CHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEEN
THE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:
3150-1850 B C Ivan T. Chernyakov ElkeKaiser Viktor I. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko Nikolay N.Kovalyukh VladimirA. Kr uts Mykola N. Kryvaltsevi h Vadim L. Lakiza Jan Ma hnik Sergey V. Nazarov Alla V. Nikolova Vadim V. Skripkin Marzena Szmyt Mihailo Y. Videiko 1 V O L U M E 7
•
1999w.Mar in78
Tel.(061)8536709ext. 147,Fax(061)8533373
EDITOR
AleksanderKo±ko
EDITORIALCOMMITEE
SophiaS.Berezanskaya (Kiev),AleksandraCofta-Broniewska
(Pozna«), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lu yna Doma«ska
(ód¹), ViktorI. Klo hko (Kiev), Valentin V. Otrosh henko
(Kiev),PetroTolo hko (Kiev)
SECRETARY
MarzenaSzmyt
SECRETARYOFVOLUME
AgnieszkaPrzybyª
ADAMMICKIEWICZUNIVERSITY
INSTITUTEOFEASTERNSTUDIES
INSTITUTEOFPREHISTORY
Pozna«1999
ISBN83-86094-06-0
CHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEEN
THE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:
3150-1850 B C Ivan T. Chernyakov ElkeKaiser Viktor I. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko Nikolay N.Kovalyukh VladimirA. Kr uts Mykola N. Kryvaltsevi h Vadim L. Lakiza Jan Ma hnik Sergey V. Nazarov Alla V. Nikolova Vadim V. Skripkin Marzena Szmyt Mihailo Y. Videiko 1 V O L U M E 7
•
1999CoverDesign: EugeniuszSkorwider
Lingvisti onsultation:JohnComber
PrintedinPoland
EDITORS'FOREWORD ... 5
ASSUMPTIONS ... 7
ViktorI.Klo hko,AleksanderKo±ko,MarzenaSzmyt,PROBLEM
OFTAXONOMICLIMITATIONSINTHESYNTHESISOFTHEHISTORY
OFBALTIC-PONTICBORDERLANDIN3150-1850BC ... 7
NikolayN.Kovalyukh,Sergey V.Nazarov,RADIOCARBON
DATINGCALIBRATIONINARCHEOLOGICALSTUDIES ... 12
VadimV.Skripkin,NikolayN.Kovalyukh,RADIOCARBONLSDATING
OFBONEMICRO-SAMPLES ... 27
PARTI.THEBLACKSEABASIN(CHRONOLOGYOFTAXONOMICUNITS) ... 34
Mihailo Y.Videiko, RADIOCARBONDATINGCHRONOLOGYOFTHELATE
TRIPOLYECULTURE ... 34
ViktorI.Klo hko,VladimirA.Kruts,RADIOCARBONDATES
FROMTHEYAMNAYACULTUREBARROWATTHETRIPOLYECULTURE
"GIANTSETTLEMENT"NEARTALYANKY ... 72
AllaV. Nikolova,RADIOCARBONDATESFROMTHEGRAVES
OFTHEYAMNAYACULTUREATTHEINGULETSRIVER
(THEKIROVOHRADREGION) ... 80
AllaV. Nikolova,RADIOCARBONDATINGOFGRAVES
OFTHEYAMNAYAANDCATACOMBCULTURES
ONTHEDNIEPERRIGHTBANK ... 103
ElkeKaiser,RADIOCARBONDATESFROMCATACOMBGRAVES ... 129
Mykola Kryvaltsevi h,NikolayN.Kovalyukh,RADIOCARBONDATING
OFTHEMIDDLEDNIEPERCULTUREFROMBELARUS ... 151
ViktorI.Klo hko,RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOFTHEEARLY
ANDMIDDLEBRONZEAGEINTHEMIDDLEDNIEPERREGION.
THEMYRONIVKABARROWS ... 163
Marzena Szmyt,IvanT. ChernyakovRADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGY
OF"AKKIEMBETSKIYKURGAN".APRELIMINARYREPORT ... 196
PARTII.THEBALTICSEABASIN(CHRONOLOGYOFPONTIC"INFLUENCE") .. 203
Aleksander Ko±ko,PONTICTRAITSINTHEMATERIALSOF
CULTURE|ARADIOCARBONPERSPECTIVE ... 211
JanMa hnik, RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOFTHECORDEDWARE
CULTUREONGRZDASOKALSKA.AMIDDLEDNIEPER
TRAITSPERSPECTIVE ... 221
VadimL.L akiza, RADIOCARBONDATINGOFTHECORDEDWARE
CULTUREFROMTHENIEMENRIVERBASIN.AGRAVEFROM
PARKHUTY,SITE1,THEGRODNAREGION ... 251
CONCLUSION ... 264
ViktorI.Klo hko,AleksanderKo±ko,MarzenaSzmyt,ACOMPARATIVE
CHRONOLOGYOFTHEPREHISTORYOFTHEAREABETWEEN
THEVISTULAANDDNIEPER:3150-1850BC ... 264
Referen es ... 283
ThisvolumeoftheBalti Ponti Studies fo usesontheresultsoftheresear h
arried out so far into the absolute (radio arbon) hronology of the area lying
betweentheVistulaandDnieperorthebio- ultural borderlandbetween theWest
andEastofEurope.Absolute hronologyistreatedherebothasaresear hgoaland
fundamentalpremise inthebroaderstudiesof the hronometri anddevelopment
syn hronizationof\borderland" ulturalsystems.Ina seriesofarti les devotedto
individualtaxa a onsiderable numberofnew 14
Cdates havebeen ompared.The
dates on ernsour ematerialsthathavebeen hosenfromthepointofviewoftheir
representativenessand hronometri value (\short-lived"materials werepreferred
to minimize a potential error). The vast majority of analyses were purposefully
made in the same 14
C laboratory of the State S ienti Center of Environmental
Radiogeo hemistry of Ukrainian A ademy of S ien es in Kiev taking advantage of
fundsgenerouslyprovidedbythePolishCommitteeforS ienti Resear h.
Thevolume devotedto the\dark" se tionofthe\borderland"history
(3150--1850BC)isthe rstbutnotthelastpubli ationonthebroaderissuesmentioned
1. All dates in the B-PS are alibrated [see: Radio arbon vol.28, 1986, andthe
nextvolumes℄.Deviations fromthisrule willbepointoutinnotes.
2. Thenamesofthear haelogi al ulturesandsitesarestandarizedtotheEnglish
literatureonthesubje t(e.g.M.Gimbutas,J.P.Mallory).Inthe aseofanew
term,theauthor'soriginalnamehasbeenretained.
3. The spelling of names of lo alities having the rank of administrative entres
followsoÆ ial,state,Englishlanguage artographi publi ations(e.g. Ukraine,
PLISSN1231-0344
ViktorKlo hko,AleksanderKo±ko,MarzenaSzmyt
A COMPARATIVE CHRONOLOGY OF THE PREHISTORY
OFTHE AREA BETWEEN THE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:
3150-1850 BC
Presentedinthis volumeoftheBalti -Ponti Studies,thestudyof the
ompa-rative hronologyofthe ulturalunitsfoundinthearealaying betweentheVistula
andDnieper(fromanotherperspe tive -inthephysiographi borderlandbetween
theEastandWestofEurope)suppliesonlyafragmentofne essaryidenti ations.
What is not dealt with is the question of polylinearism of ultural hanges and
theproblemof \peripheral"manifestationsofthe\long hronology"[ f.Klo hko,
Ko±ko,Szmyt, Problem
. . .
,inthisvolume℄.The aim of this paperis to riti ally assess thea hieved state of exploration
fromthepointofviewofbothitstaxonomi ompletenessandinterpretationrange
ofindividual datingsortheir seriesfollowing fromthe urrentstate ofknowledge
onthetheoryofradio arbon hronometry.Asa nalprodu t,weintendtopresent
urrentpossibilitiesofhistori al( alendar) orrelationsof ulturalunitsfoundinthe
areabetweentheVistulaandDnieper(3150-1850BC)togetherwiththeexposition
of\unexploredgrounds".
1. CULTURALUNITSOFBALKANORIGINFROMTHEBLACKSEABASIN
The presented papers have do umented the hronometry of two taxa: (1.1)
1.1. THELATE(CII)STAGEOFTHETRIPOLYECULTURE
Dateshavebeenobtained(35newones)forthefollowingspatial units/groups
(ortypes)oftheTC:Zhvaniets,Troyaniv,Gorodsk-Kasperivtsy,So evka,Kosenivka
andUsatovo(Fig.1). Together with earlier datings[e.g. Telegin 1977; 1985;
Pato-kovaet al. 1989;We hler1994℄we haveample sour ematerial of46radio arbon
datings.
Thetimespanofallthe46datesos illatesbetween3841
±
148BCand2379±
85 BCwhile theirjoint alibrationsetstheintervalof3080-2420BC.However,these-ries of dates in ludes datings se ured from samples ontaining di erent organi
materials, su h as har oals, bones (in luding burnt ones), shells and organi
de-posits(so- alled\nagar"). Iftheanalysis isrestri tedto \short-lived"samples,the
resultswill beslightlydi erent,i.e.2950-2360BC.
Thespatial diversi ation oftheanalyzed samplesmakes forthefa tthatthe
most reliable pi ture is providedbya detailed analysisof the alibration of dates
forindividual taxonomi unitsandsites [all alibrations foll. Weninger 1993℄.Out
of several urrentlyavailable spatial divisionsof theTripolye area in its CIIstage
[e.g.Derga hev1980;Chernysh1982;Movsha1985b;Kruts1997℄,wemainlyfollow
T.Movsha'sproposal.
1.1.1. ZHVANIETSGROUP
Thisgroupislo alized inthedrainageoftheMiddlePrutandDniesterRivers
[Movsha1985b:232-235℄.InT.G.Movsha'sopinion,themaindevelopmentstageof
theunitfallsonphaseCIandonlyitsde line partiallyoverlapsthelimitsofphase
CII[Movsha1985b:254-255℄.
The ve dates (all new ones) thatare at our disposal ome from
Zhvaniets--Sh hovbsite [Videiko, Radio arbon
. . .
,in this volume℄. They splitintotwo time horizons | two older ones group around a 3200 BC while the three youngeronesare loseto a 2960 BC. Furthermore, theolder stage isdetermined bythe
datings of bone samples (Ki-6745,Ki-6743), while the youngerone is de ned by
bone(Ki-6744)and har oaldatings(Ki-6754andKi-6753).Inthis ase,\ har oal"
datings do notmake older a hronologyset byother datings, therefore they an
be takento be relatively reliable. The obje tionfollows from thefa tthatone of
thedates (Ki-6753)refers to har oals olle ted from an embankment, while the
lo ation ontextoftheother(Ki-6754)isnotknown(noinformationonthelo ation
Fig.1.Syn hronizationof ulturalunitsbetween theVistulaandDnieperfrom3150-1850BCbased
onradio arbondates.a-general hronologyofphaseCIIoftheTCandGACb-possibleexpansion
The datings from Zhvaniets taken togetherset theinterval of 3300-2980BC
(Fig.1).
1.1.2. TROYANIVGROUP
Theterritoryofthegroup oversthedrainage basinsofthePripet'ssouthern
tributaries,theTeterev,Slu handHoryn,i.e.easternVolhynia[Movsha1985b:237℄.
The groupisbelievedto havepre ededtheGorodskgroup[Derga hev 1980:200℄.
Theperiodofthegreatesta tivityoftheTroyanivgrouptookpla einstageCIwith
onlyits de line supposedly oin iding with theemergen e ofthestru turesof CII
[Derga hev1980℄.
From thesite in Troyaniv, three datingshave been obtainedfor single bones
olle tedindwelling-typefeatures [Videiko,Radio arbon
. . .
,inthisvolume℄.They mark out the interval of a 3080-2910 BC. However, the datings oin ide withone another, whi h may be interpreted as an indi ator of the same stage of site
o upationthatmay havetakenpla e around2950BC(Fig.1).
1.1.3. GORODSK-KASPEROVTSY
This unit is distinguished by T. Movsha in the area previously o upied by
earlier units, namely Zhvaniets and Troyaniv groups [Movsha 1985b:237-242℄. In
V. Derga hev's division, some of its sites (from the Southern Bug, Dniester and
Prut)aresubsumed underGordinesztygroup[Derga hev,Manzura 1991:Tab. 1℄.
Ofthedates atour disposal,six datings anbe linkedto theGorodsk-Kasperivtsy
group.Twoofthem omefromthenorthernpart(Gorodsk;1newdating)andthe
otherfourfromthesouthernpart (Sandraki,Tsviklovtsy,Gorodni a-Gorodysz ze;
3datingsare new).
Ofthetwo\northern"dates,onewasformerlyobtainedforsamplesthatmust
have ontained har oals (GrN-5090),while a newonewas pro uredfrom a shell
sample olle ted during old ex avations (Ki-6752) [Videiko, Radio arbon
. . .
, in this volume℄. There is no information on the lo ation of all samples and theirontexts. A joint alibration of thethree dates indi ates theperiod of 3350-3100
BC, while the dating of the shell sample ts into the period of 3212
±
100 BC (Fig.1).Datesfrom Sandrakiwerepro ured frombonesamples omingfroma single
periodof2860-2690BC.Nevertheless, theymayrelatetoasinglesettlementphase
takingpla e a2710BC.
The dating from Tsviklovtsywas obtained forburnt bones olle ted probably
fromagraveduringoldex avations[Videiko,Radio arbon
. . .
,inthisvolume℄.The datingindi atestheperiodof2450±
89BC(Fig.1).Thevalue ofthedating,inthe ontextofpreviousdatingsandthe hara terofthewholesite[Movsha1964;1965℄,seems tobe rathertoolow.
The ombinedanalysis of all the six dates permits us to pla e the
Gorodsk--Kasperivtsygroupintheperiodfrom3320to2690BCwiththebeginningandend
ofthissequen e beingun ertain.
1.1.4. KOSENIVKAGROUP
The group is lo alized in the area between the Southern Bug and Dnieper
Rivers[Movsha1993℄.The hronologyofthisgroupisasso iatedwithstagesCIand
CII[Kruts,Ryzhov1985:54;Movsha1993℄.As ribedtothisgroup,thesettlementin
Vilkhovets[Videiko,Radio arbon
. . .
,inthisvolume℄suppliedfourdates (allfrom bonesamples foundin pit 1).They markouttheinterval of 2870-2690BC. Inalllikelihood, they are onne tedto a single settlement phase o urring about 2870
BC(Fig.1).
1.1.5. SOFIEVKAGROUP
ItisbelievedtobethelateststageoftheTripolye ultureintheMiddleDnieper
area [Kruts1977:109-138;Movsha 1985b:246-259;Derga hev1980,Videiko1995℄.
Forthree emeteriesoftheSo evkatype(So evka,ZavalovkaandKrasnyKhutor),
eight 14
C dates were se ured from samples of di erent materials (burnt bones,
arbon deposits, oals) [Kovalyukh, Videiko, Skripkin 1995; Kadrow 1995℄. The
onsisten y ofthe datingsof di erent samples should beemphasized, whi h is of
utmost importan e for the interpretation of dates on erning so ontroversial a
sour easburntbones.Tiisne essary,however, to ontinueworkonthedatingof
thesaidunitusing othermaterials.
The oldest groupof three dates was obtained for the emetery in So evka,
whereburntbonesand|inone ase| har oalswereanalyzed.The\ oal"date
The younger datings from So evka oin ide with two dates from the
eme-teryinZavalovka(bothdate samplesofburntbones).They indi atetheperiodof
2920-2650BC.
The youngest series of dates from the emetery in Krasny Khutor partially
overlapsthedatingsfromSo evkaandZavalovka.Intwo aseswedealwithdatings
obtainedforsamplesofburntbonesandinone aseforasampleof arbondeposit.
Takentogether,thethree datesindi ate theinterval of2870-2570BC.
Inthementionedtimerange, followingfromtheanalysisofall theeight
sam-ples,theintervalof2920-2790BCisthemost redibleone[Kadrow1995℄(Fig.1).
1.1.6. USATOVOGROUP
TheUsatovoseries omprises11newdates fromthe\Akkiembetskiykurgan"
[Szmyt, Chernyakov, Radio arbon
. . .
, in this volume℄. They were pro ured from eightbonesamples andonewoodsample omingfromsixgraves.Inaddition,twodatesfromthesamekurgan on ernaritualfeaturewhereahorse'sskullhasbeen
deposited. All the dates t into the period of 2610-2310BC. The dating of the
wood sample ts into themiddle of the sequen e, thus there are no reasons for
questioningit.
However,olddatingsof\long-lived"materials(Mayaki,Usatovo,Danku)
indi- ateamu h earlierperiodof3270-2880BC.The dis repan ybetween theoldand
newdatingsseemstobe ausedbydi erentmaterialssubje tedtotheradio arbon
analysis|theolddatingsmaybe awedbythe\old-woode e t".Itishardtotell
whetherthedis repan yshowsrealtimedi eren esbetweenthedis ussed
omple-xes, ifitisassumedthattheUsatovogroupfun tionedovera longperiodoftime
[Derga hev1980℄.Theissue allsformoreresear handmore ontrolradio arbon
dates (Fig.1).
1.1.7. CONCLUSION
Puttingtogetherallthepresentedinformation,onemaysetthemaximumtime
limits forstage CII at 3100/2950-2400/2300BC. Outofthe dis ussedgroups,
As it has been already stressed, the urrent pi tureof the hronologi al and
spatialdiversi ation ofphaseCIIstru tures allsformorestudy,inparti ularfor
more seriesof\short-lived"samples withwell exploredsettlement ontexts.
1.2. GLOBULARAMPHORACULTURE
The urrentseriesofdatesforGACsettlementinVolhyniaandPodolia
om-prises12datingsfrom ninesites[foran earlier version seeKadrow, Szmyt1996b;
forafullanalysissee Szmyt1999b;2000℄.
1.2.1. VOLHYNIA
Out of seven dates on erning the GAC in Volhynia, six were obtained by
datinghumanbonesfromgravesandonebydatinganimal onesfroma settlement
pit.
Tovpyzhyn.Ina istgrave, remains ofonemanaged40-50yearswere found.Two
dateswerepro ured(Ki-5011andKi-5010),ajoint alibrationofwhi hpointedout
totheperiodaround2895BC.
Ozdiv. In a grave la king any stone stru tures, remains of three individuals (two
adultsand a hild) were dis overed.For thebones of oneof the individuals, the
date(Ki-5919)of2740
±
103BCwasobtained.Thegrave anbetakentohavebeen lledonlyon e.Thus,thedate orrespondstothe\moment"ofinterment.Ivanye.Ina istgrave,remainsoftwopersonswerefound(anolderandayounger
man). For the bonesof one ofthe individuals, two dates were obtained (L e-5021
andKi-5141)whosejoint alibrationpointsoutto a2570BC.Thedatingmayrefer
tooneofthetwoepisodesofgrave lling.
Suyemtsy II. In a ist grave, remains of ve individuals were unearthed. From
thebones of one of them, thedate (Ki-6930)of 2399
±
66BC was pro ured.The des ription doesnot provide enough information to on lude whether the gravewasusedonlyon eoranumberoftimes.
Peresopnitsa.Ina settlement pit,veryri h erami materials were found.Animal
bonesfromits ontentsweredatedobtainingtheresult(Ki5075)of2382
±
74BC. The dis ussed datings from Volhynia t into the interval of 2860-2330 BC1.2.2. PODOLIA
AllthedatesfromPodoliawerese uredfromhumanbones foundin graves.
Vorvulintsy.Ina istgrave,remainsofsixpeoplewerefound.Forthebonesofone
ofthem, thedate(Ki-5008)of2788
±
98BCwasobtained.Thedateindi ates only oneofseveralpossibleepisodesofthegrave use.Loshniv. In a grave, remains offour people were found.Forthe bonesof one of
them, thedate(Ki-5006)of2741
±
106BCwasobtained.The des riptiondoesnot provideenoughinformation to on ludewhetherthegrave wasusedonlyon e ora number of times.It has to be on luded thatthe date refersto one of several
possibleepisodes.
KhartonovtsyII. Ina istgrave,remains of ve peoplewere dis overed.Fromthe
bonesofoneofthemtwodates(Ki-5586andKi-5587)werepro ured.Theyindi ate
aperiodabout2500BC.Thegrave musthavebeenuseda numberoftimes,while
thedatingsrefertoonlyoneepisode.
Dovge.Ina istgrave,remains ofthree individualsweredis overed.Forthebones
of oneof them, thedate (Ki-5009)of 2544
±
84BCwas obtained.The grave may havebeenusedasmanyasthreetimes.Hen e,thedateindi atesonlyoneofseveralpossibleepisodes.
ThedatingsfromPodolia t intotheinterval of2840-2570BC(Fig.1).
1.2.3. CONCLUSION
Fig.1showsallthedatings on erningtheGACinVolhyniaandPodolia.They
all lie within the period of 2830-2470 BC. Generally speaking, the datings from
Volhynia overalongerperiodthanthosefromPodolia(Fig.1).
2. CULTURALUNITSOFNON-BALKANORIGININTHEBLACKSEABASIN
The papers ited above re ord newdata on erning theabsolute hronology
ofthethreetaxa:(2.1.)theYamnaya ulture(YC),(2.2.)Kemi-Oba ulture(KOC)
2.1. YAMNAYACULTURE
In theliterature, there an be found a long seriesof 14
C datingswhi h have
beense uredinthelast35yearsfromdi erentYCgraveassemblages [e.g.Telegin
1977; 1985℄. The spread of datings is quite onsiderable | about 4800-3500 BP
in the extreme. Yet, themajority of them luster between 2600/2500-1900/1800b
[Telegin 1977:12-13;1985℄.The series is hara terized byall the awswhi h have
beenmentionedearlier [Klo hko,Ko±ko,Szmyt,Problem
. . .
,inthisvolume℄. This iswhyourprogramatta hedparti ularimportan etothedatingofYC omplexes,espe iallythoseinthewesternpartofthe ulture's ompass,i.e. betweenthe
Dnie-perandDniesterRivers.Forthesakeofthestudy,three \testareas"were hosen:
aforest-steppeoneinthesouthernpartoftheright-bankMiddleDnieperareaand
twosteppeonesofwhi honewaslo ated betweentheIngul andDnieperandthe
otheronBudzhak.
The new series of dates is based onthe analysis of 45 samples [see papers:
Klo hko, Radio arbon
. . .
; Klo hko, Kruts, Radio arbon. . .
; Nikolova, Radio ar-bondates. . .
;Szmyt,Chernyakov,Radio arbon. . .
|allinthisvolume℄.Thedated material onsistedmainlyofhumanbonesfromburials(39 ases)and,onlybywayofsupplement,ofothermaterials (woodin six ases).
2.1.1. MIDDLEDNIEPERAREA
Myronivka.Radio arbon analyses were made toexamine bonesfrom four burials
and wood re orded in another grave [Klo hko,Radio arbon
. . .
, in this volume℄. Outof ve dates, one(Ki-6741) is learly aged, whi h must be related to theso-- alledoldwoode e t.Thus,ithastobeleftoutoffurtheranalyses.Theremaining
four(\bone")dateslie withintheperiodof2450-2200BC(Fig.1).
Talyanky. Bonesfrom fourYC graves weredated obtainingfourresults[Klo hko,
Kruts,Radio arbon
. . .
,inthisvolume℄. Thedates are onsistentwiththe stratigra-phi positionsof individualburialsandformasequen e ttingintotheinterval of2.1.2. DNIEPER-INGULAREA
Fromthekurgans inthearea ofOrdzhonikidze(Chkalovo,Shakhta)and
Go-lovkovka, 29 samples of human bones from YC graves were sent to radio arbon
analyses[Nikolova,Radio arbondates
. . .
;Radio arbondating. . .
,in thisvolume℄. Theobtaineddatesmarkout1intervalof2540-2310BC.Inmost asesthedatingsagreewithstratigraphi observations,althoughseveralsigni antdis repan ieswere
noted[see Nikolova,Radio arbondating
. . .
,in this volume℄. After alibration,at leastthreegroupsofdateswereobtainedseparatedbyintervalsof70-60years(Fig.1).Theyoungestdatings oin idewiththeoldestdatesfortheCCinthesamearea
(seepart2.6).
2.1.3. BUDZHAKAREA
The dis ussedsour es ome from theAkkiembetskiy kurgan [Szmyt,
Cherny-akov,Radio arbon
. . .
,inthisvolume℄.Sevensamples takenfrom vegraves, iden-ti edasbelongingtotheBudzhakgroup( ulture)bytheauthorofthestudy,weredated.Theanalyzed materialwaseither humanbones (graves17and22)orwood
(graves13,14,17,21,22).Thesequen eofdatesis onsistentwiththestratigraphi
positionof individual graves. The oldestof thedates, pro ured from wood(from
grave14|Ki-6817),isolderthanthenextone(fromgrave17|Ki-6819),
pro u-redbyanalyzingbones,byalmost75years.Theremainingdatingsofwoodsamples
(e.g. from graves 17and 22)are in prin iple onsistentwith the\bone" dates (or
evenyounger). Forthis reason, we believe this seriesto be generally reliable. All
thedatingsliewithinthe1intervalof2380-2130BC(Fig. 1).
2.1.4. CONCLUSION
Generallyspeaking,theseriesofdatings on erningtheYContheDnieperand
DniesterRiverspresentedinthisvolumeliewithintheperiodof2550-2130BC.At
thesametime,however,wedoobservedi eren eswithinthis hronologi albra ket
(Fig. 1). The earliest dates (we onsider only those obtained for bone samples)
| from about 2550 BC | ome from the Middle Dnieper area (the region of
A similar situationis observed in the ase of thelatest datings. On theDnieper,
theyfallbetween a2285BC(Ordzhonikidze)and2230BC(Myronivka),whileon
theL owerDniester,they lusteraround2130BC.
Thedata presentedin the ited papers[Nikolova,Radio arbondates
. . .
; Ra-dio arbondating. . .
;Klo hko,Kruts,Radio arbon. . .
;Klo hko,Radio arbon. . .
| allinthisvolume℄allowustoatleastpartiallyverifythegroundsfordistinguishing\ lassi " and \late" YC graves. A omparisonof datingsfor features lassi ed in
thisway onthebasisof burial hara teristi s (Fig. 1) showsthatthe lassi ation
isonlypartially hronologi allyviable.
2.2. KEMI-OBACULTURE
Untilre entlyonlyone 14
CdatefortheKOC,obtainedfortheMezhlimanskiy
kurgan [Korovina1974:209;Sh hepinskiy1985℄,has beenknown.Theradio arbon
analyses ofsamplesfromtheAkkiembetskiykurgan, mentionedhere severaltimes
already andlo ated at themouth of the Dniester,produ ed ve datings for four
graves asso iated withtheKOC[Szmyt,Chernyakov, Radio arbon
. . .
, inthis vo-lume℄. Allofthemwere se uredfromshort-livedmaterials (humanbones,reedinone ase).Thedatesarevery losetoea hother(2402
±
97BC-2367±
92BC).They t intotheintervalof 2450-2280BC(Fig. 1).The dating resultsareborne outbythestratigraphi positionoftheburials, i.e.betweenan olderstageasso iated with
theUsatovogroup(seepart1.1.6)andtheyoungeroneoftheYC(see part2.1.).
2.3. CATACOMBCULTURE
Radio arbondatingsfortheCChavebeenrelativelyfewuntilre ently[Mallory
1977;Telegin 1992;Mallory,Telegin 1994;Aleksandrovskiyetal.1997℄.Moreover,
the dated features are for the most part situated in the eastern expanses of the
territoryo upiedbytheCC.
The papers by E. Kaiser and A. Nikolova in luded in this volume bring 24
new datings for the so- alled Ingul group of the CC from theright-bank steppe
Dnieper area [Kaiser, Radio arbon
. . .
; Nikolova, Radio arbon dating. . .
| all in thisvolume℄. All thedatingswere se ured fromsamples ontaininghuman bones.The features sele ted forthe radio arbon analyses gave us a han e to verifythe
Generally speaking, whenanalyzed together,the newdates for theCC mark
outtheinterval of 2260-2020BC. Hen e, thepresented datingsare a re ord ofa
relativelyshort,butintensivestage ofCCsettlementinthearea inquestion.
Theseriesshowsnosigni antdi eren es betweendatings on erningthe
so-- alledIngulandDonetsgroupsoftheCC.Workontheradio arbon hronologyof
theCCshouldbe ontinuedwithspe ialattentionbeingpaidtotheearly
assembla-ges of this ulture from Donbassas well as to theso- alled \Yamnaya- ata omb"
or\early ata omb"ones.
3. GENETICALLYSYNCRETICCULTURALUNITSFROMTHEBLACKSEA
BASIN
3.1. MNOGOVALIKOVOIPOTTERYCULTURE
Belonging to the ir le of steppe and forest-steppe ultures, the
Mnogovali-kovoi Pottery ulture(MPC) is takento be the nal link of theCC [Brat henko,
Shaposhnikova1985℄.The more theresear h intoitsmetallurgyandrelationships
withtheTrz inie ultureisadvan ed,thestrongeristhe onvi tionabouttheneed
to analyze it as a segment of the Carpathian-Danube Early Bronze Civilization
[Ko±ko,Klo hko1998℄.
Theinvestigated emetery omplexessuppliedsixdatingsforgravesasso iated
withtheunit.Theyaresituatedamidtheforest-steppelands apeoftheright-bank
part of the Middle Dnieper area (Myronivka) [Klo hko, Radio arbon
. . .
, in this volume℄andat themouthoftheDniester(Akkiembetskiykurgan).The two features from Myronivka have radi ally di erent hronologies: the
older dates ba k to a 2000-1900 BC (1941
±
49 BC), while the younger one to a 1640-1510BC (1577±
64 BC). Whereas thesequen e of four graves from the Akkiembetskiy kurgan ts intothe interval of 2220-2000 BC (from 2215±
106 to 2046±
75BC).Taken together, the datings pla e the beginnings of MPC settlement
relati-vely early. In the western portionsof the steppes(on the Dniester), it began a
2220 BC, while in the forest-steppeMiddle Dnieper area, thesettlement started
a2000/1900BC(Fig.1).Inthelatter zone,theunitsurviveduntilthebeginnings
ofEarly Trz inie stru tures (EasternTrz inie ulture), whi hare representedby
theolderassemblagesfromthe emeteryinMalopolovetskedatedto1600-1500BC
3.2. MIDDLEDNIEPERCULTURE
Conne ted withtheBla kSea basin,theMiddleDnieper ulture(MDC)has
very omplexorigins,whi hmakes itdiÆ ulttoin ontrovertiblyassign ittoeither
ofthetwo ultural ir lesdistinguishedearlier,namelyBalkanorextra-Balkanone.
On a larger s ale, this is true also for the whole ir le of ultures with orded
ware [ f. Bu hvaldek 1986b℄, but in the ase of the MDC, the problem of the
ontributionof YC and thenCC traditionsis oneof themost pressing issues [ f.
re entlySerdyukova1996℄.
At present, we have at our disposal a longseries of radio arbon datings for
theMDC [seepapers byKryvaltsevi h,Kovalyukh,Radio arbon
. . .
;Klo hko, Ra-dio arbon. . .
| all in thisvolume℄. Together with theonlyolddating of har oals fromagrave inBielynets[Artemenko 1985:373℄theseries onsistsof19dates.Theanalysisof MDC dates, oming fromsitessituatedin thedrainage basins
oftheMiddleDnieper,PripetsandDesna,showsthattheyallliewithintheinterval
of2370-1670BC(Fig.1).However, itmust benotedthatthe 14
C datings on ern
samplesofdi erentnature,forinstan e, har oals(in ludingthosebeingthee e t
oftheorgani temper addedtothe erami body),bonesand arbondeposits.As
intheexampleoftheseriesofTCdatesdis ussedearlier,theresultsoftheanalysis
willbedi erentifwelimitourselvestothedatingof\short-lived"samples (bones,
arbon deposits).Then, theinterval will overtheperiod from 2140to 1590BC.
Adynami view of the hanges o urring withintheMDC isse ured only bythe
analysisofdatingsfromindividualsites.
P rorva1.AnMDC emetery,withoutanykurgans, hassupplied eight 14
C datings
so far [see Kryvaltsevi h 1996 and Kryvaltsevi h, Kovalyukh, Radio arbon
. . .
, in this volume℄. Colle ted from graves, the analyzed samples onsisted of har oals(grave1-two dates,grave 2|twodates, grave 18,grave 20),bones withno
tra- es of burning(grave 10) or arbondeposit (grave 10). All thedatings lie within
the1intervalof 2760-2170BCandshowthatthe emeterywas usedfora long
time. Thisisalso on rmed bythestratigraphyof thesite[Kryvaltsevi h,
Kovaly-ukh, Radio arbon
. . .
, in this volume℄. However, ertain doubtsmay be raised by the hronologyoftheoldestinterval whi hissetbytwo\ oal"dates fromgrave1[Kadrow, Szmyt1996b℄.Taking into onsiderationthesimilarityof ornamentation
betweenvesselsfoundingraves1and10[Kryvaltsevi h1996:Fig.5:1and
Kryvalt-sevi h, Kovalyukh, Radio arbon
. . .
,in thisvolume: Fig. 3:1℄ andtheproximity of twodatesfromea hpair(Ki-5140andKi-6206),itmustbe on ludedthatthemostreasonableinterpretationistoasso iatebothgraveswiththesamephaseof
eme-teryuse takingpla e about2550BC. Inthe ase ofyoungergraves, wehave only
\ oal"dates,hen e thetime whenthe emetery eased tobeusedisnot ertain.
har oalsfromgrave1[Kryvaltsevi h,Kovalyukh,Radio arbon
. . .
,inthisvolume℄. Its alibrationmarksouttheintervalof3870±
93BC.Takingintoa ountthenature ofthedatedsample, thesuggestedhypothesisis urrentlydiÆ ulttoverify.Hodasavi hi (Siargeeva Gryva). In respe t of grave 2 from kurgan 3, one dating
hasbeenobtainedmarkingouttheintervalof2283
±
81BC.Thesample ontained human teeth. Observations made by I.I. Artemenko show that thegrave was these ondoneinasequen eofburialsdis overedinkurgan3[Artemenko1964℄.Asa
whole,thekurgan emeteryinvestigatedonthesitehasbeendateduntilnowtothe
latestageoftheMDC[Artemenko1987:37℄.Thedatingpointsouttothene essity
toamend,atleast partially,thehithertoprevailing hronologi al lassi ation.
Aziarnoye1.In ontrasttotherestofdatedMDCsites, herewehaveasettlement
dated to thelate stage of this ulture [Kryvaltsevi h 1999℄.The 14
C analysis was
usedtodeterminetheageoftwosamplesof arbondepositfoundonMDCvessels.
Beingsimilar, theresults anbe jointly alibrated markingoutthe1interval of
1910-1760BC.
Strelitsa.The emeterywasinvestigatedinthe1960sbyI.I.Artemenko[Artemenko
1976b℄.Atpresent,wehave ve 14
Cdatingsofmaterials fromtheseinvestigations.
DuetoinsuÆ ientre ords,itisnotpossibletode newithany ertaintythe ontext
ofthedatedsampleswhi h onsistedofhumanandanimalbonesandobje tsmade
ofbone[Kryvaltsevi h,Kovalyukh,Radio arbon
. . .
,inthisvolume℄.Whenanalyzed together, thedatings from Strelitsa bear out thelate hronologyof the emetery[Artemenko1987:37℄.The intervalsetbythemextends from1860to1680BC.
Myronivka.Asingle 14
Cdatewasobtainedforhumanbonesfromgrave6inkurgan
8[Klo hko,Radio arbon
. . .
,in thisvolume℄. Itmustbenotedthatinnoneofthe three graves in this kurgan, lassi ed as MDC ones,were any grave-goodsfound.Their ultural lassi ationisbasedsolelyontheanalysisofburialforms.Thedate
marks outthe interval of2048
±
75 BC. The hronologyof thegrave is on rmed byits positionin thesequen e of burials unearthedduringtheexplorationof thekurgan.
4. CULTURALUNITSOFTHEBALTICSEABASIN|WITH\EAST
EUROPEAN"ELEMENTS
Threegroupings,inwhi h ulturaltraitsfromthePonti ir le werere orded,
have beenin luded. Among themare: (4.1) the Old Upland CWC, (4.2) the
Ra-dziejów groupof theFunnel Beaker ulture(FBC) togetherwiththematerials of
theearly Kujawy CordedWare ulture(CWC) and(4.3)theKujawy groupofthe
GAC.Itisalso admissibleto identifythese ondofthenamedgroupingsallowing
4.1. OLDUPLANDCORDEDWARECULTURE|WITHPONTICELEMENTS
Anewqualityisbroughtintothestudyoftheoriginsanddevelopmentofthe
MaªopolskaCWC bytheresultsoftheinvestigations arried outin thearea lying
between the upper ourses of the Vistula, Bug and Dniester Rivers, spe i ally
onGrzda Sokalskain southeastern Poland (Fig.1). There havebeenre orded a
numberof CWCgrave assemblages ontaining ertain MDC elements (espe ially
observableintheformandornamentationofpottery).Furthermore,gravefeatures
entirely related to the MDC have been found as well [Ma hnik, Pil h 1997 and
Ma hnik,Radio arbon
. . .
,inthisvolume℄.Atpresent,wehave rst 14Cdatingsfor
assemblages in whi hMDC traits have been identi ed. The series omprises ve
datingsse uredfromhumanbones.Sin ethear haeologi al ontextofea hdating
has been presented in detail by J. Ma hnik [Radio arbon
. . .
,in this volume℄, we shallfo usnowonlyontheirsigni an eagainsttheba kdropoftheMDCdatingsfromtheDnieperdrainage presentedearlier.
Thedatesvaryfrom2754
±
99to2502±
77BC.Ajoint alibrationofallthe ve dates marks outtheinterval of 2700-2450BC. The ontextof the ndspermittedus to narrow down the interval to a 2650-2500BC with the majority of datings
ttingintotheperiodof 2600-2500BC. Atthesame time, theanalysis oftraitsof
theseassemblagesforwhi h 14
Canalyses annotbemadejusti esahypothesisthat
theoldestofthemmaybedatedtotheperiodpre edingthe2650/2600BCdivision
[Ma hnik,Radio arbon
. . .
,in thisvolume℄.Against the ba kground of the MDC datings from the area of the Middle
Dnieperdis ussedearlier,the hronologyofMDCtraitsbetweentheUpperVistula
andBugis relativelyearly. However, while interpreting thisobservationonemust
rememberthatwedonothaveany 14
CdatesfortheearlystageoftheMDC.Hen e,
theproblem alls formore resear h.
4.2. RADZIEJÓWGROUPOFTHEFUNNELBEAKERCULTURE,ANEARLY
LOWLANDCORDEDWARECULTURE|WITHPONTICELEMENTS
A omplexoffourFBC-CWCassemblages, inwhi htraitsoftheTC
(Radzie-jów group) or the YC (early L owland-Kujawy CWC) have been observed with a
variousdegreeofprobability,o ersa han efortheir hronometri (radio arbon)
syn hronization.
Theassemblages of theRadziejów groupof theFBCwhi h ontainelements
asso iatedwiththeTCandwhi hare presentedhere[Ko±ko,Ponti
. . .
,in this vo-lume℄representphasesIVA/IVB(Opatowi e42)andVA(L atkowo5).Inrespe toffeatures.Ingeneral, thedates anbetakentobereliable with ertainreservations
abouttheolderdatingfromOpatowi e.Takentogether,theymarkouttheinterval
of3370-3030BC.
The two assemblages of the early CWC from the L owlands (pre isely from
Kujawy),i.e. KruszaZamkowa3andBo»ejewi e8,withanalogiestotheBla kSea
steppes(YC)[seeKo±ko,Ponti
. . .
,inthisvolume℄may bedatedto a3100-2900 BC (2997±
101 BC | Krusza Zamkowa) and 2870-2660 BC (2717±
153 BC | Bo»ejewi e). Theirjoint alibrationsetstheintervalof3070-2600BC.Taking intoa ount thedatingsof the late TC (phase CII) dis ussedearlier,
the \Tripolye" traits in the Radziejów group should be rather related to the
in-terlude between phases CI andCII or possibly to theearly period of phase CII
(3100/2950-2400/2300BC) (Fig.1).
Inthe aseoftheYC,thehypotheti alsteppeanalogiesofthesour ematerials
oftheearlyCWCinKujawyshouldbesyn hronizedwithanearlyperiod,i.e.pla ed
onthes aleofitsdevelopmentontheDnieperbeforeabout2550BC(Fig.1).
4.3. KUJAWYGROUPOFTHEGLOBULARAMPHORACULTURE|WITHPONTIC
ELEMENTS
Dis ussed elsewhere in this volume, theelements thatare geneti ally related
to the TC, namely the use of organi and mineral dyes in pottery making, were
re ordedat fourGAC sitesinKujawy[Szmyt,Tripolye
. . .
,in thisvolume℄.Onthe s ale of relative hronologythey may be asso iated with phase IIb (Ku zkowo 1,Bo»ejewi e22)andIIIa(Pie ki8,egotki2)oftheGAC.Adetailedanalysisof 14
C
dates andtheir relation to thedis ussed materials made it possible to determine
the hronologi al bra ket in whi h the said elements o urred in Kujawy to be
3030-2460BC.
UponreferringtheaboveassessmentstotheperiodizationoftheTC,theymay
be syn hronizedwith itsphaseCII; what's more,with almost thewhole periodof
itsexisten ewhi hhasbeendeterminedusing radio arbondating.
5. THEDIVISIONMARKEDBYTHETRZCINIECSYNTHESISOF
CULTURESINTHEBORDERLANDBETWEENTHEEASTANDWESTOF
EUROPE
Asitisshownintheintrodu tion,theformationofa y leof ulturesasso iated
withtheTrz inie Horizon(TH)setstheupper uto pointoftheperiodofinterest
shall dis uss the question of the TH radio arbon hronometry only as a set of
on lusionsrelyingonthedatapublishedinan earlier volumeof theBalti -Ponti
Studies[Kovalyukhetal. 1998;Makarowi z 1998℄.
Fromthepointofview ofthisstudy,thefollowing ndingsseemtobe
impor-tant:
a) InthearealyingbetweentheVistulaandDnieper,theearliestTHdatings ome
fromtheL owlandsoftheBalti Seadrainagebasin (Kujawy)and on entrate
between2000-1850BC.
b) Towards the end of this period, the TH is also identi ed in the area of old
Uplands,intheUpperVistuladrainage.
) The beginnings of the TH in the Dnieper drainage an be dated now to a
1600BC.
The above on lusionsindi ate thattheTHrea hed a ma rospatial dimension |
bindingthe ulturalenvironmentsoftheVistulaandDnieperdrainages|between
1850and1600BC.
6. POSSIBILITIESOFHISTORICAL(CALENDAR)CORRELATIONOF
CULTURALUNITSOCCURRINGBETWEENTHEVISTULAANDDNIEPER
Whileassessingthepossibilityof orrelation, weshouldexer ise extreme
au-tion.Thisisso be auseof ertaindoubts on erningthea ura yandintegrity of
the radio arbon hronology of individual taxa. The problem is vividly illustrated
byasyn hronismsinYC andMDC datingsand\Balti " adaptationsof theirtraits
whi hare learly older!(Fig. 1).Thesimplestinterpretationofthisfa tisthatthe
setofanalyzedsamples didnotin ludeanyassemblagesrepresentativeoftheearly
stagesofdevelopmentofthese units.
Keepingtheaboveremarksinmind,wewouldratherlimitourselvestodrawing
ageneraloutlineofthe\ orrelations"takingasapointofdeparturethePonti
pe-riodizationoftheperiodof3150-1850BC.Inthe\Bla kSeazone",it orrespondsto
theperiodoftransitionbetweentheEneolithi andtheBronzeAge.Thefollowing
seriesofdivisions anbedistinguished:3150/3100BC,2800/2700BC,2550/2500BC,
2200/2100BCand
±
1800BC(Fig.1).Thesepointsallowustoestablishasequen e offoursubperiods intheperiodofprehistoryofthearea ontherightbankoftheDnieperwhi hisofinteresttoushere.The sequen eisasfollows:
A. 3150/3100-2800/2700BC|dominationof lateTC stru tures(phase CII)
B. 2800/2700-2550/2500BC|Ponti exodusoftheGAC intotheterritoryofthe
de lineTCsurvivinguntil a2700BC.Thisdividingline is rossedonlybythe
C. 2550/2500-2200/2100BC|thedevelopment(\invasion"a ordingtoM.
Gim-butas)of\pastoral"YCso ietiesandtheKemi-Oba ulture.Thede line
(par-tialretreat tothewest?)oftheGACand thebeginnings ofCCdevelopment.
FurtherdevelopmentoftheMDC.
D. 2200/2100-
±
1800BC|thedevelopmentoftheCCandMDC.Theemergen e oftheMPC.The above outline isonly a spe i ation of a sequen e of ultural units (for
whi hwehave 14
C datings)withanyreferen estothe urrenthistori al
interpreta-tionsofthedis ussedstagesof ultural hangepurposefullyredu edtoaminimum.
ThePonti traitsre ordedintheBalti Seadrainagebasin orrespondeitherto
sub-periodA(L atkowo5,Opatowi e42,Ku zkowo1,Bo»ejewi e22)orsubperiod
B (Krusza Zamkowa 3, Grzda Sokalska, Bo»ejewi e 8, Pie ki 8, egotki 2), i.e.
they tintotheperiodof3150/3100-2550/2500BC.
Departingfrom a \pre ise orrelation",i.e. based ona orpusof 14
C datings
presented in this volume of the Balti -Ponti Studies, it is worthwhile to attempt
to syn hronize the above distinguished subperiods with the radio arbon
hrono-logyof thesequen es oftaxa fromthesettlementand ultural mesoregionsofthe
Vistula drainage. The two most thoroughly resear hed mesoregions of this area
are loess soils near Kraków in Maªopolska [Kruk,Milisaukas 1983; ibior 1992;
Wªodar zak1998;Wªodar zak,Kowalewska-Marszaªek1998;Krzak1989;Ma hnik,
ibior1991;Kadrow,Ma hnik1997℄andKujawy[Czerniaketal.1991;Czebreszuk
1996;Czebreszuk,Szmyt1998;Szmyt1999a;Czebreszuk etal.1999℄.
A= Maªopolska:FBC|phasesBrono i eIVandV(apart);Zªota ulture;CWC
|phasesIandIIa
Kujawy: FBC | phases IVB, (apart) andVB (apart); GAC | phaseIIb;
CWC|phase1(apart)
B= Maªopolska: FBC | Brono i e phase V (a part); Zªota ulture; CWC |
phases IIbandIIb/IIIa
Kujawy: FBC|phases IVB (apart)andVB/C,VC; GAC |phaseIIIa (a
part);CWC|phases1(apart)and2(apart)
C= Maªopolska:CWC|phasesIIIaandIIIb;Mierzanowi e ulture|phaseI;
Bell Beaker ulture
Kujawy: FBC|phaseVC(apart);GAC |phaseIIIa(a part)andIIIb (a
part);CWC|phases2(apart)and4(apart);Iwno ulture|phase1and
2(apart)
D= Maªopolska:Mierzanowi e ulture|phasesIIandIII
Kujawy:GAC|phaseIIIb(apart)andIII ;CWC|phase4(apart);Iwno
CONCLUSIONS
Thepresented ndingsbringatentativeordertothetaxonomi outlineofthe
area lying between the Vistula and Dnieper between 3150-1850BC. Any further
resear h|apart fromobviousobje tiveslike itsveri ationand parti ularization
aswellassystemati re ordingofar haeologi al(typologi al)syn hronizersofboth
ulturalareas(inparti ularintheBla kSeabasin)|shouldfo usonthetaxonomi
problemsoutlinedabove. Theyprimarily on ern:
{ ex eedingly broad(?) hronologyoftheUsatovogroupoftheTC,
{ too late (?) a hronology of the YC expansion into the right-bank Dnieper
area,
{ toolate (?)a hronologyofthebeginnings oftheMDC.
Thelistmaybeexpandedtoin ludethequestion|ex ludedfromthisvolume
|oftheradio arbondatingofthere eptionofthe ata ombgraveontheUpper
Vistula [Kempisty1978: Fig.291;Ma hnik 1979a:392-397℄,whi h seemsto betoo
earlyfortheCC hronologyframework.
Allthese questions,havingadire tbearingonthesynthesisoftheborderland
AO { Arkheologi heskiyeotkrytya,Moskva.
AJA { Ameri anJournalofAr haeology,NewYork.
BPS { Balti -Ponti Studies,Pozna«.
EA { EurasiaAntiqua,Berlin.
FPP { Folia Praehistori a Posnaniensia,Pozna«.
KSIA { Kratkiyesoobsh heniyaInstitutaArkheologii,Moskva.
KSIAANUSSR { Kratkiye soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii AN USSR,
Kiev.
KSIIMK { Kratkiye soobsh heniya Instituta Istorii Materialnoy
kul-tury,Moskva.
KSOGAM { Kratkie Soobsh heniya OdesskogoGosudarstvennogo
Ar-kheologi heskogoMuzeya,Odessa.
MIA { Materialy iissledovaniyapoarkheologii,Moskva.
NAIANANU { NaukovyArkhivInstitutaArkheologiiNa ionalnoi
Akade-mii NaukUkrainu, Kiev.
SA { SovetskayaArkheologia, Moskva.
SpA { SprawozdaniaAr heologi zne, Kraków.
ZFA { Zeits hriftf urAr haologie,Berlin.
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