BRITISH CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS
B.—A P P L IE D C H E M IS T R Y DEC. 18 and 25, 1931.*
I— GENERAL; PLANT; MACHINERY.
Influence of com position of the solution under treatm ent on decolorisation with active carbons.
V. Ed e l s t e in (Z. Zuckerind. Czechoslov., 1931, 5 6 , 49—55).—Neutral salts exerted a small and acid salts a distinct effect in increasing the decolorising effect;
CaCl2, on the contrary, through its peptisation effect diminished it. K2H P 04 by its buffering action raised the decolorising effect, emphasising the importance of identical conditions as regards buffering and actual [H'J.
J. P. Og il v ie. Portable apparatus for the com plete analysis of technical gases. E. O tt (Gas- u. Wasserfach, 1931,74, 970—971).—The apparatus described previously (cf. B., 1929, 999) is improved by the addition of a case to con
tain the burette and serve also as a support for the main case during use. An additional pipette, which may be used for gas storage, or for the absorption of CO by Cu2Cl2 where the use of I20 5 is not permissible, is added.
The method of carrying out the analysis is briefly described. The apparatus is suitable for use by Pau- schardt’s method (B., 1931, 791). The I2Os reagent is prepared by mixing 1 pt. of I2Os with oleum and I in a mortar and then shaking the paste with 14—15 pts.
of 10% oleum for 3 hr. The reagent may be revivified by the addition of 2 5 % oleum. A. B . Ma n n in g.
H eat-transm ission rates round a tube in a trans
verse current of fluid. J. Sm a ll (Engineering, 1931, 1 3 2 , 569—570).
Filters for sugar factories.—See XVII.
See also A., Nov., 1262—3, Comparative spectro
photom etry. 1264, Capillary viscosim eter. Filtra
tion of colloidal solutions.
Pa t e n t s.
Rotary drum furnace. C. Le a n. From J. D.
Br a c k elsb er g (B .P . 358,352, 29.11.30).—A rotary drum furnace for smelting etc. is mounted on a cradle so that it can be tilted about a transverse axis which approx.
passes through the centre of gravity. The standards which support the cradle may also support a platform for charging etc. The taphole for metal is remote from the axis, but the outlet for gases (when level) and slag (when tilted) is axially at one end, a corresponding inlet for fuel and a new charge at the other end being formed.
B . M. Ve n a b l e s. Continuous heating furnace. S. E. Die s c h e r, Assr.
to S. Die s c h e r& Sons (U.S.P. 1,800,170, 7.4.31. Appl., 25.9.29).—A furnace for sheets etc. has a conveyor bed composed of rollers adjacent pairs of which are embraced by large rings. The bending moment on the roller shafts
inside the furnace is reduced by hanging weights on extensions of the shafts outside the furnace.
B . M . Ve n a b l e s. Tubular heat-exchanging apparatus, for pre
heating air or other gases. A. E . Wh it e. From Shaw- P eriuns Ma n u f q. Co. (B.P. 358,179, 29.7.30).—The horizontal tubes which carry the gas to be heated are divided into groups which are mounted on rails in a framework, in such a way as to permit considerable expansion of the whole and a certain amount of differen
tial expansion of the parts. B. M. Ve n a b l e s. Apparatus for preparing and introducing disin- crustants into steam boilers. Fil t r a t o r s, Lt d., and V. V. Saks (B.P. 358,034, 28.3.30).—Steam is passed downwards through a cage containing vegetable seeds, and the liquid extract accumulates in the lower part of the surrounding vessel, whence it is discharged at intervals by an automatic valve acting as a steam trap.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s. Manufacture of anti-incrustation briquettes or blocks, more especially intended for use in steam boilers, econom isers, and radiators. J. F. Barton
and G. Bu t l e r-Barto x (B.P. 358,184, 7.8.30).—Vege
table materials containing tannin, e.g., quebracho extract, are mixed with about 5% of powdered Zn, and, if desired, small quantities (2—3%) of asphaltum and graphite. A. 13. Ma n n in g.
T ernary com position of m atter [for use in refri
gerators]. R. W . Da v e n po r t, A ssr. to Chicago Pn e u
m a tic Tool Co. (U .S .P . 1,803,098, 28.4.31. A p p l., 9.10.26).—T h e c o m p o sitio n co m p rises 70—90% of C H 2C12, 8—25% of a h y d ro c a r b o n oil lu b r ic a n t m iscib le w ith C H 2C12, a n d 2—10% of M eO II. L . A. Co l e s.
Pulverising installation. Babcock & Wil c o x, Lt d. From C. Pe t e r s (B.P. 358,219, 5.9.30).—In a gas-borne pulverising system, in addition to the classifier for dust lifted above the mill there is provided a screen below the mill through which fine heavy material (e.g., ash- forming material from coal) is permitted to drop while fine light material (the coal itself) is blown upwards through the mill by a current of gas branched off from the main circulation on the outlet side of the fan. Coarser particles of both stone and coal are retained by the screen, caught by the grinding elements, and reduced until they either fall through the screen or are borne upwards by the gas current. B . M . Ve n a b l e s.
Pulverisers. Er ie Cit y Iron Wo r k s, Assees. of C. D . St. Cl a ir (B.P. 357,669, 9.7.30. U.S., 16.7.29).—The housing of a pulveriser is split vertically, enabling the front portion to be removed without disturbing the feed
ing arrangements or the bearings. The diaphragms
* The remainder of this set of Abstracts will appear in next week’s issue.
1125 a
B r i t is h C h e m ic a l A b s t r a c t s— B .
112ü Cl. I . — G e n e r a l ; P l a n t ; 3 U c h d ; e r y .
dividing the mill into compartments in series along the shaft are also split and provided with renewable linings.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s. Pulverising and like m ills. E. W. Gr e e n and G. R.
Un t h a n k (B.P. 357,542, 19.6.30).—An apparatus of the double-thrust ball-bearing type is described. The lowest ball race and the middle pair are driven in opposite directions ; the top race is stationary, but pressed down by springs. An air classifier and means such as a fluted cone for preliminary reduction of the feed are provided.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s. Disintegration of m aterials. C. E. Bly th (B.P.
358,007, 28.6.30).—The material is fed into a rotor running a t such a high speed (20,000 r.p.m. or more) th at mere centrifugal pressure is sufficient to crush it.
The apparatus is stated to be suitable for comminution of limestone for the manufacture of cement and for the pulverisation of coal. The wall of the centrifuge on which the material is caught may be provided with aper
tures to discharge the fine material. B . M. Ve n a b l e s. Mill for grinding or reducing chocolate or other m aterial. A. Sonsx hag en (B.P. 357,562, 21.5.30).—
A machine of the disc-grinder type is described in which both discs rotate in the same direction: at different speeds, producing considerable centrifugal force with a slower relative shearing motion ; a formula is given by means of which the most suitable speeds can be
calc. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
[Rotary drum] filters. Min in g & In d u s t r ia l
Eq u ip m e n t, Lt d., and H. Mea d (B.P. 358,076, 4.6.30).—
A cellular drum filter, in which radial pipes are elimin
ated by forming the cells in triangular shape (in trans
verse section) and in stream-line form (in longitudinal section), the apices of the triangles being connected to the ported trunnions, is constructed with each cell as a separate interchangeable unit, preferably assembled alternately right- and left-hand, so that both trunnions are utilised. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Centrifuges. H. G. C. Fa ir w e a t h e r. From Na t. Acme Co. (B.P. 357,988, 30.6.30).—The bowl is com
posed of four co-axial, cylindrical walls entirely without apertures, all the discharge and transfer ports being formed in the driving hub or cover. Counting the walls 1—4 outwardly, the flow of fluid is through the space between 1 and 2, then between 3 and 4, and between 2 and 3 ; discharge ports are provided from the outer two spaces, the radius of the outermost ones being adjustable by forming them as eccentric holes in screwed plugs. A centrifugal clutch and a brake are described. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Screw presses for separating liquid from pulp or pasty substances. H. A . Ha r t n e r (B.P. 357,873, 10.12.30).—A serew-conveyor press is provided with means for altering the feeding point so th at the degree of compression may be varied by altering the length of screw in use. Several alternative fixed entrances or a single entrance through a sliding sleeve may be pro
vided. B. 51. Ve n a b l e s.
M eans for evaporation, concentration, or con
densation of fluids or liquids. R. Se l ig m a n, and Alu m in iu m Pl a n t & Ve s s e l Co., Lt d. (B.P. 357,605,
24.5.30).—A heat-exchanger of the filter-press type is adapted to evaporation and/or condensation by forming comparatively large passages along the upper and lower edges of the plates. Preferably the channels for the fluid to be treated are vertical and direct between the pas
sages, whilst those for the heating or cooling medium are zig-zag. The apparatus may be divided into stages by the insertion of differently formed plates and frames so that, in evaporation, the liquid may be treated several times and the vapour from one stage used to heat liquid in another. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
A tom isation or distribution of liquid or sem i
liquid m aterials. E. Ro t h e im (U.S.P. 1,800,156, 7.4.31. Appl., 30.9.27. Norw., 8.10.26).—A coating composition is dissolved in Me20 and stored in a metal bottle provided with a spraying head. Spraying is effected by the pressure of the Me20 (3-7 atm. a t 20°), which evaporates close to the point of issue from the bottle so th at the substance is dispersed not merely by the mechanical action of the spray, but also because it was, a very short time before, dispersed in the solvent.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s. Bubbling apparatus for treating liquids with gases. In d u s t r ie k e m isk a Ak t ie b. (B.P. 357,599, 22.4.30. Swed., 22.4.29).—The gas flows upwards through perforated plates and the liquid downwards through seals, being maintained in a thin layer on each plate. The perforations are so spaced th at the bubbles formed round and released from each aperture do not touch and coalesce ; if the holes have a diam. of 2 mm.
or less the spacing should be at least five times the diam., but if the latter is over 2 mm. a spacing of twice the diam. may be sufficient. The holes may be bevelled, inclined to promote movement in the liquid by the issuing gas, or provided with helical vanes to produce rotation of the gas. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Filling elem ents or packing for cham bers for treatment of liquids with gases. E. Rotham m el
(B.P. 358,258, 24.9.30).—The elements comprise boxes having four sides and an apertured bottom, and also one or more internal fins ; they are laid in order in the tower like bricks, the bottoms of the course above forming the fids of the course below and the apertures not being alined. B. M. Ve n a b i.e s.
Filters for gases. H . Wit t e m e ie r, Assee. of De u t s. Lu f t f il t e r Ba u g e s. m.b:H . (B.P. 357,990, 30.6.30. Ger., 20.7.29. Addn. to B.P. 355,431; B., 1931, 954).—The filter is composed of two sheets of expanded metal rolled together with the slots oppositely inclined in the alternate sheets. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Removal of dust from gases by w ashing. G. H. C.
Co r n e r, and Im p e r ia l Ch e m. In d u s t r ie s, Lt d. (B.P.
358,101—3, 4.7.30).—In an apparatus of the type described in BJP. 321,268 (B„ 1930, 41), saturation of the gases is considered to be the main function of the countercurrent sprays. Subsequently the gaa is cleaned by flowing over vertical, irrigated surfaces comprising, in (a), tubes or baffle plates, the velocity of the gases being > 1 2 ft./sec.; in (b) baffles of glazed vitreous or other material and having pear-shaped bulges a t the top to ensure that all the water is spread on the surfaces ;
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s t r a c t s — B .
C l . II.— F u e l ; G a s ; T a r ; M i n e r a l O i l s . 1127
and in (c), baffle plates in two or more sets, bent at an angle which decreases in the direction of flow of the gas, e.g., three sets having angles of 120°, 105°, and 90°, respectively, the velocity being ')> 12 ft./sec.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s. Purification of gases by diffusion. F. H. Ro g e r s. From Sicala Rese a r c h Lab o r a to ries, In c. (B.P.
358,086, 30.6.30).—The constituent that is desired in a pure state is caused to diffuse through a heated sheet of Pt, Pd. Si02, or other material th at will act suitably as a filter ; the sheet is heated by an electric discharge which also causes the filtered constituent to become luminous, whereby its purity may bo examined by a spectroscope. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Device for withdrawing low-pressure gases from high-pressure vessels. P. Gil g e n b e r g (B.P.
358,260, 24.9.30).—Two reducing valves are used in series with an expansion space in between.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s. Apparatus for bringing gases and/or vapours into intim ate contact w ith liquids. S. G. Wat so n, D. M. He n s u a w, and W . C. Ho lm es & Co., Lt d. (B.P.
357,712, 7.8.30).—The gas is caused to flow in a zig-zag manner horizontally through irrigated brushes which arc arranged in vertical planes; these consist of long narrow brushes with the bristles alternately pointing upwards and downwards. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Sound-deadening com positions adapted to be applied to vehicle body constructions etc. G. B.
Dunfo r d (B.P. 357,514, 17.5.30. U.S., 18.5.29).—The composition (for use as a spray) is composed of bitum
inous substances, a volatile solvent for them, fibre, and colloidal clay. Less than 10% of H20 should be present, preferably only a trace. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Refrigerating apparatus. P. Schlumbohm (B.P.
359,171, 1.10.30. G er, 1.10.29).
Refrigeration [apparatus]. W. G. No lcken (B.P.
359,064, 23.7.30).
Absorption refrigerating apparatus. Elec t r o
l u x, Lt d., Assees. of H. Fred ho lm(B.P. 358,844,17.2.31.
Swcd., 18.2.30).
Heat insulation [for refrigerators etc.]. Ele c
t r o l u x, Lt d., Assees. of Pla ten-Mu n t e r s Re f r ig e r
a t in g System Ak t ie b. (B.P. 359,246, 13.11.30. Ger., 14.11.29).
Evaporators for refrigerating apparatus. B r it.
Thom son-Houston Co., Lt d., Assees. of H. S. Wood
r u f f (B.P. 359,119, 28.8.30. U.S., 28.8.29).
Temperature-controlling devices or therm ostats [for use with fuel burners]. Br it. Ha r t fo r d- Fa ir m o n t Sy n d., Lt d., T. Wa r d l e y, a n d T. E. Bo w e n
(B .P . 358,545, 12.6.30).
M etal-m elting furnace.—See X. Treatm ent of gases.—See XI. Pasteuriser.—See XVIII.
II.— F U E L ; G A S ; T A R ; MINERAL OILS.
Producers for carbonising plants. E. W. Sm ith
(Gas J., 1931, 196, 204—207).—The advantages of step- grate producers are discussed, particularly with reference to their freedom from clinkering. Ample producer
capacity should be attached to all carbonising plants, and it is recommended that a mean grate area corre
sponding to the gasification of 10 lb. of coke per sq. ft.
per hr. should be allowed. An average normal depth of fuel bed in step-grate producers is 5 ft. 6 in., but if small coke or breeze is to be used, this depth might be reduced to 3 ft. Coke breeze may be used providing that sufficient grate area is allowed. Operating coats of step-grate producers are shown to be half those of mechanical producers. C. B. Ma rso n.
Torbanite carbonisation and products in South Africa. E. Ne u f e l d (J. Chom. Met. Soc. S. Africa, 1931, 32, 24—28).—Carbonisation is carried out prefer
ably in an internally-heated retort, using scavenging gases as the heating medium. The optimum size of material is J—1 in. ; the carbonising temp, should not exceed 500°; the yield of oil should be a t least 90%
of the laboratory test, and the max. dust content
< 0-5%. An Ermelo torbanite (1I20 1-0, ash 23-4, C 60-9, II 7-9, S 0-5, 0 + N 6-3%) yielded 35-5% of tar consisting of light motor spirit (to 150°) 12-8%, heavy motor spirit 10-4%, Diesel oil 17-1%, light engine oil 32'5% , heavy engine oil 10-8%, paraffin wax 7-8%, coke 4-9%, gas and loss 4-1%. The oils contained creosote oil (8-5%) which is preferably extracted from the crude oil with EtOH. The results of distilling another torbanite in an externally-heated retort arc also tabulated; the products were of lower quality than those obtained with an internally-heated retort. The nett revenue from the process is estimated at 25s. per ton of torbanite carbonised.
A. B. Ma n n in g. Therm ochem ical behaviour of brown coal during the carbonisation process. P. Nie m a n n (Brennstoff- Chem., 1931, 12, 386—389).—Brown coal has been carbonised in an apparatus comprising an electrically- heated retort, a receiver, and a cooling coil, the wrhole of which was immersed in a calorimeter. With an inert material in the retort the temp, of the calorimeter was a linear function of the time. The temp.-time curve of the calorimeter during the carbonisation of the brown coal departed from the linear in a direction indicating the occurrence of exothermic reactions over the range corresponding with retort temp, of 200—800°.
A. B. Ma n n in g. [Evaluation and assay of coal for gas manufac
ture.] A. McDonald(Gas World, 1931, 95, 397—398).
—Comparison of Gray-King assays and working results over a period of 3 years shows th at factors may be devised which can be used to predict the yields of gas, coke, tar, (NH4)2S 04, and liquor obtained in various types of vertical retort. A first approximation to the thermal result as obtained in the assay plant can be calc, from the proximate analysis by the form ula:
therms/ton = 3-6F — 5 -5V2j(V + C), where V is the
% volatile m atter and C the calorific val. of the gas in B.Th.U./lb. ; to obtain the corresponding works’
figures this amount must be multiplied by a factor varying between 1 and 1-4, depending on the type of plant and degree of steaming. The coke yield can be obtained in cwt./ton by dividing the % by 5-3. Crit..
tomp. in the assay of coal a r e : initial aq. condensate 430°, initial gaseous product 460°, initial tarry m atter
a 2
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s t r a c t s —B .
1128 Cl. I I .— Fu e l; Ga s; Ta r; Mi n e r a l Oi l s.
510°, first active decomp. 590°, final tarry matter 650°, second active decomp. 670°, third active decomp. 730°.
Coals which produce the best coke evolve most of their gas between 590° and 670°, and it is suggested th at the quantity of gas evolved during this interval may be taken as a measure of the coke quality.
C. B. Mar so n. C h e m i c a l v a l u e o f c o k e - o v e n g a s . F . Mu h l e r t
(Chem.-Ztg., 1931, 55, 826—827).—Known processes for the separation and utilisation of the individual con
stituents of the gas are reviewed. H. E. Bla y d e n. Influence of pressure on som e w ater-gas re
actions. F. F i s c h e r and H. P i c h l e r (Brennstoff- Chem.j 1931, 12, 365—372).-—The rate of the reaction between H 20 and semi-coke at 500° (C 2H20 = C02 + 2H2) is rcduced by increasing the pressure, owing to the formation of a layer of inert gases on the surface of the coke. If this layer is removed by raising the.
temp, or by adding alkali the secondary formation of hydrocarbons commences. In the catalytic hydrogen
ation of CO, increased pressure favours the deposition of products of high mol. wt. ou the catalyst, the activity of which therefore decreases more rapidly than a t the ordinary pressure. Low pressures, e.g., 0-1 atm., are unsuitable for the reduction of CO to hydrocarbons since a greater vol. of catalyst is necessary to bring about the same % conversion. The course and the velocity of the reactions between CH4 and C02 or H sO are greatly influenced by the pressure. Whilst the equilibrium CII4 -f- C02 2CO + 2Ha a t 900°
under 1 atm. pressure can, with the aid of a Ni catalyst, be moved almost completely over to the T ig h t-h an d side, the same result can be reached at considerably lower temp, by diminishing the pressure ; e.g., at 500—600° under 0-01 atm. pressure the whole of the CH4 is converted into CO and H 2. The reaction velocity increases with diminution in pressure. The equilibrium concentrations have been determined as a function of the pressure ; the observed vais, agree with those calc, from the equilibrium consts. of the reactions 2CO = C + C02 and 2H2 + C ^ CH4. A. B. M a n n in g .
Benzol recovery from gas. A. We in d e l (Brenn- stoff-Chem., 1931, 1 2 , 385—386).—The yield of benzol obtained by oil-scrubbing a gas may be greater in practice than is indicated by testing the gas, e.g., by the active-C method, before and after scrubbing. This is probably due to separation of tar fog, with its in
cluded benzol, in the tubes leading to the active-C absorber. Other minor anomalies in the benzol- recovery process are briefly discussed. A. B. Ma n n in g.
Form ation of arom atic substances in brown- coal tars. E. Dona th and R. Fo l g n er (Chem.-Ztg., 1931, 55, 665—666).—The occurrence of aromatic substances in tars from hard coal is ascribed to the presence in the coal of protein derived from animal residues during the coal formation. A mixture of cellulose derivatives and protein on distillation gave a tar resembling that, from coal. Lignite with added protein, in this case a relatively high proportion of casein, was distilled and the tar gave characteristic reactions for anthracene derivatives. When fraction
ated at 120°, 230°, and 280°, the relative proportions
were 13, 34-2, and 7-2%, respectively. The amounts of neutral oils, phenolic substances, pyridine bases, etc.
were also determined ; the coke was a caking one. The possibility th a t other protein wastes (e.g., slaughter
house refuse, leather scrap, etc.) will give similar results is to be investigated. H. J. Do when".
Catalytic pressure-hydrogenation of a benzine obtained by cracking brown-coal tar. J. Varga
and I. Mak ra y(Brennstoff-Chem., 1931,1 2 ,389—390).—
The benzine, which contained 3-8% of S and more than 50% of unsaturated hydrocarbons, was hydrogenated in a rotating autoclave in the presence of a M o 0 3 catalyst and with an initial H2 pressure of 80 atm. At temp, of 380°, 400°, 420°, and 440°, the % S contents of the products were 2-7, 1 -3, 0-07, and 0-02, whilst the corresponding contents of unsaturated hydrocarbon were 28-5, 20-0, 4-0, and 1*5%. The greater part- of the unsaturated hydrocarbons was converted into aliphatic hydrocarbons. The sp. gr. of the benzine decreased and the proportion boiling below 100° in
creased. The “ gum ” content decreased from 21-4 mg.
in the crude benzine to 4-4 mg., 2-8 mg., and nil in the products obtained a t 380°, 420°, and 440°, respectively.
The yields were 92-3 vol.-% a t 420° and 88-3 vol.-% at 440°. The consumption of H2 was 443 litres/kg. a t
4-40°. A. B. Ma n n in g.
Removal of weak organic acids from oils by treatm ent w ith caustic alkali. P. Me y e r (J. Inst.
Petroleum Tech., 1931, 17, 621—629).—I t is shown by experiment and calculation th at the more dil.
solution of alkali removes the larger amount of acid substances such as mercaptans, phenols, etc. On the large scale, complete removal can be effected by countercurrent washing, this treatment being also applicable for the removal of H 2S from the oils.
E. Do c t o r. Sp. heat of som e crude oils and their residues when topped to 1 0 0 ° . H. R. Lang (J. Inst. Petroleum Tech., 1931, 1 7 , 585—591; cf. B., 1930, 649).—The deviation between sp. heat-temp. curves for topped and untopped samples of crude oils is attributed to the presence of gas or air. The amount of C residue (Con- radson) of topped oils is in indirect proportion to the
sp. heat. E . Do c to r.
Activated vegetable carbons. Production and use as decolorising agents. A. E. Wil l ia m s (Chem.
Tr. J., 1931, 89, 423—424, 447-448).
D ecolorising w ith active carbons. G as-analysis apparatus.—See I. Varnish pitches.—See X III.
See also A., Nov., 1226, Activated charcoal. 1233, Water-gas equilibrium . 1249, Condensation of hydrocarbons electrically. 1256, Adsorption and separation of H 2. 1258, Determ ination of CO.
1282, 2 : 3 : 6 : 7-Tetram ethylanthracene in low- tem p. tar. 1286, Phenols of coal tar. 1299, Optic
ally active components of petroleum. 1318, De
termination of traces of C2H2.
Pa t e n t s.
Plant for extracting dust from m inerals such as coal. S. Ho n t e r (B.P. 358,329, 10.11.30).—The coal falls down a sloping wall constituted by a series of
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s t r a c t s —B .
Gl. IX.—F cel ; Ga s; Ta r; Mineral Oil s. 1120
rollers and louvres. An air blast carries the dust through the spaces between the rollers or louvres, behind which are arranged successively a second set of louvres and a set of vertical plates for the purpose of grading the dust. The finest dust which is earned past the vertical plates is removed in a cyclone separator and the cleaned air is then recirculated.
A. B. Ma n n in g. Manufacture of agglomerated balls or briquettes from coal, without the addition of tar. H . Har d y
(B.P. 357,330, 30.7.30. Belg., 8.2.30. Addn. to B.P.
356.236 ; B., 1931, 1035).—Globular coal particles are compressed while still hot, and conveyed to a retort for further heating. D. K. Mo o re.
Manufacture of agglom erated balls or briquettes from coal without the addition of tar. H . Hardy
(B.P. 358,181, 30.7.30. Belg., 30.11.29. Addn. to B.P.
356.236 ; B., 1931, 1035).—Ashy coal or carbonaceous schist is heated until the coal particles become spheroidal, and these arc separated from the ash or schist by flotationin water, and finally are reheated and briquetted.
A. B. Ma n n in g. Device for burning lum p or granular fuel.
Stockholms Aictiebolaget Pr iv a t (B .P . 358,172, 24.7.30. Ger., 12.11.29).—The fuel layer on a travelling grate is arranged in such a manner th a t the large pieces lie underneath and the smaller on top, by raking or otherwise agitating the fuel near the front of the grate close to the fuel-admission point, and at the same time passing a powerful current of air through the fuel at th at point. The device permits a thick fuel layer to be worked with a correspondingly high combustion effect without excessive power consumption for a high under- grate blast pressure. A. B. Ma n n in g.
Vertical carbonising retorts. Woodall- Duckham
(1920), Lt d., a n d A. McD. Duckham (B.P. 357,146, 16.6.30).— T h e r e t o r t fo r in t e r m i t t e n t c a rb o n is a tio n is a b o u t d o u b le th e le n g th of th e o r d in a r y r e t o r t, th e u p p e r p a r t fo rm in g a c a rb o n is a tio n zone e x te r n a lly h e a te d , a n d th e lo w er p a r t a zone in w h ic h w a te r-g a s is p ro d u c e d a n d th e co k e cooled ; th is lo w e r p a r t is s u r ro u n d e d b y a r e c u p e r a to r. A la y e r of coke b reeze p la c e d o n th e to p of th e co k e a f te r th e w ith d r a w a l o f so m e o f th e l a t t e r fro m th e b o tto m p re v e n ts fine co al fr o m p a ssin g in to
th e coke. D. K . Moo re.
Retort for the distillation of coal, oil shale, or other solid carbonaceous m aterial, and adapted for use in conjunction w ith a rotary cem ent kiln.
E. S. Handasyd e (B.P. 358,110, 5.7.30, 1.11.30, and 18.3.31).—The material is passed down a vertical cylindrical retort containing a series of slightly coned rotating plates in such a manner as to be carried com
pletely round on any one plate before being discharged, by means of a scraper, on to the next lower plate. The retort is heated externally with hot gases and internally by superheated steam, which may be supplied either to the top or the bottom of the retort, and/or to each of the rotating plates. The carbonised material is discharged from the bottom hopper of the retort over a rotating cone-shaped plate into a closed pit containing water, whence it is removed. When the retort is used in con
junction with a cement kiln a finely-divided mixture of
oil shale with coal and limestone may be fed into the retort and the carbonised product conveyed to the kiln.
The hot gases from the latter are utilised for the external heating of the retort and for superheating the steam supplied thereto. A. B. Ma n n in g.
Destructive distillation of coal and tar m ixtures.
Ba r r e t t Co., Assees. of S. P. Mil l e r (B.P. 358,233, 13.9.30. U.S., 13.9.29).—Coal and tar are introduced simultaneously but independently into a coke oven, and the mixture is then coked. A layer of coal is preferably first charged on to the bottom of the oven.
A. B . Ma n n in g. Distillation of solid carbonaceous m aterials.
H. Nie l s e n and B. Lain g (B.P. 357,975, 28.6.30).—The process of B.P. 287,037 (B , 1928, 356) is carried out by using superheated steam as the heating medium, the latent heat of the steam being recovered by injecting effluent liquor from the process into the mixed steam and oil vapours leaving the retort, whereby their temp, is reduced to approx. 100°, the liquor being subsequently transferred to an evaporator wherein it is evaporated, under decreased pressure if desired, by further heat interchange with the spent distilling medium. P art of the steam generated may be used to replenish the distilling medium. A. B. Ma n n in g.
Manufacture of carbon black. J . Y. John son. From I. G. Fa r b e n in d. A.-G. (B.P. 357,749 and 358,178, [a] 8.9.30, [b] 28.7.30).—(a) Diacetylene or its substitu
tion products is subjected to partial combustion in air and/or oxides of C. When working with oxides of C a dehydrogenerating catalyst (Pt-asbestos) is used. The narrow outlet tube from, and the safety wire netting in, the burner are water-cooled, (b) In the production of C black by the catalytic decomp. of gaseous hydrocarbons, the clogging of the apparatus by adhering C is prevented by making its inner surface of material which effects no appreciable decomp. of the hydrocarbons, e.g., of Ag, Cu, Cr, brass, Ni- and Ni-Cr-steels. D . K . Mo o r e.
Production of carbon from flam es. Bu r m a h Oil
Co., Lt d., S. T. Min c h in, and R . E . Do w n e r (B.P.
357,133, 13.6.30).—Finely-divided C is deposited on conductors, one of which may be rotated, and the C continuously scraped off ; the other, forming the burner, is charged with a.c. or d.c. and held in the flame of burning hydrocarbon fuels. The yield is increased by keeping the temp, of the C deposit uniform or by reducing
it. D . K . Mo o re.
Production of active carbon and gases containing free hydrogen. Me t a l l g e s. A.-G. (B.P. 3-57,778, 24.9.30. Ger., 4.10.29).—Carbonaceous substances, pre
ferably of high ash content, e.g., low-temp. coke, are treated with mixtures of steam and gas which contain up to about 6% of 0 2, at temp, of 500—600°. The steam-gas mixtures are preheated to 120—200°, and the supply of further extraneous heat is preferably avoided.
The process is so regulated th a t loss of material by com
bustion lies between 5% and 40%. A cheap C of suffi
ciently high activity for many purposes is obtained.
A. B. Ma n n in g. Treatm ent of activated carbon [to absorb water vapour]. Soc. d e Rec h er c h e s e t d’Ex b l o it. Pe t r o l i- FiRES (B.P. 357,812, 17.10.30. Fr., 25.11.29).—The C is
B r i t is h C h e m ic a l A b s t r a c t s —B .
1 1 3 0 Cl. I I . — 1*’d e l; Ga s; Ta b; Mi n e r a l Oi l s.
impregnated with a solution of a dehydrating salt, e.g., CaCl2, MgCl2, K2C03, or an org. hygroscopic liquid, e.g., glycerin, and dried at 150—200°. After use it may be reactivated by heating a t 150—200°. D. K. Mooke.
Manufacture of products from carbonaceous m aterials. H. D. Elk in g to n. From N. V. d e Ba t a a f-
sche Petr oleu m Ma a t s. (B.P. 358,180, 29.7.30. Cf.
B.P. 353,506 ; B., 1931, 872).—Colloidal Re compounds (e.g., sulphide) on suitable carriers, which may be active C or fine coal, are used as catalysts. D. K. Mo o r e.
Rotary-grate gas generators. M. Orb(B.P. 357,768, 20.9.30).—The generator has a stepped rotary ash pan filled with HaO and rotating with the grate. The ash is conveyed from the interior of the shaft to the annular surface forming the outer step, by means of vanes rotat
ing with the grate and also by stationary guide scoops.
The ash is finally removed from the outer step by means of a stationary scoop. A. B. Ma n n in g.
Gasification of solid fuels. Soc. Ox y t h e r m iq u e, Assees. of M. Fr a n k l (B.P. 357,853, 20.11.30. Ger., 2.12.29).—Steam is introduced alternately into the top of each of two producers side by side and connected at the bottom. The gas formed in the first producer flows upward through the second, heating the fuel by its sensible heat. 0 2 is passed through a thermostatically controlled valve into the gas-forming producer when the temp, of the fuel in it falls below 800°.
D. K . Mo o r e. Separation of naphthalene from coal-distillation gases. Gas Ch a m b er s a n d Co k e Ov e n s, Lt d. From F. J. Co l l in A.-G. (B.P. 357,847, 15.11.30).—Warm coal gas passing up a tower vaporises a solvent for Cj0Hs, e.g., tar oil, introduced as a spray about half
way up the tower. In the upper part the gas and vapour meet a spray of H20, which condenses the vapours, and this liquid dissolves the C10H8.
I ) . K . Mo o re. Final cooling of gases from coal-distillation ovens and the like. Ko p r e r s Cok e Oven Co., Lt d. From II. Ko it e r s A.-G. (B.P. 357,801, 9.10.30).—A H 20 -in so l. o il in w h ich C10H 8 is sol., e.g., p e tro le u m , is u se d in s te a d of t a r (cf. B.P. 336,484; B., 1931, 102) for w a sh in g th e c o o lin g w a te r. D. K. Mo o r e.
Enriching a lean com bustible gas. II. A. Br a sse r t
and C. W. An d r e w s, Assrs. to H . A. Br a sse r t & Co.
(U.S.P. 1,795,829, 10.3.31. Appl., 31,12.23).—The gas together with a controlled proportion of air is passed through a mass of partly consumed coke a t high temp., and then through a mass of coke a t a higher temp, (sufficient to convert. C02 into CO), while a controlled quantity of preheated, air is introduced laterally into the coke; the gas is then passed through a mass of coal at a lower temp. H . S. Ga r l ic k.
Conversion of gaseous hydrocarbons into hydro
gen. Un io n Ch im. Be l g e Soc. Ano n. (B .P . 357,956, 29.5.30. B elg ., 31.8.29).—CH4 is p a r t ly c o n v e rte d in to H „ b y th e follo w in g c a ta ly ti c en d o th e.rm ic r e a c t i o n s : CH4+ 2 H20 = C 02+ 4 H2 ; CH4+ H20 = C 0 + 3 H 2. T h e gases a r e h e a te d b e tw e e n th e ir su ccessiv e p a ss a g e s o v e r v a rio u s la y e rs o f c a ta ly s t a n d t h e a p p a r a t u s is h e a te d e x te r n a lly . A m ol. ex cess of s te a m re la tiv e ly t o th e h y d ro c a r b o n s is u se d . D. K. Mo o re.
Distillation of tar. Ba r r e t t C o., Assees. of S. P . Mil l e r (B .P . 357,885, 22.12.30. U.S., 28.12.29).—
Steam, superheated to at least 500°, is brought into direct and intimate contact with a spray of ta r of such concentration th at the steam is almost instantly cooled to a temp, below th at at which objectionable decomp.
of the tar occurs. The spray is also so directed as to keep the walls of the still flushed with tar. The steam and oil vapours, and the residual high-m.p. pitch, are removed continuously from the still. The vapours are condensed, their heat content being utilised in pre
heating and partly distilling the tar supplied to the
still. A. B . Ma n n in g.
Coking of pitch. Ba r r e t t Co., Assees. of M. L.
Ha m l in (B .P . 358,375, 22.12.30. U .S ., 28.12.29).—
The violent ebullition and foaming which may cause blockage of the retort outlets during coking are pre
vented by adding the pitch in portions and waiting until the ebullition of one portion has practically subsided before the next is added. D. K. Mo o r e.
Production of low-boiling hydrocarbons from tars, oils, etc. E. G. Br o w n, H . W. St r o n g, and Im p e r ia l Ch e m. In d u s t r ie s, Lt d. (B .P . 357,589, 25.6.30).—Hydrocarbons boiling up to 200° are obtained by hydrogenating the vapours of tar, phenol, etc. under pressure a t 400—600°, using Fe304 with or without the addition of Sn, Mo, W, Cr, or V as catalyst.
D . K . Mo o r e. Production of hydrocarbons of low b.p. from carbonaceous m aterials. V. Moncada (B .P . 358,124, 8.4.30).—The gas obtained by carbonising coal, wood, tar, or oil after passing in turn through a depldegmator maintained at 400° (in which dust is removed and other products are condensed), a purifier containing coils of Ni, Cu, or Fe wire to remove S, and a t 350—400° over a reducing mixture of finely-divided metal and C to reduce some of the 0 compounds, e.g., PhOH, is hydro
genated by passing over coils of Fe, Ni, Co, or V wire a t 180—250°. After condensation, in which II20 con
taining NH3 etc. and hydrocarbon oils are condensed, the gas is washed with II20 containing S 0 2. obtained by regeneration of the S purifiers, to remove NH3. I t is then passed over activated C to remove light hydro
carbon oils. D. K. Mo o r e.
Retort for treatm ent of oil shales, bitum ens, hydrocarbons, etc. A. Stewart (U.S.P. 1,800,366,
14.4.31. Appl., 13.3.28).—A cylindrical retort having a conical bottom provided with a central outlet aperture and a gas outlet a t the top is placed vertically in a stack heated from below. Secured to the wall of the reto rt is a series of vertically disposed zig-zag chutes. The re to rt is heated by means of a central pipe extending throughout its length having a heat-resisting filling and horizontal heat-deflecting elements thereon. Ma
terial enters th e chutes through hoppers, and residue is recovered and discharged from the bottom of the retort.
H. S. GARLrcK.
Apparatus for cracking and distilling hydro
carbons. J. H. An d e r s o n. Assr. to Al t it h e r m o En g. Co. (U.S.P. 1,800,672, 14.4.31. Appl., 8.10.28).—A conical, metallic retort having a smooth and unobstruct
ed inner surface is rotatably supported within a heating
B r itis h C h e in ic a l A b s t r a c t s — B .
Cl. I I . — Fu e l ; Ga s ; Ta b ; Mi n e r a l Oi l s. 1 1 3 1
chamber with, its axis inclined downwardly towards its smaller end and with the lowest longitudinal line of its conical wall in a substantially horizontal position.
Hollow, inclined, axial trunnions open out of the retort a t its opposite ends and project through the opposite end-walls of the heating chamber, and are connected respectively to means for supplying the material to be treated and a receiver for the products of the opera
tion. A bed of loose metal bodies extends the length of the retort, a screen preventing their discharge through the lower trunnion, but permitting the free flow of the
products. I I . S. Ga r l ic k.
Conversion of petroleum oil. R. Cro ss, Assr. to Ga s o l in e Pro du cts Co., In c. (U.S.P. 1,796,507, 17.3.31.
Appl., 9.7.24).—Oil is raised to conversion temp, without substantial cracking and is passed: to a vaporising chamber, heavily lagged to prevent heat losses, where it collects in considerable quantity. Lighter fractions are distilled off, passed to a dephlegmator, and the .escaping vapours condensed and collected. Unvaporised products are directed to a stagnant pool which can be heated to facilitate settling of the free carbonaceous material. The heavy settlings from the bottom of the pool and the liquid, relatively C-free oil from a vertical restricted column in the pool, are separately withdrawn, whereby turbulency in the main body of oil is prevented.
H. S. Ga r l ic k. Treatm ent of petroleum hydrocarbons. W. M.
Cro ss, Assr. to Ga s o l in e Products Co., In c. (U.S.P.
1,800,436, 14,4.31. Appl., 27.2.26).—Oil is raised to cracking temp, in a heating stage and passed to a conversion stage where temp, and pressure conditions are maintained to permit cracking without substantial distillation ; it is thereafter passed to an evaporation stage wherein a portion of the cracked product is distilled. The residual oil is passed to a separate still.
The lighter fractions are removed and condensed and then returned through the heating stage for re-treatm cnt;
the residual fluid is passed to the burners of the heating stage and back to the still in a closed cycle, sufficient being withdrawn for fuel purposes. I I . S. Ga r ij c k.
Treatm ent of petroleum products. G. Eg l o f f, Assr. to Un iv e r s a l Oil ProductsCo. (U .S .P . 1,800,823,
14.4.31. Appl., 24.3.27).—Sludge acid after separation from acid-treated oil and substantially free from extra
neous moisture is subjected to the action of an acid- resisting centrifuge, whereby acid and oil are separated from the sludge and may be collected separately.
H. S. Ga r l ic k. Breaking of petroleum em ulsions. J. Hym an
and A. F . Sc h la n d t, Assrs. to P u r e Oi l Co. (U.S.P.
1,800,887, 14.4.31. Appl., 26.3.29).—The emulsion is treated first with S 02 and subsequently with H 2S, then heated, and set aside to allow the constituents to
separate. H . S. Ga r l ic k.
Breaking of petroleum em ulsions. C. H. M.
Ro b e r t s, Assr. to Tr e t o l it e Co. (U.S.P. 1,802,090, 21.4.31. Appl., 24.1.27).—The emulsion is pumped through a flow-line into which is introduced an inert gaBeous medium. H 20 is added and the mixture passed through a homogeniser. A chemical demulsifier is
subsequently added to the emulsion as it travels through the flow-line into a settling tank. H. S. Ga r l ic k.
Refining of hydrocarbon oils. A. S. Ram a ge, Assr. to Gyro Process Co. (U.S.P. 1,796,621, 17.3.31.
Appl., 27.8.26).—S and Cl are removed from aromatic, olefinic, and naphthenic hydrocarbons, arid mixtures thereof, which have been pretreated with an agent of the group comprising H2S 04 and active Cl-compounds, by dissolving such hydrocarbons in an EtOH solution of an alkali hydroxide, permitting the solution to stratify, and separately removing the purified oil and the EtOH-alkaline solution containing the impurities.
II. S. Ga r l ic k. Production of m otor fuel. G. Eg l o f f, Assr. to Un iv e r s a l Oil Products Co. (U .S .P . 1,800,822, 14.4.31.
Appl., 17.3.26).—A non-detonating fuel for liigh- compression motors consists of 15—20% of a pressure distillate produced by cracking low-temperature coal tar blended with 85—80% of a straight-run or cracked gasoline, or both, obtained from petroleum.
II. S. Ga r l ic k. Manufacture of non-detonating m otor fuels.
A. B. Br o w n and F. W. Su l l iv a n, j u n., Assrs. to Sta n d a rd Oil Co. (U.S.P. 1,797,819, 24.3.31. Appl., 12.11.25).—A high-boiling hydrocarbon is subjected to conversion temp. ( > 370°) under pressure in the presence of a nitrogenous org. compound of the substitutcd-NH3 type, e.g., urea, dicyanodiamide, guanidine, thereby producing cyclic N compounds in the oil and a fuel product of the gasoline range, which is distilled from the reaction mass. H. S. Ga r l ic k.
Lubricating oils. Sta nd a rd Oi l De v e l o p m e n tCo., Assees. of E. M. Cla rk (B.P. 357,717, 9.8.30. U.S., 5.10.29. Addn. to B.P. 349,342 ; B., 1931, 832).—Oils produced by the process of the prior patent are charac
terised by the following properties: the viscosity (Saybolt) in sec. a t 210° F. (F 2J0) is greater than that indicated by the relation I JOO == 0'0758(2/Pr21o) -f 12-56(F2i0) — 524-6; the Conradson value (% C) is
< 0 -0 0 4 7 (F 210) — 0-15; the flash pt, (° F.) is higher than F 2]0- f 410; low pour point and high sp. g r .;
high resistance to oxidation. The products may be blended with straight mineral lubricating oils.
A. B . Ma n n in g. Treatment of lubricants. W. 0. S tev en s, Assr.
to An t i Ho t Box Co., In c. (U.S.P. 1,796,310, 17.3.31.
Appl., 15.6.29).—Wood ashes, preferably from hardwood, with or without the addition of a relatively small quantity of bone char, are thoroughly dried and placed in an oil-pervious container which is immersed in the oil to be treated (using about 1 lb. of ashes to 5 gals, of oil) for sufficient time to allow thorough penetration.
H . S. Ga r l ic k. Compression of coal cakes. N. Y. Sil ic a e n
Ov enbo uw Mi j., Assees. of C. Otto & Co., G.m.b.H.
(B.P. 358,981, 16.7.30. Ger., 16.7.29).
Gas burners. Gaw a Pa t e n t v e r w a l t u n g s A.-G.
(B.P. 358,821, 24.12.30. Ger., 13.2.30).
A nti-incrustation briquettes for boilers etc.
Pulverising installation. D isintegrating m ate
rials. Sound-deadening com positions. — See I.
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s t r a c t s —B .
1 1 3 2 Cl. I I I . — Or g a n i c In t e r m e d i a t e s.
D ispersions. Oxidation of org. com pounds.—See III. CS2.—See VII. Asphalt-coated m etal.—See X. Dynamo brush.—See XI.
III.— ORGANIC INTERMEDIATES.
Formation of vanillin from sulphite-cellulose waste liquors and its gravim etric determination.
M. Hon ig and W. Ru zic zk a (Z. angew. Chem., 1931, 44, 845—847).—Sulphite-cellulose waste liquors, when boiled with NaOII, give vanillin, which, after partial purification, can be determined as m-nitrobenzoyl- hydrazide. The yield is greatly decreased by passage of air during boiling (owing to oxidation) (cf. B., 1928, 292), and greatly increased by heating for 3 hr. at ICO—
170°/5—6 a tm .' ' R . S. Ca h n. Recovery of volatile solvents. Thorm a nn (Zentr.
Gewerbehyg. Unfallverhiit., 1931, 18, 67—75 ; Chem.
Zentr., 1931, i, 3032).—Dangers and precautions are
discussed. A. A. El d r id g e.
See A., Nov., 1245 and 1248, Autoxidation of PhCHO. 1248, D issociation of BzOH vapour.
1249, Condensation of hydrocarbons electrically.
1272, Prep, of Et oxalate. 1273, Polym erisation of MeCHO. Detection of COMe2 in presence of MeCHO. 1282,2 :3 :6 : 7-Tetramethylanthracene.
1286, Hydrogenation of PhOH. Phenols of coal tar. 1288, Separation of cresols. 1293, Prep, of phenylglyoxal. 1296, 1 - Methylanthraquinone series. 1309, Reduction products of pyocyanine etc. dyes. 1333, Form ation of citric acid b y m oulds.
1334, Bacteria producing trim ethylene glycol.
L actic-acetic fermentation.
Pa t e n t s.
Production of acetaldehyde from methane and carbon dioxide. G u te h o ffn o n gsh ut t e Ob e r iia u s e n
A.-G. (B.P. 353,455, 23.4.30. Ger., 29.4.29).—C02 and excess CH4 are led through a high-frequency field of above 10,000 periods/sec. and above 20,000 volts, with or w ithout catalysts, e.g., quartz glass. The conversion
is about 40%. C. Ho l l in s.
Manufacture of acetic anhydride. I. G. Fa r b e n-
in d. A.-G. (B.P. 353,688, 21.7.30. Ger., 1.8.29).—
AcOH vapour is led into a molten phosphate, heat being supplied electrically, e.g., by a current between the lead-in tube and the containing vessel, which are made of Cu, Cr-Ni, etc. C. Ho l l in s.
Manufacture of acetic anhydride. W. W. Gr o v e s. From I. G. Fa r b e n in d. A.-G. (B.P. 354,159, 6.2.31).—
AeOH and AcCl or S0C12 are introduced into a column attached to a still containing boiling Ac20. Ac20 condenses and is removed from the still by an overflow.
The exit gases are washed to remove excess AcCl.
C. Ho l l in s. Manufacture of aldols. T. H. Du r r a n s and F. W.
Le w is (B.P. 353,413, 21.3.30).—MeCHO and H 20 are added to anhyd. Na2C03 a t 15°, or are percolated through the Na2C03 ; aldol is isolated by extraction or distilla
tion. The H 20 must not exceed 25% of the wt. of
Na2C03. C. Ho l l in s.
Manufacture of iodomethanesulphonic acid, its hom ologues and their salts. A. Ca r p.m ael. From
I. G. Fa r b e n in d. A.-G. (B.P. 353,477, 24.4.31. 5, 11.7, 12.7., and 7.11.30).—CH2I 2, CHI3, or homologues are heated with aq. neutral sulphite, or chloro- or bromo- methanesulphonic acid or homologues with an iodide in H 20 or an org. solvent, to give iodoalkylsulphonic acids, the salts of which are contrast media for X-ray photography. Na iodomethanesulphonate is obtained in 95% yield from CH2I2 and aq. Na2S03 at 70°; the methylamine salt, m.p. 144—145°, is similarly pre
pared ; ethylidene iodide gives Na a-iodoethane-a- sulphonate. Diethylamine iodomethanesulphonate is prepared from Mn chloromethanesulphonate and N H E t2,HI in H 20 a t 180—200°. Na a-iodopropane-a- sulphonate is also described. C. Ho l l in s.
M a n u fa c tu re of a lip h a tic k e to n e s. Br i t. Ce l a n e s e, Lt d., H. F. Ox l e y, \V. H. Gro o m br id ge, and E. B.
Thom as (B .P . 353,467, 16.4.30).—In the conversion of C2H2, aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes, or esters by steam into aliphatic ketones there is used a catalyst prepared by heating, e.g., a t 1400—1600° for 1 hr., an alkaline- earth oxide with a weak acidic oxide (A120 3, ZnO, or Si02) to give a hydraulic product which is powdered and caused to set by addition of H 20 . The oxides may be generated in situ by heating suitable compounds, or may be co-precipitated, e.g., by adding aq. NaOII to a 10% solution of Ca(N03)2 and Zn(N03)2. With a CaO-ZnO “ cement ” catalyst at 465—480° steam and E tO H give 60—70% yield of COMe2. C. H o llin s .
Manufacture of alcohols. J . Y . Johnson. From I. G.
Fa r b e n in d. A.-G. (B.P. 353,047, 10.4.30).—Hydrocar
bons of b.p. above 180° are air-oxidised in liquid phase a t atm. pressure in presence of at least 2% of acids of dissociation const. 2-5 X 10~4 to 2 X 10~13 until the sap. val. reaches 70. E.g., air laden with 22 g. of AcOH per cu. in. is blown through hard paraffin wax at 180°
for 3 hr. to give a 40% conversion into alcohols. Other suitable compounds are H3B 03, Bz20, Sb20 5 ; Mn naphthenate may also be present. C. Ho l l in s.:
Manufacture of polym erised vinyl alcohols. J. Y.
Johnson. From I. G. Fa r b e n in d. A.-G. (B.P. 353,866, 24.3.30).—A vinyl ester is heat-polymerised in presence of org. or inorg. per-compounds (NaB03, Bz20 2, B a0 2, etc.) and org. acid anhydrides (Ac20), in absence of solvents, and the product is hydrolysed, e.g., with EtOH
and H2S 04. C. Ho l l in s.
Production of dispersions. J . Y. Johnson. From I. G. Fa r b e n in d. A.-G. (B.P. 353,926, 31.1. and 29.8.30).
—Yiscous or solid polymerides of alkylene oxides are used as dispersing agents. Dispersions in H 20 of bleached montan wax, gum mastic, pyroxylin lacquers, castor oil, tritolyl phosphate, ozokerite with montan wax, stearin, and nigrosine (for boot polish), montan wax with car- nauba wax and castor oil (for floor polish), wool grease with H B 03 and glycerol (for salves), green earth with fuchsin (for lime distemper), BaS04 with A12(S04)3, Na2C03, BaCl2, and Hansa-green G [precipitated with BaCl2 and A12(S04)3 for a colour lake], A12(S04)3 with Na2C03, Na2H P 0 4, Alizarin-red, and Turkey-red oil [precipitated with A12(S04)3 and BaS04 for wallpaper paint], Para-red, and A1 powder are described.
C. Ho l l in s.
