Людмила Фёдорова
Дискурс массовых демонстраций
Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 7/1, 101-119H ro ^ M H ^ A O e^O P O B A
PoCCHHCKHH rOCy^apCTBeHHHH ryMEHHTapHHH yHHBepCHTeT (MoCKBa)
^HCKYPC MACCOBMX ,;l,F.MOIICTPAIl,MM
Discourse of Mass DemonstrationsKnronEBHE cboba: MaCCOBHe aeMOHCTpaaMM, peaeB aa HHTepaKuna, n o n a n o r, nonn^OHHa, yHHCOH
Key w o r d s: m a s s d e m o n s tra tio n , sp e e c h in te ra c tio n , p o ly lo g u e , p o ly p h o n y , u n is o n
Abstract: T h e p a p e r p ro p o s e s a n a n a ly sis o f a p h e n o m e n o n o f m a s s d e m o n s tra tio n in te rm s o f a th e o ry o f c o m m u n ic a tio n a n d th e d ia lo g u e g ra m m ar. T h e s e m io tic d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n “ c o m m u n ic a tio n ” a n d “ d e m o n s tr a tio n ” is ta k e n in to a c c o u n t. T h e o p e r a tio n a l c o n c e p t o f p o lilo g u e p ro v id e s m o d e ls o f u n ila te ra l a n d m u ltila te ra l in te ra c tio n th a t c a n b e e s tim a te d in th e ir fu n c tio n a l p a ra m e te rs . M a ss d e m o n s tra tio n s in R u s s ia in 2 0 1 1 -2 0 1 5 w e re e x a m in e d as e x a m p le s. T h e s c h e m e o f a n a ly s is is b a s e d o n th e V o lo s h in o v -B a c h tin ’s m o d e l, issu in g fro m th e so c ia l e v e n t o f sp e e c h in te ra c tio n . E a c h m a s s d e m o n s tra tio n re v e a ls d iffe re n t so c ial p o s itio n in g o f its p a rtic ip a n ts . P o ly p h o n y a n d u n is o n re p re s e n tin g th e u n ite d fo rce in th e g e n e ra l so c ia l p o s itio n c a n b e e ffe c tiv e fo rm s o f a c tio n in m a s s d e m o n s tra tio n s .
BBegeHHe
B HacToa^ee BpeMa TepMHH ducnypc npHMeHaroT k pa3aHHHBiM c^epaM peaeBOH aeaTeaBHoCTH, a3BiKOBoro h HeBepSaaBHoro B3aHMoaeńcTBHa, yTOHHaa rpaHHu;Bi o S ^eń ^yHKUHOHaaBHo-TeMaTHHecKoń HanpaBaeHHocth TeKCTOB
(Cp. nyÓMUHHblU, (pUJlOCO(pCKUU, nOJlUmmeCKUU, HS^ oHSJJbHbW, 0(pU14USJlbHblU,
MSccoewu, UHmejiMUzeHmcKUU h npoa. ÓUCKypc), hhh oTMeaaa Kpyr ero co3^a-
Teaeń h yaacTHHKOB (cp. ÓUcKypc enScmU, nonUmUKoe, npo(peccopoe, mmen- jeKmySJoe h npoa.), hhh aKu;eHTHpya u£hhocthh u;e.nH (cp. ÓUcKypc ceoóoów, cmSÓUJbHocmU, peKJSMW, eomw, JUÓepSJbHbix !4eHHocmeU, MSccoeoU Kynbmypw
h npoa.); flHCKypc 3^ecB Mo^eT noHHMaTBca KaK cnocoS paccy^aeHHa h KaK «o6^ hh a3BiK». CaMo noHaTHe flHCKypca npeanoaaraeT CBa3Hoe, CTpyKTypHo opraHH3OBaHHoe peaeBoe nporoBeaeHHe b oraomeHHH k ycaoBHaM ero npoH3Bo^CTBa; b Soaee mHpoKOM CMBicae - coBOKynHoctb peaeBBix npoH3BeaeHHH, c^opMHpoBaHHyro oSoS^eHHeM no $yHKu;HOHa.nBHBiM, TeMaTHHeCKHM, CTHHHCTHHeCKHM, COUHOKyaBTypHBIM hhh hhbim napaMeTpaM. ^HaaorHHecKHH ^HCKypc, TaKHM oSpa3OM, - 3TO, npe^ae Bcero, onpeaeaeHHBm
102 ^roflMHna OeaopoBa
yCHOBHHMH np0H3B03CTBa cnocos CTpyKTypHOH CB33H0CTH TeKCTa, «HHTepaK-
thbhbih cnocoS peneBoro B3aHMoaeHCTBHa», KaK onpeaenaeT ero M. H. MaKapoB (MaKapoB 2003, 88) b noHaTHax aHCKypc-aHanroa (Cp. oS3op noHHMaHHń aHCKypca b: CepHo 2001, 549-562). TaKHM oSpa3oM, TepMHH ducxypc ocraeTca aocTaToHHo pa3MMTMM noHaTHeM, yaoSHBiM ana onpeaeneHHa o S ^ e ro KoHTeKCTa h MaTepHana HCcneaoBaHHa. Ho ana cnepH^HKapHH oSteKTa onH-
caHHa, ero CTpyKiypHBix h $yHKpHoHaaBHBix xapaKTepHCTHK, npeacTaBnaroTca
Sonee npHeMneMBiMH TepMHHBi aHanor, MoHonor h nonHnor b aCneKTe TeopHH
KoMMyHHKapHH.
no.iH.ior KaK MHorocTopoHHee B3aHMoaeScTBHe
noHaTHe polylogue b paSoTax 3apySe^HBix aBTopoB CBa3BiBaeTca npe^ae BCero
c nHTepaTypoBea^eCKHM, ceMHor aiecKHM h ^h i o c o^ckhm coaep^aHHeM b Kpyry noHaTHń HHTepTeKCTyanBHo cth h B3aHMoaeńcTBHa KynBryp h b penoM
onHpaeTca Ha HaeH noiH^oHHH TeKCTa no M. EaxTHHy KaK Bonao^eHHa pa3HopeHHa, pa3HBix ronocoB 3noxH (EaxTHH 1965, 286; cp. nepeBoa pa3HopeHHa KaK „heteroglossia”). KHHra ro. KpHCTeBoń 1977 r. TaK h Ha3Bi- BaeTca - Polylogue (Kristeva 1977). KpHCTeBa coothocht nonHnor c HHTepTeK-
CTyantHocTtro, nepeKiHHKoń pa3HBix m h c h h h, npopeccoB o3HaiHBaHHa
b pa3Htix npaKTHKax (a3BiK, peiB, nHTeparypa, ^HBonHCB). 3aecB oieBHaHa CB33B c aHanorHHHocTBro, noHHMaeMoń, no EaxTHHy, KaK noCToaHHBiń npopecc KoMMyHHKapHH MHorHx ronocoB, ho y^e He b TKaHH oaHoro TeKCTa, a cKopee
BoKpyr Hero h i h b Kpyry poacTBeHHBix TeKCToB. n o 3ToMy npHHpHny opraHH- 3oBaH 3neKTpoHHMH ^ypHaa «noiH ior», nocBa^eHHBiń TeopHH h npaKTHKe
coBpeMeHHoń iHTeparypBi (http://polylogue.polutona.ru/), b Ka^aoM BBinycKe Koroporo oScy^aaeTca TBopiecTBo oaHoro aBTopa. B penoM, noaoSHBiń npHHpHn ne^HT h b ocHoBe HayHHMx KoH^epeHpHH, MHorHe yiacTHHKH kotopbix pa3BH-
BaroT oS^yro TeMy c pa3HBix no3HpHń h b pa3HBix acneKTax. BooS^e b coBpe-
MeHHoń 33mkoboh npaKTHKe HMeHHo nonHnor npHoSpeTaeT Bce SonBraee
pacnpocTpaHeHHe - h b opraHH3oBaHHBix $opMax MHorocTopoHHero ycTHoro B3aHMoaeńcTBHa (aeSaTBi, ToK-raoy, KpyriBie c t o ib i, BceBo3Mo^HBie aHCK- yccHH), h b cnoHTaHHoń ceTeBoń KoMMyHHKapHH (^opyMBi, SnorH, npocTo KoMMeHTapHH k nocTaM). BMecTe c 3thm Bce Sonee ocTpo BCTaroT npoSneMBi
TeopeTHHecKoro ocMBicneHHa nonHnora KaK ^opMBi peiH (cm.: EanaaH 1981; ^KoBneBa 2007; ASHeBa 2010 hap.).
B ^h io c o^ckom Kirone HcnonB3yeT TepMHH «noiH ior» O. M. BHMMep (Wimmer 2004), oxBaTBiBaa yHHBepcanHCTCKyro h Me^KyiBiypHyro nepcneK- thbbi KoMMyHHKapHH. X. BeH (Chen 2010), Bcnea BHMMepy, paccy^aaeT
O B03M0^H0CTH flOCTH^eHHH paBeHCTBa B Me^KyatTypHoM B3aHMOfleHCTBHH
b ycaoBHax KyatTypHoro pemproMa, HaBa3tiBaeMoro Soaee BaHaTeatHtiMH KyatTypaMH. BeH npHxoflHT k BtiBoay, hto noanaor, ocHoBaHHtm Ha paBHo-
npaBHH KyatTyp, Ha hx B3aHMoBaHaHHH, ho He MoHoaoraaecKoM HaBa3tiBaHHH, npeacraBaaeTca HfleaatHon Mofleatro B3aHMoaencTBHa, npeanoctiaKon ycnera-
hocth, 3^^eKTHBHocTH B3aHMoaencTBHa. Oh oSpa^aeTca k BHyrpeHHen $opMe aaTHHCKoro com-municare, BoccTaHaBaHBaa CMtica ‘npHoS^eHHa’, a He trans- -mission, T.e. nepeflaaH HH^opMapHH, KoTopaa npocTo aoa^Ha Smtb Bticay- raaHa h noHaTa/npHHaTa k CBefleHHro. 3tot CMtica coyaacma oaeBHfleH flaa pyccKoro oóiymue, ho y^e b 3HaanreatHon CTeneHH CTepT flaa amaHncKoro aHaaora communication, ocoSeHHo b pyccKoM ynoTpeSaeHHH, rfle «KoMMy-
HHKapHa» aacTo hpothboctoht «oS^eHHro» HMeHHo KaK npocTaa nepeflaaa HH^opMapHH. OSocHoBMBaa noae3HocTt flaa TeopHH KoMMyHHKapHH MofleaH noaHaora KaK MHorocTopoHHero oS^eHHa, BeH TeM He MeHee noflaepKHBaeT,
hto 3Ta Mofleat He aBaaeTca aecKpHnTHBHon, He onHCtiBaeT peaatHyro CTpyKTypy oS^eHHa, CKopee oHa npeflCTaBaaeT HfleaatHtie ycaoBHa, bkotopmx
floa^Ha pa3BopaaHBaTtca MHorocTopoHHaa KoMMyHHKapHa, - paBHonpaBHe roaocoB, hx BoBaeaeHHocTt boS ^hh npopecc.
B oTeaecTBeHHoń aHHrBHCTHKe TepMHH nonunoz Hcnoat3yeTca b 3HaaeHHH «peaeBoe B3aHMoaencTBHe MHorHX yaacTHHKoB». n o npH3HaKy «aHcao yaacTHHKoB peaeBoro coStrma» npHHaTo pa3aHaaTt MoHoaor KaK p eat oflHoro roBopa^ero, flHaaor KaK pa3roBop ^bohx h noaHaor KaK B3aHMoaencTBHe MHorHx yaacTHHKoB. 3aMeTHM cpa3y, aTo TaKoe pa3fleaeHHe npoTHBopeaHT BHyTpeHHeń $opMe rpeaecKoro dia-logos - «aepe3-caoBHe», KoTopoe BoBce He orpaHHaHBaeT aHcao yaacTHHKoB oS^eHHa, ho npeflnoaaraeT aHrat nepedo- eaHue hx BMCKa3MBaHHM. noaH aor Mo^eT paccMaTpHBaTtca KaK aacTHtin cayaan flHaaora b raHpoKoM CMticae - T.e. KaK ynopafloaeHHoe B3aHMoaencTBHe MHorHX yaacTHHKoB; ho Mo^eT noHHMartca KaK HeaTo xaoTHaHoe - He- opraHH3oBaHHoe 3ByaaHHe MHo^ecTBa roaocoB, pa3HopeaHe; TaKoe noHHMaHHe TaK^e npHHaTo b 3apySe^Hon Tpa^HpHH, Hapafly c Soaee raHpoKon $Hao-
co^ckom ero TpaKTOBKon (cm. Wimmer 2004; Chen 2010). OaeBHflHo, 3to KpanHHe cayaaH MHorocTopoHHero B3aHMoaencTBHa, h ohh MoryT StiTt onHcaHti
b rpaHHpax oS^ero noHaTHa.
noaHaor KaK MHorocTopoHHee B3aHMoaencTBHe b oTaHaHe ot flBycTopo- HHero oSHapy^HBaeT pafl coScTBeHHMx cy^ecTBeHHtix cbohctb, b aacTHocTH CTpyKTypHMX.
n ap a penaHK c npocTon flHaaorHaecKon CBa3tro «aKpHa - peaKpHa» oSpa3yeT HHTepaKpHro (aKT peaeBoro B3aHMoaencTBHa), npocTenraHn flHaaor. HHTepaKpHa b noaHaore Mo^eT BKaroaaTt CToatKo ^ e penaHK, CKoatKo
104 ^roflMHna ®eflopoBa
PennaKa b nonanore MoryT ^opMapoBaTt pa3aaHHBie crpyKTypBi, KaK 3aM- KHyTMe, TaK a oTKptrrtie. Bot HeKoTopBie npaMepBi npocreńraeń KoMSaHa- TopHKH paa Tpex yaacTHaKoB (c yaeTOM Bo3Mo^Horo yBeaaaeHHa hx aacna).
1) «U,enoaKa»: aKpaa A nopo^paeT peaKparo B, KoTopaa b cBoro oaepept nopo^paeT peaKparo C, a T.p. U,enoaKa npepcraBaaroT coSoń TpaH3aTaBHBie He3aMKHyTMe crpyKTypBi.
2) «Beep»: aKpaa A cBa3aHa c nyaKoM peaKpań ocranBHBrc yaacrnaKoB (B, C, a T.3.), oSpa3yro^ax coBMecmyro MHororonocHyro peaKparo. 3Ta peaKpaa Mo^eT Sbitb HecornacoBaHHMM pa3HopeaaeM ana cKaapBiBaTtca b noaa^oHa- aecKoe 3BynaHae.
«Beep» (nyaoK) npepcTaBaaeT coSoń He3aMKHyTyro cTpyKTypy (oTcy- TcTByroT cBa3a Bapa B <==> C). 3to Mo^eT Sbitb a nyaoK pennaK, BBi3Ba-
hhbix o^HaM HepeneBtiM coSBiTaeM. Bo MHoroM cornacoBaHHocTt peń-
cTBań onpepeaaeTca oS ^eń copaantHoń no3apaeń yaacraaKoB. Ecna oHa nopKpenaaeTca paaaoraaecKaMa B3aaMopeńcTBaaMa Me^py pearapyro^aMa yaacmaKaMa, 3to y^e SypeT ocao^HeHHaa cTpyKTypa, BnnoTt po 3aMKHyroń (cM. 4).
3) «CreHa» - o^HoBpeMeHHBie a epaHopyraHBie peaKpaa Ha A cnaBaroTca
b yHacoH, T.e. MHo^ecTBo pearapyro^ax yaacrnaKoB BBicrynaroT cnnoaeHHo, KaK cTeHa, KaK opaH KoaneKTaBHBiń yaacraaK. OaKTaaecKa 3to pBycropoHHee B3aaMopeńcraae «aapep - creHa».
4) Bo3Mo^Ha a nonHaa, 3aMKHyTaa, cTpyKTypa, b KoTopoń Ka^pBiń
BcTynaeT b paaaoraaecKań KoHTaKT c Ka^pBiM a3 yaacrnaKoB; opHaKo, ecna paa Tpoax 3to Bo3Mo^HBiń BapaaHT, to paa Sontraoro aacna yaacrnaKoB 3to
cKopee KpańHań cnyaań, aeM TanaaecKań. KoMMyHaKaTaBHoe npocrpaHcTBo oKa3MBaeTca nepeHacBi^eHHBiM paaaoraaecKaM a cBa3aMa, a roBopa^aM Mo^eT Sbitb TpypHo ycnBiraaTt ppyr ppyra. 3to nepeceKaro^eeca MHorocro- poHHee B3aaMopeńcraae Tana «TycoBKa».
5) Eonee oSbitoh ynopapoaeHHBiń BapaaHT - «KpymBiń cTon»: Ka^pBiń a3 yaacTHaKoB cBoeń pennaKoń oTBeaaeT BceM, BBicrynaa b ycnoBneHHoM 3apaHee
ana perynapyeMoM nopapKe. 3tot cnyaań oraa^aeTca ot «Beepa», rpe Ka^pBiń oTBeaaeT opHoMy, e ^ e a TeM, hto peńcraaa yaacrnaKoB pernaMeHTapoBaHBi.
6) TanaaeH BapaaHT, npa KoTopoM He BcaKań yaacraaK nonanora Mo^eT npoa3BopaTt cBoro pennaKy, coxpaHaa naccaBHoe yaacrae: «ycnBiraar / noHan / / npaHan k cBepeHaro», npa tom hto a a c r t yaacraaKoB aKTaBHBi. 3to
cMeraaHHKń cnyaań Tana «ypoK» - coaeTaHae o^HocTopoHHero (moho- noraaecKoro) a MHorocTopoHHero yaacraa b HenonHoń cTpyKType B3aaMo- aeńcTBaa.
7) E ^ e o^aH KpańHań cnyaań - o^HocTopoHHee B3aaMo^eńcTBae, npa KoTopoM aKpaa A HanpaBneHa ko BceM, ho He nonyaaeT oTBeTHrnx peaKpań.
3t0 MOHOHOrHHeCKOe BO3peMcTBHe. ABTOpHTapHOCTB MOHOaOra MO^eT
onHpaTtca Ha BticoKyro copHaatHyro no3HpHro roBopa^ero, Bept «cayraaroT Toro, kto HMeeT BaacTt HaH noat3yeTca ocoSbim aBTopHTeTOM», KaK oTMeaaa
e ^ e b 1923 r. H. n . ^KyÓHHcKHH (1986, 72). TaKOH THn B3aHMopeńcTBHa ycaoBHO Ha3OBeM «HHcTpyKTa^».
3to ocHOBHMe (ho He HcaepntiBaro^He) bo3mo^hocth cTpyKTypHoń opraHH3apHH noaHaora, opHaKO Ha npaKTHKe ohh ocao^HaroTca papoM ^aKTopoB.
Cao^HocTt MHorocTopoHHero B3aHMopeHcTBHa e ^ e h b tom, hto pHaao- rmecKHe OTHoraeHHa MoryT cBa3tiBart Ka^pyro penaHKy-peaKpHro co BceMH npepraecTByro^HMH KaK c TeKcTOM KoaaeKTHBHoro appecaTa; TaKOH cayaań npepcTaBaeH b MopeaH «Kpyratm cToa», hob peaatHocTH cmyapHH nopoÓHoro popa MoryT cKaaptiBartca h b ppyrHx cayaaax, npmeM TaKHe OTHoraeHHa He
Bcerpa opHO3HaaHO onpepeaHMti.
flpyraa cao^HocTt - b Haao^eHHH pa3Htix penaHK, KOToptie aoMaroT HopMaatHMH nopapoK aepepoBaHHa «npaBHatHoro» pHaaora h co3paroT tot
caMtiH «xaoc», KOToptm c TpypoM noppaeTca cTpyKTypHOMy onHcaHHro; 3tot
cayaań b ero KpafeeM Btipa^eHHH npepycMOTpeH Mopeatro «TycoBKH», ho b npaKTHKe He^opMaatHoro oS^eHHa Haao^eHHa BcTpeaaeTca nocToaHHO, Heo6a3areatHO co3paBaa 3aMKHyrtie crpyKTypti.
PaccMOTpeHHte bo3mo^hocth aerKO npepcTaBHMti KaK cTpyKTypti Ha naocKocTH (naaHHMeTpmecKHe). OpHaKO xapaKTep B3aHMopeńcTBHa 3aBHcHT OT cOOTHOraeHHa KOMMyHHKaTHBHtix nO3HpHH: HepapXHHecKOrO - HHHpHaTOp HaH Bepy^HH npoH3BopHT aKpHro, - aHÓo paBHonpaBHoro, rpe aKpHH MoryT npoH3BopHTt pa3Htie yaacTHHKH.
KoMMyHHKaTHBH^ie no3HpHH oSmhho nopKpenaarorca copHaatHtiMH, onpepe- aaeMMMH coSecepHHKaMH othocHTeatHo ppyr ppyra - «BHrae-HHse», «Cboh- ^y^oM». TaKHM o6pa3OM, cTpyKTypa copHaatHO-KOMMyHHKaTHBHoro npocT- paHcTBa Mo^eT S trrt y^e cTepeoMeTpmecKOH, ^opMHpyeMoń 3thmh ocaMH. OnHcaHHro peaeBoro B3aHMopeńcTBHa b 3thx KOoppHHaTax Ha npHMepe
ppaMaTHaecKHX TeKcTOB noaHaora nocBa^eHti paSoTti aBTopa (OepopoBa 2010; 2011). flaaee, xapaKTep B3aHMopeńcTBHa onpepeaaeTca bo3mo^hbimh b 3apaHHtx no3HpHax cTpaTerHaMH yaacTHHKOB - ^opMaatHtiMH HaH
He^OpMaatHBIMH, cOaHpapHMMH HaH KOH^aHKTHMMH, cTpaTerHaMH
106 ^roflMHna ®eflopoBa 1) 2)
A
A
3)A
B
C
B + C
C
4)A
5)A
B
C
B
6)A
7)A
B
1) <^enoHKa»; 2) «B eep»; 3) «G reH a»; 4) «TycoBKa»; 5) «K pyraw fi ctoh»; 6) «YpoK»; 7) «HHCTpyKTa»»
napaMeTpHMecKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH no.iH.iora
B HeKOToptix ciy iaax Ba*HHMH MoryT StiTt ^yHKUHoHaitHtie napaMeTpti noiHiora.
• n^OTHOCTt - onpeaeiaeTca hhciom toiocob, b HeM ynacTByro^HX (aSco- irom aa - b peieBoM coSbithh, oTHocHTeitHaa - k HHciy peniHK). flia 3ieMeH- TapHoro aHaiora («aKUHa - peaKUHa») oTHocHTeatHaa rnoraocTt - 2/2=1. • Emkoctb - onpeae.iaeTca hhciom aHaioraiecKHx cBa3eń, ocy^ecTBiaeMtix
b peniHKax M e^ay Ka^atiM roBopa^HM h ero aapecaToM - hh^hbh- ayaitHtiM h ih KoneKTHBHtiM. flHaiormecKaa cBa3t - oTHoraeHHe Me^ay aKUHeń h peaKUHń Ha Hee, xoTa Sti h HeBepSaitHoń, T.e. noaTBep^aeHHaa aBycTopoHHaa cBa3t, h ih Kami. OTHocHTeatHaa eMKocTt aaeMeHTapHoro aHaaora onpeaeaaeTca KaK oTHoraeHHe HHcia TaKHX cBa3eń (KaHaioB)
k HHcay peniHK - Vi.
• CreneHt cio^hocth - oTHoraeHHe HHcia aHaiorHiecKHx cBa3eń k HHciy roaocoB, h ih eMKocTH k rnoraocTH. flaa aaeMeHTapHoro aHaiora - Vi. • C reneH t nySiHHHocTH - onpeaeaaeTca oTHoraeHHeM HHcia peniHK,
• OreneH t npHBaTHOCTH - onpepeaaeTca OTHoraeHHeM HHcaa penaHK, o6pa^eHHMX k HHpHBHpyaatHOMy appecaTy, k oS^eMy HHcny pena™. nyS^HHHOCTt h npHBaTHOCTt - B3aHMoponoaHaro^He xapaKTepHCTHKH
noaHaora.
• OreneHt 3KcnpeccHBHocTH - oTHoraeHHe HHcaa 3KcnpeccHBHo oTMeaeHHBix pen^HK koS^eMy arony pennHK.
3th napaMeTpM nopparoTca opeHKe b npHMepax poKyMeHTHpoBaHHoro
nonHnora. PaHee ohh Sb m h BBepeHBi h HcnonB3OBaHBi aBTopoM npH cpaBHeHHH ppaMamaecKoro nonHnora (BexoB) h cnoHTaHHoro B3aHMoperoTBHa b ceTax
(nar) (cm. OepopoBa 2003).
npHMepM amurnia MaccoBMx peMOHCTpapHH
O Spa^aact k am nroy MaccoBBix peMOHCTpapHH, m m hcxophm H3 copHantHBix
ycaoBHH hx npoTeKaHHa, KOTopMe co3paroT onpepeneHHyro copHo-KOMMy-
HHKaTHBHyro KOH^HrypapHro B3aHMoperoTBHa, npoaBnaro^yroca Ha nHHrBH- cTHHecKOM ypoBHe b BMSope cTparerHH h perHcTpoB, peaeBBix TaKTHK h a3Bi- kobmx ^opM. npH 3tom m m onHpaeMca Ha TeoperaaecKyro npepnocBimy,
BBicKa3aHHyro b paSoTe «M aproH3M h ^H noco^H a a3BiKa» b 1929 r.
(BoaoraHHOB 1929) h onpepeaaro^yro peantHBiH oSBeKT HccnepoBaHHa a3BiKa
KaK «copHantHoe coSMTHe peaeBoro B3aHMopeńcTBHa, ocy^ecTBnaeMoe BMcKa3MBaHHeM h BBicKa3BiBaHHaMH». 3 p e c t ^ e HaranH Bonno^eHHe
MeTopoaorHHecKHe ycTaHOBKH M. BaxTHHa, HaMeaaro^He nopapoK HccaepoBaHHa:
1) ^opMM h THnM p e n e B o r o B3aHMopeficTBHa b cBa3H c KOHKpeTHBiMH ycaoBHaMH e r o ; 3aTeM - 2 ) ^ op M B i O T p eatH B ix BBicKa3BiBaHHH, O T p eatH B ix p e a e B B ix BMcTynaeHHH b T ecH oa cBa3H c o B3aHMoperoTBHeM, 3aeMeHTaMH KOToporo ohh
aB aaroT ca, T.e. o n p e p e a a e M B ie peaeBM M B3aHM operoTBHeM , * a H p M p ea eB B ix BMcTynaeHHH b *h3hh h b HpeoaorHaecKOM TBopaecTBe; h HaKOHep - 3 ) H cxopa OTcropa, nepecM OTp $ o p M a3MKa b hx oSbihhoh aHHrBHcTHaecKOH TpaKTOBKe. (BoaoraHHOB 1 9 2 9 : 1 0 4 ).
npH am nroe proKypca MaccoBMx peMOHCTpapHH m m hcxophm H3 Toro, hto
peMOHcTpapHa He aBnaeTca coScTBeHHo KOMMyHHKaTHBHMM coSMTHeM. KoMMyHHKapHa npepnonaraeT nepepaay h nonyaeHHe HH^opMapHH; ophhm H3
ee ycaoBHH aBaaeTca HanHaro KOHTaKTa Me^py KOMMyHHKaHTaMH. KoHTaKT BBipeaaeTca h P. ^koScohom b cxeMe peaeBoro aKTa b arone raecTH ochobhmx
KOMnoHeHTOB, onpepenaro^Hx ero KaK KOMMyHHKapHro (appecaHT, appecar, cOoS^eHHe, KOHTeKcT, KOHTaKT, KOp). KoHTaKT MO^eT SMTt HenOcpepcTBeHHMM
108 PropMHaa ®epopoBa
HaH OnOCpeflOBaHHMM, HO rapaHTHpOBaHHBIM. B Cpe3CTBaX MaCCOBOH KOMMy- HHKapHH - nenaTH, TeaeBHpeHHH, HHTepHeTe - npepycMaTpHBaeTca BocTpeSo- BaHHOCTt npeptaBaaeMOH noat30BaTearo HH^opMapHH, KaK Sbi rapaHTHpyeTca HaarnHe Haaa^eHHoro KOHTaKTa c appecaTOM. B cayaae peMOHCTpapHH (Sypt
to noaHTHHecKoe BMCTynneHHe HaH peMOHCTpaTHBHoe noBepeHHe peSeHKa), xoTa OHa h HanpaBaeHa peaeBOMy appecaTy, He npepnoaaraeTca KOHTaKT chhm; ee mo^ho pacpeHHBaTt aHrat KaK nonBiTKy KOMMyHHKapHH, nped-KOMMynu- Kaąrno, H3H ^ e KaK C03HaTeatHBiH aKT caMOBBipa^eHHa. HeT HHKaKOH rapaHTHH, hto BBicrynaeHHe peMOHCTpaHTOB SypeT ycaBiraaHo, h TeM Soaee,
hto SypeT noayaeH OTBeT ot peaeBoro appecaTa. B 3tom coctoht ppaMaTH3M
CHTyapHH peMOHCTpapHH hbto ^ e BpeMa 3aao^eHBi ocHOBaHHa ee ycneraHOCTH: HToSbI SmTB yCHMraaHHMMH, 3aMeneHHMMH, 3^^eKTHBHHMH, nopoSHBie BMCTynaeHHa poa^HBi Smtb MaccoBtiMH. CHaa B03peHCTBHa MaaBix BearnHH MO^eT 3^^eKTHBH0 npOTHBOCTOaTt CHae BaaCTH TOatKO npH POCTaTOHHOM HX KoamecTBe. OpHaKO h ophhohhbm HaH MaaoHHcaeHHMe nHKeTBi TaK^e MoryT HMeTt raHpOKHH pe30HaHC H TeM CaMMM CTaTt 3HaHHMMMH.
HTaK, kto ^ e aBaaeTca yaacTHHKaMH peMOHCTpapHH? Bo-nepBMX, caMH peMOHCTpaHTM, bo-btopmx, B03M0^HMe MepHaTopBi, nocpepHHKH; noaHpHa npepcTaBaaeT coSoh BaacTHoro MepHaTopa («cypporarayro BaacTt»), HMea noaHOMOHHa HaBepeHHa nopapKa; ppyrHe nocpepHHKH - ^ypHaaHCTti, HaSaropaTeaH, npocTO CBHpeTeaH - C03paroT HeoSxopHMMH pe30HaHC paa Toro,
htoSbi cooS^eHHe pocTHrao peaeBoro appecaTa.
OpraHH30BaHHoe peaeBoe coSBrme c HecKoatKHMH yaacTHHKaMH, coraacHO npHHpHny KOonepapHH TpaMca, nopaHHeHO ycaoBHOCTaM oS^eHHa: pHaaor - npaBHay HepepoBaHHa penaHK, npaBHaaM ycTaHOBaeHHa, noppep^aHHa, 3aBepraeHHa KOHTaKTa; MHorocTopoHHee oS^eHHe TaK^e 0CH0BaH0 Ha oaepepHOCTH h Sa3HpyeTca Ha ycaoBH0CTax, HeoSa3aTeatH0 3THKeTHMX, npHHa- TMX B KOHKpeTHOM KOaaeKTHBe. OpraHH3apHa npOTHBOCTOHT CnOHTaHHOcth; no3HpHa MopepaTopa, npepcepaTeaa b pHCKyccHH, Bepy^ero coSpaHHe, KaK Sm
C03paeT Saptep Me^py B3aHMopeńcTByro^HMH cTopoHaMH, b ero 3apaHH BX0pHT CHHMaTt Hanpa^eHHOCTt. 3tO OTHOCHTCa H K peaeBMM CoSMTHaM yCTHMX ^aHpOB, H K oS^eHHW B CeTaX, H K MaCCOBOH peMOHCTpapHH KaK ^aHpy noaHaora.
npHMep 1. MHTHHr KaK npOTHBOCTOHHHe BaaCTH
noBopoM paa MaccoBMX BMCTynaeHHH 3h m o h 2011-2012 rr. nocay^HaH,
B HaCTHOCTH, BMSopM BepX0BH0H BaaCTH, KOTOpMe np0X0pHaH C SoatraHMH HapyraeHHaMH, hto h BM3Baao CHatHoe npoTecTHoe pBH^eHHe b pa3HMX
coaHpap-hbix peńcTBHax, BBipa^aa CBoro no3Hpnro «HecoraacHBix». npaKTHKa mhthhiob h ^eMOHCTpapHH noKa3MBaeT cao^Hyro CTpyKTypy B3aHMopeńcTBHa: 3pecB B03M0^HM HCcKonBKo cHTyapHń, pa3BHBaro^HXca B pa3HHHHMX KoHTeKcTax coupaaBHoro no3HpHoHHpoBaHHa. PaccMoTpHM hx noppoSHee.
1) M e^py Toanoń (KoaaeKTHBHBiń appecaHT) h BaacTBro (peaeBoń appecar)
- 3to He cHTyapHa KoMMyHHKapHH: HeT ycTaHoBaeHHoro KoHTaKTa, He o^HpaeTca HenocpepcTBeHHaa peaKpHa, 3to cHTyapHa peMoHcTpapHH. nocKo^BKy 3to HHHpHaTHBHoe BBicrynaeHHe peMoHcTpaHToB, oho aBaaeTca aKpHeń. B to ^ e BpeMa 3to peaKpHa Ha HeKoTopoe coSBiTHe A, hhhphh- poBaHHoe peaeBBiM appecaroM. fla^e npH oTcyrcTBHH BepSaaBHoro peńcTBHa caMo KoaaeKTHBHoe BBicTynaeHHe Mo^eT y ^ e paccMarpHBaTBca KaK aKpHa npoTecTa («Mh BBiraaH otcto^tb HaraH HHTepecBi, pa^e HoraMH» - oSBacHe- HHe yaacTHHKa). Ero BBipa^eHHeM Mo^eT cTaTB aroSoń cHMBoa oSBepHHeHHa yaacTHHKoB. CrparerHa peMoHcrpaHToB - npoTHBocroaHHe, npmeM coaHpap- Hoe, cnaoaeHHoe KaK «creHa», ecaH npHMeHHTB crpyKTypHBie cxeMBi noanaora.
Chmbohom npoTecTHoro pBH^eHHa b 2011 r. craHoBHTca Seaaa aemoaKa. B paaBHeńraeM pa3HBie aemoHKH HaaHHaroT cay^HTB cHMBoamecKoń MeTKoń, ^opMoń npHoS^eHHocTH k KaKoMy-aHSo pBH^eHHro: TaK, no3pHee Hanoa- HaeTca hobbim copep^aHHeM reoprHeBcKaa aemoaKa, b nocaepHee BpeMa noaBaaroTca roaySBie h ^eaTBie aeHTBi b Kocax peByraeK - yaacTHHp aHTH-
BoeHHBix aKpHń. nopoSHBie npepMeTHMe cHMBoaBi oSo3HaaaroT BBiSop no3HpHH hx HocHTeaeM (cp. ceMHoTHaecKH 3KBHBaaeHTHyro pacKpacKy Ha aHpax b pBeTa HapHoHaaBHoro $aara Ha cnopTHBHBix Maraax); ohh pa3peaaroT «cbohx» h «ay^HX».
2) OSbihho peMoHcrpapHa npepnoaaraeT MHTHHr, BBicTynaeHHa aHpepoB
HaH ppyrax yaacTHHKoB, oSpa^eHHBie k Toane. M e^py oparopoM h Toanoń npoHcxopHT coScTBeHHo KoMMyHHKapHa b peaeBoń $opMe. Oparop - oSbihho
aHpep Ha TpHSyHe, T.e. 3aHHMaeT BBiraecToa^yro no3HpHro h no cBoeMy cTarycy h cHTyaTHBHo. Toana - BHH3y, 3to KoaaeKTHBHBiń appecar, hoc orpaHH- aeHHMM HaSopoM bo3mo^hmx peaKpHń; 3to Mo^eT Sbtb:
• noppep^Ka aHpepa - cKaHpHpoBaHHe ao3yHroB, npaMBe oTBeTBi Ha npaMBe Bonpocrn: ffa, Hem;
• peaKpHa Henoppep^KH h ocy^peHHa: ocBHcTaHHe, cKaHpHpoBaHHe yXOffH! • MoaaaHHe KaK oTKa3 ot KoMMyHHKapHH b no3HpHH «HH^ecToa^HX» HaH
HecoraacHe.
CrpyKTypa noaHaora - «aHpep - creHa», T.e. Toana BBcrynaeT KaK KoaaeK THBHMń appecar, Korpa oHa peńcTByeT bophh roaoc - b yHHcoH. CHaa yHHcoHa - b co3paHHH cTepeo3^^eKTa h pe3oHaHca; oh Mo^eT npoH3BopHTB ycrpa- raaro^ee peńcTBHe, 3to raySoKo 3KcnpeccHBHoe Bo3peńcTBHe. MoaaaHHe To^e Mo^eT Sbtb yHHcoHHBM peńcTBHeM 3HaaHTeaBHoń cHaB - no nyraKHHcKoń
110 ^roflMHna ®eflopoBa
b napę «nnaep - cTeHa», ee BennnnHa He3HannTe.rtHa n 3aBncnT ot nncna BMCTynaro^nx. 3aTO Hape^HocTt KOHTaKTa yKpennaeTca - OHa oSecnenn- BaeTca, c ophoh cTopoHii, MnKpo^OHOM, c ppyron - yHncoHOM, CKaH^n- poBaHneM mho^ ctbom ronocoB. Bo3mo^hłi n opnHonHiie peaKpnn - BtiKpnKn n3 Tonnii, ycno^Haro^ne cTpyKTypy KOMMyHnKapnn («Beep», nynoK): OHn MoryT co3flaBaTt nonn^OHnnecKoe 3BynaHne nnn HecornacoBaHHoe pa3H0- penne. TaKnM oSpa30M, pa3Hopenne, nonn^OHna n yHncoH paccMaTpnBaroTca KaK Tpn pa3Hiie ^opMii coBMecTHiix peneBiix pencTBnn b nonnnore, b OTnnnne
ot noHnMaHna yHncoHa KaK pnanornnecKon cTpaTernn, npoTnBonocTaBneHHon noneMnKe (ConoBteBa 1965; BanaaH 1971).
3) M e^py Ka^pon nnnHocTtro c nnaKaTOM b Tonne n Ha TpnSyHe (appe- caHTti) n BnacTtro (peneBon appecaT) - cnTyapna peMOHcTpapnn; K arpim HeceT cBoe cooS^eHne - pent nnn no3yHr, oSpa^eHHiie k BnacTn. .Ho3yHrn MoryT SiiTt OTBeTaMn Ha BiicKa3ŁiBaHna BnacTn nnn nHnpnantHiiMn aKpnaMn. 3Ta cnTyapna c03paeT nonn^OHnro ronocoB, pa3BnBaro^nx oS^yro TeMy (oTnacTn 3to HanoMnHaeT nopxBaneHHŁin yHncoH b pnanore b noHnMaHnn A. BanaaHa (BanaaH 1971), ho 3p e c t HeT pnanora KaK pBycTopoHHero B3anMopencTBna). 3pect ^opMnpyeTca opHocTopoHHnn nonnnor KaK OTBeT Ha cTnMyn - pencTBne BnacTn. CTpyKTypa nonnnora HanoMnHaeT «Beep» (nynoK). Ho 3tot opHOHanpaBneHHtin nonnnor He c03paeT e ^ e KOMMyHnKapnro b coScTBeHHOM cMiicne cnoBa, ocTaBaact peMOHcTpapnen, T.e. b 3HannTentHon Mepe MOHonornnecKnM cnocoSoM caMOBiipa^eHna, noMaro^nM nepapxnro n npnMeHaro^nM nrpoBiie MacKn.
B MnTnHre Ha npocneKTe CaxapoBa 24 peKaSpa 2011 r. peMOHcTpaHTii Hecnn no3yHrn, HepepKo oSpa^eHHiie KOHKpeTHiiM appecaTaM:
M u 3H,aeM, nmo m u xonewb mpemuupa3, ho y Hac zonoea 6ojium. Hypoe, meou 146% He je3ym e meum!
rapaHm KoHcmumyąuu? Hau mozda u numau KoHcmumyąuio. M u npomecmaHmu! n a n a , yxodu!
nopoSHiie BticKa3BiBaHna HeponycraMii b nepapxnnecK0M oS^eHnn, hob cn- Tyapnn peMOHcTpapnn HapyraaroTca rpaH npii n cHnMaroTca 3TnnecKne ycnoBHocTn.
4) M e^py nnnHocTaMn b Tonne - connpapHoe B3anMopencTBne PaBHiix: B3anMHaa noppep^Ka, 3MopnoHantHaa opeHKa no3yHroB, npnoS^eH ne, copeBHOBaTentHocTt. 3to cnTyapna KOMMyHnKapnn, aKTnBHiin cnoHTaHHiin nonnnor; 3pect B03HnKaroT MHO^ecTBeHHiie pnanornnecKne cBa3n, KOTopiie TpypHO ynecTt npn aHanroe, - OHn cocTaBnaroT o S ^ n n $oh B3anMHon
noppep^Kn; Hacu^eHHocTt KOMMyHnKaTnBHiiMn cBa3aMn c03paeT oSteMHyro cTpyKTypy B3anMopencTBna. B 3toh cpepe npoaBnaeTca aKTnBHiin n nrpoBon
HaCTpOH aeMOHCTpaHTOB, CpOflHH KapHaBanBHOH CTHXHH HapOflHOrO npa3flHHKa, no BaxTHHy. HeKOTopMe no3yHrn npaMO oSpa^em i k «CBonM», ncnont3yroTca KnaccnnecKne pnTaTM, cnoraHM, yraep^aaro^ne no3nTnBHMn HacTpon:
Miodu! Ynbidaumecb, OÓHUMaumecb, M o6um e dpyz dpyza! ToeapuiĄ, eepb, e3Oudem OHa, 3ee3da nneHumenbHOzo cnacmbn... PoccuH M owem 6um b nynme!
Ha nnaKaTax rooSpa^aroTca n «connaapHMe» BnpTyantHMe nepcoHa^n - ^eSyparaKa, nHonnaHeTaHnH, EenMn MeaBeat, Rrynxy n ap.
CreneHB cno^HOCTn B3anMoaencTBna (OTHOraeHne nncna KaHanoB k nncny ronocoB) BHyTpn npeacTaBneHHMx cnTyapnn no3npnoHnpoBaHna mo^ho
opeHnTt nnrat npnSnn3nTentHO. C yneTOM Toro, hto oaHOHanpaBneHHMe aKpnn He oSpa3yroT ananornnecKnx CBa3en (cnTyapnn 1 n 3), ochobhmm noneM KOMMyHnKaTnBHoro B3anMoaencTBna ocTaeTca nySnnnHMn ananor Me^ay nnaepoM n Tonnon KaK KonneKTnBHMM aapecaTOM (cnTyapna 2). flna Hero CTeneHt cno^HOCTn KoneSneTca b npeaenax ot Vi ao 1 b 3aBncnMOCTn ot nncna BtiCTynaro^nx. Ho KOMMyHnKarnBHaa CTpyKTypa ocno^HeHa cnoHTaHHtiMn B3anMoaencTBnaMn Me^ay ynacrnnKaMn BHyTpn Tonnti (cnTyapna 4), KOTopMe aoSaBnaroT npnBaTHtie CBa3n. C apyron ctopohm, CTpyKTypa nonnnora BKnronaeT mho^ ctbo oaHOHanpaBneHHMx MOHonornnecKnx aKpnn (cnTyapna 3), KOTopMe n cocTaBnaroT nonn^OHnnecKyro cyTt aeMOHCTpapnn n aon^Hti Smtb ynTeHM b onncaHnn. 3™ xapaKTepncTnKn npoaBnaroTca b napaMeTpax
nnoTHOCTn n eMKOCTn B3anMoaencTBna. nnoTHOCTt, nnn HacM^eHHOCTt rono- caMn, b aeMOHCTpapnn TeM Bnrae, neM Sontrae ynacmnKOB, nMero^nx «ronoc». Ecnn cnnTaTt «ronocoM» Hannnne xoTa Sm MnHnMantHoro BMpa^eHna no3npnn - b Bnae nenronKn nnn nHoro cnMBona connaapHOCTn, - to 3Ta BennnnHa 3HannTentHO npeBOcxoanT nncno ynacTHnKOB c nnaKaraMn (ycnoBHO
cooTBeTCTByro^ee nncny pennnK). Emkoctb KOMMyHnKapnn ana coSMTna
b penoM TpyaHO opeHnTt KonnnecTBeHHO n3-3a cnoHTaHHOCTn KOMMyHn- KarnBHMx B3anMoaencTBnn (xoTa bo3mo^ho oSo3HannTt ee Hn^Hroro rpaHnpy nncnoM ynacTHnKOB ana cnTyapnn 2). OreneHt 3KcnpeccnBHOCTn MO^eT ycnoBHO onpeaenaTtca OTHoraeHneM nncna nnaKaTOB k nncny «ronocoB»; ana
aKpnn 3nMM 2011-2012 OHa oneHt BMCOKa.
flna xapaKTepncTnKn aeMOHCTpapnn KaK oaHOCTopoHHero nonnnora
mo^ho ncnont3OBaTt TaK^e CTeneHt MOHonornnHOCTn - BennnnHy, ycnoBHO onpeaenaeMyro OTHoraeHneM MOHonornnecKnx aKpnn k nncny Bcex aKpnn
b npopecce aeMOHCTpapnn. nocKontKy Bce aKpnn, ocoSeHHO BHyTpn conn-
aapHoro B3anMoaencTBna cnTyapnn 4, ynecTt TpyaHO, mo^ho ncnont3OBaTt onepaTnBHyro paSonyro opeHKy CTeneHn MOHonornnHOCTn KaK OTHoraeHna nncna nnaKaTOB k nncny «ronocoB». 3Ta BennnnHa SyaeT oSpaTHa
112 ■HroflMHaa ®eflopoBa
OTHOCHTentHOH naoTHOCTH noaHaora, KOTopaa b npHHpHne xapaKTepH3yeT
CTeneHB erO nOaH^OHHHHOCTH.
flaHHMH pacKaaa OTpa^aeT B3aHMoaeMcTBHe b MaccoBOH npOTe cthom
^eMOHCTpapHH; ero npHMepBi (MHTHHrH b aeKaSpe 2011 h aHBape 2012 rr.)
SBiaH npoaHa^H3HpoBaHM b pa^e paSoT, b t o c t h o c t h b KoaaeKTHBHOH
MOHorpa^HH « Mh He HeMBi» (2014).
npHMep 2: npOTHBOCTOHHHe MHTHHrOB (30.12.2014)
Bo3MO^eH HHOM paCKaafl reOnO-HHTHHeCKHX nO3HpHH, B KOTOpOM npOTHBOCTOaT apyr apyry ^Be aKTHBHBie CHaBi; TaKHM npHMepoM MO^eT cay^HTB npoTH- BOCToaHHe 3Byx MHTHHroB Ha MaHe^HOH nao^a^H b MocKBe 30 aeKaSpa 2014 r.
OcoSeHHOCTtro aaHHoro coSBrma aBaaaacB MHHHMaaBHaa ero opraHH- 3apHa; c o^homctopohbi 3to SBiaa OTBeTHaa peaKpHa Ha npHroBop cyaa AaeK- cero h O aery HaBaaBHBiM, oraameHHBiH yTpoM b npeaHOBoroflHHH aeHB BonpeKH oStaBaeHHOH aaTe 15 aHBapa, c apyroM - opraHH3OBaHHaa noaaep^Ka pemeHHa BaacTeM ee CTopoHHHKaMH. npmeM BpeMeHH Ha noaroTOBKy aKpHH Sbmo coBceM HeMHoro: MHTHHrH cocToaaHCB btot ^ e Benep b pem pe Mockbbi
Ha oS^eM TeppHTopHH. B3aHMoaeMcTBHe SBiao b 3HaaHTeaBHOH Mepe CnOHTaHHMM.
YaaCTHHKaMH 3TOrO CoSMTHa BMCTynaroT TpH CTOpOHBi: CTOpOHHHKH HaBaaBHoro, npoTHBHHKH h noaHpHa («cypporaraaa BaacTB») KaK nocpe^HHK. OflHaKO CTpyKTypa B3aHMoaeMcTBHa aocTaTOHHO cao^Haa, nocKoaBKy OHa BKaroaaeT o^HocTopoHHHe aeMcTBHa no oTHomeHHro k peaeBOMy aapecaTy - BaacTH - c npoTHBonoao^HMx no3HpHH, a TaK^e cnoHTaHHoe B3aHMoaeMcTBHe
ctopohhhkob h npoTHBHHKOB Me^ay coSom h c nocpeaHHKOM-noaHpHeń.
H 3thm He HcaepnBiBaroTca CTpyKTypHBie CBa3H.
flpyrHe ocoSeHHocTH cBa3aHBi c peaaBHOH oScTaHOBKOM npoBeaeHHa aKpHH.
nocKoaBKy Ha nao^a^H CToaKHyaHCB ^Ba MHTHHra, k TOMy ^ e b noay- TeMHOH oScTaHOBKe c npe^HOBoro^HeM HaaroMHHapHeM, yaacTHHKaM Ba^HO Sbmo HMeTB CHMBoaM npHHaaae^HOCTH k onpeaeaeHHOH napTHH. y ctopo
hhhkob HaBaaBHoro oaeHB Maao naaKaTOB, ho ecTB ono3HaBaTeaBHBie 3HaKH
- KpacHMe KpyrH c HaanHCBro «HaBaaBHBiM», BBiraaaa^He Ha $OTorpa$Hax KaK HOBoro^HHe mapBi. y npoTHBHHKOB - reoprHeBCKHe aeHTBi h hx pBeTa Ha oae^ae, nanaxH hkoctkmbi «Ka3aKOB».
Bce peaeBBie aeMcTBHa - ycim ie; aBe ctopohbi HcnoaB3yroT yHHcoHHBie
noBTopM caoraHOB, noaHpHa - MHKpo^OH.
Co CTOpOHBI CTOpOHHHKOB HaBantHOrO aKpHH HMeroT pBe OCHOBHMe HanpaBneHHOCTH:
1) O^HOCTOpOHHHe aKpHH npOTecTa nO OTHOraeHHro k BnaCTH:
H E T Eecnpedejiy! Xeamum epamb!
Ceoóody ópambnM HaeanbHMM! Ceoóody nonumsaKrnonemuM! Mbi He yudeM.
nymuH, yxodu!
Poccun 6ydem ceoóodHou. Ceoóody Onezy HaeanbHoMy! Xeamum epamb u eoeeamb! Poccun - 3mo Eepona!
2) npH3BIBBI nO OTHOraeHHro K «CBOHM», K nOTeHpHantHBIM CTOpOHHHKaM H KO BCeMy OÓ^eCTBy b penoM:
OduH 3a ecex u ece 3a odHozo! Poccun óydem ceoóodHou.
re p o u e mopbMe, (frawucmu e KpeMne. Xeamum cMompemb e cmon!
Hoebiu zod óe3 n y m m a . H ópam HaeanbHozo.
YKpama, mm c moóou! Cnaea YKpame!
Homo^ho BtipenHTt h TpeTterO peneBoro appeCara: 3) «ctopohhhkh» - HaBantHOMy.
OduH 3a ecex u ece sa odHozo! - CnoraH, peBH3 MyraKeTepoB, KOToptm npoH3HOCHn A. HaBantHMH 24.12.11 Ha nno^apH CaxapoBa, nopxBaneH CTopoHHHKaMH h HanpaBneH He TontKo ko BCeM, ho y^e h k HeMy KaK aKpHa noppep^KH, ConHpapHOCTH.
BCe 3th aKpHH HMeroT opHOCTopoHHroro HanpaBneHHOCTt, xapaKTepHyro pna peMOHCTpapHH; noCKontKy 3to n pe^p e BCero CnoCoSti Btipa^eHHa COÓCTBeHHOH nO3HpHH, nOpOH TpypHO pa3rpaHHHHTB HX KOHKpeTHyro appeCOBaHHOCTt; ho KaK TaKOBtie 3th aKpHH aBnaroTCa CnoCoSoM noTeH- pHantHoro BO3peńCTBHa Ha BCex peneBMX appeCaTOB - BnaCTt, BCe oS^eCTBo, KOHKpeTHo A. HaBantHoro.
Co CTopoHBi npoTHBHHKOB HaBantHoro TaK^e npoH3BopaTCa aKpHH, HanpaBneHHtie peneBOMy appeCary - BnaCTH; 3to aKpHH-npH3BiBBi noppep^KH BnaCTH h npoTHB ctopohhhkob HaBantHoro:
114 .HroflMHna ®eflopoBa
Omdamb 3anuwĄUKoe nod cyd / He óbieamb Maudany mym! nymuH, poduna, ceoóoda!
K a^atin cnoraH cKaHanpyeTca no aecaTKn pa3, noKa ero He nepeKptiBaeT no3yHr npoTHBonono^Hon rpynnti.
B pe3yntTaTe cTonKHoBeHna cKnaatiBaroTca cnoHTaHHtie an an o rn - nepeKHHHKn «npoTnBHnKoB» n «cTopoHHnKoB»:
- nymuH, poduna, ceoóoda! vs. - nymun eop.
- Maudan - Mazadan! vs. - nymun, nbiwu, Mazadan.
- Hem Maudany! vs. - PyccKue u yKpaunąbi - ópambn naeeK
- Poccun - smo Mbi! Mbi 3decb enacmb! vs. - Poccun - smo Eepona! Poccun óydem ceoóodnou!
- HaeajibnbiU donwen cudemb e miopbMe! vs. - HaeajibnbiU donwen cudemb e KpeMne!
nepeKnnnKa npoTnBHnKoB n cTopoHHnKoB npnoSpeTaeT copeBHoBaTentHtm xapaKTep: n ta pennnKa oKa^eTca Sonee yaanHon. napTna cTopoHHnKoB oÓHapy^nBaeT KpeaTnBHocTt b co3aaHnn yaanHtix 3aBepmaro^nx pennnK. 3Tn
cnoraHt, Ka^atin n3 KoToptix HanpaBneH BceM, BcrynaroT b SoptSy n no cnnoBoMy npnHpnny: kto Koro nepeKpnnnT (nen no3yHr 3BynnT aontm e n rpoMne). OaHaKo b aantHenmeM no3yHrn MeHaroT aapecaToB. «npoTnBHnKn» - k «cTopoHHnKaM»:
Hhku go home!
Banume omcioda - smo nawa cmpana! He npaeumcn Poccun, eanu e CIHA! Maudan e Poccuu ne npoudem.
«CropoHHnKn» - k «npoTnBHnKaM», b oTBeT Ha noaBneHne nroaen b KocTroMax Ka3aKoB:
Pnwenbie! KnoyHbi!
3to y ^ e npaMaa KoMMyHnKapna, KoTopaa b npoTnBocToaHnn cnn npeBaTa cTonKHoBeHnaMn. Ecnn b nepBoM cnynae B3anMoaencTBne ocy^ecTBnanoct onocpeaoBaHHo, KaK BticKa3tiBaHna no oS^en TeMe, HanpaBneHHtie k oS^eMy peneBoMy aapecaTy, to Tenept aKpnn ynacranKoB HanpaBneHti apyr Ha apyra.
B nepeKnnnKy cTopoHHnKoB n npoTnBHnKoB BMemnBaeTca TpeTta cTopoHa - nonnpna: «YBa^aeMBie rpa^aaHe, Bamn aencTBna He3aKoHHti! 3Ta aKpna He caHKpnoHnpoBaHa npaBHTentcTBoM Mockbbi. PacxoanTect!». nonnpna HannmeT
TecHHTt Hapoa k Saptepy. 3aBa3tiBaroTca pHanorH co CTopoHHHKaMH HaBant- Horo: «Mh bbtttt.tchotcto^tb HaraH HHTepecti, pa^e HoraMH. n n o ^ a p t Sont- maa!». B oTBeT npopon^aeTca aKTHBHoe BtrrecHeHHe c nno^apH, HanHHaeTca
3aBKa, hto nopo^paeT bbikphkh b Tonne: « n o3op!», «npecca!», «CBoSopy!», «C hobbim ropoM!»
Bo3HHKaeT cHTyapHa cthxhhhoto pa3HopenHa, Korpa ynacTByroT MHoro ronocoB, BMcTynaro^HX c pa3HBix no3HpHH.
HTaK, nonHnor Ha MaHe^Ke xapaKTepH3yeTca:
• ynacraeM Tpex cTopoH h mho^ ctbom pa3HoHanpaBneHHBix aKpHH: cto- poHHHKH - BnacTt (opHoHanpaBneHHaa), ctopohhhkh - «Tonna», ctopohhhkh
- HaBantHBiM, npoTHBHHKH - BnacTt, npoTHBHHKH - ctopohhhkh, nonHpHa - Tonna. nepBMe neTBipe napBi cBa3aHBi opHoHanpaBneHHoM cBa3tro, pBe nocnepHHe - coScTBeHHo pBycropoHHaa KoMMyHHKapHa;
• cnoHTaHHocTtro, MHHHMantHoM noproToBneHHocTtro, ycratiM xapaKTepoM aKpHH;
• bbicokoh creneHtro nnoraocra - ynacTByroT MHo^ecTBo aKTHBHtix ronocoB; • SontmeM cno^Hocrtro B3aHMopeMcTBHa (>2);
• oTKpMTMM npoTHBocToaHHeM «cTeHa» K «cTeHe» cTopoHHHKoB H npoTHBHH- KoB, nonHpHH H TonnBI («cTopoHHHKH+npoTHBHHKH»);
• bmcokoh cTeneHtro nySnHnHocth, npHBaTHMe pennHKH k nonHpHH
eflHHHHHM;
• bmcokoh 3KcnpeccHBHocTtro, BBipa^aro^eMca b npHeMe yHHcoHa h MHoro- KpaTHMx noBTopax cnoraHoB, b Hcnont3oBaHHH opeHonHBix HoMHHapHH: pnw em ie, KnoyHW, hhku;
• npeoSnapaHHeM yHHcoHa Hap nonH^oHHHHocrtro, hto roBopHT o SontmeM
cnnoneHHocTH napTHH.
OflHaKo hb nopoSHoM ocrpoM cHTyapHH coxpaHaeTca KpeaTHBHocTt h Hrpa - b ocTpoyMHMx pennHKax-peaKpHax b cnoHTaHHMx pHanorax, KoTopMe npoTHBocroaT opraHH3oBaHHoM «KocTroMHpoBaHHoM TearpantHocTH».
npHMep 3: TpaypHMH MHTHHr b naMHTb Eopiica HeMpoBa
TpeTHH npHMep MaccoBoM aKpHH - 3to TpaypHMH MHTHHr b naMaTt BopHca HeMpoBa, nporaepraHH b MocKBe 1 MapTa 2015 r., nepe3 peHt nocne ySHHcTBa, BMecTo HaMenaBmeroca paHee Mapraa «BecHa». Ha 3tot MHTHHr npHmnH MHorHe, pa^e h Te, kto He coSHpanca ynacTBoBaTt b Maprae «BecHa». CaMo TparHnecKoe coSMTHe cnnorano ynacTHHKoB - cpepH hhx SbinH npepcraBHTenH pa3HMx nonHTHnecKHx B3rnapoB h nropH BHe nonHTHKH. Ohh coSpanHct,
116 .HroflMHna ®eflopoBa
3tot MHTHHr Stin caMtiM thxhm, KaK OTMenaroT MHorae HaSnropaTenH. MonnaHHe Stino 3HaKOM Tpaypa h cKopSn, o^hhm H3 npoaBneHHH conHpapHoro yHHcOHa. ^O3yHrH He cKaH^HpoBamct, ohh Sbmh Ha nnaKaTax:
Eopuc - óopucb! Hem cnoe.
nponazanda yóueaem. H He óoiocb!
Eecnpeden.
Ohu óonnucb meón, Eopuc.
H deu He yMupaiom, 3mo nynu e Kawdozo u3 Hac.
H - Eopuc» (no npHMepy cnoraHa H - M apnu! b napH *e nocne paccTpena
pepaKpHH «fflapnH 36flO»).
Ebmh no3yHra b noppep^Ky H ape^pti CaBneHKO (ohh npepnonaranHcB h Ha
MHTHHre «BecHa»):
Hadn, w u e u !
Oceoóodume H a d ew d y CaeneHKo!
OopMantHo mo^ho oTMeTHTt Hecko.hbkhx peneBtrc appecaTOB 3thx no3yHroB: BnacTB, «mh Bce», EopHc HeMpoB, H ape^pa CaBneHKO, X0Ta, KOHenHO, ocHOBHaa hx HanpaBneHHocTB - «BceM HaM», oS^ecTBy, peaKpHa Ha coStrme, BMpa^eHHe noTpaceHHa, ckopSh h coSone3HOBaHHa. Ochobhoh chmbohh- necKHH 3HaK 3toh aeMOHcrpapHH - pBeTM, KOTopMe cKnaptiBanH Ha MecTe yÓHHcTBa. OoHOBaa oScTaHOBKa - THmHHa, nepHopmecKH npeptiBaeMaa HHTepBtro ^ypHanHcTOB c BonpocaMH: «3aneM bm npHmnH Ha MHTHHr?» CpepH
OTBeTOB Stin TaKHe:
nomoM y nmo HaM He ece paeHo.
Mbi ecmpenaeMcn, nmoóbi eudemb, nmo m u ecmb. ffe a óhr Kpndy nnanem He6o.
HaM Hado ocmaeambcn caMuMu coóou u eepumb e óydyiąee Poccuu.
EtinH 3neMeHTM KpeaTHBHOcTH - KapTHHKH MHmeHH Ha cnHHe HeKOTOpMX ynacTHHKOB h HapnHcH:
H He óoiocb.
H ac ecex He nepeóbewb.
B penoM, MHTHHr xapaKTepH3OBanca MaccoBocTtro, epHHopymHeM, yHHcoHOM,
oh He Hy^panca b oco6bix cpepcTBax ycHneHHa 3KcnpeccHBHocTH, 3to Stina peMOHcTpapHa cnnoneHHocra nepep nHpoM onacHocTH, OTBeT Ha yrpo3y
TeppopH3Ma - aeMOHCTpapna, aHanornnHaa aHTnTeppopncTnnecKnM B icry- nneHnaM b n a p n ^ e nocne coSm t h h c «fflapnn 3Spo», ho e ^ e Sonee
cnoHTaHHO opraHH3oBaHHaa.
TaKne peMoHcrpapnn To^e mo^ hopaccMarpnBaTB KaK npnMepM nonnnora: b Hnx npaKTnnecKn HeT nySnnnHon KoMMyHnKapnn «nnpep - Tonna», ho
npncyTCTByroT connpapHiie aKpnn npoTnBocroaHna Hacnnnro, opnHonHiie nnaKaTM Biipa^aroT oS^ne HacrpoeHna, pacra^Kn c no3yHraMn cnnannBaroT ynacTHnKoB b pBn^y^yroca cTeHy, ^ypHanncTii KaK nocpepHnKn penaroT pocTynHMMn nacTHiie pnanorn-nHTepBBro, b KoTopiix BMcKa3MBaroTca MHeHna n HacTpoeHna ynacranKoB.
HeKOTopue npepBapHTenbHbie bmbopm
npoaHann3npoBaHHMe npnMepM no3BonaroT HaMeTnTB HeKoTopie bbibopm. flncKypc MaccoBMX peMoHcTpapnn mo^ho nccnepoBaTB b TepMnHax KoMMy HnKapnn n peMoHcrpapnn. B to BpeMa KaK KoMMyHnKapna ocHoBaHa Ha
nHTepaKpnax, B3anMopencTBnn cTopoH, peMoHcTpapna He npepnonaraeT oSpaTHon cBa3n, hto pon^Ho oSecnennBart ee SecKoH^nnKTHMn, MnpHBin xapaKTep.
PaSonnM noHaTneM pna onncaHna pncKypca MaccoBMX peMoHcrpapnn Mo^eT Smtb nonnnor, KoTopun npepcraBnaeT coSon cno^Hyro cTpyKTypy
MHorocTopoHHero oS^eHna, ponycKaro^yro n pBycropoHHne B3anMopencTBna, n o^HocTopoHHne (MoHonornnecKne) aKpnn npn pa3HoM pacnpepeneHnn ponen Me^py ynacTHnKaMn (KonneKTnBHMn appecaHT n/nnn appecar, opnHonHMn appecaHT, peneBon appecar). PennnKn nonnnora Moiyr TaK^e nMeTB MHo^e- cTBeHHMX noTeHpnantHMX appecaroB.
flnanornnecKne cBa3n b nonnnore MoryT BiicrpanBarB pennnKn b penonKy, oSpa3oBMBaTt nynKn («Beep»), oSbepnHaTB KonneKTnBHix ynacTHnKoB pnanora b rpynnii. MoHonornnecKne, opHocropoHHne aKpnn MoryT Smtb
appecoBaHM MHornM ynacranKaM KaK KonneKTnBHoMy appecaTy nnn ^ e peneBoMy appecary BHe paMoK KoMMyHnKapnn.
n o n n n o rn MoryT Smtb oxapaKTepn3oBaHM nnoTHocTBro, eMKocTBro, cTeneHBro cno^HocTn, cTeneHBro nySnnnHocra nnn npnBamocTn, cTeneHBro 3KcnpeccnBHocTn, cTeneHBro MoHonornnHocra. B cnTyapnax MaccoBiix peMoHcTpapnn oHn orannaroTca HeBiicoKon cTeneHBro cno^Hocra, oSycno- BneHHon connpapHMMn no3npnaMn ynacrnnKoB, nySnnnHocTBro, 3Kcnpeccn- BHocTBro. KoHKpeTHMe KonnnecTBeHHMe conocTaBneHna He Bxopnnn b 3apann HacToa^en paSoTM, opHaKo paHHiin annapaT, no-BnpnMoMy, no3BonaeT nonynnTB Sonee onpepeneHHiie pe3ynBTaTM.
118 aroflMHaa ®eflopoBa
K onncaHHro MaccoBtix aKpHń b aeMoHcTpapHH npHMeHHMti noHaTHa
nonn^oHHH (corjiacoBaHHMX penaHK c o S ^ e ń no3HpHH) h pa3HopeaHa
(Hecor.nacoBaHHMX, KoH$aHKTyro^HX penaHK c pa3HMX no3HpHń). flaa no^H^oHHH npeanoaaraeTca pa3BHTHe o S ^ e ń TeMti b pa3HMX roaocaX,
KoToprne KaK Sm HayT napaaaeatHo apyr apyry; npH 3tom Ka^aMń hobm h
roaoc BcTpaHBaeTca b 3aaaHHyro cTpyKTypy, aoSaBaaact k nyaKy pena™. noaoSHaa coraacoBaHHocTt Mo^eT Smtb npoaBaeHHeM cTpaTerHH coaHaap- hocth h noaaep^KH, ho 3aect bo3mo^ho h conepHrnecTBo, Koraa oaHH
crpeMHTca npeB3ońTH apyroro. EoptSa MHeHHń b oTcyTcTBHe nocpeaHHKa
Mo^eT nopo^aaTt HeopraHH3oBaHHoe pa3HopeaHe, xaoc.
CyTB co^HaapHMX aeńcTBHń aeMoHcTpaHToB KaK cnocoSoB caMoBMpa- ^eHHa Bonao^aeTca b $opMaX MHororoaocHa h yHHcoHa, KoTopMe npea-
Ha3HaneHM npoH3BecTH Bo3aeńcTBHe Ha peaeBoro aapecaTa. B ^hbom npoTH- bocto^hh h MHTHHroB («creHa k creHe») Soatraoń 3$$eKTHBHocTtro oSaaaaeT yHHcoH KaK ^opMa ycHaeHHa Bo3aeńcTBHa.
CronKHoBeHHe B3aHMoHanpaBaeHHtiX penaHK aKupornatHoro XapaKTepa Mo^eT npHBoaHTt kcmyapHH KoH^nHKTa Me^ay aByMa cTopoHaMH.
3$$eKT aeMoHcTpapHH 3aKaroaaeTca b ee Bo3aeńcTBHH Ha noTeHpHaatHtrc aapecaToB - naccHBHMe MaccM, b npHBaeaeHHH c t o po h h h k o b, co3aaHHH pe3oHaHca h b onocpeaoBaHHoM Bo3aeńcTBHH Ha peaeBoro aapecaTa; cHaa
aeMoHcTpapHH - b MHororoaocHH hyHHcoHe.
BiiÓjmoipa(|)iiH
Abheba, H. A . (2010), OHToaorHaecKHe XapaKTepHcTHKH KoMMyHHKaTHBHoro B3aHMofleńcTBHa. B: aorH aecK H H aHaaH3 a3MKa: m oho-, flHa-, n o m a o r b pa3HMX a3MKaX h KyatTypaX. MocKBa, 1 7 -2 7 .
EAaAaH, A . P. (1 9 7 1 ), K npoSaeM e ^yHKpHoHaabHo-aHHrBHcTHaecKoro H3yaeHHa flH aaora. B: H3BecTHa A H C C C P . CepHa a3MKa h am epaT ypM . 4/X X X , 3 2 5 -3 3 1 .
EAaAaH, A . P. (1981), E ^ e oflHH MoHoaor o flH aaore ( n o m a o r e ) . B: PyccKHń a3MK 3a pySe^oM . 4, 6 2 -6 5 .
Eaxthh, M . M . (1965), TBopaecTBo ® paH cya P a S a e h HapoflHaa K yatT ypa CpeflHeBeKoBta h PeHeccaHca. MocKBa.
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BoaomHHOB, B. H. (1929), MapKcH3M h ^ H ao co ^ H a a3MKa: OcHoBHMe npoSaeMM copH oao- rHaecK oro MeToaa b HayKe o a3MKe. aeHHHrpafl.
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Mm He HeMM (2014) - M M H E H EM BI: A H T p o n o ao rrn npoTecTa: 2 0 1 1 -2 0 1 2 . TapTy.
Cepho, n . (2 0 0 1 ), AHaaH3 aHcK ypca bo ® paH qy3cK oń raK oae [^H cK ypc h HHTepaHcKypc]. B: CTenaHoB, r o . C. (p ea.), CeMHoTHKa. MocKBa, 5 4 9 -5 6 2
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®EflOPOBA, n . n . (2010), ,3 ,0anor Bont 0 mhchhh (no TeKCTy ntecw r.ropnH a «Tot caMbin MroHxray3eH»). B: norHHecKHn aHan03 a3biKa: moho-, fl0a-, nom nor b pa3Hbix a3biKax 0 KyatTypax. MocKBa, 409-423.
®e^opoba, n . n . (2 0 1 1 ), M odern KoH^aHKTHoro o6^ eH 0a. B: Oe^opoBa, n . n . (pefl.), Koh^bhktb a3HKe 0 KoMMyHHKapHH. MocKBa, 107-128.
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