Exploring achievement goals tendencies in students: the link between achievement goals and types of motivation

-RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB

265

Exploring Achievement goals

tendencies in students: The link

between achievement goals

and types of motivation

Albulene Grajcevci

)DFXOW\RI(GXFDWLRQ8QLYHUVLW\´,VD%ROHWLQLµ0LWURYLFH

5U8NVKLQ.RYDFLFD0LWURYLFH5HSXEOLFRI.RVRYH E-mail address: albulene.grajcevci@umib.net ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5697-3691

Arif Shala

)DFXOW\RI6RFLDO6FLHQFHV$$%&ROOHJH 5U(OH]%HULVKD1U3ULVKWLQH5HSXEOLFRI.RVRYH

E-mail address: arif.shala@universitetiaab.com ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6605-0532

Abstract

Aim.7KLVUHVHDUFKH[SORUHGWKHOLQNEHWZHHQPRWLYDWLRQW\SHVDQGDFKLHYHPHQW

JRDOV0RUHVSHFLÀFDOO\WKHUHVHDUFKIRFXVHVRQH[SORULQJJRDOHQGRUVHPHQWVDPRQJ

OHDUQHUVDVZHOODVWKHLUFRUUHODWLRQZLWKPRWLYDWLRQ

Methods.7KHVDPSOHRISDUWLFLSDQWVZDVJDWKHUHGDPRQJVWXGHQWVHQUROOHGLQ

SULYDWH1 LQVWLWXWLRQVDQGSXEOLFXQLYHUVLWLHV1 7KHVWXG\ZDVDTXDQ

WLWDWLYHRQHDQGXWLOL]HGWKH$FKLHYHPHQW*RDO4XHVWLRQQDLUH$*45DVZHOODVWKH

,QWULQVLFDQG([WULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQVFDOHV/HSSHU&RUSXV ,\HQJDU

Results.7KHUHVXOWVVWLSXODWHWKDWDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOVDUHFORVHO\OLQNHGWRVLWXDWLRQ

IDFWRUVVXFKDVXQLYHUVLW\DQGGHSDUWPHQW6XSSRUWLQJWKHSUHPLVHRIÁXLGLW\RIJRDOFRQ

VWUXFWV8OWLPDWHO\PDVWHU\DSSURDFKSHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFKDQGSHUIRUPDQFHDYRLG

DQFHJRDOVGLGQRWGLVFULPLQDWHEHWZHHQW\SHVRIPRWLYDWLRQZLWKWKUHHJRDOVEHLQJSRVL

WLYHO\FRUUHODWHGWRERWKW\SHVRIPRWLYDWLRQ0DVWHU\DYRLGDQFHJRDOVZHUHQRWFRUUHODWHG

WRDQ\RIWKHPRWLYDWLRQW\SHVLQWULQVLFRUH[WULQVLFEXWWKH\VKRZHGDWHQGHQF\WREH

QHJDWLYHO\FRUUHODWHGWRH[WULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQDFRUUHODWLRQWKDWZDVQRWVLJQLÀFDQW

Conclusion. 3UHVHQWUHVHDUFKUHYHDOVWKDWWKHUHDUHVLJQLÀFDQWGLIIHUHQFHVDPRQJ

SDUWLFLSDQWVLQJRDODGRSWLRQDFFRUGLQJWR\HDURIVWXG\6SHFLÀFDOO\DVH[SHFWHGÀUVW

\HDUVWXGHQWVZHUHVLJQLÀFDQWO\PRUHPDVWHU\RULHQWHGWKDQSDUWLFLSDQWVDWWHQGLQJWKH

VHFRQGDQGWKLUG\HDURIVWXGLHV*HQGHUGLIIHUHQFHVZHUHDOVRHYLGHQWZLWKIHPDOHVWX

GHQWVUHSRUWLQJKLJKHUOHYHOVRIPDVWHU\RULHQWDWLRQFRPSDUHGWRPDOHVWXGHQWV)LQDOO\

WKHLQFRQFOXVLYHUHVXOWVUHJDUGLQJPRWLYDWLRQW\SHVDQGDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOVQHHGIXWXUH

VWXGLHVWRUHHVWDEOLVKWKHVWLSXODWHGOLQN

Key words: ,QWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQH[WULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOV.RVRYH

doi: 10.15503/jecs2021.1.265.282

Introduction

M

YHPHQWVLWXDWLRQV$PHV'ZHFN /HJJHWWDQGKDYHDWWUDFWHG

FRQVLGHUDEOHDWWHQWLRQIURPUHVHDUFKHUV0DVWHU\JRDOVHPSKDVL]HOHDUQLQJDQG

VNLOODFTXLVLWLRQFRPSDUHGWRSHUIRUPDQFHJRDOVZKLFKEXLOGRQWKHHVWDEOLVKLQJ

RIFRPSHWHQFHV+DUDFNLHZLF]HWDOUHVHDUFKHUVPDLQWDLQWKDWPDVWHU\

JRDOVFRUUHODWHWRDGDSWLYHEHKDYLRXULQOHDUQLQJLQFOXGLQJGHHSSURFHVVLQJRI

OHDUQLQJPDWHULDOVDQGLQYROYHPHQWLQWDVNVDPRQJRWKHUV$PHV $UFKHU

1LFKROOV&KHXQJ/DXHU 3DWDVKQLFN1ROHQ +DODG\QD

8QOLNH PDVWHU\ JRDOV SHUIRUPDQFH JRDOV DUH UHSRUWHG WR VLJQDO PDODGDSWLYH

EHKDYLRXULQFOXGLQJVXUIDFHOHDUQLQJ(6(OOLRWW 'ZHFN

7KHWULFKRWRPRXVJRDOIUDPHZRUN(OOLRW +DUDFNLHZLF]LQFRUSRUD

WHVWKUHHGLVWLQFWJRDOVPDVWHU\JRDOVUHSUHVHQWLQJHPSKDVLVLQJFRPSHWHQFH

EXLOGLQJDFFRUGLQJWRLQWUDSHUVRQDOVWDQGDUGVSHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFKJRDOV

FRPSHWHQFHDFTXLVLWLRQGHSHQGLQJRQQRUPDWLYHVWDQGDUGVDQGSHUIRUPDQFH

DYRLGDQFHJRDOVZKLFKQRWHWKHWHQGHQF\WRDYRLGLQFRPSHWHQFH

6WXGHQWVZKRDGRSWPDVWHU\DYRLGDQFHJRDOVZLOOSULPDULO\FRPSDUHSHUIRU

PDQFHWRVRPHH[LVWLQJSHUVRQDOVWDQGDUGVRISHUIRUPDQFH0DHKUDQG=XVKR

/HDUQHUVZKRHPEUDFHSHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFKJRDOVIRFXVRQRXWSHUIRU

PLQJRWKHUVWXGHQWVDQGH[KLELWDSUHIHUHQFHIRUH[WULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQ/LQQHQ

EULQN 3LQWULFK0DHKU =XVKR,QDGGLWLRQSHUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFH

OHDUQHUVIRFXVRQQRWORRNLQJLQFRPSHWHQWEHIRUHRWKHUVWXGHQWVWKH\FRPSDUH

WKHLUSHUIRUPDQFHZLWKRQO\WKHJRDORIQRWSHUIRUPLQJDWDORZHUOHYHOWKDQ

RWKHUVWXGHQWV/LQQHQEULQN 3LQWULFK0DHKU =XVKR

6WXGLHVKDYHOLQNHGPDVWHU\JRDOVWRKLJKHURUGHUOHDUQLQJDQGKLJKHUOHYHOV

RI FRPSHWHQFH DFTXLVLWLRQV 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG SHUIRUPDQFH JRDOV KDYH EHHQ

UHSRUWHGWRKDYHWKHRSSRVLWHLPSDFWVSHFLÀFDOO\WRFRUUHODWHWRORZHUOHYHOVRI

OHDUQLQJDQGFRPSHWHQFHEXLOGLQJ0DHKU =XVKR2WKHUVWXGLHVKDYH

OLQNHGDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOVWRGLIIHUHQWHPRWLRQV$VVXFKPDVWHU\DSSURDFKOHDU

QHUVUHSRUWSRVLWLYHHPRWLRQVLQFOXGLQJEXWQRWOLPLWHGWRHQMR\PHQWDQGSULGH

,WLVQRWMXVWWKHH[SHULHQFHRISRVLWLYHHPRWLRQVWKDWLVLPSRUWDQWEXWDOVRWKHODFN

RIQHJDWLYHHPRWLRQV,WLVRINH\LPSRUWDQFHWRQRWHWKDWVWXGHQWVZKRDGRSW

PDVWHU\DSSURDFKJRDOVZLOOH[SHULHQFHOHVVQHJDWLYHHPRWLRQV8QOLNHPDVWHU\

DSSURDFKVWXGHQWVWKHSHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFKOHDUQHUVH[SHULHQFHPRUHQHJD

WLYHHPRWLRQVVXFKDVDQJHUDQGDQ[LHW\/LQQHQEULQN 3LQWULFK&RQFOXVL

YHO\DSSURDFKJRDOVDFFRUGLQJWRUHVHDUFKDUHOLQNHGWRSRVLWLYHFRJQLWLYHDQG

HPRWLRQDORXWFRPHVXQOLNHDYRLGDQFHJRDOV7DPLU 'LHQHU

Achievement goal theories

$FKLHYHPHQWJRDOVDUHUHSRUWHGWRKDYHÀYHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVWKH\DUHIRFX

VHGRQDQREMHFWGLUHFWDQGJXLGHEHKDYLRXUIRFXVRQWKHIXWXUHDUHQRWQHHGV

RUGULYHVEXWDUHFRJQLWLYHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVDQGVWXGHQWVFDQFKRRVHWRHLWKHU

DSSURDFKRUDYRLGWKHP7RJHQHUDOLVHDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOVUHSUHVHQWFRJQLWLYH

WHQGHQFLHVZKLFKJXLGHVWXGHQWV·EHKDYLRXULQDFKLHYHPHQWVLWXDWLRQV+XO

OHPDQ6FKUDJHU%RGPDQQ +DUDFNLHZLF]$FFRUGLQJO\DFKLHYHPHQW

JRDOWKHRU\H[SODLQVWKDWJRDOVDUHZKDWJLYHVDQDFWLYLW\PHDQLQJDQGSXUSRVH

.DSODQ 0DKHU7RLOOXVWUDWHLIDOHDUQHUVD\V´P\JRDOLVWRJHWDQ$µ

WKDQWKLVVWDWHPHQWUHSUHVHQWVDJRDO+RZHYHUDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOWKHRU\GRHV

QRWIRFXVRQWKHZDQWVRIOHDUQHUVEXWLQVWHDGVWUXJJOHVWRXQGHUVWDQGZK\

DVWXGHQWZDQWVDQ$$FKLHYHPHQWJRDOVWKHRU\LVPXFKPRUHLQWHUHVWHGLQ

H[SORULQJZKDWPDNHVDOHDUQHUDSSURDFKVRPHDFWLRQVEXWDYRLGRWKHUVLWLV

LWVPDLQJRDOWRH[SODLQWKLVEHKDYLRXU,QWKLVSDUWLFXODUH[DPSOHWKHWKHRU\

DLPVWRH[SODLQZK\DOHDUQHUDSSURDFKHVEHKDYLRXUVXFKDVFRPSOHWLQJKRPH

ZRUNRUUHVHDUFKLQJIRUOHDUQLQJRSSRUWXQLWLHV0DHKUDQG=XVKR 7RGDWHWKHUHDUHDQXPEHURIDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOVWKHRUHWLFDOIUDPHZRUNV

7KHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHPUHO\RQZKDWWKH\SHUFHLYHPRUHLPSRUWDQWWKH

OHDUQHU RU WKH FRQWH[W $Q DGGLWLRQDO GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKHVH IUDPHZRUNV

LV WKH GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH VLWXDWLRQ RU WKH SUHGLVSRVLWLRQV RI WKH LQGLYL

GXDO0DHKUDQG=XVKR$FKLHYHPHQWJRDOVWKHRULHVUHVWRQDWWULEXWLRQ

WKHRU\DQGDFKLHYHPHQWPRWLYDWLRQZKLFKLVZK\LWLVQRVXUSULVHWKDWWKHVH

WKHRULHVDVVXPHWKDWVWXGHQWVSRVHVVJRDOWHQGHQFLHVZKLFKDUHGHWULPHQWDO

LQ GHFLGLQJ ZKDW JRDOV VWXGHQWV ZLOO DGRSW IRU HDFK DFKLHYHPHQW VLWXDWLRQ

'ZHFNDQG(OOLRW$FKLHYHPHQWPRWLYDWLRQLVFRQVLGHUHGWREHDSHU

VRQDOWUDLWZKLFKLVXQLTXHIRUHYHU\SHUVRQDQGUHSUHVHQWVGLIIHUHQWOHYHOVRI

PRWLYDWLRQ7KHH[LVWLQJWULDGLVVWDEOHDFURVVWLPHDQGGHYHORSPHQW0DHKU

DQG=XVKR%\UHVWLQJRQWKHVHDVVXPSWLRQVJRDOPRGHOVGLIIHUHQWLDWH

EHWZHHQ PDVWHU\ DQG SHUIRUPDQFH JRDOV ,Q FDVHV ZKHQ OHDUQHUV DWWULEXWH

LQWHOOLJHQFHDQGFRPSHWHQFHWRSUHGLVSRVLWLRQVDVZHOODVFKDQJHDQGLPSUR

YHPHQWSRVVLELOLWLHVWKHOHDUQHUVZLOOEHPRUHOLNHO\WRDGRSWPDVWHU\JRDOV

/HDUQHUVZKRFRQVLGHULQWHOOLJHQFHDQGFRPSHWHQFHWREHVWDEOHWHQGHQFLHV

ZLOOHPEUDFHSHUIRUPDQFHJRDOV'ZHFN /HJJHWW,QDGGLWLRQWREHOLHIV

RIOHDUQHUVVLWXDWLRQDOIDFWRUVDUHH[WUHPHO\LPSRUWDQWLQJRDODGRSWLRQV$V

VXFKZKHQOHDUQHUVFRQVLGHUWKDWDSDUWLFXODUVLWXDWLRQLQDFDGHPLFVHWWLQJV

QRWHVOHDUQLQJDQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKHVHOHDUQHUVZLOOEHPRUHOLNHO\WRDGRSW

PDVWHU\ JRDOV 7KH VDPH LV WUXH IRU SHUIRUPDQFH JRDOV LI VWXGHQWV SHUFHLYH

WKDWDFDGHPLFVHWWLQJVSURPRWHFRPSHWLWLRQDQGFRPSDULVRQWKH\ZLOOGHYHORS

SHUIRUPDQFHJRDOV%DUURQ +DUDFNLHZLF'XHWRWKLVUHVHDUFKWKHUROH

RIVLWXDWLRQIDFWRUVLQJRDODGDSWDWLRQLVDYDOXDEOHWRSLFRIUHVHDUFK0DHK

U =XVKR

7KHUHVHDUFKRIWKHSDVWWZRGHFDGHVKDVUHVXOWHGLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI

WKUHHQRWDEOHIUDPHZRUNVIRUDFKLHYHPHQWVJRDOV(OOLRW 0F*UHJRU

7KHÀUVWIUDPHZRUNGLVWLQJXLVKHVEHWZHHQPDVWHU\DQGSHUIRUPDQFHJRDOV

7KHVHFRQGWKHRU\VXSSRUWVWKHDVVXPSWLRQWKDWWKHUHDUHWKUHHW\SHVRIDFKLH

YHPHQWJRDOVPDVWHU\JRDOVSHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFKJRDOVDQGSHUIRUPDQFH

DYRLGDQFHJRDOV7KHODVWWKHRU\UHSUHVHQWVWKH[PRGHORIDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOV

WKDWVXSSRUWVWKHLGHDWKDWDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOVFDQEHGLYLGHGLQWRIRXUW\SHV

7KH [ IUDPHZRUN RI DFKLHYHPHQW JRDOV QRWHV WKDW JRDOV GLIIHU LQ WKHLU

YDODQFHDQGGHÀQLWLRQ$OHDUQHUFDQLPSURYHSHUIRUPDQFHVNLOOVRUNQRZ

OHGJHE\IXOÀOOLQJLQWHUSHUVRQDOVWDQGDUGVRUIRFXVLQJRQFRPSDULQJSHUIRU

PDQFHDQGWKXVDLPWRSHUIRUPEHWWHUWKDQRWKHUV

7KHGLIIHUHQFHLQGHÀQLWLRQVRIFRPSHWHQFHLVGRFXPHQWHGLQWKHOHIWWR

ULJKWGLDJRQDOLQWKHÀJXUHEHORZ7KHVHFRQGGLPHQVLRQSHUWDLQVWRWKHGLI

IHUHQFHLQWKHYDODQFHRIFRPSHWHQFH:KHQYDODQFHLVSRVLWLYHOHDUQHUVWHQG

WRDSSURDFKVXFFHVVRUGHVLUDEOHUHVXOWV,IYDODQFHLVQHJDWLYHWKHQWKHOHDUQHU

ZLOODLPWRSUHYHQWIDLOXUHRUXQGHVLUDEOHUHVXOWV(OOLRW 0F*UHJRU

7KH ÀJXUH EHORZ VKRZV YDODQFH LQ WKH WRSGRZQ GLDJRQDO 7KLV PRGHO RI

DVVHVVLQJDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOVLVWKHODWHVWPRGHOLQUHVHDUFKDQGLWHVWDEOLVKHV

DGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQDSSURDFKJRDOVRUWKHIRFXVRQSHUVRQDODGYDQFHPHQW

DQGDYRLGDQFHJRDOVWKDWKLJKOLJKWWKHSUHYHQWLRQRIIDLOXUHVDVRSSRVHGWR

FRPSHWHQFH EXLOGLQJ (OOLRW 0F*UHJRU 0DHKHU =XVKR  7KLV

PRGHO GHYHORSHG E\ (OOLRW DQG 0F*UHJRU  SRVWXODWHV WKDW WKHUH DUH

IRXUVHSDUDWHDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOVOLQNHGWRDFDGHPLFVLWXDWLRQV)LUVWPDVWHU\

DSSURDFK JRDOV QRWH OHDUQLQJ DQG XQGHUVWDQGLQJ DFURVV DFDGHPLF VHWWLQJ

PDVWHU\DYRLGDQFHJRDOVLQVWLOOLQOHDUQHUVWKHQHHGWRSUHYHQWWKHORRVLQJ

RI FRPSHWHQFHV RU VNLOOV 3HUIRUPDQFH DSSURDFK JRDOV HPSKDVLVH FRPSHWL

WLRQDQGRXWSHUIRUPDQFHDFURVVOHDUQLQJVLWXDWLRQVÀQDOO\SHUIRUPDQFHDYR

LGDQFHJRDOVUHSUHVHQWWKHQHHGWRQRWSHUIRUPZRUVHWKDQRWKHUV(OOLRW  0F*UHJRU+DUDFNLHZLF]%DUURQ&DUWHU (OOLRW+DUDFNLHZLF]

%DUURQ7DXHU (OOLRW

)LJXUH7KH;$FKLHYHPHQW*RDO)UDPHZRUN

1RWH)URPA 2X2 Achievement Goal FrameworkE\$-(OOLRWDQG+$0F*UHJRUJournal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80

$FFRUGLQJO\UHVHDUFKVWXGLHVUHSRUWWKDWPDVWHU\DSSURDFKJRDOVFRUUHODWH

WRKLJKHUDFDGHPLFFRPSHWHQFHVZKLOHWKHRSSRVLWHLVWUXHIRUSHUIRUPDQFH

DYRLGDQFHJRDOVZKLFKFRUUHODWHGWRORZHUDFDGHPLFFRPSHWHQFHV0DHKUDQG

=XVKR$GGLWLRQDOLPSOLFDWLRQVDUHUHSRUWHGIRUPDVWHU\JRDOVZKLFKDUH











sĂůĞŶĐĞ

3RVLWLYH

DSSURDFKLQJ

VXFFHVV 1HJDWLYH

DYRLGLQJ

IDLOXUH

0DVWHU\-DSSURDFK

JRDO

0DVWHU\-DYRLGDQFH

JRDO

3HUIRUPDQFH- DSSURDFKJRDO

3HUIRUPDQFH- DYRLGDQFHJRDO

$EVROXWH,QWUDSHUVRQDO 1RUPDWLYHSHUIRUPDQFH Definition

GRFXPHQWHGWRSURPRWHDFDGHPLFLQWHUHVW+DUDFNLHZLF]HWDODVZHOO

DVFRUUHODWHWRKLJKHUDFKLHYHPHQWV/LQQHQEULN*DUFLD7\VRQ 3DWDOO

(YLGHQWO\ SHUIRUPDQFH JRDOV FRUUHODWHG WR LQFUHDVHG OHYHOV RI HPRWLRQDOLW\

(OOLRW 0F*UHJRUZKLOHSHUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFHJRDOVLQKLELWOHDUQLQJ

DVZHOODVFRUUHODWHWRDQ[LHW\ORZOHYHOVRIDFDGHPLFLQWHUHVWDQGDFKLHYHPHQW

(OOLRW 0F*UHJRU0DHKU =XVKR

Motivation and Achievement Goals

,QWKHOLWHUDWXUHPRWLYDWLRQLVXVXDOO\GHÀQHGDVDQLQQHUVWDWHZKLFKLQL

WLDWHVGLUHFWVDQGPDLQWDLQVEHKDYLRXU/HHD0F,QHUQH\E/LHPF 2UWLJDG

0RWLYDWLRQFRQWDLQVWZRVXEGLYLVLRQVLQWULQVLFDQGH[WULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQ

7KHGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHVHWZRW\SHVRIPRWLYDWLRQVXOWLPDWHO\HQFRXUDJHG

K\SRWKHVLVRQKRZPRWLYDWLRQFRPHVDERXWDQGRQFHLQGLYLGXDOGLIIHUHQFHV

ZHUHFRQVLGHUHGLPSRUWDQWWKHWZRW\SHVRIPRWLYDWLRQZHUHVHHQDVFRPSOH

WHO\RSSRVLWHSROHV/HSSHU&RUSXV ,\HQJDU

,QWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQLVFRQVLGHUHGDVWKHPRWLYHZKLFKNHHSVVWXGHQWVHQJD

JHGLQDWDVNGXHWRLQKHUHQWTXDOLWLHV5\DQ 'HFL/HHD0F,QHUQH\E

/LHPF 2UWLJDG6WXGHQWVZKRDUHLQWULQVLFDOO\PRWLYDWHGDUHHQWKXVLD

VWLFRSHQWRH[SHULHQFLQJDGYHQWXUHVVWULYLQJIRUH[FHOOHQFHVHWJRDOVDVZHOO

DVZRUNKDUGLQRUGHUWRLPSURYH7\SLFDOO\VWXGHQWVZKRDUHLQWULQVLFDOO\

PRWLYDWHGWHQGWRWKLQNRIWDVNVDVLQWHUHVWLQJDQGLPSRUWDQWZKLFKLQWXUQ

PDNHVLWSRVVLEOHIRUWKHPWRSHUVLVWLQWKHLUZRUNDVZHOODVGHYHORSVWUDWHJLHV

WRDFKLHYHJRDOV/HHDHWDO

([WULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQLVWKHPRWLYHZKLFKNHHSVVWXGHQWVHQJDJHGLQDWDVN

WKURXJKH[WHUQDOUHZDUGV5\DQ 'HFL/HHDHWDO([WULQVLFPRWLYD

WLRQLVUHODWHGWRZRUU\LQJDERXWJUDGHVDERXWUHZDUGVSUDLVHDQGIHHGEDFN

6WXGHQWVZKRDUHH[WULQVLFDOO\PRWLYDWHGWHQGWRHQJDJHLQVXUIDFHOHDUQLQJ

DQGZLOOXVXDOO\QRWFRQWLQXHLQDWDVNZKHQWKH\SHUFHLYHWKDWWKHUHZLOOEHQR

H[WULQVLFUHZDUGV$OWKRXJKSRVLWLYHH[WULQVLFUHZDUGVVXFKDVJRRGJUDGHV

JLYH WKH VWXGHQW WKH PHVVDJH WKDW KHVKH LV VXFFHVVIXO DQG FRPSHWHQW WKXV

VLJQLÀFDQWO\LQFUHDVLQJWKHFKDQFHVWKDWWKHVWXGHQWZLOOFRQWLQXHWREHHQJD

JHGLQWKHWDVN1HYHUWKHOHVVLIQHJDWLYHIHHGEDFNLVJLYHQLWKDVDGHYDVWDWLQJ

HIIHFWRQWKHVWXGHQWVLQFHWRWKHPLWLVDVLJQWKDWWKH\DUHQHLWKHUFRPSHWHQW

QRUVXFFHVVIXO/HHDHWDO

0RWLYDWLRQLVEHLQJGLVFXVVHGLQWKLVVWXG\GXHWRLWVXQGHQLDEOHUHODWLRQ

WRDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOV$QXPEHURIVWXGLHVUHSRUWWKDWDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOVWKH

LQGLYLGXDOV XWLOLVH LQ DFKLHYHPHQW VLWXDWLRQV H[SODLQ D FRQVLGHUDEOH DPRXQW

RIDFKLHYHPHQWPRWLYDWLRQHJLQWHUHVWSHUVLVWHQFHDQGVWUDWHJ\VHH$PHV

 'ZHFN  /HJJHWW  (OOLRWW  'ZHFN  +DUDFNLHZLF] %DUURQ

&DUWHU/HKWR (OOLRW

7KHLPSDFWRIDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOVRQWKHVWXGHQWV·HQMR\PHQWRIDFKLHYH

PHQWUHODWHGDFWLYLWLHVLVRIFUXFLDOLPSRUWDQFHEHFDXVHLWHVWDEOLVKHVWKHOLQN

EHWZHHQ DFKLHYHPHQW JRDOV DQG LQWULQVLF PRWLYDWLRQ 5DZVWKRUQH  (OOLRW

7KHPDMRULW\RIUHVHDUFKHVLQWKHWRSLFRIDFKLHYHPHQWDQGPRWLYDWLRQ

DUJXHWKDWPDVWHU\DQGSHUIRUPDQFHJRDOVDUHGLIIHUHQWSURFHVVHVZKLFKKDYH

DOVRGLIIHUHQWLPSDFWVDQGFRQVHTXHQFHVRQLQWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQ5DZVWKRUQH  (OOLRW  7R GDWH UHVHDUFK KDV VXSSRUWHG WKH DVVXPSWLRQ WKDW PDVWHU\

JRDOVDUHFRQQHFWHGWRLQWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQ5DZVWKRUQH (OOLRWGXHWR

WKHLUIRFXVRQWKHLQWULQVLFYDOXHRIOHDUQLQJ/HHD0F,QHUQH\E/LHPF 2UWL

JDGZKLOHSHUIRUPDQFHJRDOVVHHPWREHFRQQHFWHGWRH[WULQVLFPRWLYD

WLRQ5DZVWKRUQH (OOLRWGXHWRWKHIRFXVRQGRLQJEHWWHUWKDQRWKHUV

DQGDFKLHYLQJVXFFHVVZLWKOLWWOHHIIRUW/HHDHWDO5HVHDUFKHUVDUJXH

WKDW PDVWHU\ JRDOV SURPRWH LQWULQVLF PRWLYDWLRQ E\ HPSKDVLVLQJ FKDOOHQJH

H[FLWHPHQWDQGWDVNLQYROYHPHQWDPRQJRWKHUVZKLOHSHUIRUPDQFHJRDOVDUH

VDLGWRXQGHUPLQHLQWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQE\HPSKDVLVLQJWKUHDWXQGHUPLQLQJ

WDVNLQYROYHPHQWDQGFUHDWLQJDQ[LHW\DQGHYDOXDWLYHSUHVVXUH(OOLRW +DUDF

NLHZLF](OOLRW 5DZVWKRUQH6WXGHQWVZKRDUHSHUIRUPDQFHDYR

LGDQFHRULHQWHGYLHZDFKLHYHPHQWVLWXDWLRQVDVWKUHDWVFRQVHTXHQWO\IDFLQJD

QHHGWRHVFDSHIURPWKHVLWXDWLRQ7KLVQHHGWRHVFDSHIURPDFKLHYHPHQWVLWX

DWLRQVHOLFLWVDQ[LHW\VWRSVWDVNHQJDJHPHQWDQGXQGHUPLQHVFRJQLWLYHDQG

DIIHFWLYH LQYROYHPHQW ZKLFK FRQVHTXHQWO\ XQGHUPLQHV LQWULQVLF PRWLYDWLRQ

(OOLRW +DUDFNLHZLF]

7KHPHWDDQDO\VHVFRQGXFWHGE\(OOLRW +DUDFNLHZLF]VKRZHGWKDW

RIWKHVWXGLHVGRQHRQDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOVDQGLQWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQVXSSRU

WHGWKHIDFWWKDWSHUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFHJRDOVXQGHUPLQHLQWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQ

ZKLOH SHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFK DQG PDVWHU\ JRDOV IRVWHU LQWULQVLF PRWLYDWLRQ

FRQVHTXHQWO\WKHXQGHUPLQLQJHIIHFWVRIDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOVRQLQWULQVLFPRWL

YDWLRQEHLQJHYLGHQWRQO\IRUSHUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFHJRDOV$GGLWLRQDOO\WKH

UHVXOWVRIWKLVVWXG\VKRZHGWKDWVWXGHQWVZKRDUHSHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFKDQG

PDVWHU\RULHQWHGVKRZHGVLPLODUOHYHOVRILQWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQ(OOLRW +DUDF

NLHZLF]  5DZVWKRUQH  (OOLRW  +RZHYHU 5DZVWKRUQH DQG (OOLRW

DUJXHWKDWWZRWKLQJVQHHGWRUHPDLQFOHDUDQRWDOOVWXGLHVKDYHQRW

EHHQDEOHWRSURYLGHHYLGHQFHWKDWSHUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFHJRDOVXQGHUPLQH

LQWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQDQGESHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFKJRDOVDOWKRXJKOLQNHGWR

LQWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQDUHQRWQHFHVVDULO\EHQHÀFLDOWRLW6RPHVWXGLHVPDLQWDLQ

WKDWJRDOVGRQRWLQÁXHQFHSHUIRUPDQFHEXWWKH\PRVWO\LPSDFWLQWULQVLFPRWL

YDWLRQHJ%DUURQ +DUDFNLHZLF]+DUDFNLHZLF]HWDO+DUDFNLH

ZLF]%DUURQ7DXHU&DUWHU (OOLRW2WKHUVWXGLHVUHSRUWHGWKHH[DFW

RSSRVLWHVSHFLÀFDOO\WKDWSHUIRUPDQFHJRDOVSUHGLFWKLJKHUDFDGHPLFSHUIRU

PDQFHEXWH[HUWQRLQÁXHQFHRQLQWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQHJ%DUURQ +DUDFNLH

ZLF]

7KHOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZVKRZVWKDWLQWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQLVH[SHFWHGWREHOLQNHG

ZLWKSHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFKDQGPDVWHU\JRDOVZKLOHSHUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFH

JRDOVDUHH[SHFWHGWRXQGHUPLQHLW7KHUHIRUHLQWKLVVWXG\WKHLQWULQVLFDQG

H[WULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQVRIVWXGHQWVZLOOEHPHDVXUHGLQRUGHUWRVHHZKHWKHUWKH

RSSRVLWHLVWUXH

 ,Q RUGHU WR WHVW WKHVH DVVXPSWLRQV WKH IROORZLQJ K\SRWKHVHV KDYH EHHQ

GHYHORSHG

H1: Students enrolled in public universities will be more mastery oriented then students in private institutions.

H2: Female students will be more mastery oriented than male students.

H3: Students attending private institutions will be performance oriented.

H4: First year students will be more mastery oriented compared to second and third year students.

+ ,QWULQVLF PRWLYDWLRQ ZLOO EH UHODWHG WR WKH HQGRUVHPHQW RI PDVWHU\

DSSURDFK JRDOV DQG SHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFK JRDOV ZKLOH H[WULQVLF PRWL

YDWLRQZLOOEHUHODWHGWRWKHHQGRUVHPHQWRISHUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFHDQG

PDVWHU\DYRLGDQFHJRDOV

H6: Intrinsic motivation will predict mastery-approach goal adaptation while extrinsic motivation will predict performance-approach and performance-avo- idance goal endorsement.

Method Participants

,Q WKLV VWXG\  XQGHUJUDGXDWH OHYHO VWXGHQWV SDUWLFLSDWHG 7KH SDUWLFL

SDQWV ZHUH DOO XQGHUJUDGXDWH VWXGHQWV HQUROOHG DW 8QLYHUVLWLHV LQ .RVRYD

7KH\UDQJHGLQDJHIURPWRM SD ,QWKLVVDPSOH

SDUWLFLSDQWVZHUHVWXGHQWVHQUROOHGDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI3ULVKWLQDZKLFK

LVWKHPDLQSXEOLF8QLYHUVLW\LQ.RVRYHZKLOHZHUHVWXGHQWVHQURO

OHGLQWKUHHGLIIHUHQWSULYDWH8QLYHUVLWLHV,QWHUPVRIJHQGHUGLVWULEXWLRQ

ZHUHPDOHZKLOHZHUHIHPDOH

7DEOHNumber of Participants according to Year of Study, Gender and University 8QLYHUVLW\ F M ^st<HDU1 ^QG<HDU1 ^UG<HDU1 N

3XEOLF8QLYHUVLW\      444

3ULYDWH&ROOHJHV      

Note1 

Source:RZQUHVHDUFK

$ QXPEHU RI WKH K\SRWKHVHV LQ WKLV VWXG\ GLVWLQJXLVK EHWZHHQ JHQGHUV

XQLYHUVLWLHVDVZHOODVGHSDUWPHQWVDQG\HDUVRIVWXG\7KHUHIRUHLWLVLPSRU

WDQWWRORRNDWWKHQXPEHURISDUWLFLSDQWVLQHDFKFDWHJRU\WKHLQIRUPDWLRQ

DERXWZKLFKLVJLYHQLQWDEOHEHORZ7RVXPXSWKHVWDWLVWLFVEHQHDWKWKHUH

ZHUHPRUHSDUWLFLSDQWVIURPVRFLDOVFLHQFHVFRPSDUHGWRH[DFWVFLHQFHVWKHUH

ZHUHPRUHVWXGHQWVIURPWKHSXEOLFXQLYHUVLW\WKDQWKHSULYDWHXQLYHUVLWLHV

,QDGGLWLRQWKHWKLUG\HDUVWXGHQWVZHUHWKHORZHVWLQQXPEHUFRPSDUHGWR

VHFRQGDQGÀUVW\HDUVWXGHQWV

7DEOHNumber of Participants according to Field of Study and University

8QLYHUVLW\'HSDUWPHQW6WXG\<HDU1 3XEOLF8QLYHUVLW\([DFW6FLHQFHV   

   

6RFLDO6FLHQFHV   

   

   

   

3ULYDWH&ROOHJHV([DFW6FLHQFHV  

  

6RFLDO6FLHQFHV   

  

  

Note1 

Source:RZQUHVHDUFK

Achievement Goals

7KLVVWXG\XVHGWKHUHYLVHGYHUVLRQRIWKH$FKLHYHPHQW*RDO4XHVWLRQ

QDLUH$*45LQRUGHUWRPHDVXUHDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOVLQ.RVRYDUVWXGHQWV

7KLVXSGDWHGYHUVLRQRI$*4ZDVGHYHORSHGWRUHPRYHWKHQHJDWLYHDIIHF

WLYLW\DQGDOVRWRDOLJQWKHLWHPVZLWKWKHDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOWKHRU\KHQFH

WKLV UHYLVHG TXHVWLRQQDLUH LV D ELW GLIIHUHQW FRPSDUHG WR WKH LQLWLDO $*4

GHYHORSHGE\(OOLRWDQG0F*UHJRULQ(OOLRW 0XUD\DPD7KH

$*45 LV FRPSULVHG RI  LWHPV ZKLFK UHSUHVHQW IRXU GLIIHUHQW DFKLHYH

PHQWJRDOVZKHUHHDFKJRDOLVPHDVXUHGE\LWHPV7KHPDVWHU\DSSURDFK

JRDOVZHUHPHDVXUHGZLWKLWHPVVXFKDV´0\DLPLVWRFRPSOHWHO\PDVWHU

WKHPDWHULDOSUHVHQWHGLQWKLVFODVVµPDVWHU\DYRLGDQFHJRDOVZHUHPHDVX

UHGZLWKLWHPVVXFKDV´0\DLPLVWRDYRLGOHDUQLQJOHVVWKDQ,SRVVLEO\

FRXOGµSHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFKLQFOXGHGLWHPVVXFKDV´0\DLPLVWRSHU

IRUP ZHOO UHODWLYH WR RWKHU VWXGHQWVµ ZKLOH WKH SHUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFH

JRDOVZHUHPHDVXUHGZLWKLWHPVVXFKDV´0\DLPLVWRDYRLGGRLQJZRUVH

WKDQ RWKHU VWXGHQWVµ 7KLV LQVWUXPHQW XVHG D SLQW VFDOH UDQJLQJ IURP

 VWURQJO\ GLVDJUHH WR  VWURQJO\ DJUHH 2YHUDOO WKH $*45 KDV EHHQ

IRXQGWREHUHOLDEOHYDOLGDQGLQWHUQDOO\FRQVLVWHQW,QWKHRULJLQDOVWXG\

IRUPDVWHU\DSSURDFKPDVWHU\DYRLGDQFHSHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFKDQGSHU

IRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFHJRDOV&URQEDFK·Vǂ DQGUHVSHFWLYHO\

(OOLRW 0XUD\DPD

7KHWDEOHEHORZVKRZVWKHLQWHUQDOUHOLDELOLW\VFRUHVIRUWKHVFDOHVDQGVXE

VFDOHVDORQJZLWKWKHGHVFULSWLYHDQDO\VLV

7DEOHDescriptive Statistic and Cronbach’s a for Measures of Achievement Goals 9DULDEOH &URQEDFK·VD Mean 6' 3RVVLEOH5DQJH 6NHZQHVV .XUWRVLV

0DVWHU\DSSURDFK      

0DVWHU\DYRLGDQFH      

3HUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFK      

3HUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFH      

Note1 

Source:RZQUHVHDUFK

Motivation

7KHLQWULQVLFDQGH[WULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQVZHUHPHDVXUHGZLWKWKHLQWULQVLF

DQGH[WULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQVFDOHV/HSSHU&RUSXV ,\HQJDU7KHPHDVX

UHPHQW IRU LQWULQVLF PRWLYDWLRQ LQFOXGHV  LWHPV DQG WKUHH VXEVFDOHV ZKLOH

WKHPHDVXUHPHQWIRUH[WULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQLQFOXGHVLWHPVDQGWKUHHVXEVFD

OHV7KHPRWLYDWLRQPHDVXUHPHQWLQWKHRULJLQDOVWXG\\LHOGHGKLJKLQWHUQDO

FRQVLVWHQF\YDOXHVIRUWKHLQWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQǂ DQGJRRGYDOXHVIRUWKH

H[WULQVLFPHDVXUHPHQWǂ 7KHDXWKRUVDUJXHWKDWWKHPHDVXUHPHQWZDV

RYHUDOOUHOLDEOHDQGYDOLG/HSSHU&RUSXV ,\HQJDU

7KHPHDVXUHPHQWXVHGWRDVVHVVLQWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQLQFOXGHGWKUHHVXE

VFDOHVFKDOOHQJHFXULRVLW\DQGLQGHSHQGHQFHPDVWHU\&KDOOHQJHZDVPHDVX

UHGZLWKLWHPVDVDPSOHLWHPRIWKLVVXEVFDOHLV´,OLNHKDUGZRUNEHFDXVHLW

LVDFKDOOHQJHµDQG´,OLNHWRGRZRUNWKDWLVDWDPRUHGLIÀFXOWOHYHOµ&XULRVLW\

ZDVPHDVXUHGZLWKRQO\LWHPVVXFKDV´,ZRUNRQSUREOHPVWROHDUQKRZWR

VROYHWKHPµ/DVWO\LQGHSHQGHQWPDVWHU\VXEVFDOHZDVFRPSULVHGRILWHPV

DQH[DPSOHRIZKLFKLV´:KHQ,PDNHDPLVWDNH,OLNHWRÀJXUHRXWWKHULJKW

DQVZHUE\P\VHOIµ

6LPLODUWRWKHDERYHH[WULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQZDVPHDVXUHGE\VXEVFDOHV

HDV\ ZRUN GHSHQGHQFH RQ WHDFKHU DQG SOHDVLQJ WHDFKHU 7KH VXEVFDOH RI

HDV\ZRUNLQFOXGHGLWHPVDQH[DPSOHRILWHPVLQFOXGHGLQWKLVVXEVFDOH

ZRXOGEH´,OLNHHDV\ZRUNWKDW,DPVXUH,FDQGRµ,QWKHVXEVFDOHRISOH

DVLQJWHDFKHUWKHIROORZLQJWZRLWHPVVXFKDVWKHIROORZLQJZHUHXVHG´,

GRP\VFKRROZRUNEHFDXVHWKHSURIHVVRUWHOOVPHWRµ7KHÀQDOWKUHHLWHP

VXEVFDOHXVHGWRPHDVXUHGHSHQGHQFHRQWHDFKHULQFOXGHGLWHPVVXFKDV´,I

,JHWVWXFNRQDSUREOHP,DVNWKHWHDFKHUIRUKHOSµ$SRLQWVFDOHUDQJLQJ

IURPVWURQJO\GLVDJUHHWRVWURQJO\DJUHHZDVXVHGIRUWKHPRWLYDWLRQ

VFDOHV

7KHLQWHUQDOFRQVLVWHQF\IRUWKHLQWULQVLFVFDOHZDVKLJKHULQFRPSDULVRQ

WRWKHH[WULQVLFVFDOH$UHDVRQZK\WKHUHDUHORZYDOXHVLVWKHORZQXPEHURI

LWHPVLQWKHVXEVFDOHV

7DEOHDescriptive Statistic and Cronbach’s a for Measures of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

9DULDEOH &URQEDFK·VD Mean 6' 3RVVLEOH5DQJH 6NHZQHVV .XUWRVLV

,QWULQVLF0RWLYDWLRQ      

&KDOOHQJH      

&XULRVLW\      

,QGHSHQGHQWPDVWHU\      

([WULQVLF0RWLYDWLRQ      

(DV\ZRUN      

3OHDVLQJWHDFKHU      

'HSHQGHQFHRQWHDFKHU      

Note1 

Source:RZQUHVHDUFK

Results

Hypothesis 1 states that, students enrolled in public universities will be more mastery oriented then students in private institutions. 7KLVK\SRWKHVLVZDVWHVWHG

ZLWKDQLQGHSHQGHQWtWHVW

7KHUHVXOWVSURYLGHGWKDWRQDYHUDJHVWXGHQWVLQSXEOLFXQLYHUVLWLHVDUH

PRUHPDVWHU\DSSURDFKRULHQWHGM SD FRPSDUHGWRVWXGHQWVLQ

SULYDWHXQLYHUVLWLHVM SD 7KLVGLIIHUHQFHZDVVLJQLÀFDQWt pWKHHIIHFWVL]HIRUWKHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQJURXSVZDVUDWKHU

small d 1RVLJQLÀFDQWGLIIHUHQFHVZHUHUHSRUWHGEHWZHHQJURXSVRQWKH

UHPDLQLQJW\SHVRIDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOV7RLOOXVWUDWHVWXGHQWVLQWKHSXEOLFXQL

YHUVLW\RQDYHUDJHZHUHEDUHO\PRUHPDVWHU\DYRLGDQFHRULHQWHGM 

SD WKDQVWXGHQWVLQSULYDWHXQLYHUVLWLHVM SD DGLIIHUHQFH

ZKLFKZDVQRWVLJQLÀFDQWt p!d 6WXGHQWVHQUROOHGLQSUL

YDWH LQVWLWXWLRQV ZHUH PRUH SHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFK RULHQWHG DQG EDUHO\ OHVV

SHUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFHRULHQWHGLQFRPSDULVRQWRVWXGHQWVLQWKHSXEOLFXQL

YHUVLW\ZKRHPSKDVLVHGOHVVWKHSHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFKJRDO,QWKHSULYDWH

XQLYHUVLWLHV VWXGHQWV ZHUH PRUH SHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFK RULHQWHG M  

SD WKDQVWXGHQWVLQWKHPDLQSXEOLFXQLYHUVLW\M SD 7KLV

GLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQJURXSVRQSHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFKJRDOHQGRUVHPHQWZDV

QRWVLJQLÀFDQWt p!d ,QFRQWUDVWWRZKDWZDVH[SHFWHG

VWXGHQWVLQWKHSXEOLFXQLYHUVLW\ZHUHVOLJKWO\PRUHSHUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFH

RULHQWHGM SD FRPSDUHGWRVWXGHQWVLQSULYDWHXQLYHUVLWLHVM 

SD KRZHYHUWKLVGLIIHUHQFHZDVQRWVLJQLÀFDQWt p!

d 7RFRQFOXGHWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHWWHVWSURYLGHGWKDWVWXGHQWVLQSXEOLF

XQLYHUVLWLHVZHUHPRUHOLNHO\WRUHSRUWEHLQJPDVWHU\RULHQWHGFRPSDUHGWR

VWXGHQWV LQ SULYDWH LQVWLWXWLRQV ,W ZDV QRW H[SHFWHG WKDW WKH JURXSV ZRXOG

QRWVKRZDQ\GLIIHUHQFHVRQPDVWHU\DYRLGDQFHJRDOVSHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFK

JRDOVDQGSHUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFHJRDOV'XHWRWKLVWKHSUHVHQWK\SRWKHVHV

ZDVRQO\SDUWLDOO\VXSSRUWHG

Hypotheses 2 states that female students will be more mastery oriented than male students.

7KHK\SRWKHVLVZDVWHVWHGZLWKDQLQGHSHQGHQWt-WHVWZKLFKUHSRUWHGJHQGHU

GLIIHUHQFHVRQJRDODGRSWLRQZLWKIHPDOHVEHLQJPRUHPDVWHU\DSSURDFKRULHQ

WHG WKDQ PDOH VWXGHQWV ,Q PDVWHU\DSSURDFK JRDOV IHPDOHV UHSRUWHG KLJKHU

scores (M SD WKDQPDOHVM SD 7KHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQ

IHPDOHVDQGPDOHVLQPDVWHU\DSSURDFKJRDOHQGRUVHPHQWZDVVLJQLÀFDQWt pd VXJJHVWLQJWKDWIHPDOHVDUHPRUHPDVWHU\DSSURDFKRULHQ

WHGWKDQPDOHV,WZDVXQH[SHFWHGWRGLVFRYHUWKDWQRJHQGHUHIIHFWVZHUHYLVL

EOHRQPDVWHU\DYRLGDQFHSHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFKDQGSHUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFH

)HPDOHVUHSRUWHGKLJKHUVFRUHVLQPDVWHU\DYRLGDQFHM SD FRP

SDUHGWRPDOHVM SD DGLIIHUHQFHZKLFKZDVQRWVLJQLÀFDQWt  S!G 6LPLODUO\IHPDOHVZHUHPRUHSHUIRUPDQFHDSSUR

DFK0 6' DVZHOODVSHUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFHRULHQWHGM 

SD :KLOHPDOHVZHUHOHVVSHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFK0 6' DQG

SHUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFHRULHQWHG0 6' +RZHYHUERWKGLIIHUHQ

FHV\LHOGHGLQVLJQLÀFDQWUHVXOWVIRUSHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFKt  S!

G DQGSHUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFHJRDOVt S!G 7KH

VHFRQGK\SRWKHVHVZDVVXSSRUWHGDVWKHUHVXOWVUHSRUWHGVLJQLÀFDQWGLIIHUHQFHV

EHWZHHQJHQGHUVRQWKHDGRSWLRQRIPDVWHU\DSSURDFKJRDOV

Hypothesis 3 states that students attending private institutions will be perfor- mance oriented.

7KH WKLUG K\SRWKHVLV VLPLODU WR WKH SUHYLRXV RQH ZDV WHVWHG WKURXJK DQ

LQGHSHQGHQWWWHVW5HVXOWVRIWKHWWHVWSURYLGHGWKDWSDUWLFLSDQWVHQUROOHGLQ

H[DFWVFLHQFHGHSDUWPHQWVDUHPRUHPDVWHU\RULHQWHGFRPSDUHGWRVWXGHQWV

HQUROOHGLQVRFLDOVFLHQFHGHSDUWPHQWVZKRZHUHPRUHSHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFK

RULHQWHG 6WXGHQWV LQ VRFLDO VFLHQFHV DUH PRUH SHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFK RULHQ

WHG 0   6'   WKDQ VWXGHQWV LQ H[DFW VFLHQFHV 0   6' 

7KLVGLIIHUHQFHLQJRDODGDSWDWLRQLVVLJQLÀFDQWt  SG 

6WXGHQWVLQVRFLDOVFLHQFHVDUHOHVVSHUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFHRULHQWHG0 

6' WKDQVWXGHQWVLQH[DFWVFLHQFHV0 6' ,QDGGLWLRQVWX

GHQWVLQH[DFWVFLHQFHVDUHVOLJKWO\PRUHPDVWHU\DSSURDFKRULHQWHG0 

6' DVZHOODVPDVWHU\DYRLGDQFHRULHQWHG0 6' WKDQVWX

GHQWVLQVRFLDOVFLHQFHV0 6' 0 6' +RZHYHUWKH

GLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQJURXSVZHUHRQO\VLJQLÀFDQWIRUSHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFK

JRDOVDQGQRWIRURWKHUJRDOVGHVSLWHDFOHDUWHQGHQF\RISDUWLFLSDQWVRIH[DFW

VFLHQFHGHSDUWPHQWVWREHLQFOLQHGWRDGRSWPDVWHU\JRDOV

+\SRWKHVLVVWDWHVWKDWÀUVW\HDUVWXGHQWVZLOOEHPRUHPDVWHU\RULHQWHG

FRPSDUHGWRVHFRQGDQGWKLUG\HDUVWXGHQWV

7KHK\SRWKHVLVZDVWHVWHGZLWKDRQHZD\DQDO\VLVRIYDULDQFHZLWKDSRVW

KRFFRPSDULVRQYLD+RFKEHUJ*7WHVWV7KHUHVXOWVSURYLGHGWKDWWKH\HDURI

VWXG\KDVVLJQLÀFDQWHIIHFWVRQWKHW\SHRIJRDOHQGRUVHG7KHUHZDVDVLJQLÀ

FDQWHIIHFWRIVWXG\\HDURQWKHHQGRUVHPHQWRIPDVWHU\DSSURDFKJRDOV)

 pLj 7KHSRVWKRFDQDO\VLVYLD+RFKEHUJ*7UHYHDOHG

WKDW ÀUVW \HDU VWXGHQWV ZHUH VLJQLÀFDQWO\ PRUH PDVWHU\DSSURDFK RULHQWHG

WKDQWKLUG\HDUVWXGHQWVpZKLFKVLJQDOVDVWHDG\GHFOLQHRQWKHHPSKD

VLVSODFHGRQPDVWHU\DSSURDFKJRDOVGXULQJWKHDFDGHPLFVWXGLHV7KHHIIHFW

RIWKH\HDURIVWXG\LQDFKLHYHPHQWDYRLGDQFHJRDOVZDVDOVRVLJQLÀFDQW)

 pLj +RZHYHUWKHHIIHFWZDVXQH[SHFWHGDVVHFRQG

\HDUVWXGHQWVVKRZHGWKHKLJKHVWVFRUHVRQPDVWHU\DYRLGDQFHJRDOV0 

6' ZLWKWKHVFRUHVLJQLÀFDQWO\GHFUHDVLQJIRUWKHWKLUG\HDUVWXGHQWV

0 6' pDVVKRZQE\SRVWKRFDQDO\VLVYLD+RFKEHUJ*7

7KHVLJQLÀFDQWHIIHFWRIWKH\HDURIVWXG\LVDJDLQREVHUYHGRQSHUIRUPDQFH

VSHFLÀFDOO\RQSHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFKJRDOV) p Lj 

DQG SHUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFH JRDOV )     p  Lj  7KH

UHVXOWVRIDSRVWKRFDQDO\VLVYLD+RFKEHUJ*7

UHYHDOHGWKDWWKHHPSKDVHVSODFHGRQSHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFKJRDOVGHFUH

DVHVZLWKHDFKDFDGHPLF\HDU7KHUHVXOWVVKRZHGDVLJQLÀFDQWGLIIHUHQFHLQ

SHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFKJRDOVEHWZHHQÀUVW0 6' DQGWKLUG\HDU

VWXGHQWV0 6' pDVZHOODVDVLJQLÀFDQWGHFUHDVHEHWZHHQ

VHFRQG0 6' DQGWKLUG\HDUVWXGHQWV0 6' p

$VLPLODUWUHQGLVQRWLFHGRQSHUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFHJRDOHQGRUVHPHQWZKHUH

WKHUHLVDVLJQLÀFDQWGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQÀUVW0 6' DQGWKLUG\HDU

VWXGHQWV0 6' pDQGDVLJQLÀFDQWGHFUHDVHEHWZHHQVHFRQG

0 6' DQGWKLUG\HDUVWXGHQWV0 6' p

7KHSUHVHQWUHVHDUFKQRWHGWKDWWKHUHDUHVLJQLÀFDQWGLIIHUHQFHVDPRQJSDU

WLFLSDQWVLQJRDODGRSWLRQDFFRUGLQJWR\HDURIVWXG\6SHFLÀFDOO\DVH[SHFWHG

ÀUVW\HDUVWXGHQWVZHUHVLJQLÀFDQWO\PRUHPDVWHU\RULHQWHGWKDQSDUWLFLSDQWV

DWWHQGLQJWKHVHFRQGDQGWKLUG\HDURIVWXGLHV

)LJXUHMean for performance-aproache and performance avoidance goals acording to years of study

Source:RZQUHVHDUFK

Intrinsic, Extrinsic Motivation and Achievement Goals

H5 assumes that intrinsic motivation will be related to the endorsement

of mastery-approach goals and performance-approach goals, while extrinsic

motivation will be related to the endorsement of performance-avoidance and

mastery-avoidance goals.,QRUGHUWRWHVWWKLVK\SRWKHVLVWZR3HDUVRQ

FRUUHODWLRQDQDO\VLVZHUHFRQGXFWHGWRVHSDUDWHO\PHDVXUHWKHFRUUH

ODWLRQRIDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOVZLWKLQWULQVLFDQGH[WULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQ

5HVXOWVVKRZHGDSRVLWLYHFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQLQWULQVLFPRWLYD

WLRQDQGPDVWHU\DSSURDFKJRDOVU S7KHLQWULQVLFPRWL

YDWLRQVFDOHFRQWDLQHGWKUHHVXEVFDOHVPHDVXULQJFKDOOHQJHFXULR

VLW\DQGPDVWHU\7KHHQGRUVHPHQWRIPDVWHU\DSSURDFKJRDOVZDV

SRVLWLYHO\ UHODWHG WR QHHG IRU FKDOOHQJH U   S FXULRVLW\

U SDQGPDVWHU\U S7KHUHZDVQRFRUUHOD

WLRQSRVLWLYHRUQHJDWLYHEHWZHHQPDVWHU\DYRLGDQFHJRDOVDQG

LQWULQVLF PRWLYDWLRQ 3HUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFK JRDOV DV H[SHFWHG

ZHUHSRVLWLYHO\UHODWHGWRLQWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQU SDQG

LQWHUPVRIVXEVFDOHVDOVRSRVLWLYHO\UHODWHGWRFKDOOHQJHU S

FXULRVLW\U SDQGPDVWHU\U S

3HUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFHJRDOVRQWKHRWKHUKDQGVKRZHGVRPH

LQWHUHVWLQJ UHVXOWV VLQFH WKH\ VKRZHG SRVLWLYH FRUUHODWLRQ ZLWK

LQWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQDVDVFDOHEXWDOVRZLWKWKHVXEVFDOHVRILQWULQ

VLFPRWLYDWLRQ3HUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFHJRDOVZHUHSRVLWLYHO\FRU

UHODWHGZLWKLQWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQU SDVZHOODVZLWKWKH

VXEVFDOHVRILQWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQQDPHO\FKDOOHQJHU S

FXULRVLW\U SDQGPDVWHU\U S

7DEOHPearson Correlation Matrix between Achievement Goals and Intrinsic Motivation

   4    

 0DVWHU\DSSURDFK 

 0DVWHU\DYRLGDQFH  

 3HUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFK   

 3HUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFH   

 ,QWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQ     

 &KDOOHQJH      

 &XULRVLW\       

 0DVWHU\         1RWH S S

Source:RZQUHVHDUFK

7KHVHFRQGSDUWRIWKLVK\SRWKHVLVVWDWHVWKDWH[WULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQZLOOEH

FRUUHODWHGWRSHUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFHDQGPDVWHU\DYRLGDQFHJRDOV$VDVVX

PHG SHUIRUPDQFH DYRLGDQFH JRDOV VKRZHG VLJQLÀFDQW SRVLWLYH FRUUHODWLRQV

ZLWKH[WULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQLQJHQHUDOU SKRZHYHUIXUWKHUDQDO\VLV

VKRZHGWKDWWKH\ZHUHSRVLWLYHO\FRUUHODWHGRQO\ZLWKWKHVXEVFDOHRIGHSHQ

GHQFH RQ WHDFKHU U   S 1R VLJQLÀFDQW FRUUHODWLRQV ZHUH UHSRUWHG

EHWZHHQPDVWHU\DYRLGDQFHDQGH[WULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQ6XUSULVLQJO\WKHFRUUH

ODWLRQDQDO\VLVVKRZHGDSRVLWLYHFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQPDVWHU\DSSURDFKJRDOV

DQGH[WULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQU SEXWRQO\ZLWKWKHVXEVFDOHRIGHSHQ

GHQFHRQWHDFKHUU S7KHK\SRWKHVLVZDVVXSSRUWHGRQLWVLQLWLDO

VWDWHPHQW KRZHYHU LW VKRXOG EH QRWHG WKDW XQH[SHFWHG FRUUHODWLRQV ZHUH

IRXQGDVLGHIURPWKHK\SRWKHVLV7KHUHVXOWVVXSSRUWHGWKHK\SRWKHVLVRQO\

SDUWLDOO\VLQFHPDVWHU\DYRLGDQFHJRDOVH[KLELWHGQRFRUUHODWLRQZLWKH[WULQVLF

PRWLYDWLRQ

7DEOHPearson Correlation Matrix between Achievement Goals and Extinct Motivation

   4    

 0DVWHU\DSSURDFK 

 0DVWHU\DYRLGDQFH  

 3HUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFK   

 3HUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFH   

 ([WULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQ     

 ([WULQVLFZRUN      

 3OHDVLQJWHDFKHU       

 'HSHQGHQFHRQWHDFKHU         1RWH S S

Source:RZQUHVHDUFK

H6 states that intrinsic motivation will predict mastery-approach

goal adaptation while extrinsic motivation will predict performance-

-approach and performance-avoidance goal endorsement. $ OLQHDU

UHJUHVVLRQDQDO\VLVZDVFRQGXFWHGWRWHVWIRUWKHSUHGLFWLYHHIIHFW

RIWKHWKUHHVXEVFDOHVRILQWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQ7KHUHVXOWVVKRZHG

WKDW RQO\ WKH VXEVFDOH RI FXULRVLW\ SUHGLFWV PDVWHU\DSSURDFK

JRDOVH[SODLQLQJWKXVRIWKHYDULDQFHLQPDVWHU\DSSURDFK

JRDOV7ZRDGGLWLRQDOVWHSZLVHUHJUHVVLRQDQDO\VHVUHSRUWHGWKDW

H[WULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQGLGQRWSUHGLFWSHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFKDQG

SHUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFHJRDOV&RQVHTXHQWO\WKHK\SRWKHVLVZDV

RQO\SDUWLDOO\VXSSRUWHG

7DEOHSummary of Simple Regression Analysis for Curiosity

9DULDEOH B 6%% ǃ t 6LJp

0DVWHU\$SSURDFKJRDOV     

1RWH5^ 

Source:RZQUHVHDUFK

Discussion

3UHYLRXVUHVHDUFKHUVSRVWXODWHWKDWVLWXDWLRQIDFWRUVDUHLPSRUWDQWLQWKH

DGRSWLRQRIJRDOV5HVHDUFKVWXGLHVKDYHGRFXPHQWHGWKDWZKHQVWXGHQWV

FRQVLGHUWKHOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWWRHQFRXUDJHOHDUQLQJWKH\ZLOOEHPRUH

OLNHO\WRGHYHORSPDVWHU\JRDOV6LPLODUO\LIDQDFKLHYHPHQWVLWXDWLRQKLJK

OLJKWVVRFLDOFRPSDULVRQWKHQWKHOHDUQHULVOLNHO\WRGHYHORSSHUIRUPDQFH

JRDOV%DUURQ +DUDFNLHZLF]

7KHUHVXOWVRIWKHSUHVHQWUHVHDUFKDVH[SHFWHGUHSRUWWKDWWKHHQYLURQ

PHQW LV GHWULPHQWDO LQ JRDO DGRSWLRQ 5HSRUWHGO\ VLWXDWLRQ IDFWRUV HJ

W\SHRIXQLYHUVLW\\HDURIVWXG\DQGVWXG\SURJUDPLQÁXHQFHJRDOGHYH

ORSPHQW)LUVWWKHUHVXOWVSURYLGHWKDWWKHW\SHRIKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQLQVWLWX

WLRQLVLPSRUWDQWDVUHJDUGVPDVWHU\DSSURDFKJRDOV6SHFLÀFDOO\VWXGHQWV

DWWHQGLQJWKHSULYDWHXQLYHUVLW\ZHUHOHVVPDVWHU\DSSURDFKRULHQWHGFRP

SDUHGWRVWXGHQWVLQWKHSXEOLFXQLYHUVLW\ZKRUHSRUWHGEHLQJPRUHPDVWHU\

DSSURDFKRULHQWHG7KHVHFRQGIDFWRULQÁXHQFLQJJRDOHQGRUVHPHQWLVWKH

\HDURIVWXG\)LUVW\HDUVWXGHQWVZHUHPRUHPDVWHU\RULHQWHGFRPSDUHGWR

RWKHUV2QHSRVVLEOHH[SODQDWLRQLVWKHIDFWWKDWSHUIRUPDQFHJRDOVEXLOGRQ

VRFLDOFRPSDULVRQVDQGVWXGHQWVZLOOKDYHPRUHSRVVLELOLWLHVWRFRPSDUH

WKHPVHOYHVZLWKRWKHUVDVWKH\SURJUHVVLQWKHLUDFDGHPLFVWXGLHV&RQVH

TXHQWO\WKHPRUHSRVVLELOLWLHVIRUVRFLDOFRPSDULVRQVWKHPRUHOLNHO\LWLV

IRUSHUIRUPDQFHJRDODSSURDFKHVWREHGHYHORSHG0DHKU =XVKR

7KH \HDU RI VWXG\ LV DOVR DQ LPSRUWDQW IDFWRU LQ JRDO HQGRUVHPHQW ZLWK

VWXGHQWVZKRDGYDQFHLQDFDGHPLF\HDUVVKRZLQJDSUHIHUHQFHIRUSHUIRU

PDQFHJRDOV,QUHJDUGWRWKLVWHQGHQF\LWLVRILPSRUWDQFHWRH[SORUHSRVVL

EOH LPSOLFDWLRQV RI IHHGEDFN SURIHVVRUV DQG FODVVURRPV 8OWLPDWHO\ WKH

SUHVHQWVWXG\LQGLFDWHVWKDWDVLGHIURPWKHUROHRI\HDURIVWXG\DQGW\SHRI

XQLYHUVLW\WKHVWXG\SURJUDPLVDOVRLQÁXHQWLDOLQJRDOHQGRUVHPHQW7KH

UHVXOWVSRVWXODWHWKDWVWXGHQWVLQVRFLDOVFLHQFHSURJUDPVDUHPRUHSHU

IRUPDQFHDSSURDFKDQGSHUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFHRULHQWHGWKDQVWXGHQWVLQ

H[DFWVFLHQFHV7KHODWWHUZHUHPRUHSHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFKRULHQWHGZKLFK

PD\KDYHEHHQDUHVXOWRIWKHHQYLURQPHQW6WXGHQWVLQH[DFWVFLHQFHSUR

JUDPVLQYROYHLQLQGHSHQGHQWZRUNLQODERUDWRULHVZKLFKOLPLWVWKHSRVVL

ELOLWLHVIRUVRFLDOFRPSDULVRQVZKLFKDUHH[SHFWHGWRUHVXOWLQSHUIRUPDQFH

JRDOV6RFLDOVFLHQFHSURJUDPVHPSKDVLVHJURXSZRUNDQGVWXGHQWVKDYH

PRUHRSSRUWXQLWLHVWRFRPSDUHWKHVHOIWRRWKHUVDVUHVXOWRIZKLFKWKH\

H[KLELWDQLQFUHDVHGWHQGHQF\WRDGRSWSHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFKDQGSHUIRU

PDQFHDYRLGDQFHJRDOV

,WLVWKHUHVXOWRIWKLVVWXG\WKDWWKHVWXGHQWVLQWHUDFWZLWKHYHU\DFKLHYH

PHQW VLWXDWLRQ E\ SHUFHLYLQJ PHVVDJHV IURP WKH VLWXDWLRQ ZKLFK XOWLPDWHO\

GHÀQHJRDODGRSWLRQ,WLVDFRQFOXVLRQRIWKLVUHVHDUFKWKDWWKHVLWXDWLRQIDFWRUV

VXFKDV\HDURIVWXG\GHSDUWPHQWDQGXQLYHUVLW\W\SHLQÁXHQFHZKDWJRDOD

OHDUQHUZLOODGRSW7KHUHVXOWVSRVWXODWHWKDWPDVWHU\RULHQWHGZLOOEHWKRVH

VWXGHQWVZKRDUHRQWKHLUÀUVW\HDURIDFDGHPLFVWXGLHVDWWHQGDSXEOLFXQLYHU

VLW\DQGDUHHQUROOHGLQDSURJUDPRIH[DFWVFLHQFH

7KH SUHVHQW VWXG\ IRFXVHG RQ DVVHVVLQJ WKH LPSOLFDWLRQV RI LQWULQVLF DQG

H[WULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQLQDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOV7KHÀQGLQJVREWDLQHGWKURXJKWKH

$*45VXJJHVWWKDWWKHUHLVDSRVLWLYHFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQLQWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQ

DOOWKUHHVXEVFDOHVDQGWKHWKUHHIROORZLQJW\SHVRIDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOVPDVWHU\

DSSURDFKSHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFKDQGSHUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFH6XJJHVWLQJWKDW

DQLQFUHDVHLQLQWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQLVOLQNHGWRDKLJKHUOLNHOLKRRGRIDGDSWLQJ

PDVWHU\DSSURDFKJRDOV7KHSHUIRUPDQFHJRDOVZHUHDOVRUHODWHGWRLQWULQVLF

PRWLYDWLRQ SHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFK JRDOV DQG PDVWHU\DSSURDFK JRDOV ZHUH

SRVLWLYHO\UHODWHGWRWKHGHSHQGHQFHRQWHDFKHUVXEVFDOHRIWKHH[WULQVLFPRWLYD

WLRQ7KHV\VWHPRIHGXFDWLRQLQ.RVRYHVWLOOHPSKDVLVHVWKHUROHRIWKHLQVWUXF

WRULQDFDGHPLFVHWWLQJV(YHQWRGD\VWXGHQWVDUHQRWHQFRXUDJHGWRDUJXHRU

GLVDJUHHZLWKWKHLUSURIHVVRUVWKHUHIRUHVWXGHQWVRIDOOOHYHOVKDYHDWHQGHQF\WR

FRPSO\ZLWKSURIHVVRUVDQGWKHLUUHTXLUHPHQWVEHFDXVHWKH\FRQVLGHULWWREHWKH

SURSHUZD\RIEHKDYLRXU&RQVHTXHQWO\PDVWHU\DSSURDFKDQGSHUIRUPDQFH

DSSURDFKJRDOVZHUHQRWFRUUHODWHGWRH[WULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQLQJHQHUDOEXWZHUH

SRVLWLYHO\UHODWHGWRWKHH[WULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQVXEVFDOHRIGHSHQGHQFHRQWHDFKHU

3HUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFHJRDOVDVH[SHFWHGZHUHSRVLWLYHO\FRUUHODWHGWRWZRVXE

VFDOHVRIH[WULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQGHSHQGHQFHRQWHDFKHUDQGSOHDVLQJWHDFKHU,WLV

SODXVLEOHWRDUJXHWKDWWKHUHDVRQXQGHUO\LQJWKLVSRVLWLYHFRUUHODWLRQLVWKHWHQ

GHQF\RIFRPSO\LQJZLWKSURIHVVRUV,QWHUHVWLQJO\WKHPDVWHU\DYRLGDQFHJRDOV

ZHUHQRWFRUUHODWHGWRDQ\W\SHRIPRWLYDWLRQ$GGLWLRQDOO\FXULRVLW\SUHGLFWHG

WKHHQGRUVHPHQWRIPDVWHU\DSSURDFKJRDOV

7KHPDMRULW\RIUHVHDUFKHVLQWKHWRSLFRIDFKLHYHPHQWDQGPRWLYDWLRQDUJXH

WKDWPDVWHU\DQGSHUIRUPDQFHJRDOVDUHGLIIHUHQWSURFHVVHVZKLFKDOVRKDYHGLI

IHUHQWLPSDFWVDQGFRQVHTXHQFHVRQLQWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQ5DZVWKRUQH (OOLRW

7RGDWHUHVHDUFKKDVVXSSRUWHGWKHDVVXPSWLRQWKDWPDVWHU\JRDOVDUH

FRQQHFWHGWRLQWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQ5DZVWKRUQH (OOLRWGXHWRWKHLUIRFXV

RQWKHLQWULQVLFYDOXHRIOHDUQLQJ/HHD0F,QHUQH\E/LHPF 2UWLJDG

ZKLOH SHUIRUPDQFH JRDOV VHHP WR EH FRQQHFWHG WR H[WULQVLF PRWLYDWLRQ 5DZ

VWKRUQH (OOLRWGXHWRWKHIRFXVRQGRLQJEHWWHUWKDQRWKHUVDQGDFKLHYLQJ

VXFFHVVZLWKOLWWOHHIIRUW/HHD0F,QHUQH\E/LHPF 2UWLJDG

Limitation and recommendation for future studies

7KH SUHVHQW UHVHDUFK KDV D QXPEHU RI OLPLWDWLRQV ZKLFK PD\ LQÁXHQFH

WKH JHQHUDOLVDWLRQ DQG DSSOLFDELOLW\ RI UHVXOWV 7R EHJLQ ZLWK WKH UHOLDELOLW\

YDOXHVIRUVRPHVXEVFDOHVDUHEHORZWKHDFFHSWHGYDOXH$GGLWLRQDOO\WKHSUH

VHQWVWXG\HPSOR\HGGLIIHUHQWJURXSVL]HVQRWDEOHJURXSVL]HGLIIHUHQFHVDUH

QRWLFHDEOHRQJHQGHUDQGDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOVYDULDEOHV$IXUWKHUOLPLWDWLRQLV

WKHIDFWWKHHIIHFWVL]HVRIVHYHUDOVLJQLÀFDQWUHVXOWVDUHUDWKHUVPDOOZKLFKKDV

LPSOLFDWLRQIRUWKHYDOXHDVZHOODVWKHJHQHUDOLVDWLRQRIÀQGLQJV)LQDOO\WKH

SUHVHQW VWXG\ PHDVXUHG SHUFHSWLRQV RQ DFKLHYHPHQW JRDOV DQG PRWLYDWLRQ

WHQGHQFLHVZKLFKZHUHDOVRVHOIUHSRUWHG&RQVHTXHQWO\QRREMHFWLYHPHDVX

UHPHQWWRRNSODFHLQWKLVVWXG\

6HYHUDO UHVXOWV RI WKLV VWXG\ DUH QHZ DQG FRQWURYHUVLDO ZKLFK FDOOV IRU

IXWXUHVWXGLHVWRUHSOLFDWHVHYHUDOUHVXOWVRIWKHSUHVHQWUHVHDUFK)LUVWWKHSUH

VHQWVWXG\HVWDEOLVKHVWKDWVLWXDWLRQIDFWRUVDFURVVDFDGHPLFVHWWLQJVVKDSHWKH

DGRSWLRQRIJRDOV)XWXUHVWXGLHVVKRXOGH[SORUHWKHGHJUHHWRZKLFKDFKLHYH

PHQWJRDOVDUHÁXLGDQGGHSHQGHQWRQVLWXDWLRQIDFWRUV7KHSDUDGLJPWKDW

DFKLHYHPHQW JRDOV DUH UHVSRQVHV WR HQYLURQPHQWDO H[SHFWDWLRQV DQG PHVVD

JHVDVRSSRVHGWRH[LVWLQJWHQGHQFLHVZLWKZKLFKOHDUQHUVDSSURDFKOHDUQLQJ

VLWXDWLRQVQHHGVIXUWKHUVWXGLHVWREHFRQÀUPHG$GGLWLRQDOO\IXWXUHVWXGLHV

VKRXOGH[SORUHLQGHSWKWKHOLQNEHWZHHQPRWLYDWLRQDQGDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOV

2ISDUWLFXODULPSRUWDQFHLQWKLVUHJDUGLVWKHOLQNEHWZHHQH[WULQVLFPRWLYD

WLRQDQGSHUIRUPDQFHDYRLGDQFHJRDOV)XUWKHUPRUHWKHVXEVFDOHRILQWULQVLF

PRWLYDWLRQ²FXULRVLW\²SUHGLFWVWKHDGRSWLRQRIPDVWHU\DSSURDFKJRDOV%RWK

ÀQGLQJVQHHGWREHUHSOLFDWHGLQIXWXUHVWXGLHV

References

>@ $PHV& $UFKHU-$FKLHYHPHQWJRDOVLQWKHFODVVURRP6WXGHQWV·OHDUQLQJVWUDWH

JLHVDQGPRWLYDWLRQSURFHVVHVJournal of Educational Psychology, 80

>@ $PHV&&ODVVURRPV*RDOVVWUXFWXUHVDQGVWXGHQWPRWLYDWLRQJournal of Educational Psychology, 84

>@ %DUURQ . ( +DUDFNLHZLF] - 0  $FKLHYHPHQW JRDOV DQG RSWLPDO PRWLYDWLRQ

7HVWLQJPXOWLSOHJRDOPRGHOVJournal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80

>@ 'ZHFN&6 (OOLRW(6$FKLHYHPHQWPRWLYDWLRQ,Q30XVVHQ (0+DWKHULQJ

WRQ(GVHandbook of Child PsychologySS1HZ<RUN:LOH\

>@ 'ZHFN&6DQG/HJJHWW(/$VRFLDOFRJQLWLYHDSSURDFKWRPRWLYDWLRQDQGSHUVR

QDOLW\Psychological Review, 95

>@ (OOLRW(6 'ZHFN&6*RDOV$QDSSURDFKWRPRWLYDWLRQDQGDFKLHYHPHQWJournal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 

>@ (OOLRW$- +DUDFNLHZLF]-0$SSURDFKDQGDYRLGDQFHDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOVDQG

LQWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQ$PHGLDWLRQDODQDO\VLVJournal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70,

²

>@ (OOLRW$- 0F*UHJRU+$$;DFKLHYHPHQWJRDOIUDPHZRUNJournal of Perso- nality and Social Psychology, 80 

>@ (OOLRW$/ 0XUD\DPD.2QWKHPHDVXUHPHQWRIDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOV&ULWLTXH

LOOXVWUDWLRQDQGDSSOLFDWLRQJournal of Educational Psychology, 100

>@ +DUDFNLHZLF]-0%DUURQ.(&DUWHU60/HKWR$7 (OOLRW$-3UHGLFWRUVDQG

FRQVHTXHQFHVRIDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOVLQWKHFROOHJHFODVVURRP0DLQWDLQLQJLQWHUHVWDQGPDNLQJ

WKHJUDGHJournal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73

>@ +DUDFNLHZLF]-0%DUURQ.(7DXHU-0&DUWHU06 (OOLRW$-6KRUWWHUP

DQGORQJWHUPFRQVHTXHQFHVRIDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOV3UHGLFWLQJ,QWHUHVWDQG3HUIRUPDQFHRYHU

WLPHJournal of Educational Psychology, 92

>@ +DUDFNLHZLF]-0%DUURQ.(7DXHU-0 (OOLRW$-3UHGLFWLQJVXFFHVVLQFRO

OHJH$ORQJLWXGLQDOVWXG\RIDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOVDQGDELOLW\PHDVXUHVDVSUHGLFWRUVRILQWHUHVW

DQGSHUIRUPDQFHIURPIUHVKPDQ\HDUWKURXJKJUDGXDWLRQJournal of Educational Psychology



>@ +XOOHPDQ&66FKUDJHU60%RGPDQQ60 +DUDFNLHZLF]-0$PHWDDQDO\

WLFUHYLHZRIDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOPHDVXUH'LIIHUHQWODEHOVIRUWKHVDPHFRQVWUXFWVRUGLIIHUHQW

FRQVWUXFWVZLWKVLPLODUODEHOV"Psychological Bulletin

>@ .DSODQ$ 0DHKU0/7KHFRQWULEXWLRQVDQGSURVSHFWVRIJRDORULHQWDWLRQWKHRU\

(GXFDWLRQDO3V\FKRORJ\5HYLHZ

>@ /HHD-40F,QHUQH\E'0/LHPF*$ 2UWLJDG<37KHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ

IXWXUHJRDOVDQGDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOV$QLQWULQVLFH[WULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQSHUVSHFWLYHConempo- rary Educational Psychology ,35

>@ /HSSHU05&RUSXV-+ ,\HQJDU66,QWULQVLFDQGH[WULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQDORULHQ

WDWLRQVLQWKHFODVVURRP$JHGLIIHUHQFHVDQGDFDGHPLFFRUUHODWLRQV-RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQDO

3V\FKRORJ\

>@ /LQQHQEULQN($ 3LQWULFK35$FKLHYHPHQW*RDO7KHRU\DQGDIIHFW$QDV\PPH

WULFDOELGLUHFWLRQDOPRGHOEducational Psychologist

>@ /LQQHQEULN*DUFLD/7\VRQ') 3DWDOO($:KHQDUHDFKLHYHPHQWJRDORULHQ

WDWLRQEHQHÀFLDOIRUDFKLHYHPHQW"$FORVHUORRNDWPRGHUDWLQJIDFWRUV. International Review of Social Psychology, 21

>@ 0DHKU0/ =XVKR$$FKLHYHPHQWJRDOWKHRU\7KHSDVWSUHVHQWDQGIXWXUH,Q

.5:HQW]HO $:LJÀHOG(GV+DQGERRNRIPRWLYDWLRQLQVFKRROSS²1HZ<RUN

7D\ORU)UDQFLV

>@ 1LFKROOV-*&KHXQJ3&/DXHU- 3DWDVKQLFN0,QGLYLGXDOGLIIHUHQFHVLQDFD

GHPLFPRWLYDWLRQ3HUFHLYHGDELOLW\JRDOVEHOLHIVDQGYDOXHVLearning and Individual Diffe- rences, 1, 

>@ 1ROHQ6%& +DODG\QD703HUVRQDODQGHQYLURQPHQWDOLQÁXHQFHVRQVWXGHQWV·

EHOLHIVDERXWHIIHFWLYHVWXG\VWUDWHJLHVContemporary Educational Psychology, 15, 

>@ 5DZVWKRUQH/- (OOLRW$-$FKLHYHPHQWJRDOVDQGLQWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQ$PHWD

DQDO\WLFUHYLHZPersonality and Social Psychology Review, 3

>@ 5\DQ50 'HFL(/6HOIGHWHUPLQDWLRQWKHRU\DQGWKHIDFLOLWDWLRQRILQWULQVLFPRWL

YDWLRQVRFLDOGHYHORSPHQWDQGZHOOEHLQJAmerican Psychologist

>@ 7DPLU0 'LHQHU($SSURDFKDYRLGDQFHJRDOVDQGZHOOEHLQJ2QHVL]HGRHVQRW

ÀWDOO,Q$-(OOLRW(GHandbook of approach and avoidance motivationSS0DKZDK

1-(UOEDXP