarbons, are as follows :

H y d ro c a rb o n s . C e ta n e n u m b e r. B le n d in g ce ta n e n u m b er fr o m 5 0 % b le n d . D icyclo hex yl

m -D m o p rop yl benzene

53 - 1 2*

53 - 3

* E x t r a p o la t e d , see F ig . 5.

Since dicyclohexyl consists of two naphthenic rings, the cetene number

calculated from Kreulen’s formula (loc. cit.) of ring analysis should be 10,

which deviates greatly from the experimentally determined figure. The

following table shows the evaluation based on laboratory methods.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NORMAL ALKYL BENZENES. 167

D icy cZ o h e x y l. m - D iis o p ro p y l b en zene.

S . I. T . , ° C . (M o o re ’s a p p a r a t u s i n o x y g e n ) 257 416

V .G .C . (M o o re a n d K a y e ) . . . . 0-8854 0-8843

C etene n u m b e r fr o m V . G . C . . . . . 43-2 43-6

C etene n u m b e r fr o m r in g a n a ly s is . 10 ^—

D ie s e l in d e x . . . 33-7 —

- 2 0 r

X D icy cZ o h e x y l.

® m - D iis o p r o p y l b en zene.

Fi g. 5 .

BLENDING CURVES OS’ DICf/cZoHEXYL AND TO-DIISOPROPYL BENZENE WITH HIGH STANDARD REEEREN CE FU EL .

A summary of the available data on cetane numbers and pure hydro­

carbons is given in the following table and Fig. ⁶ . The cetane numbers given are mainly blending cetane numbers based on 50 per cent, blends for the various series of hydrocarbons, and in Fig. 6 the cetane numbers are plotted against the total number of carbon atoms present.

1. The cetane number of benzene substituted by normal alkyl group of

progressively increasing lengths of chain show a minimum in the curve

beyond toluene, and tends to approach the maximum as the number of

carbon atoms approaches 20. Thus the initial substitution of paraffin erouDS actually results in lower cetane number, but with increasing length of chain paraffin substitution becomes more effective and the cetane number rises.

168 JU , WOOD, AND GARNER : CETANE NUMBERS AND

Blending Cetane Numbers (based on 50 per cent, blend).

T y p e of

h yd rocarbon . H y d ro c a rb o n . C ..

c,.

^{C n . C , 2.}

c„.

^{C „ .}

c15. c„. c„.

^{C l0,}

Paraffin C e tan e 100

Olefine

D icyclic naphfchene Benzene, su b st itu ­ en t— a stra ig h t ch ain

C eten e T e tra iso b u ty le n e D ici/efohexyl B e n ze n e T olu en e n -A m yl b en z en e n - H e x y l b en zen e n - H e p ty l b en zen e m -Nonyl b en zen e n -D od ecy l b en z en e n -T e tra d e c y l

b en zen e

-

¹⁰

e -

²¹

e 184 53°

324 394

514

88

a 5b

68

e 72e

Benzene, su b st itu ­ ent— a b ran ch ed ch ain

m -D iiso p ro p y l

b en zen e

— 3e

B iph en yl B ip h e n y l

D ip h e n y l m e th a n e D ib en zy l

21

c

IIe Ie

N ap h th ale n e series

a-M eth yl-

n a p h th a le n e 0

*■ .7. Inst. Petrol. Tech., 1938, 24, 1 7 0 -1 7 5 .

b J . Soc. aut. Iingrs, 1932, 31, 2 8 3 - 2 9 3 (fig u re g iv e n ia a c t u a l 'n o t b le n d in g c e ta n e n u m b e r).

0 P re se n t p a p e r, F ig s . 7 a n d 8.

4 J . Inst. Petrol. Tech., 1939, 25, 095.

2. For the first three members of the biphenyl series increasing length of chain between the two benzene rings is accompanied by a decrease in cetane number. The blending cetane number of biphenyl itself is 20, which is only slightly less than that of the normal alkyl benzene with the same number of carbon atoms—namely, dodecyl benzene with a cetane number of 32. 3. For 11 and 12 carbon atoms the cetane numbers of 3 hydrocarbons with 2 rings are available. Of these, saturated dicyc/ohexyl has the highest cetane number—namely, 53—biphenyl 21 and the condensed two-ring—a- methylnaphthalene—by definition has a cetane number of ⁰ .

4. The effect of branched chain is shown by the very low cetane number of m-difsopropyl benzene—namely, — 3—as compared with 32 for the straight-chain hydrocarbon normal dodecyl benzene.

5. For the hydrocarbons containing 16 carbon atoms the paraffin hexadecane is highest, the olefine hexadecene slightly lower, the corre­

sponding n-alkyl benzene can be assumed to be about 56, and the highly branched olefine tetraisobutylene is much the lowest—namely, only 5.

6 . While the data so far available are relatively incomplete, the indications are that hydrocarbons of highly branched structure, or of compact struc­

tures such as closely connected rings, have a very low cetane number.

1 here appears to be a general similarity between cetane numbers and

octane numbers from the point of structure, in that the type of structure

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NORMAL ALKYL BENZENES. 169

which produces high octane numbers gives correspondingly low octane numbers.

Wilke (Aut. Z., 1940, 148-149) has proposed the equation octane number = 120-2 (cetane number). This was based on blends of octane heptane cetane and a-methylnaphthalene, but does not appear to hold for other hydrocarbons, of which both cetane and octane numbers are known, although it is a useful guide.

T o V q \ rv u m ’p e r C a r b o n V \ V o r n s

1. o - M e th y l n a p h th a le n e . 7. T e tr a - is o b u ty le n e .

2. m - D iis o p r o p y l b en z ene. 8. C16H32 C e te n e .

3. 4 & 5. D ip h e n y l h o m o lo g u es . 9. C16H j4 C e ta n e . 6. D ieycZ o h e x yl.

Fi g. 6 .

B le n d in g ce ta n e n u m b e r.

O c ta n e n u m b e r.

A s d e te rm in e d . C a lc u la t e d fr o m fo r m u la .

B e n z e n e . . . . - 1 0 ^{87 140}

T o lu e n e . . . . - 2 1 90 162

n - A m y l b en zene 18 1 0 1 ⁸⁴

D ic y c lo h e x y l 53 — 7-5 14

D ip h e n y l m e th a n e 1 1 ^{128 98}

CeVoneNumWr-CeV<ane Number.

170 JTT WOOD, A N D G A R N E R : G E T A N E N U M B E R S A N D

N I

Fi g. 8 .

P H Y S IC A L P R O P E R T IE S O F N O R M A L A L K Y L B E N Z E N E S . 171

7. Blends of gas oils derived from petroleum usually give straight-line blending curves, and certain of the hydrocarbons investigated in this work have given straight-line blending curves. Thus the lower alkyl benzene have blending cetane numbers higher than the actual cetane numbers, whereas for two highest members investigated blending and actual cetane numbers are the same. Similarly there is an indication that biphenyl gives curved blending lines, and it would appear that further work should be done on this subject.

Department o f Oil Engineering and Refining, Birm ingham U niversity,

Edgbaston.

1 7 2

G A M M A - R A Y

W E L L -L O G G IN G IN T R IN ID A D .

T h e following illustrations to “ Gamma-Ray Well-Logging in Trinidad,”

by Glenn M. Conklin, were received after publication of the paper in the

J u l y ' 1942,

issue of the Journal (J. In st. Petrol.,

1 9 4 2 ,

28,

1 4 1 -1 4 5 ).

Sand

GAMMA RAY SCHLUMBERGER

Fi g. 1.

COM PARISON OF A S C H L U M B E R G E R L O G A N D A G A M M A -R A Y L O G M A D E I N T H E S A M E H O L E .

GAMMA-RAY WELL-LOGGING IN TRINIDAD. 173

F ig . 2.

L O G S SH O W IN G E F F E C T O F A D D I T IO N A L S T R IN G O F C A S IN G O N A B S O R P T IO N O F G AM M A R A Y S .

G AM M A-BAY W E L L -L O G G IN G I N T R IN ID A D .

A B C D E

F i a . 3.

CORRELATION IN A DIP DIRECTION BY MEANS OF GAMMA-RAY LOGS

N 0 ‘ P Q R 5

G A M M A -R A Y W E L L -L O G G IN G I N T R IN ID A D . 1 7 5

F ig . 4.

SERIES OF GAMMA-RAY LOGS SHOWING LOCATION OF A FAULT B Y CORRELATION OF THE LOGS.

A F G GH H I J K L M

F ^ig . 5.

GAMMA-RAY LOGS FOR A SER IES OF W ELLS ADJACENT TO AN ELECTRICALLY LOGGED

W ELL. THE LOGS W ERE STUDIED FOR CORRELATION AND PO SSIBLE PERFORATION.

176

(Member 1925-1941).

T h e Institute learns with the greatest regret that Professor Stanislas Pilat died at enemy hands in Lvow recently. He was sacrificed at the altar of Polish science and culture by a ruthless foe.

Many of our senior Fellows knew Professor Pilat intimately. The last time the writer met him was in Delft just before the war, and, unfortunately, there is little news these days of our Dutch colleagues—all equal in ability, scientific knowledge, and humanity.

It is grievous to all right-minded people that the dogs of war should so afflict the very men whose whole lives and activities are devoted to the common good, and surely a grievous retribution must fall on the assassins who are responsible for the blood of these innocent scientists.

Professor Pilat was a prolific writer, and a survey of his researches shows that he studied with characteristic energy the chemistry of naphthenic acids and their derivatives. Looking ahead, his work on gases and selective solvents will clearly give him a place in the hierarchy of petro­

leum chemists. He was always interested in the synthesis of compounds that simulated, or even excelled, the properties of natural hydrocarbons.

Had he lived to the full fruition of his acute mental activities he would have rejoiced in the overwhelming development of better and better products—

aviation spirit, fuels, lubricants, solvents, plastics, and synthetic rubbers.

Our thoughts go out to his widow, Madame Newman-Pilat, formerly his brilliant pupil. Their last joint paper was dated 1940 and appeared in the

Jou rn al o f A p p lied Chem istry (U .S .S .R .) A. E. D.

In Professor Pilat German barbarity has robbed us of an outstanding personality in the world of petroleum technology and one who was a loyal and generous friend of those who could claim to be his intimates. It may be hoped that when opportunity occurs a full account of Pilat’s work may be prepared or a memorial lecture given, for his investigations and career are worthy of close study. In the meantime we can but pa}

our tribute to him. He was a great Pole, and though no details are yet forthcoming, there is little doubt in my mind that his imprisonment and assassination were the result of refusal to co-operate with the Germans against his beloved country and its friends and allies. S. J. M. A.

O B I T U A R Y .

P R O F E S S O R S T A N I S L A S P I L A T .

Bi b l i o g r a p h y o f Pr o f e s s o r Pi l a t i

“ S u lp h o n a t io n o f N a p h t h e n ic A c id s . ” W . K is ie le w ic z , S . P ila t , an d J . Sere 2nd Congres M ond. Petrole, 1938, 2, 435-439.

C o n s t it u t io n o f L u b r ic a t in g O ils .” J . M ü lle r , S . P i l a t , a n d VV. Szankow slu. : _ C o n g re s M o n d . P é tr o le , 1937, 2 (S o c t. 2 ), 123-125.

JD e to e tio n o f P h e n o s u lp h o n io A c id s in th e P r o d u c t s o f th e In te r a c tio n b etw 2 2 ( l l - ri 2 ) 4 5 9 - 4 « 3 M u lo r a l O Ü 8 -” S . P i l a t a n d J . S e re d a . Przem. Chem., 19 M . m !°O o d le w it z a n c t ^ p n ïï i* l’o ® ^ u tio n s o f G a s e s a t O r d in a r y Tem peratur m d 1 ,Itlt • 2 n a Congres Mond. Pétrole, 2 (S e c t. 2), 883-886.

O B IT U A R Y . 177

“ P r e p a r a t io n o f N a p h t h e n e —S u lp h o n ic A c id s fr o m P e t r o le u m .” S . v . P i l a t a n d X . T u r k ie w ic z .

Petrol Z.,

^23.2.38,

34

(8), 5.

“ N a p h th e n e H y d r o c a r b o n s o f H i g h M o le c u la r W e ig h t . ” J . M u lle r a n d S . v . P i l a t .

Brennst.-Chemie,

^1936,

17,

461^165.

“ S u lp h o n a te d N a p h t h e n ic A c id s .” S . v . P i l a t a n d M . T u r k ie w ic z .

Petrol. Z.,

13.10.37,

33

(4 1 ),

1.

“ F r a c t io n a t io n o f P e t r o le u m R e s id u e s w i t h N a t u r a l G a s u n d e r P r e s s u r e . S . v . P i l a t .

Oil Gas J . ,

^23.7.36,

35

(1 0 ), 54.

“ S o lu tio n s o f G a s e s as S e le c t iv e S o lv e n t s .” M . G o d d e w ic z a n d S . P i l a t .

Przem.

Chem.,

1934 (1 0 -1 2 ), 376-385.

“ M in e r a l O il S u lp h o n ic A c id s X V .” S . v . P i l a t a n d W . S z a n k o w s k i.

Petrol. Z.,

6.3.35,

31

(1 0 ), 1-6.

“ F r a c t io n a t io n o f R e s id u e s , e tc ., b y M e a n s o f N a t u r a l G a s .” S . v . P i l a t .

Oel una Kohle,

^1935,

11,

655-658.

“ C y c lic C o n s titu e n ts o f P e t r o le u m C e re s in .” J . M ü lle r a n d S . v . P i l a t .

J . Inst.

Petrol. Tech.,

1935,

21,

887-894.

“ S u lp h o n ic A c id s fr o m P e t r o le u m .” E . N . N e w m a n a n d S . P i l a t .

Industr. Engng Chem.,

^1934,

26,

^395—396.

“ S e v e n th M e e tin g o f P o lis h O ilm e n .” S . P i l a t .

J . Inst. Petrol. Tech.,

^1934,

20,

821—828 1

“ C y c lic C o m p o n e n ts o f P a r a f f in W a x '. ” J . M ü lle r a n d S . v . P i l a t .

Nature,

^1934,

134

459.

“ W a x in P e t r o le u m A s p h a lt s .” J . M ü lle r a n d S . v . P i l a t .

Asphalt u. Teer,

1934,

34,

649-654.

S i xc e t h e Wa e.

“ P e t r o le u m S u lp h o n ic A c id s . ” S . P i l a t a n d J . S e re d a .

Refiner,

F e b r u a r y 1940,

19

(2 ), 50-52.

“ P r o p e r tie s o f S y n t h e t ic L u b r ic a t in g O ils. S y n t h e s is a n d P r o p e r t ie s o f 11-norm al- d e c y ld o c o sa n e .” S . K l o s , E . N e w m a n - P ila t , a n d S . P i l a t .

J . Appl. Chem.

U.S.S.R.,

^1940,

13

(a ), 1369-1374. T r a n s la t e d b y A . A . B o e h t lin g k fo r

Petrol. Tech.,

N o v e m b e r- D e c e m b e r, 1940, 8 (11—12), 438.

DR. LEOPOLD SINGER.

Dr.

L e o p o l d S i n g e r ,

a native of Vienna, who died in London on 10 th June, in his 73rd year, came of a petroleum-minded family. His father, Wilhelm, was one of the foremost pioneers of the Austro-Hungarian- Rumanian petroleum industry, and owned a refinery in Orsova (Rumania, formerly Hungary).

After matriculating in Vienna in 1887, Dr. Singer continued his studies at the Polytechnic at Zurich under Professor Lunge, and took the degree of

“ Technical Chemist.” At Karlsruhe he prepared a thesis under Professor Engler, and in 1893 the University of Zurich conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

He started his practical career at his father’s refinery at Orsova, and began to replace the empirical methods ruling at that time by more scientific methods. Crude-oil distillation and cracking procedure were improved and the technique of fully refining paraffin waxes was developed. The sweetening of petrol, the use of fuller’s earth, the recovery of low-boiling point petrol (0-625) from the distillation gas were the new inventions due to him.

In 1903 Dr. Singer took charge of the Fanto A.G. (Czechoslovakia, at that

time Austria), which post he held until 1912. Under his management the

refinery became perhaps the biggest and best equipped in Europe.

178 O B IT U A R Y .

In

¹⁹¹⁴

Dr. Singer was entrusted with the completion and management of the lubricating-oil plant of the Rhenania Refinery in Duesseldorf. In

1918

he was appointed consultant to the Allgemeine Depositenbank in Vienna, and in

¹⁹²⁶

he joined the Universal Oil Co. of Chicago as chemical consultant, a post he held until his death.

Dr. Singer took out numerous patents, especially on fractionating columns, high-vacuum distillation plants, lubricating-oil and paraffin-wax production, etc.

The literary activities of Dr. Singer were as extensive and successful as his industrial career, and particular reference should be made to his con­

tributions to C. Engler and H. v. Hoefer’s “ Das Erdoel ” (Vols. 3 and 4) and to his annual reports on progress in the petroleum industry published in ^Petroleum (Vienna).

Dr. Singer had been associated with the Institute of Petroleum since 1925 and in his last years he attended most lectures and meetings of the Institute'

L . IVAÍÍOVSZKY.

t

A U G U S T 1U4ŁZ. 2 8 7 a

A B S T R A C T S .

PAGE PAGE

G e o lo g y a n d D e v e lo p m e n t 2 8 7 a C h e m is t r y a n d P h y s ic s ... 3 2 2 a

G e o p h y s ic s 2 9 0 a M o t o r F u e ls 3 2 2 a

D r illin g 2 9 8 a G a s , D ie s e l a n d F u e l O ils 3 2 3 a

P r o d u c t io n 3 0 7 a L u b r ic a n t s a n d L u b r ic a t io n 3 2 3 a

T r a n s p o r t a n d S t o r a g e ... 3 1 8 a A s p h a lt a n d B i t u m e n 3 2 6 a

C r a c k in g ... 3 1 9 a S p e c ia l P r o d u c t s ... 3 2 6 a

H y d r o g e n a t io n 3 1 9 a E n g in e s 3 2 6 a

P o ly m e r iz a t io n ... 3 2 0 a C o a l a n d S h a le 3 2 7 a

R e f in in g a n d R e f in e r y P l a n t 3 2 1 a E c o n o m ic s a n d S t a t is t ic s 3 2 9 a

A n a ly s is a n d T e s tin g 3 2 2 a B o o k R e v i e w 3 3 1 a

A U T H O R I N D E X .

T h e n u m b e r s re fe r to t h e A b s t r a c t N u m b e r .

The original papers referred to in the abstracts marked with an asterisk may be borrowed by Members from the Institute Library.

A b6on, G ., 747 A d ler, J . L ., 702 A p p lin , P . L ., 651 A rend, A . G ., 733 A sb u ry , W . C ., 738 A tw ill, E . R ., 655 B e rg stro m , R . R ., 746 B irge n , D . E ., 746 B row n , T . J . , 734 B y r k it, G . D ., 746 C a tte ll, R . A ., 758 C lo u d , G . H ., 741 D eg oly er, E . L ., 720 D evon , J . , 756 D ie trich , M . A ., 746 D ralle , H . E ., 711 E n g e l, K . H ., 734 F r a s e r , H . M ., 744 F u lle r, E . W ., 746 G a rn er, F . H ., 738 G a rre tt, R . O ., 709

G eis, W . H ., 706 G em an t, A ., 742 G e ss, K . N ., 759 G o o d m a » , C ., 680 H a lb o o ty , M. T ., 678 H illm a n , E , S ., 746 H ills, J . M ., 650 H o w ard , W . V ., 663, 670 H u n t, C. B ., 652 H u p p k e , W . F ., 730 H u rs t, W ., 707 I m b t, R . F ., 651 I n g r a m , R ., 665 I v a n o v sz k y , L ., 736 J a c k s o n , T . E ., 751 J e n n in g s, B . H ., 751 J e n n y , W . P ., 684 J o n e s , G . C ., 735 J o n e s , P . J . , 708 K in g , H . H ., 667 L ah e e , F . H ., 679 L am b e rg e r, 711

L effer, F . W ., 740 L ev o rse n , A . I ., 703 L ew is, J . A ., 704 L o g a n , K . H ., 727, 728 M eredith , P ., 739 M errill, D . R ., 746 M ills, K . N ., 714 M u rph y, G . B ., 749 N ep ple, S . L ., 753 N e v itt, A . R ., 734 N ich o lso n , G . B ., 6 7 3 ,7 2 4 P a rso n s, C. P . , 705 P a tte rso n , J . M ., 656 P a u lse n , H . C ., 734, 741 P leeth , S . J . W ., 737 P irso n , S . J . , 681 P open oe, W . P ., 653 P rice, P . H ., 657 P ry o r, C. C ., 688 R e u e r, R ., 746 R o ed iger, J . C ., 747 R o s s , H . N ., 696 R u th ru ff, R . F ., 729

S a n d e r s, T . P ., 712 S aw d o n , W . A ., 683, 700 S h e a , G . B ., 758 Sim on s, H . F ., 685, 697 Sin gle to n , F . L ., 662, 668 S p a n g , F . J . , 693, 721 S m ith , C. N ., 699 S q u ir e s, F ., 689 S ta n d a rd Oil D ev elo p ­

m e n t C o., 734, 740, 741, 746, 748, 750 S tr a k a , F . G ., 734 S tu a r t, A . H ., 743 T a r b e t , L . A ., 654 T e x a c o D ev elo p m en t

C o rp ., 740, 746 U ren , L . 0 . , 725, 726 W illiam s, N ., 662 W ilson, C. E ., 746 W ilson, G . M ., 667, 722 W ood , J . T ., 661 Z im m erm an , G . B ., 740

Geology and Development.

650.* Rhythm of Permian Seas—A Paleogeographic Study.

J . M . H ills . B ull. Am er.

A ss. Petrol. Qeol., F e b r u a r y 1942,

26

(2 ), 217-255.— I n s p ite o f so m e p r a c t ic a l d is ­ a d v a n t a g e s in h e r e n t i n t h e d ia s tr o p h ic m e th o d o f c o r r e la t io n , J . M . H i l l s b e b e v e s t h a t a c la s s if ic a tio n o f t h e P e r m ia n m u s t h a v e a s o u n d p h y s ic a l b a c k g r o u n d . H e s u m m a riz e s t h e p a ls e o p h y s io g ra p h y o f t h is p e r io d i n t h e s o u th e rn M id - C o n tin e n t w i t h e s p e c ia l re fe re n c e to t h e W e s t T e x a s P e r m ia n b a s in . S e v e n p a ls e o g e o g ra p h ic a l m a p s a r e p re s e n te d , d r a w n o n t h e fo llo w in g k e y h o riz o n s : la t e s t P e n n s y lv a n ia n ( T h r i f t y ) , W o lf c a m p (C o le m a n Ju n c t io n ) , lo w e r L e o n a r d (C h o z a ), S a n A n d r e s ( B la in e ) , m id d le G u a d a lu p e ( G r a y b u r g ), C a s tile a n d S a la d o , a n d R u s t le r . T h e r e g io n a l c o r ­ r e la t io n s in v o lv e d in m a k in g t h e m a p s a r e d iscu ss ed , a n d s e v e r a l s u p p o r tin g cross- se c tio n s a re illu s t r a t e d .

F r o m d a t a o n t h e a r e a l e x te n t o f t h e P e r m i a n seas s e v e r a l c u r v e s a r e c o n s tru c te d . T h e s e e m p h a siz e t h e m o re s a lie n t c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f t h e p e r io d a n d d isclo se m u c h o f t h e b asis o f c la s s ific a tio n o f t h e s y s te m . A n a c c o u n t is g iv e n o f t h e r e la t io n o f t h is s t u d y to t h e s t a n d a r d P e r m ia n s e c tio n fo r N o r t h A m e r ic a se t u p b y A d a m s et al.

T h e W o lf c a m p e p o c h w a s in it ia t e d a t t h e clo se o f t h e M a r a t h o n - O u a c h it a o ro g e n y b y t h e e x p a n s io n o f t h e n o r m a l m a r in e seas, a n d w a s clo se d b y a s h r in k a g e o f th e se seas. L e o n a r d t im e b e g a n w i t h a r e s t r ic t io n o f m a r in e c ir c u la t io n , r e s u ltin g i n th e

A A

2 8 8 a A B S T R A C T S

d e p o s itio n o f t h e e v a p o r ite s o f t h e W e llin g to n a n d V a le r a . T h is e p o c h w a s c h a r a c ­ te riz e d b y t h e g re a t d e v e lo p m e n t o f e v a p o r ite s in t h e Y e s o , C le a r F o r k , a n d S a lt P l a i n , b y t h e a d v a n c e o f la r g e ly s a lin e a n d b r a c k is h w a t e r in t h e S a n A n d r e s , an<

b y t h e s u b s e q u e n t r e t r e a t o f t h e seas in t o t h e D e la w a r e b a s in . T h e G u a d a lu p e e p o c h b eg an w i t h th e sea co n fin e d to t h a t b a s in . M o d e r a t e flo o d in g s a r e t y p i c a l o f it , a n d m a r g in a l re e fs s e p a ra te d m a r in e fr o m m o re h ig h ly s a lin e w a t e r s . T h e e p o c h clo se d w i t h t h e se a a g a in r e s tr ic te d to t h e b a s in , a n d a p r o b a b le in c re a s e o f s a lin it y c a u s e d t h e e x t in c t io n o f its g re a te s t re e f, t h e C a p ita n . T h e O c h o a c o m m e n c e d w i t h e x c lu s iv e ly s a lin e seas in t h e D e la w a r e b a s in , a n d t e r m in a t e d w i t h r e g io n a l u p l if t a n d t h e d e p o s itio n o f u p p e rm o s t P e r m ia n s a n d y sh ales . J- T .

651.* Subsurface Geology of the Sewell Eddleman Area, Young County, Texas. P. L.

A p p lin a n d R . F . I m b t . B ull. Amer. A ss. Petrol., Oeol.,

26

(2 ), 204—216.— T h e S e w e ll- E d d le m a n a re a in Y o u n g C o u n t y , T e x a s , w a s d is c o v e r e d in J a n u a r y 1937.

F if t y - n in e p r o d u c in g oil- a n d gas-w ells h a v e b e e n c o m p le te d w i t h in t h e a r e a a n d six p ro d u c in g zones h a v e b e e n e n c o u n te re d a t d e p th s r a n g in g f r o m 2300 to 4500 f t . T h e p r in c ip a l p r o d u c e r so f a r d e v e lo p e d is a p o ro u s zo n e i n t h e lo w e r p a r t o f th e C a d d o lim e s to n e ( P e n n s y lv a n ia n ) . A H b u t t h e lo w e s t p r o d u c in g z one, w h ic h is M is s is s ip p ia n , a re in ro c k s o f L o w e r P e n n s y lv a n ia n age.

T h e s tr u c tu r e a n d p r o d u c in g a re a o f t h e S e w e ll fie ld h a v e b e e n c lo s e ly d e fin e d b y w e lls o n t h e n o r t h fla n k , b u t o n t h e s o u th a n d e a s t sides, a n d i n t h e E d d le m a n a re a , fe w e r w e lls h a v e b e e n d r ille d a n d s tr u c tu r e a n d e x t e n t a r e less w e ll k n o w n .

T h e s t r u c t u r e is d e s c rib e d as a n a n t ic lin a l fo ld , a p p r o x im a t e ly 6 m l. lo n g a n d 2 m l. w id e , t h e m a jo r a x is o f w h ic h tr e n d s n e a r ly e a s t a n d w e s t. 'C lo s u r e in c re ase s w i t h d e p th . I n a d d it io n to e a s t- w e s t fo ld in g , in t h e C a d d o lim e s to n e a series o f s e c o n d a r y fo ld s c o n tr o l to so m e e x t e n t t h e a c c u m u la t io n o f o il a n d gas.

T h e a v e ra g e d e n s ity o f w e lls in t h e S e w e ll fie ld is n o w a b o u t o n e w e ll to 35 ac re s.

U n d e r t h e C a rb o n ife ro u s th e re is E lle n b u r g e r d o lo m ite (O r d o v ic ia n ) w i t h so m e o il

s ta in in g . J . T .

652.* New Interpretation of Some Laccolithic Mountains and its Possible Bearing on Structural Traps for Oil and Gas.

C . B . H u n t . B ull.

Amer. Ass. Petrol. Oeol.,

F e b r u a r y 1942,

26

(2 ), 197-203.— I n t h e C o lo ra d o P l a t e a u o f S o u th - e a s te r n U t a h t h e d o m a l s tr u c tu r e s a v e r a g in g 6 m l. d ia m e te r o f M o u n t s P e n n e ll, H i l le r s , H o lm e s , a n d E l ls w o r t h a re a t t r ib u t e d to t h e in je c t io n o f s to c k s o f d io r it e p o r p h y r y . I n e a c h case t h e sp ace o c c u p ie d b y t h e in t r u s io n w o u ld a p p r o x im a t e ly b e clo se d i f t h e f o r m a ­ tio n s t ilt e d u p a r o u n d t h e ig n e o u s co re s w e r e r e t u r n e d t o h o r iz o n ta l. A llo w a n c e m u s t also b e m a d e f o r s tr e tc h in g w h ic h a c c o m p a n ie d t h e a r c h in g o f t h e d o m e s. T h is d e f o r m a tio n s h o u ld b e m e a s u re d in te r m s o f a re a , a n d n o t a lo n g lin e a r cross-sections, sin c e t h e s tr e tc h in g w a s m a i n l y c ir c u m f e r e n t ia l, p r o b a b ly a lo n g sh e a r- p la n e s, a n d t h e u p t u r n e d b ed s w e r e co m p re sse d o u t w a r d s fr o m t h e sto ck s.

A n t i c l i n a l noses r a d ia t in g fr o m t h e c e n tre s o f t h e la r g e r d o m e s a r e d u e to off-shoots i n t h e fo r m o f ir r e g u la r , to n g u e - sh a p e d la c c o lite s . T h e s e a r e o f r e l a t iv e l y s m a ll v o lu m e ; a n d t h e ir e m p la c e m e n t c a u s e d m u c h less t h e r m a l a lt e r a t io n t h a n d id t h a t of t h e s to ck s . I f t h e la rg e d o m e s w e r e to b e c r e d ib ly a t t r ib u t e d to s y m m e t r ic a l m u s h ro o m in tru s io n s , th e r e q u ir e d la c c o lite s w o u ld h a v e to b e o f t h e o r d e r o f t w e n t y tim e s as b ig as a n y t h a t c a n b e o b s e rv e d . A r c h in g is, th e r e fo r e , b e s t e x p la in e d b y v e r t ic a l p u sh , as i f b y t h e sto ck s .

A c o m p a ra b le ig n e o u s co re a t M a r y s v il l e B u t t e s , C a lifo r n ia , h a s b e e n s h o w n b y d r illin g n o t to be a m u s h ro o m la c c o lite . O t h e r c y lin d r ic a l in tr u s io n s g iv in g ris e to d o m e s m a y in c lu d e th o se a t M o c c a s in M o u n t a in , M o n t a n a ; C a r r iz o M o u n t a in , A r i z o n a ; B e a r B u t t e , D a k o t a ; a n d th o se i n t h e P ia t ig o r s k re g io n , n o r t h o f th e C a u ca su s. A m o re p r o b le m a t ic a l case is t h e h u g e d o m e , w it h o u t e x p o s u re o f co re , a t N o r d lin g e n , G e r m a n y .

S t o c k s in p e tro life r o u s re g io n s m a y , i t is su gg e ste d , a c t lik e s a lt d o m e s, a n d o il a n d g as m a y c o lle c t in a d ja c e n t in c lin e d s t r a t a . ^ p

653.* Upper Cretaceous Formations and Faunas of Southern California.

W . P . P o p e n o e . B u ll. Amer. A ss. Petrol. Oeol., F e b r u a r y 1942, 26 (2 ), 162-187. T h e U p p e r C re ta c e o u s o f t h e S a n t a A n a M o u n ta in s , 50-75 m l. so u th - e ast o f L o s A n g e le s ,

A B S T R A C T S . 2 8 9 a

a m o u n tin g to a b o u t 2600 f t . o f c o n g lo m e ra te s , sh ales , a n d san d s to n e s, c o n ta in s tw o m a in fo ssil assem b lag e s : t h e o ld e r, Glycymeris pacificus fa u n a , w i t h t w o s u b ­ d iv is io n s , (a ) Trigonarca californica a n d (6) Cucullaea gravida z o n e s ; a n d th e y o u n g e r, G. veatchii fa u n a , w i t h th r e e , (a) Turrite.Ua chicoensis, (b) T . chicoemis perrini a n d (c) M etaplacenticeras pacificum zones— in a s c e n d in g o rd e r.

I n t h e S a n t a M o n ic a M o u n ta in s , 20 m l. w e s t o f L o s A n g e le s , t h e to p 300 ft ., in a c o lu m n o f o v e r 8000 f t . o f co arse e la s tic s , y ie ld fo ssils o f M etaplacenticeras pacificum age. T h e fin e r e la s tic s , o v e r 6000 f t ., o f t h e S im i H i l ls , 25 m l. n o rth - w e s t o f L o s A n g e le s , p r o v id e fo ssils i n t h e lo w e r m o s t 500 f t . , w h ic h c o rre s p o n d w i t h th o se o f th e tw o h ig h e s t su b - d ivisio n s.

I n t h e S a n t a A n a M o u n t a in s t w o m a jo r fo r m a tio n s a re d is tin g u is h e d , t h e L a d d a n d t h e W il l ia m s . T h e L a d d c o m p ris e s : (1 ) t h e B a k e r C a n y o n co n g lo m e ra te re s tin g c o m fo r m a b ly o n t h e re d d e n e d a n d p o o r ly g ra d e d T r a b u c o (h ig h L o w e r o r b a s a l U p p e r C re ta c e o u s ), f r o m w h ic h i t d iffe rs in b e in g b e t t e r s o rte d a n d in c o n t a in in g less d e e p ly w e a th e r e d b o u ld e rs o f a n d e s ite s a n d sc h ists ; (2 ) t h e H o lz sh a le , w e ll ex p o se d in S ilv e r a d o C a n y o n , a n d s h o w in g lo c a l lenses o f c o n g lo m e ra te , g r it, o r t h in c o n c r e t io n a r y lim e sto n e s .

I t is w i t h in t h e H o lz sh a le t h a t t h e t r a n s itio n fr o m t h e Glycymeris pacificus fa u n a to t h a t o f G. veatchii t a k e s p la c e .

T h e W il l ia m s f o r m a t io n o f b o u ld e r-b e d s a n d lig h t- co lo u re d , fe ls p a th ic san d s is d iv id e d in to : (1 ) t h e S c h u lz m e m b e r w i t h lo o s e ly ce m e n te d b lo c k s o f ch e rts , q u a r tz ite , a n d v o lc a n ic a n d p lu t o n ic r o c k s ; (2) t h e P le a s a n t s m e m b e r, w h i c h h a s fin e, f e r r u ­ gin o u s, a n d m ic a c e o u s san d s to n e s in te rb e d d e d w i t h t h ic k , c r o s s - la m in a te d sa n d s a n d s a n d y lim e sto n es .

T h e o v e r ly in g M a r t in e z c o n g lo m e ra te (E o c e n e ) is m a r k e d n e a r it s b ase b y th e m a r in e g a s tro p o d Turritella pachecoensis. I t a lso c o n ta in s c la y a n d coal-beds.

A . L .

654.* Del Valle Oil-Field, L os Angeles County, California. L . A . T a r b e t . B ull.

Amer. A ss. Petrol. Geol., F e b r u a r y 1942, 26 (2), 188-196.— O il is o b ta in e d fro m le n t ic u la r s a t u r a t io n i n t h e D e lm o n t ia n S ta g e o f t h e U p p e r M o d e lo fo r m a tio n (U p p e r M io c e n e ). L o c a l l y th e r e is e v id e n c e o f s lig h t a n g u la r u n c o n f o r m it y b e tw e e n M io c e n e a n d P lio c e n e , b u t t h is is n o t su fficie n t, i n t h e D e l V a lle a n d N e w h a ll- P o r t r e r o field s, to u p s e t t h e d e d u c tio n o f s t r u c t u r e fr o m t h e P ic o (P lio c e n e ). T h e su cc e e d in g S a u g u s (U p p e r P lio c e n e a n d / o r P le is t o c e n e ) is o f co arse -g rain e d , n o n - m a rin e se d im e n ts , th e ju n c t io n o f w h ic h w i t h u n d e r ly in g m a r in e b ed s, s o u th b u t n o t n o r t h o f th e S a n t a C la r a r iv e r , is a n u n c o n f o r m it y .

T h e D e l V a ll e a r e a o cc u p ie s th e e a s t e n d o f t h e V e n t u r a b a s in o f d e p o s it io n ; a n d o il c o n c e n t r a t io n is o n t h e D e l V a ll e a n tic lin e , w h ic h tre n d s e a s t- w e s t, a n d is b o u n d e d o n t h e n o r t h b y t h e H o ls e r f a u lt a n d o n th e s o u th a n d e a s t b y d o w n w a r d p lu n g e o f t h e s t r a t a . P r o d u c in g z ones a r e 280 f t . a n d 900 f t . b e lo w t h e to p o f t h e M io c e n e , a n d a re r e s p e c t iv e ly 100-150 f t . a n d 200 f t . t h ic k . T h e u p p e r z one, w it h in it ia l p r o d u c t io n o f f r o m 600 to 1500 b r l./ d a y o f 3 2 -3 6 ° g r a v i t y o il a n d 250,000 to 1 m illio n cu . f t . g as, h a s w a t e r c o m p lic a tio n s w h ic h also a p p e a r in w h a t seem s to b e a c o n t in u a t io n o f t h e sam e zo n e in a w e s te r n e x te n s io n o f t h e fie ld . F r o m t h e lo w e r h o riz o n i n i t ia l p r o d u c t io n w a s e s tim a te d a t 300 b r l./ d a y o f 5 0 ° g r a v i t y o il w i t h 10 m illio n cu . f t . g as. W h e n t h e g as zo n e w a s p a r t l y ca se d , p r o d u c t io n b e c a m e a b o u t 900 b r l./ d a y o f 3 3 ° g r a v i t y o il a n d 250,000 cu . f t . gas.

T h e t w o zo nes o f t h e D e l V a ll e o il- field m a y b e e q u a l to t h e se co n d a n d t h i r d zones o f t h e N e w h a ll- P o r t r e r o fie ld . T h is c o r r e la t io n is b a s e d o n f o r a m in if e r a l e v id e n c e , sin ce f a u lt in g a n d m u c h le n t ic u la r it y m a k e t h e e x a c t use o f e le c t r ic a l log s d iffic u lt.

A . L .

655.* Progress of Stratigraphic Studies in California. E . R . A t w i l l. B u ll. Amer.

A ss. Petrol. Geol., F e b r u a r y 1942, 26 (2 ), 153-161.— S u p e rs e d in g th e m a x im u m v o g u e o f t h e re fle c tio n s e ism o g ra p h , w h ic h is s t ill s p e c ia lly v a lu a b le f o r d e te r m in in g v a r i a ­ t io n i n t h e n u m b e r o f r e fle c tin g h o riz o n s i n a seq u e n ce , a t t e n t io n is n o w b e in g c o n ­ c e n t r a t e d o n s t r a t ig r a p h ic a l in v e s t ig a t io n , s in c e o v e r 5 0 % o f C a lif o r n ia n o il-fields p r o v e to b e o f s t r a t ig r a p h ic a l t y p e . E l e c t r i c a l lo g g in g i n w e lls a n d s u rfa c e m a p p in g o f n a r r o w e r lit h o lo g ic a l a n d p a la e o n to lo g ic a l u n it s a r e lo c a liz in g m in o r in t e r r u p t io n s a n d g iv in g f u lle r in f o r m a t io n a b o u t d o w n - d ip t h ic k e n in g a n d p re - d e p o s itio n a l f a u ltin g .

2 9 0 a A B S T R A C T S .

m ap s.

656.* Stratigraphy of Eocene between Laredo. and Rio; Grande City, Texas.

J .

M.

A t th e b o t t o m o f t h e su ccessio n , t h e M o u n t S e lm a n co n s ists o f 700 f t . o f Q ueen C i t y s a n d s to n e a n d sh ales , o v e r la in b y 300 ft. o f m a r in e a n d n o n - m a rin e sh ale and sa n d s to n e . A b o v e th is , t h e C o o k M o u n t a in fo r m a t io n is d iv id e d in t o th r e e m em b e rs : b a s a l sa n d s to n e , 500 ft. t h ic k ; m id d le s h a le a n d s a n d s to n e , 700 ft. ; u p p e r san dsto n e, 500 f t . T h e s u b s u rfa c e to p o f t h e C o o k M o u n t a in f o r m a t io n , t a k e n a t th e u p p e rm o s t o c c u rre n c e o f Ceratobulimina exim ia, is a b o u t 500 f t . b e lo w t h e to p o f th e C ook M o u n t a in as m a p p e d a t t h e s u rfa c e .

C y c le s o f d e p o s itio n in t h e s u c c e e d in g Y e g u a a r e fo u n d to b e v e r y s im ila r to those o f t h e F a y e t t e . T h e M ie r a n d L o m a B l a n c a s a n d s to n e s i n t h e Y e g u a ; a n d the S a lin e n o , R o m a , a n d S a n c h e z s a n d s to n e s o f t h e F a y e t t e , h a v e a m a r in e fa c ie s w h ere t h e y cro ss t h e R i o G r a n d e in S t a r r a n d Z a p a t a C o u n tie s . T h e s e m a r in e sa n d s w edge o u t n o r t h w a r d s , a n d t h e s h a le c o n c o m ita n t s b e c o m e in c r e a s in g ly n o n - m a rin e . I t is su g g e ste d t h a t e a c h s a n d s to n e w e d g e a n d its a s s o c ia te d s h a le s re p r e s e n t a c y c le of

tra n s g re s s io n a n d r e t r e a t o f t h e se a. J . T .

657.* Gas in Rockingham County, Virginia.

P .

H .

P r i c e . B u ll. Am er. A ss. Petrol.

Geol., F e b r u a r y 1942,

26

(2 ), 275.— I n t h e s t r o n g ly fo ld e d m id d le A p p a la c h ia n region, n e a r B e r g t o n , a r o c k p re s s u re o f 1150 lb . a n d a n o p e n f lo w o f o v e r 60 M c u . ft . gas a r e re c o r d e d i n a b o r in g to 2992 f t . w h ic h j u s t e n te r s O r is k a n y s a n d s to n e (D e v o n ia n ).

A n a ly s is s h o w s m e t h a n e 9 8 - 6 9 % , e t h a n e 0 1 2 % , p r o p a n e -f- 0 0 1 % , n itr o g e n 1-18%, c a r b o n d io x id e n i l ; T h v = 987. L a r g e o p e n s t r u c t u r e s b e t w e e n t h is lo c a l i t y a n d the p r o d u c in g a re a s 70 m l. to t h e w e s t, su g g e s t t h e lik e lih o o d o f f u r t h e r s im ila r d isco ve rie s.

658. Note on the Sealing Effect of Fault Surfaces.

G . S . T a i t t . J o u m . In st. Pet,, Ju n e 1942,

28

(2 2 2 ), 109-112.— A s u m m a r y o f a p a p e r o n t h e a b o v e s u b je c t, w h ic h w as r e a d a t a m e e tin g o f t h e T r in id a d B r a n c h is p r e s e n te d . P o s s ib ilit ie s o f f lu id m ig ra tio n

659. Typical Oil-Field Structures : Regular Anticlinal Fold : Kettleman Hills Field, California.

A n o n . Oil G as J . , 4.6.42,

41

(4 ), 50.— K e t t l e m a n H i l l s is o n t h e w est sido o f t h e S a n J o a q u i n V a ll e y , n e a r t h e s o u t h e r n e n d . T h e b a s e m e n t o f t h e V a lle y d e p o sits is a p re - C re ta c e o u s c o m p le x , w h ic h is f a u lte d . O n t h e e a s te r n s id e o f th e v a l l e y t h e E o c e n e a n d C re ta c e o u s w e d g e o u t b e t w e e n t h e b a s e m e n t a n d t h e M io ce n e.

T h o M io c e n e b ed s e x te n d c o m p le t e ly r o u n d t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f t h e v a l l e y , a n d are o v e r la in b y P lio c e n e m a r in e a n d n o n - m a rin e b o d s w i t h t h i c k d e p o s its o f P le is to c e n e a n d R e c e n t o v e r m u c h o f t h e v a l l e y . N o a r t h e w e s t e r n e d g e o f th o v a l l e y th e re are a b o u t 2.>,000 ft. o f b ed s. I n t h e K o t t lo m a n H i l l s a r e a m o v e m e n t s w e re fre q u e n t f r o m t h e Ju r a s s ic o n w a r d s , g iv in g m a n y w odgo edgos.

K e t t l e m a n H i l l s h a s t w o e lo n g a te d d o m e s, w i t h o n ly th o N o r t h n n m n <rivintr A . L .

a n d w a te r - flo o d in g a c ro ss fa u lt- p la n e s a r e s tu d ie d . A . H . N .