THE LATE MESOLITHIC SUBBASE OF THE UKRAINIAN NEOLITHIC

Pavel M. Dolukhanov

Lu yna Doma«ska

Ali e Marie Haeussler

LeiuHeapost Ken Ja obs Valeriy I. Khartanovi h PhilipL.Kohl Nadezhda S. Kotova Ri hard W. Lindstrom Ilze Loze Dmitriy Nuzhnyi Inna D. Potekhina Dmitriy Telegin Vladimir I. Timofeev Aleksander A. Yanevi h LeonidZaliznyak 1 V O L U M E 5

•

‘w.Mar in78

Tel.(061)8536709ext. 147,Fax(061)8533373

EDITOR AleksanderKo±ko EDITOROFVOLUME Lu ynaDoma«ska KenJa obs EDITORIALCOMMITEE

SophiaS.Berezanskaya (Kiev),AleksandraCofta-Broniewska

(Pozna«), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lu yna Doma«ska

(Šód¹), ViktorI. Klo hko (Kiev), Valentin V. Otrosh henko

(Kiev),PetroTolo hko (Kiev)

SECRETARY

MarzenaSzmyt

SECRETARYOFVOLUME

Andrzej Rozwadowski

ADAMMICKIEWICZUNIVERSITY

EASTERNINSTITUTE

INSTITUTEOFPREHISTORY

Pozna«1998

Pavel M. Dolukhanov

Lu yna Doma«ska

Ali e Marie Haeussler

LeiuHeapost Ken Ja obs Valeriy I. Khartanovi h PhilipL.Kohl Nadezhda S. Kotova Ri hard W. Lindstrom Ilze Loze Dmitriy Nuzhnyi Inna D. Potekhina Dmitriy Telegin Vladimir I. Timofeev Aleksander A. Yanevi h LeonidZaliznyak 1 V O L U M E 5

•

CoverDesign: EugeniuszSkorwider

Lingvisti onsultation:MonikaWoj ieszek

PrintedinPoland

EDITORS'FOREWORD ... 7

KenJa obs,Lu ynaDoma«ska, "BEYONDBALKANIZATION"{AN

OUTLINEPROGRAMFORADISCUSSION ... 9

PavelM.Dolukhanov,THENEOLITHICWITHAHUMANFACE

ORDIVIDINGLINESINNEOLITHICEUROPE? ... 13

Ri hard W.Lindstrom,HISTORYANDPOLITICSINTHEDEVELOPMENT

ETHNOGENETICMODELSINSOVIETANTHROPOLOGY ... 24

Philip L.Kohl, NATIONALIDENTITYANDTHEUSE

OFTHEREMOTEPASTINTHECAUCASUS ... 34

Vladimir I.Timofeev, THEEAST|WESTRELATIONS

INTHELATEMESOLITHICANDNEOLITHIC

INTHEBALTICREGION ... 44

Ilze L oze,THEADOPTIONOFAGRICULTUREINTHEAREA

OFPRESENT-DAYLATVIA(THELAKELUBANABASIN) ... 59

DmitriyTelegin, MESOLITHICCULTURAL-ETHNOGRAPHIC

ENTITIESINSOUTHERNUKRAINE:GENESISANDROLE

INNEOLITHIZATIONOFTHEREGION ... 85

DmitriyNuzhnyi,THEUKRAINIANSTEPPEASAREGION

OFINTERCULTURALCONTACTSBETWEENATLANTIC

ANDMEDITERRANEANZONESOFEUROPEANMESOLITHIC ... 102

L eonidZaliznyak,THELATEMESOLITHICSUBBASE

OFTHEUKRAINIANNEOLITHIC ... 120

Aleksander A.Yanevi h, THENEOLITHICOFTHEMOUNTAINOUS

CRIMEA ... 146

Nadezhda S.Kotova,THEROLEOFEASTERNIMPULSEIN

DEVELOPMENTOFTHENEOLITHICCULTURESOFUKRAINE ... 160

Ali e MarieHaeussler, UKRAINEMESOLITHICCEMETERIES:

DENTALANTHROPOLOGICALANALYSIS ... 195

InnaD.Potekhina,SOUTH-EASTERNINFLUENCESON

THEFORMATIONOFTHEMESOLITHICTOEARLYENEOLITHIC

POPULATIONSOFTHENORTHPONTICREGION:

THEEVIDENCEFROMANTHROPOLOGY ... 226

L eiuHeapost,GENETICHETEROGENEITYOFFINNO-UGRIANS

(ONTHEBASISOFESTONIANMODERNANDARCHAEOLOGICAL

MATERIAL) ... 232

ValeriyI.Khartanovi h, NEWCRANIOLOGICALMATERIAL

ONTHESAAMIFROMTHEKOLAPENINSULA ... 248

This volume ontains the majority of the papers presented during a

onfe-ren ethattookpla e on16th-21stMay,1997inŠód¹,Poland.The onferen e was

organized by the Institute of Ar haeology, University of Šód¹ and Departement

d'anthropologie, Universitede Montreal(Canada). The onferen e wasfundedby

theUniversityofŠód¹andbyIREX(InternationalResear h&Ex hangesBoard),

whi h also supported this publi ation. The publi ation was partly foundedbythe

UniversityofŠód¹andbytheFoundationofAdamMi kiewi zUniversity,too.

The major questions of the onferen e were, 1) whatisthe urrenteviden e

foreastern orsouthernin uen es inthedevelopmentofeastern European

Meso-lithi andNeolithi populations,and2)to whatextentare urrentpoliti altrends,

espe ially the reassertion or, in some ases, the reation of ethni and national

identities, in uen ingourinterpretationsoftheprehistori data.

The idea for su h a onferen e ame into being through the o-organizers'

long-termstudiesofthedevelopmentofthoseprehistori humanpopulationswhi h

inhabitedthevastregionstret hingnorthandeastfromtheOderriverand

Carpa-thianMountainstothefoothillsoftheUrals. Ina traditionestablishedin modern

times byGordon Childe, virtually all of the transformationsof EasternEurope's

Neolithi Age human lands ape have been assumed to be responses to prior

de-velopments in the Balkan peninsula and Danube basin. We think that a body of

neweviden e requiresa renewedanalysisof thedistributionsof ultural produ ts,

peoples,andideas a rossEasternEuropeduringtheMesolithi throughtheEarly

Metal Age withina mu h wider geographi ontext than previouslyhas been the

ase.Thisin ludesgivingadequateattentiontothefar-rangingintera tionsof

om-munitiesbetweenthePonti andBalti areawiththoselo atedinboththeCau asus

andtheAralo-Caspianregions.

Wehope thatthisvolumewill ontributetosu ha redire tion offuture

ana-lyses.

Lu ynaDoma«ska

1.All datesintheB-PSare alibrated [see:Radio arbonvol.28,1986,andthe

next volumes℄(other versions are ited for thewish of authors).Deviations from

thisrulewillbe pointoutin notes.

2. The names of thear haeologi al ultures (espe ially from theterritory of

theUkraine)arestandarizeda ordingtotheEnglishliteratureonthesubje t(e.g.

Mallory 1989). In the ase of a new term, the author's original name has been

PLISSN1231-0344

LeonidZaliznyak

THE LATE MESOLITHIC SUBBASE OF THE UKRAINIAN

NEOLITHIC

There are 8 Neolithi ultures onthe territoryof theUkraine, whi h divide

intotwomaingroups.Therstoneisanew omerfromDanubeandBalkanregions

(Cris,Linear BandPottery,Cu uteni-Trypolye).Itsmaterials donot omprise any

tra esofauto hthonoussubbase.These ondgroupofNeolithi ulturesissituated

in theNorthern,Eastern andCentral Ukraine. Itsmaterials demonstrate the

bri-ghtfeatures of auto hthonousL ateMesolithi subbase (Nemen, Dnieper-Donets,

Surska, Pitted-Comb Pottery,Bug-Dniester ultures) andthe strong in uen es of

previouslymentionedgroupofBalkannew omers.

Theanalysisofa ulturalsituationoftheUkraineintheL ateMesolithi needs

tobe donetounderstandtheNeolithizationpro essofthatarea. Ontheterritory

under dis ussion seven ultural unites developed it the L ate Mesolithi , namely:

Murzak-Koba,Kukrek,Grebeniki,Janisªawi e, Donets ulturesandStudenok,

Pla-tovoStavtypeofmonuments(Fig.1).

The ulturaldierentiationof Mesolithi sitesintheUkrainehadbeen made

onthebasisoftypologi al lassi ationofits intimplementsand, rstofall,the

mi roliths(Fig. 2).Mostofthemwereusedasarrowheadsorotherkindofinserts

inthepointsofproje tileweapons[Bon h-Osmolovskiy1934;Nuzhnyi1992℄.

MURZAK-KOBA

The sitesof this ulture are knownin theCrimea Mountains.The best

om-plexesofMurzak-Kobamaterials havebeenfoundintheL ateMesolithi levels of

Crimea aves:Murzak-Koba,2-4levelsofFatma-Koba,2and3levelsofShan-Koba,

Kara-Koba,L aspi7et .Apopulationofthis ulturelefttheburialsinMurzak-Koba

and Fatma-Koba aves [Debets 1936℄. About 20 Murzak-Koba ulture sites are

knownnow.

Fig.1.TheL ateMesolithi sitesof theUkraine.1-theStudenok typemonuments,2-theDonets

ulture,3- emeteryof Vasilyevka 1,3,4-thePlatovoStavtype, 5-theGrebeniki ulture,6-the

Shpan-Koba ave,7-groupofJanisªawi esites,8-theJanisªawi e ulturesites,9-theMurzak-Koba

ulture,10-borderoftheKukrek ulture,11-movementofJanisªawi epopulation,12-movementof

Grebenikipopulation,13-theKukrek ulturesitesandmovementofitspopulation.

Janisªawi e ulturesites:1-WieliszewXIII,2-CzerwonyBorek,3-Tomaszów1,4-RydnoVI,XIII,5

-Rani»ów,6-Gwo¹dzie ,7-JawornikCzarna,8-Nieborowo,9-ZatishyeV,10-Tur,11-Nevir,12

-Lubyaz,13-Perevoloka2,14-Omit,15-Nobel,16-Lubotin,17-Sen hitsy5A,5D,18-Mul hitsy,

19-Grushvitsa,20-Nepirets,21-Balakhovi hy,22-MalaOsnitsa,23-Rudnya,24-Krinitsa,25

-Polyany,26-Zhurovi hy,27-Kamyanitsa1,28-Brukhovi hy,29-Yastrebi hy,30-GayL evyatinskiy,

31-Sapanov,32-Netishin,33-Korma,34-Pis hane,35-Pribor9,36-Protereb,37-Gorki,38

-Obolon,39-Stakhanovo,40-Kropivyanka,41-Kukhary2,42-Priborsk3,43-RudoyOstrov,44

-Borodyanka3B,4,45-DVS(Vyshgorod),46-Pereti hek,47-Priluky,48-Strade h,49-Nosky,50

-Miloshevi hy,51-L eskovi hy,52-Kameny,53-Doroshevi hy,54-Rozhava,55-Krasnovka1B,56

-StaraLutava.

Donets ulturesites:1-Solonitsa,2-Okhtirka,3-Khukhra,4-BelaGora,5-Petrovska4,10,28,6

-Izyum,7-Prishib,8-UstyaOskola,9-Zlivka,10-Rub y,11-Drobyshevo,12-Petrovo-Orlovska,13

-Shev henko,14-Raigorodok,15-Borovskoe,16-Pelagiloevka3,17-Olkhova2,5,19-Tepye,18

-Orekhovo-Donetska,20-Kondryutskiy,21-KremnevayaGora,22-Mospino,23-MatveevKurgan.

Grebeniki ulturesites:1-Sarateny,2-ZaimI,3-Vasilyevka,4-Mirnoe,5-Borisovka,6-Diviziya,7

-Tsari hanka,8-Baraboy,9-Dobrozhany,10-Vasilyevka,11-Grebeniki,12-Karpovo,13-Tsybulevka,

14-Trostyanets,15-Katarzhany, 16-Girzhevo, 17-Orlovka,18-Dovzhanka, 19-Elenovka, 20

-Poznanka,21-Balakha,22-Kazanka.

Murzak-Koba ulturesites:1-Murzak-Koba,2-L aspi7,3-Zamil-Koba,4-Shan-Koba,5-Fatma-Koba,

Fatma-Koba[Bon h-Osmolovskiy1934℄.AftertheSe ondWarS.Bibikov ondu ted

ex avationsofMurzak-KobaandFatma-Koba aves[Bibikov1966℄.Kara-Kobaand

L aspi7havebeenex avatedbyY.Kolosov[1960℄andD. Telegin[1982℄.

Single-platform, one-sided ores for blades are typi alfor int omplexes of

theMurzak-Koba ulture(Fig.3:37).

There are a lot of small, low and medium trapezes. Among them one an

distinguishtwomaingroups:lowasymmetri trapezes(theMurzak-Kobatype;Fig.

3:1-3),whi hsometimesaretheverysimillartotriangles(Fig.3:4-7)andsymmetri

low and of medium height (Fig. 3:8-16). Sometimes the trapezes have not hed

retou h on a upper side (Fig. 3:8-11) and thin retou h on a bottom side (Fig.

3:3,7).

Thebladeswithnot hedretou haretheverynumerous(Fig.3:41-51).S rapers

werefoundinsmalleramounts.Theyin ludeend(Fig.3:27-30)andsubround(Fig.

3:31-40)s rapersonthe akes.S anty burinsonthe akes (Fig.3:17, 18,19)and

drills(Fig.3:20-22)havealso beenfound.

Amongboneartefa tstwo-sidedharpoons,whi haresimillartofamousAzilian

harpoonsappeared (Fig.3:23).SingleinsertsoftheKukrektype,pen il-like ores,

ba ked mi roblades, fragments of two slots bone spearheads in the levels of the

Murzak-Koba ulturesitesarethetra esof onta tswithapopulationoftheKukrek

ulture(Fig.3:23-26).

InlevelsoftheMurzak-Koba ulturesites,amongnumerousHelixshells,bones

ofthereddeer, roedeer, wildboars,birds,shwerefound.

A ordingto radio arbondates from thesite ofL aspi 7of theMurzak-Koba

ulturethepopulationappeared atthebeginning ofthe7thmill.BC

∗

and

develo-pedintheCrimeaMountainstothebeginning oftheNeolithi .Atrst,Ukrainian

resear hers onsidered theMurzak-Koba ulturetobea se ondstage ofso alled

Mountain-Crimean ulture,therststageofwhi hwastheShan-Koba ulture[T

e-legin 1982℄.But nowmost investigators donot onne t theMurzak-Koba ulture

withtheShan-Koba.

TheMurzak-KobapopulationtookpartinformationoftheCrimeanNeolithi .

Typi alfeatureofCrimeanNeolithi intmaterialisalargeamountoftrapezesand

res entswith atretou honaba k(Fig.2:1-6).

KUKREK

An investigation of the Kukrek ulture began in 1926 and has been arried

by G.Bon h-Osmolovskiy,whoex avated theKukreksite in the Crimea

[Bon h--Osmolovskiy1934℄.About50 sitesoftheKukrek ulture are known.The ulture

spread and rossed a border of Southern Ukraine (Fig. 1). The rst investigated

settlementsare:KukrekinCrimea,KamennayaMogilaintheAzovSearegion

[Da-nilenko1986℄,Igren8intheDnieperrapidsregion[Telegin1982:103-112),Abuzova

Balka ontheSouthernBugRiver[Stanko1982:Tabl.XIX℄.

Themosttypi alKukreksitesare on entratedintheBla kSeasteppesregion

and in the Crimea. East border of the Kukrek ulture was the Molo hna River

(Kamennaya Mogila), its westborder was L owerDanube (Trapovka),and middle

Dniester (Frumushika, Varvarovka).In uen es oftheKukrek ulturerea hed the

Pripetdelta(L azarevka,Pribor7a)intheKievregion[Zaliznyak1978:42-44℄.Flint

implements oftheKukrek ulturehavenoanalogieswith otherunitsofEuropean

Mesolithi . The development of mi roblade intte hnique is a typi al feature of

theKukrek int industry.Asa rule there are a lotof regular mi robladesamong

intartefa tsoftheKukrek ulturesites. Thepen il-likeand oni al oresarethe

mostnumerous.Thes rapersandburinshavebeenmadeofrough akes,obtained

fromdisk-like ores.

Most important artefa tsof this ulture are inserts of the Kukrek type (Fig.

4:3-6)ba kedmi robladesandobliquetrun ation(Fig.4:1-2,59)andpointsofthe

AbuzovaBalka type(Fig.4:2). Trapezesandsegmentsarerarities.

Thes rapers havebeenmade fromthe akesandoftenhavehighform (Fig.

4:9), so alled burinsoftheKukrektype havebeenmadefrom themassive akes

with atburinspells(Fig.4:12-16).

Verytypi alfortheKukreksitesarebonespearheadswith1,2or4slots(Fig.

4:7).Su hpointsare knownfromIgren8,KamennayaMogila,Mirnoe, Vishennoe

sites.IntheDnieperrapidsregion atbonepointswithtwoslotswerefoundatthe

Kukrek ulturesite.

A ordingtoV.DanilenkotheKukrek intindustryhasbeenorientedto

pro-du tion of bone spearheads with the slots for the int inserts. The Kukrek slot

spearheads are onne tedwith the mi roblade int te hnique, whi h appeared in

theL atePalaeolithi oftheNorthBla kSearegion[Nuzhnyi,Yanevi h1987:38-41℄.

So, Kukrek populationwas ades endant of theL atePalaeolithi East Gravettian

entity oftheNorthBla k Searegion. Mostof Ukrainian investigatorssuggest

au-to hthonousrootsoftheKukrek ulturein theUkrainiansteppes.

Thespreading ofKukrekpopulationtothenorthovertheforest-steppezone

and to the south to the Crimea Mountains was aused by the Early Holo ene

transgressionoftheBla kSea.

There are three lo al versions of theKukrek ulture: Dnieper, Crimea-Azov

andnorthBla kSeaversions[Telegin1982:101).

Theseriesofradio arbondatesobtained forKukreksites:Igren 8(the

begin-ning of 6th mill. BC), Kamennaya Mogila (6th mill. BC), Kukrek (middle of the

6th mill. BC) [Telegin 1990:31-33℄. Vishennoe site is dated by a border between

the Pleisto ene and the Holo ene. The large res ent-like Gravettian points are

eviden e ofgeneti onne tions between theFinalPalaeolithi Gravettian ulture

andtheVishennoeIIsite[Yanevi h 1987a:7-18℄.

testify thathunting hoofed animals was the base of e onomy among theKukrek

population of the Ukrainian steppes in the Mesolithi . In Dnieper rapids region

shery wasan importantbran hof e onomy.At Igren 8site thesh bones,bone

shing hooks,stoneweightsfornets were found. InKukreklevels of Kamennaya

Mogila the bones of domesti ated auro hs were ex avated. It gave V. Danilenko

[1969℄an opportunitytowrite about an importantrole of theKukrekpopulation

intheNeolithization oftheUkraine.

Most of the Early Neolithi ultures of the Ukraine (Surska, Bug-Dniester,

Dnieper-Donets,Neolithi ofCrimea), a ordingtotheir intmaterials,were

for-medunderan in uen e oftheKukrek ulture.Ontheborderbetween the

Meso-lithi andtheNeolithi Kukrekpopulationspread outtothenorthalongDniester,

SouthernBug,DniepertoPodolya,VolhyniaandPolesye regions(Fig.1).

GREBENIKI

The Grebeniki site, near Odessa, was ex avated by P. Boriskovskiy in 1954.

But most sites of the ulture have been investigated by V. Stanko [1966, 1971,

1976,1982℄.About20Grebeniki ulturesitesareknownnowintheOdessaregion

(Fig.1): Poznanka[Smolyaninova1990:66-68℄,Kazanka [Boriskovskiy1975:55-63℄,

Dovzhanka, Orlovka, Baraboy IV, Borisovka, Tsybulevka, Karpovo, Dobrozhany

[Kraskovskiy 1978℄. The sites of Mirnoe and Girzhevo are the best-investigated

monuments[Stanko1966,1982℄.

TheGrebeniki ulturesitesareknowninthesteppezone betweentheL ower

DanubeandtheIngulets River(Fig.1).

One-sided, at ores forregular blades are typi alfortheGrebeniki pressure

te hnique(Fig.4:55,56).Themostofs rapersweremadefromthe akes.Theyare

subround,frequentlywith lowworking edge (Fig. 4:36-54).The burinsare almost

absent. L ow andmedium symmetri trapezes onstituteabout20% oftools.As a

ruletheyare madefrom rossa tionsofwide,regular blades(Fig.4:19-35).

SingleinsertsoftheKukrektype,pen il-like ores,ba kedmi roblades,oblique

trun ation(Fig.4:58-59)andbonespearheadswiththeslotshavebeendistinguished

amongtypi alGrebeniki intimplementsasthetra es ofin uen esoftheKukrek

ulture population. The bones of animals from Mirnoe and Girzhevo sites testiy

thatauro handhuntingwasabase oftheGrebeniki ulturee onomy.

Mostofresear hersdatetheGrebeniki ulturetotheL ateMesolithi andthey

geneti ally onne t it withthe FinalPalaeolithi site of theTsarinka type[Stanko

1982℄.Butthelarge hronologi al gapbetweentheGrebeniki ultureand itsT

sa-rinkasubbase(more than2000years)isin ontradi tionwith thisstatement.

Early Holo ene, themigrationfrom theL ower Danube area tooka predominant

dire tion to the North-Western Bla k Sea region. It gives an opportunity to see

geneti al subbaseof theGrebeniki ulture intheDanube andBalkan regions.Its

intassemblageareanalogoustomaterials fromtheBalkanProtoneolithi sitesof

Argissa,Sesklo,Cris,CuinaTur ului,et .[Perles1988:95;Paunes u 1988:70-88℄.

The Grebeniki populationtook part in formation of the Neolithi of

North--WesternBla kSearegion.

JANISŠAWICE

The Janisªawi e ulture,a ording to S.K. Kozªowski[1965℄ or Vistula y le,

a ordingtoH.Wi kowska[1964℄hasbeendistinguishedongroundsof int

ma-terialsfromthebasinsofVistulaandNemen.About30Janisªawi esitesareknown

nowin thebasinofthePripetRiver(Fig1).

Single-platformone-sided oresforregularbladesmadebypressurete hnique

aretypi alforJanisªawi esites(Fig6:1).Amongthemi rolithstherearenumerous

Janisªawi e points (Fig. 7:1-46) and triangles (Fig. 7:47-62, 67-74), regular, high

trapezes (Fig,7:75-84)andmi roburins(Fig.7:63-66). There area lot ofs rapers

onirregular akes andblades with retou h. Axes onthe akesand single burins

are typi alfortheJanisªawi e ulturefromthePripetbasin.

Therearelo alversionsof ultureunder onsideration: entral|inthebasins

ofUpperPripetandBug,northorMaximonisinNemenbasin,westorWistka|in

WartaandMiddleVistula basins,eastorRudoyOstrov|inKiev-Zhitomirregion

[Zaliznyak1991℄.

Atrst resear hers onne tedgeneti ally theJanisªawi e ulture with

Magle-mose of the west Balti [Rimantiene 1971:119; 1996; Ginter 1973:177-186;

Kolt-sov1977:190;Zaliznyak1978:89-97℄.However,latelymostPolishinvestigatorshave

seen geneti al roots of Janisªawi e on the territory of the Ukraine [Wi kowska

1975:339-438;Doma«ska1990a; 1991℄.

ButJanisªawi e int omplex isan exampleofthePost-Maglemose int

indu-stry. The typi al Maglemose artefa ts are single-platform,one-sided ores, points

andlongtriangleswithmi roburinspellsonthetop.Theseelementsof int

te hni-quespread fromthewest Balti totheeastthroughtheterritoryofPoland.Infa t

Janisªawi e int industry is a realisation of the west Balti Maglemose traditions

onthebase ofnewProtoneolithi pressurete hniquethatarrivedfromtheBalkan

region.

TheoldestJanisªawi esiteofMaximonisIVintheNemenbasinhasbeen

for-medasa resultofmigrationoftheMaglemose populationfromthewest

Fig.8.BorodyankanearKiev.Flintartefa tsandpottery.

foresthuntersmixedwiththeKukrekpopulationintheDnieperrapidsregionand

has been assimillated by thetribes ofhunters andshers from theDonets basin.

TheJanisªawi e ulturehadapotterystage[Kozªowski1965:147;Koltsov1977:

192℄.There arenumerous intartefa tsof theJanisªawi e typein intindustryat

NemenandDnieper-DonetsNeolithi ulturessitesofPolesyelowland[Zaliznyak,

Balakin 1985℄. The south in uen es from the Kukrek ulture onthe Janisªawi e

subbasehave ausedtheNeolithization oftheKievPolesye [Zaliznyak1991:41-43℄

(Fig.8).

Theradio arbon dates ofsitesfromtheterritoryofPoland andKrinitsa 4on

theHorynRiver(7210

±

DONETS

TherstinvestigatorofDonetssiteswasM.Sibilev[1930℄.Forlast20yearsthey

havebeenex avatedbyA.Gorelik[1984;1987℄.About30sitesareknownnowinthe

basinoftheSeverskiyDonets intheEast Ukraine.Petrovska,Prishib,Drobyshevo

1,Shev henko,Pelagiyevka3,Olkhova2,5et . arethebestinvestigated.

Themi ro omplex oftheDonets ulturesites onsists ofba kedmi roblades

oftheBorkitype(Fig. 9:1-28),numerouslowandmedium trapezes(Fig.9:37-46),

Janisªawi epoints(Fig.9:29-36)andsinglemi roburins, res entsandinsertsofthe

Kukrektype(Fig.9:47-49,60).Therearealotofmi robladesfromregular oni al

andpen il-like ores(Fig.9:66,67).Burinsare morenumerousthans rapers.

Do-uble burins with retou h onthe akesdominate among theburins(Fig. 9:54-57).

Most of s rapers are subround, low on the akes (Fig. 9:61-64, 68-70),but there

areends rapers,too(Fig.9:65).Inthe int omplexesoftheDonets ulturethere

are drills(Fig.9:59),axes(Fig.9:72),theblades withretou h(Fig.9:71).

Mostofresear hers raisean issue oftheDonets ultureformationonabase

ofsouthmi rolithi Mesolithi underanin uen efromthenorth[Formozov1959℄.

The large forest omplexes on theUpper Donets gave an opportunity to arrival

of forest huntersof theJanisªawi e ulture from the Kiev Polesye. The presen e

of Janisªawi e points in the int omplexes of the Donets ulture eviden es the

in uen e of the Janisªawi e ulture of Polesye on the Mesolithi of the Donets

basin [Zalizhyak 1978; 1984a, b℄. Single point of the Post-Swiderian type proves

some kindof onta tswithnorth-easternneighbours(maybe theButovo ulture).

The Donets ulture had itsNeolithi developmentstage. Among typi al int

materials oftheDonets ulturethetrapezeswith atretou happeared(Fig. 9:50)

as well as pottery with omb ornament of the Dnieper-Donets Neolithi ulture

(Olkhova2,5, Petrovka4,10,28,Drobyshevol,et .)

A ordingto A.Gorelik [1984℄theDonets ulturelasted fromthebeginning

of 6th to 4th mill. BC About 5000 BC it transformed into a Neolithi stage. In

PLATOVOSTAV

Themi rolithi int omplexeswith res entsandlowtrapezeswith atretou h

onaba kareknownintheL owerDonetsbasin (Fig.2).Theregular mi roblades,

end s rapers and pen il-like ores are numerous in int olle tion of this type

(PlatovoStav,Murzina Balka, Zimovniki1et .).The simillar intindustryspread

intheMesolithi andNeolithi inCrimea, Kuban,andNorthCau asus.A ording

tomostUkranianresear hers thesemonumentsare geneti ally onne tedwiththe

NorthCau asus anddatedtotheEarlyNeolithi .

STUDENOK

The Studenoktype monuments are known in the basin of the Desna River

(Studenok,Muragy,Popovolake et .)[Zaliznyak1984a; 1986;1991:47-52℄.

The typi al feature of the Studenok int industry is rough ake te hnique.

Amongthemi rolithsrough,highasymmetri trapezes onthe akesare

predomi-nant(Fig. 2:80-85).There are single asymmetri pointsof theAltinovo type (Fig.

2:87),tangedpoints(Fig.2:88),obliquetrun ated akes(Fig.2:86).Therearealso

alot ofs rapersandburinsonthe akesandaxes.

TheStudenoktypemonuments onsitute these ond L ateMesolithi stage of

thePeso hnyRov ulture.Muragysiteisdatedbyradio arbonanalysisto7860

±

were asubbaseofthePitted-CombPottery ultureoftheDesnariverbasin.

So,duringtheL ateMesolithi the ompli ated ulturalandhistori alpro esses

havebeentakingpla eontheterritoryoftheUkraine.Withouttheirgeneralisation

itisimpossibletounderstandapro essofNeolithizationofEast Europe.

Crimea is the spe i Mesolithi region of the Ukraine. The Murzak-Koba

ulture appeared in the Crimea Mountains in the L ate Mesolithi . The Kukrek

ulturepopulationlived,duringtheMesolithi in steppesofNorthCrimea. These

peoplemovedtotheCrimeaMountainsandmixed withtheMurzak-Koba ulture

population.OnthebaseofthismixturetheNeolithi ofCrimea withtrapezesand

res entswith atretou honaba kwasformed(Fig.2:75-79).

Kukrekhunterswere auto hthonsofthesteppesofthenorthBla kSea

low-land. This population was geneti ally onne ted with the L atePalaeolithi bison

hunters of the south Ukrainian steppes. During the Mesolithi and Early

Neoli-thi populationof theKukrek ulture migrated in dierent dire tions: to the

so-uthinto theCrimea Mountains,to theeast to thebasin of Donets River, to the

re-Kukrek intartefa tsamong thematerials ofmostUkrainianL ateMesolithi

ul-tures(Murzak-Koba,Grebeniki,Donets, Janisªawi e).

ThereasonofKukrekmigrationatthebeginingofMesolithi wasa

transgres-sionoftheBla kSea.AttheendoftheMesolithi theKukrekpopulationmovedto

thenorthmaybebe auseofpressurefromBalkanNeolithi farmerswhomigrated

fromtheDanubebasin totheUkraine.

ThestrongKukrakin uen esareobservedinthe intimplementsoftheEarly

Neolithi ulturesoftheUkraine(Dnieper-Donets,Bug-Dniester,Surska,Neolithi

ultures of Crimea). These materials gave V. Danilenko an opportunity to talk

aboutanimportantroleoftheKukrek ultureintheNeolithizationoftheUkraine

[Danilenko1969℄.IntheDnieperrapidsregionandinthebasinofMolo hnaRiver

theKukrek ulturetransformedintotheNeolithi stage.

Therewas a ontinuation of ulturalandhistori aldevelopmentonthenorth

Bla kSealowlandfromtheL atePalaeolithi bisonhuntersthroughtheMesolithi

Kukrek ulture to the Early Neolithi . It was aused by relatively small hanges

ofnature ina steppezone oftheUkraineonaborder ofthePleisto ene andthe

Holo ene.Asaresultthesteppemodelofe onomyadaptationpreservedwithsmall

hangesin thenorthBla kSeeregionintheEarlyHolo ene.

The west neighbour of the Kukrek populationwere Grebeniki tribes, whi h

lived in the north-west Bla k Sea region in the Boreal and the Atlanti periods

of the Holo ene. Migrations from L ower Danube to the north-east

predomina-ted in this region from theFinal Palaeolithi to theMiddle Ages. The Neolithi

Bug-Dniester,LinearBandPottery,Cu uteni-Trypolye ulturespopulation ameto

theSouth-WesternUkrainefromtheDanube basin.

Thisdire tion of migration aused theNeolithization ofEurope bymeans of

the oldest Neolithi farmers spreading from the Near East through the Balkan

Peninsula to theNorthernEurope.This general tenden ygives an opportunityto

assume south-westerngeneti alrootsof theGrebeniki ulture.Therefore, its int

assemblages are verysimillar to int olle tionsfrom theBalkan andDanube

re-gions(Argissa,Sesklo,Cris,Star evo,CuinaTur ului)[Perles1988:29,30;Paunes u

1988:79-88℄.

Thepro essofProtoneolithizationtookpla e inEuropebefore thespread of

potteryandfoodprodu inge onomy[Kozªowski1988:9-18℄.Theessen e ofitwas

spreadofpressureor hippedstoneindustryfromtheMediterranean regiontothe

north(Fig.6).ProtoneolithizationofEuropebeganaroundthe7thmill.BCandit

tooktwo maindire tions:fromtheKapsian ultureof NorthAfri a throughWest

Europe to North German lowland and from the Near East through the Balkan

Peninsula to Central Europe with two bran hes along the Danube to the south

Germanyandtothenorth-easterndire tion totheUkraine(Fig.10)

Regular, one-sided ores for the regular medium-sized blades produ ed by

pressurete hnique,numeroustrapezesonitsse tions(Fig.4:19-35)are typi alfor

Protoneolithi intindustry.This intte hnique ametotheBalkanPeninsulafrom

Fig.10.NeolithizationofEurope.

The Protoneolithi pressure te hnique advan ed through Gree e to the Danube

basin (Star evo, Karanovo, K or os, Cris ultures) and rea hed the Ukraine (the

Bug-Dniester ulture)in6thmill.BCThiste hnique ourishedintheLinearBand

Pottery ulturewhi hspreadoverCentralEuropefromtheRhinetotheSouthern

BugRiverinthe5thmill.BC.L o alNeolithi populationofthesouthernBalti (the

Funnel Beaker ulture)re eived this int industry from theLinear Band Pottery

ulture[Doma«ska1995℄.

TheGrebeniki ulture intartefa tsaretypi alexamplesofthispressure

te h-nique (Fig. 6:9-15). Obviously, thispopulation advan ed to the Odessa region of

the Ukraine from theL ower Danube basin in the7th mill BC. Judginig from a

presen eofKukrekadmixturein int omplexesoftheGrebeniki ulturethe

new- omersfromtheBalkanregionmetandintermixed withaboriginalKukrek ulture

population in the Bla k Sea steppes. This population moved to the north along

thePrut,DniesterandSouthernBugRivers(Fig.1).OnthisGrebeniki|Kukrek

Dnie-Fig.11.FlintimplementsoftheJanisªawi etypefromtheNeolithi sitesofKievregion:Obolon(1-36),

Fig.12.Neolithi ulturesoftheUkraine:1-Nemen;2-Dnieper-Donets; 3-Surska-Dnieper;4

-Pitted-CombPottery;5-LinearBandPottery;6-Bug-Dniester;7-Cu uteni;8-Tripolye.

ulture was the east peripheryof a large Danube Neolithi unity of the6th mill.

BC(Star evo,Karanovo,CrisandBug-Dniester ulture)anddevelopedunderthe

strongin uen eoftheCris ulturefromthePrutriverbasin (Fig.12).

Inthe5thmill. BCnewwaves ofNeolithi migrantsmovedfromtheDanube

region to Dniester basin. Under the press of this Linear Band Pottery and

Cu- uteni new omersBug-Dniesterpopulationsettled tothenorth-eastdire tionand

rea hed Podolya, Volhynia, Polesye and MiddleDnieper(Fig. 12). The expressive

Bug-Dniester featuers of oldest Neolithi erami of South Polesye and Middle

Dnieper basin are the eviden es of it. So, the Protoneolithi pressure te hnique

spread outin Polesye. It aused a transformation of lo al L ateMesolithi Balti

traditiontothe intindustryofJanisªawi etype.Janisªawi e intimplementswere

realisationof thePost-Maglemose Balti Mesolithi traditionsonthebase ofnew

Protoneolithi pressurete hnique(Fig.6:1-8)

So,a ordingtoar heologi almaterial, theNeolithization ofthePolesye

low-landwas aresultof southernin uen es oftheBug-DniesterandKukrek ultures.

Kukrek population moved to the north to the Dnieper valley and Bug-Dniester

in uen es spread to Podolya, Volhynia and Polesye along thePrut,Dniester and

theBalkantype,et .)andin luded ertainKukrekelements(insertsoftheKukrek

type,pen il-like ores,numerousba kedmi roblades,et ).Thereforeattheoldest

Neolithi sitesoftheUkrainianPolesyethereare:typi alpotterywithanornament

of the Bug-Dniester ulture (Fig. 5) and the Janisªawi e ulture int implements

(Fig.8:1-6,9-23;11:1-63)with learKukrekelements(Fig. 5:1-18;8:7,8).

A ording to urrent ar heologi al dataa food-produ inge onomy ame on

the territoryof the Ukraine from theBalkan Peninsula through the Danube

ba-sin. The oldversion of the Neolithization of the Ukraine is not onvin ing now.

Insteadofit,thear heologi aldataindi ate fourwavesofthemigrantswhi hhave

followedfromtheDanuberegiontotheUkrainesin e7thmill.BC: 1)Grebeniki,

2) Bug-Dniester, 3) Linear Band Pottery, 4) Cu uteni-Tripolye. Underthe strong

in uen es of these Neolithi new omers from theBalkan region thelo al

Neoli-thi ulturearisenintheNorthandEastUkraine(Surska,Dnieper-Donets,Nemen

ultures)(Fig.12).

The border between the Neolithi new omers from the Danube region and

lo alhuntingtribesinthe5thmill.BCwasestablishedonthesouthedgeofMiddle

Europeanlowlands.Itwasinappropriateformatto kagri ultureanddidnotattra t

Neolithi olonists.ButNorthGermany,Poland,Polesyelowlandswiththeirforests,

riversandlakesweretheveryri hwithgameandsh.Thereforethean ienthunting

andshinge onomyhasbeenpreservedthere.

However, the risis of huntinge onomyfor ed thehuntersand shermen to

adoptdierentinnovationsfrommore developedsouthernneighbours.Firstofall,

theyassimillatedtheNeolithi te hniqueofpotteryprodu tion,therstexperien e

ofagri ulture anda sto k-breeding.

So, in the5-4th mill. BC to thenorthof the des endantsof therst Balkan

farmers(theLinearBandPotteryandTrypolye ultures)inlowlandsofNorth

Ger-many, Poland,and Polesye andin theDnieper valley auto hthonoushuntersand

shermen lived. Thiswas some kind ofbarbari peripheryoftheBalkan farmers`

proto ivilization,whi hwas thesubbaseoftherstIndo-Europeans(Fig.6).

Modern ar heologi al and anthropologi al data from the Middle European

lowlands allow re onstru ting the Proto-Indo-European substratum of the 6-5th

mill. BC whi h was a geneti basis of the rst real Indo-Europeans [Zaliznyak

1984a;1984b:89,97-99℄.

ThehuntingMesolithi populationoftheMaglemose(Svaerdborg) ulture

li-vedinthe7thmill.BCinthewestBalti region.AsaresultoftheBalti Sea

trans-gressionabout6000BCthispopulationbegantomigratetotheeastandsouth-east.

The Post-Maglemose L ateMesolithi entity spread from theNorthSea to

Sever-skiy Donets (Fig. 13). It onsisted of the ultures de L eien-Wartena, Oldesloe,

Chojni e-Pie«ki,Janisªawi e, Donets.The intimplementsofthose ulturestestify

theirrelationshipandgenesis onthebase ofthewest Balti Mesolithi [Zaliznyak

1991℄.

InPoland,siteswithmaterialstestingthemovementoftheSvaerdborg ulture

Fig.13.In uxofSvaerdborgelementsintotheterritoryofPoland,[afterBagniewski1993℄.

glemoseorSvaerdborgtraditiondevelopmentontheterritoryofPoland.The int

materialfromWierz howo6siteislikethelateSvaerdborgmaterialfromDenmark

whi h is dated to theend of the7th mill. BC. L arge and small triangles andthe

ba kedbladeletsoftheMaglemosetypearetypi al.Notsonumerousarepointsof

theSvaerdborgtypeandaxes.

L ater the Svaerdborg int industry transformed into the Gudovo type

om-plexes. Theyare theverysimillar to materials of theOldesloe ulturefrom north

Germany andDenmark dated to the5thmill. BCIn Polandsu hsites are alled

theChojni e-Pienki ulture.

Sites of the Svaerdborg type are unknown to the east of the Vistula

Ri-ver. In Polesye between theVistula andthe Dnieper in the 5th mill. BC sites of

the Janisªawi e ulture spread out (Fig. 13). Re ently, most of resear hers talk

aboutthePost-Maglemosian hara teroftheJanisªawi e int omplex.Geneti ally

it is onne ted with Svaerdborg population of the west Balti region [Zaliznyak

1991:38,39℄.

Janisªa-Fig.14.TheL ateMesolithi theandNeolithi subbaseofIndo-Europeans.L ateMesolithi subbase:

1-De L eien-Wartena,2-Oldesloe,3-Chojni e-Pie«ki,4-Janisªawi e,5-SiteswiththeJanisªawi e

points,6-theDonets ulture.Neolithi subbase:7-Cultureswith ombpottery,8-theFunnelBeaker

ulture,9-BalkanNeolithi ,10-NearEastpopulation,11-Pra-Cartvels,12-Pra-Ugro-Finns.

letswithmi roburinspellonthetop(Janisªawi e points)(Fig.7:1-46),the

develop-mentofpressureandmi roburinte hniques of intpro essing,thesingle-platform

oreforregularblades (Fig.6:1)et .

Gradual disappearan e of theMaglemosian features in the int materials of

thesites towards the east an be seen. Like in theVistula basin, theMaglemose

triangles onstituteaboutahalfofthewholemi rolithi assemblage.Atthesitesof

westPolesye thetriangles are notmorenumerousthan10-20%ofthemi rolithes.

IntheKievregiononlysingle triangles werefound(Fig.8:5,6).

Inthebasin oftheSeverskiyDonetstherearetheveryfewwestBalti

Magle-moseelements(Janisªawi epoints,mi roburins)(Fig.9:29-36).Butmostof

resear- hers onsiderthattheJanisªawi epopulationmovedfromtheKievPolesye tothe

east and tookpart in the genesis of the Donets ulture [Zaliznyak 1978;Gorelik

1987:159℄.

So, in the 5th mill. BC, be ause of migration pro ess from the west Balti

Fig.15.Trypolyanfarmers(1)andoldestIndo-Europeansto kbreeders(2).1-Trypolyan lay

s ulp-ture,2-re onstru tionbasedontheskullfoundinDnieperrapids.

theDnieper rapids regionand even in Crimea testifythatthe migrants from the

Balti regionrea hed theBla kSea oast(Fig.13).

OnthisPost-Maglemosebaseinthe5-4thmill.BCNeolithi ultures:Erteblle,

Dubi hay,Strumil,Nemen,Dnieper-DonetswereformedinthesouthBalti region,

Polesye, Middle Dnieper and the Donets River basin (Fig. 13). It is evien ed by

Post-Maglemosian hara ter of the int omplexes of the oldest Neolithi sites

onthe mentionedterritory. For example, at theoldestsettlements of theNemen

andDnieper-Donets ulturesof Polesye andKievregionwith the omb ornament

and seriesof typi al Janisªawi e points,triangles, mi roburins(Fig. 8)[Zaliznyak,

Balakin1985℄.

There isanthropologi al eviden e ofan existen e of ulture-geneti unity

be-tweentheRhineandtheDonetsinthe6-4thmill.BC.Theanthropologi almaterials

fromthe emeteries oftheDnieperbasinprovideeviden eoftheMesolithi

popu-lationmovementfromtheBalti area totheL ower andMiddleDnieper. Ifinthe

Fig.16.Indo-Europeanmigrationsfrom4thto2ndmill.BC.1-theGlobularAmphora ulture,2

-theCordedWare ulture,3-theSeredniStog,4-theYamnaya ulture,5-steppebarrows,I-Balkan

Neolithi ,II-Pra-Cartvels,III-Pra-Ugro-Finns.

Volnyanka,Yasinovatka,Mikilske) from6-5thmill.BC ontainremainsofmassive

northEuropoids[Telegin, Potekhina1987℄(Fig.15).

TheseNeolithi materialsandmaterialsfrom ontemporaryburialsfrom

Den-mark (Vedbaek, Erteblle et .) provide eviden e of ertain ultural and geneti

relationship between the populations thathad lived there. They were of simillar

northEuropoidalanthropologi al type.

TheoldestrealIndo-Europeansinthe4-3rdmill.BC(SeredniStog,Yamnaya,

FunnelBeaker,GlobularAmphora,CordedWare ultures)belongedtothesameor

relatednorthEuropeananthropologi altype,astheirdire tan estorsfromthe5th

mill.BC(Dnieper-DonetsandErteblle ultures).Butsin ethe4-3rdmill.BCwe

anseethebeginningofthepro essofgra ilization. So,theoldestIndo-Europeans

begantoforminthe6-5thmill.BConthebaseoflo alnorthEuropeanMesolithi

populationofhuntersandgatherers under ultural in uen e and ertain in uxof

lessmassivenon-Indo-Europeansfromagri ulturalNeolithi entresoftheBalkan

andDanubearea.

The linguisti analysis of Proto-Indo-European language provides eviden e

tvelsoftheCau asusandbearersoftheNear-Eastlanguagestraditions(theBalkan

Neolithi ) [Illi h-Sviti h 1964; Gamkrelidze, Ivanov 1984:870-880℄.Imean the

fo-rest-steppeandsteppeterritoriesoftheDnieperrapids,theleft-bankUkraine,the

L ower Don and may be theKuban River. The oldest, Indo-European sto k

bre-eding entities, arouse in theend of5-4th mill. BConthese territories (Mariupol,

SeredniStog,Novodanilovo,Kemi-Oba ultureset .).Inthewestpartofthe

Neo-lithi Proto-Indo-Europeanzoneof Europe(Fig. 13)therstreal Indo-European

unity was theFunnel Beaker ulture of the southBalti region whi h is dated to

these ond part of 4-3rdmill. BCA ordingto ar haeologi al datathespread of

theIndo-Europeans in thesteppe zone of Eurasia began at the beginning of the

4thmill.BCfromtheleftbankUkraine(Fig.16).

So,in the 6-5thmill. BC thesame kind of barbari peripheryof the

Balkan--Danube Neolithi proto ivilizationarouse tothenorthof itin thelowlandsfrom

the Rhine to the Donets River (Fig. 13). It has been formed onthe base of the

auto hthonousMesolithi populationwhi hmovedfrom thewest Balti regionto

the south-east through the Oder, Vistula, Pripet, Middle Dnieper basins to the

forest-steppezoneoftheL eftBankUkraine.

These related ultures of aboriginal hunters and shermen developed

un-der a strong progressive in uen e from the BalkanNeolithi . Be ause of this

so-uthern in uen e and a spread of steppes through the aridization of limate the

above-mentioned lo al hunting-shing so iety of the northEuropoids be ame to

transformintheoldeststo k-breedingIndo-European ulturesin4thmill.BC

(Ma-riupol,SeredniStog,Novodanilovo,FunnelBeaker et .).

Thesto kbreeding ausedthespreadoftheIndo-European ultureand

langu-agesinthesteppezoneofEuropeandAsiainthe4-2ndmill.BC[Mallory1989℄.It

happenedintheEneolithi |veryfavourableforasto kbreeding onditionsofthe

limate aridization [Kremenetsky1991℄.Thearidization ontributedtothespread

ofthesteppesandtothe ollapseoftheBalkanNeolithi ivilisation. Itstimulated

sto kbreedingasaseparatebran hofe onomyandpopulatingthesteppesbythe

oldeststo kbreedingtribesfromtheIndo-European ultureandlanguagesfromthe

DanubetoMongolia,India andIran(Fig.16)[Zaliznyak1984b:78-117℄.

AR { Ar heologi kerozhledy,Praha.

AP { Ar heologia Polski,Wro ªaw.

AJPA { Ameri anJournalofPhysi al Anthropology,NewYork.

CA { CurrentAnthropology,Chi ago.

KSIA { Kratkiye Soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii Akademii

NaukUSSR,Moskva.

KSIA(Ukraine) { Kratkiye Soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii Akademii

NaukUSSR,Kiev.

KSOGAM { KratkieSoobs heniyaOdesskogoGosudarstvennego

Arkhe-ologi heskogoMuzeya,Odessa.

MASP { Materialy po Arkheologii Severnogo Pri hernomorya,

Kiev.

MIA { Materialy iIssledovaniyapoArkheologii,Moskva.

SA { SovetskayaArkheologiya,Moskva.

SAA { SovetAnthropologyandAr haeology,Moskva.

SE { SovetskayaEtnograya, Moskva.

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