• Nie Znaleziono Wyników

View of Summaries

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "View of Summaries"

Copied!
12
0
0

Pełen tekst

(1)

Political Preferences

Preferencje polityczne

6/2013

Redakcja naukowa:

Robert Alberski

Waldemar Wojtasik

Katowice 2013

(2)

,Q0HPRULDP5DGRVáDZ6RODU] SURIGUKDE$QGU]HM$QWRV]HZVNL 5DGRVáDZ6RODU] 8QLYHUVLW\RI:URFODZ3RODQG 5LWXDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQ"3ROLVKRSLQLRQVRQSROLWLFVDQGSROLWLFDOSDUWLHV 8QLYHUVLW\RI:URFODZ3RODQG 6DWLVIDFWLRQZLWKWKHDFWLYLWLHVRIUHHYHVPD\RUVDQGSUHVLGHQWVRIFLWLHV DQGHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHOHYHORIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHLQWHUHVWVE\ORFDO JRYHUQPHQWV $JQLHV]NDàXNDVLN7XUHFND -RKQ3DXO,,&DWKROLF8QLYHUVLW\RI/XEOLQ3RODQG 7KH$WWLWXGHRIWKH(OHFWRUDWHWR6WDWXWRU\6ROXWLRQV*LYLQJ(TXDO 2SSRUWXQLW\WR0HQDQG:RPHQLQ)LOOLQJWKH3RVLWLRQVRQ(OHFWRUDO/LVWV àXNDV]7RPF]DN 6]F]HFLQ8QLYHUVLW\3RODQG 9RWHUVLQWKHIDFHRIHOHFWLRQPHFKDQLVPDQGVFRSHRIOHDGHUVDXWKRULW\ LQ3ROLVKSROLWLFDOSDUWLHV :RMFLHFK3HV]\ĔVNL 1LFRODXV&RSHUQLFXV8QLYHUVLW\3RODQG 3UHVLGHQWLDOLVDWLRQRIHOHFWRUDOEHKDYLRULQQRQHOHFWLRQ\HDU .DUROLQD7\EXFKRZVND+DUWOLĔVND 8QLYHUVLW\RI:DUPLDDQG0D]XU\LQ2OV]W\Q 3RODQG (FRQRPLFYRWLQJLQ3RODQGIURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIGHFODUDWLRQRIYRWHUV :DOGHPDU:RMWDVLN 8QLYHUVLW\RI6LOHVLD3RODQG (FRQRPLFYRWLQJLQ3RODQGWKHHQGRIWUDQVLWLRQPRGHO 5(9,(:6     Rada Naukowa:

SURI GU KDE 5RPDQ %lFNHU 8QLZHUV\WHW 0LNRáDMD .RSHUQLND Z 7RUXQLX 3ROVND  SURI GU KDE 7DGHXV] *RGOHZVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW 0LNRáDMD .RSHUQLND Z 7RUXQLX 3ROVND  SURI GU KDE ,ZRQD -DNXERZVND%UDQLFND 8QLZHUV\WHW:DUV]DZVNL 3ROVND  SURI GU KDE 6ODYRPLU 0DJiO 8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD SURIGUKDE-R]HI0DW~ã 8QLZHUV\WHW ĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD SURIGUKDE/LERU3DYHUD :\ĪV]D6]NRáD+DQGORZD 3UDJD&]HFK\ SURIGUKDE'DQD3HWUDQRYi 8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH 6áRZDFMD SURIGUKDE2OJD3URNRSHQNR 6XPVNL8QLZHUV\WHW1DURGRZ\8NUDLQD SURIGUKDE 7HUHVD6DVLĔVND.ODV 8QLZHUV\WHW-DJLHOORĔVNLZ.UDNRZLH3ROVND SURIGUKDE-HU]\6LHOVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW6]F]HFLĔVNL3ROVND GU0DUFMDQQD$XJXVW\Q 8QLZHUV\WHWZ+XOO$QJOLD .ROHJLXPUHGDNF\MQH GU$JQLHV]ND7XUVND.DZD UHGDNWRUQDF]HOQD GUKDE5REHUW$OEHUVNL UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\V\VWHP\L]DFKRZDQLDZ\ERUF]H SURI80.GUKDE'DQXWD3OHFND UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\LGHQW\¿NDFMHSROLW\F]QH GUKDEàXNDV]7RPF]DN UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\SDUWLHSROLW\F]QH GU=ELJQLHZ:LGHUD UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\PDUNHWLQJSROLW\F]Q\ GU:DOGHPDU:RMWDVLN UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\V\VWHP\SDUW\MQH PJU3U]HP\VáDZ*U]RQND UHGDNWRUVWDW\VW\F]Q\ PJU-DURVáDZ:LFKXUD VHNUHWDU] Recenzenci: SURIGUKDEďXGPLODýiE\RYi 8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD SURI GUKDE1RUEHUW9UDEHF 8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD SURIGUKDE .U]\V]WRI *DMGND 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Z .DWRZLFDFK 3ROVND  SURI GU KDE 7DGHXV] *RGOHZVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW0LNRáDMD.RSHUQLNDZ7RUXQLX3ROVND SURIGUKDE-DFHN:RMQLFNL 8QLZHUV\WHW :DUV]DZVNL 3ROVND  SURI GU KDE 0LFKDá 6WU]HOHFNL 8QLZHUV\WHW 0LNRáDMD .RSHUQLNDZ7RUXQLX3ROVND GUKDE'DULXV]6NU]\SLĔNL 8QLZHUV\WHW:URFáDZVNL3ROVND 3URMHNWRNáDGNL -DURVáDZ:LFKXUD Korekta: 7HUHVD7RNDUF]\Nà\V]F]DU] :HUVMDSLHUZRWQDF]DVRSLVPDSDSLHURZD ‹&HQWUXP,QQRZDFML7UDQVIHUX7HFKQRORJLLL5R]ZRMX)XQGDFMD8QLZHUV\WHWXĝOąVNLHJR Katowice 2013

3DWURQDW QDG SURMHNWHP VSUDZXMą 3ROVNLH 7RZDU]\VWZR 1DXN 3ROLW\F]Q\FK RUD] 7RZDU]\VWZR ,QLFMDW\Z1DXNRZ\FK :\GDZFąF]DVRSLVPDMHVW,QVW\WXW1DXN3ROLW\F]Q\FKL']LHQQLNDUVWZD8QLZHUV\WHWXĝOąVNLHJR RUD]&HQWUXP,QQRZDFML7UDQVIHUX7HFKQRORJLLL5R]ZRMX)XQGDFMD8QLZHUV\WHWXĝOąVNLHJR ,6%1 ,661; 'UXN 5(0$5ZZZUHPDUVRVQRZLHFSOHPDLOZ\GDZQLFWZR#UHPDUVRVQRZLHFSO

(3)

CONTENTS

Introduction ... 9 ,Q0HPRULDP5DGRVáDZ6RODU] SURIGUKDE$QGU]HM$QWRV]HZVNL ... 11

5DGRVáDZ6RODU] 8QLYHUVLW\RI:URFODZ3RODQG

5LWXDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQ"3ROLVKRSLQLRQVRQSROLWLFVDQGSROLWLFDOSDUWLHV ... 13

Robert Alberski 8QLYHUVLW\RI:URFODZ3RODQG

6DWLVIDFWLRQZLWKWKHDFWLYLWLHVRIUHHYHVPD\RUVDQGSUHVLGHQWVRIFLWLHV DQGHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHOHYHORIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHLQWHUHVWVE\ORFDO JRYHUQPHQWV ... 33 $JQLHV]NDàXNDVLN7XUHFND -RKQ3DXO,,&DWKROLF8QLYHUVLW\RI/XEOLQ3RODQG 7KH$WWLWXGHRIWKH(OHFWRUDWHWR6WDWXWRU\6ROXWLRQV*LYLQJ(TXDO 2SSRUWXQLW\WR0HQDQG:RPHQLQ)LOOLQJWKH3RVLWLRQVRQ(OHFWRUDO/LVWV .. 47 àXNDV]7RPF]DN 6]F]HFLQ8QLYHUVLW\3RODQG 9RWHUVLQWKHIDFHRIHOHFWLRQPHFKDQLVPDQGVFRSHRIOHDGHUVDXWKRULW\ LQ3ROLVKSROLWLFDOSDUWLHV ... 61 :RMFLHFK3HV]\ĔVNL 1LFRODXV&RSHUQLFXV8QLYHUVLW\3RODQG 3UHVLGHQWLDOLVDWLRQRIHOHFWRUDOEHKDYLRULQQRQHOHFWLRQ\HDU ... 75 .DUROLQD7\EXFKRZVND+DUWOLĔVND 8QLYHUVLW\RI:DUPLDDQG0D]XU\LQ2OV]W\Q 3RODQG (FRQRPLFYRWLQJLQ3RODQGIURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIGHFODUDWLRQRIYRWHUV ... 91 :DOGHPDU:RMWDVLN 8QLYHUVLW\RI6LOHVLD3RODQG (FRQRPLFYRWLQJLQ3RODQGWKHHQGRIWUDQVLWLRQPRGHO ... 101 5(9,(:6

Darren G. Lilleker, Nigel A. Jackson   Political Campaigning,

Elections and the Internet. Comparing the US, UK, France and Germany SURI GU KDE 5RPDQ %lFNHU 8QLZHUV\WHW 0LNRáDMD .RSHUQLND Z 7RUXQLX 3ROVND  SURI GU

KDE 7DGHXV] *RGOHZVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW 0LNRáDMD .RSHUQLND Z 7RUXQLX 3ROVND  SURI GU KDE ,ZRQD -DNXERZVND%UDQLFND 8QLZHUV\WHW:DUV]DZVNL 3ROVND  SURI GU KDE 6ODYRPLU 0DJiO 8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD SURIGUKDE-R]HI0DW~ã 8QLZHUV\WHW ĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD SURIGUKDE/LERU3DYHUD :\ĪV]D6]NRáD+DQGORZD 3UDJD&]HFK\ SURIGUKDE'DQD3HWUDQRYi 8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH 6áRZDFMD SURIGUKDE2OJD3URNRSHQNR 6XPVNL8QLZHUV\WHW1DURGRZ\8NUDLQD SURIGUKDE 7HUHVD6DVLĔVND.ODV 8QLZHUV\WHW-DJLHOORĔVNLZ.UDNRZLH3ROVND SURIGUKDE-HU]\6LHOVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW6]F]HFLĔVNL3ROVND GU0DUFMDQQD$XJXVW\Q 8QLZHUV\WHWZ+XOO$QJOLD .ROHJLXPUHGDNF\MQH GU$JQLHV]ND7XUVND.DZD UHGDNWRUQDF]HOQD GUKDE5REHUW$OEHUVNL UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\V\VWHP\L]DFKRZDQLDZ\ERUF]H SURI80.GUKDE'DQXWD3OHFND UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\LGHQW\¿NDFMHSROLW\F]QH GUKDEàXNDV]7RPF]DN UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\SDUWLHSROLW\F]QH GU=ELJQLHZ:LGHUD UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\PDUNHWLQJSROLW\F]Q\ GU:DOGHPDU:RMWDVLN UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\V\VWHP\SDUW\MQH PJU3U]HP\VáDZ*U]RQND UHGDNWRUVWDW\VW\F]Q\ PJU-DURVáDZ:LFKXUD VHNUHWDU] SURIGUKDEďXGPLODýiE\RYi 8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD SURI GUKDE1RUEHUW9UDEHF 8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD SURIGUKDE .U]\V]WRI *DMGND 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Z .DWRZLFDFK 3ROVND  SURI GU KDE 7DGHXV] *RGOHZVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW0LNRáDMD.RSHUQLNDZ7RUXQLX3ROVND SURIGUKDE-DFHN:RMQLFNL 8QLZHUV\WHW :DUV]DZVNL 3ROVND  SURI GU KDE 0LFKDá 6WU]HOHFNL 8QLZHUV\WHW 0LNRáDMD .RSHUQLNDZ7RUXQLX3ROVND GUKDE'DULXV]6NU]\SLĔNL 8QLZHUV\WHW:URFáDZVNL3ROVND 3URMHNWRNáDGNL -DURVáDZ:LFKXUD 7HUHVD7RNDUF]\Nà\V]F]DU] :HUVMDSLHUZRWQDF]DVRSLVPDSDSLHURZD ‹&HQWUXP,QQRZDFML7UDQVIHUX7HFKQRORJLLL5R]ZRMX)XQGDFMD8QLZHUV\WHWXĝOąVNLHJR 3DWURQDW QDG SURMHNWHP VSUDZXMą 3ROVNLH 7RZDU]\VWZR 1DXN 3ROLW\F]Q\FK RUD] 7RZDU]\VWZR ,QLFMDW\Z1DXNRZ\FK :\GDZFąF]DVRSLVPDMHVW,QVW\WXW1DXN3ROLW\F]Q\FKL']LHQQLNDUVWZD8QLZHUV\WHWXĝOąVNLHJR RUD]&HQWUXP,QQRZDFML7UDQVIHUX7HFKQRORJLLL5R]ZRMX)XQGDFMD8QLZHUV\WHWXĝOąVNLHJR ,6%1 ,661; 'UXN 5(0$5ZZZUHPDUVRVQRZLHFSOHPDLOZ\GDZQLFWZR#UHPDUVRVQRZLHFSO

(4)

/RQGRQ±1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH V

5HYLHZHU.DWDU]\QD6WHOPDFK ... 119

0DáJRU]DWD)XV]DUD UHG Kobiety, wybory, polityka ,QVW\WXW6SUDZ

3XEOLF]Q\FK:DUV]DZD V

5HYLHZHU-RDQQD3RGJyUVND5\NDáD ... 

Krzysztof Kowalczyk: Partie i ugrupowania parlamentarne wobec

.RĞFLRáDNDWROLFNLHJRZ3ROVFHZODWDFK :\GDZQLFWZR=DSRO 6]F]HFLQ V 5HYLHZHU=X]DQQD2VPyOVND ... 135 5HSRUWRIWKH6HFRQG&RQJUHVVRIWKH'HSDUWPHQWVRI3ROLWLFDO6\VWHPV .DWDU]\QD.RELHOVND ... 139 6XPPDULHV ... 145 Annex ... 151 :VWĊS :VSRPQLHQLHGUD5DGRVáDZD6RODU]D SURIGUKDE$QGU]HM$QWRV]HZVNL 5DGRVáDZ6RODU] 8QLZHUV\WHW:URFáDZVNL3ROVND 5\WXDOQDSDUW\F\SDFMD"2SLQLH3RODNyZRSROLW\FHLSDUWLDFKSROLW\F]Q\FK 8QLZHUV\WHW:URFáDZVNL3ROVND =DGRZROHQLH]G]LDáDOQRĞFLZyMWyZEXUPLVWU]yZLSUH]\GHQWyZPLDVW RUD]RFHQDSR]LRPXUHSUH]HQWDFMLLQWHUHVyZSU]H]ZáDG]HVDPRU]ąGRZH $JQLHV]NDàXNDVLN7XUHFND .DWROLFNL8QLZHUV\WHW/XEHOVNL3ROVND 6WRVXQHNHOHNWRUDWXGRUR]ZLą]DĔXVWDZRZ\FKZ\UyZQXMąF\FKV]DQVH NRELHWLPĊĪF]\]QZREVDG]DQLXOLVWZ\ERUF]\FK àXNDV]7RPF]DN 8QLZHUV\WHW6]F]HFLĔVNL3ROVND :\ERUF\ZREHFVSRVREXZ\ERUXL]DNUHVXZáDG]\OLGHUyZ SROVNLFKSDUWLLSROLW\F]Q\FK :RMFLHFK3HV]\ĔVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW0LNRáDMD.RSHUQLND3ROVND 3UH]\GHQFMDOL]DFMD]DFKRZDĔHOHNWRUDWXZURNXÄQLHZ\ERUF]\P´ .DUROLQD7\EXFKRZVND+DUWOLĔVND 8QLZHUV\WHW:DUPLĔVNR0D]XUVNL3ROVND *áRVRZDQLHHNRQRPLF]QHZ3ROVFH]SHUVSHNW\Z\GHNODUDFMLZ\ERUFyZ :DOGHPDU:RMWDVLN 8QLZHUV\WHWĝOąVNL3ROVND *áRVRZDQLHHNRQRPLF]QHZ3ROVFHNRQLHFPRGHOXWUDQ]\F\MQHJR" 5(&(1=-(     /RQGRQ ± 1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH V 5HFHQ]HQW.DWDU]\QD6WHOPDFK

63,675(ģ&,

(5)

/RQGRQ±1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH V 5HYLHZHU.DWDU]\QD6WHOPDFK 0DáJRU]DWD)XV]DUD UHG   ,QVW\WXW6SUDZ 3XEOLF]Q\FK:DUV]DZD V 5HYLHZHU-RDQQD3RGJyUVND5\NDáD  .RĞFLRáDNDWROLFNLHJRZ3ROVFHZODWDFK :\GDZQLFWZR=DSRO 6]F]HFLQ V 5HYLHZHU=X]DQQD2VPyOVND 5HSRUWRIWKH6HFRQG&RQJUHVVRIWKH'HSDUWPHQWVRI3ROLWLFDO6\VWHPV .DWDU]\QD.RELHOVND 6XPPDULHV :VWĊS ... 9 :VSRPQLHQLHGUD5DGRVáDZD6RODU]D SURIGUKDE$QGU]HM$QWRV]HZVNL .. 11 5DGRVáDZ6RODU] 8QLZHUV\WHW:URFáDZVNL3ROVND 5\WXDOQDSDUW\F\SDFMD"2SLQLH3RODNyZRSROLW\FHLSDUWLDFKSROLW\F]Q\FK .. 13

Robert Alberski 8QLZHUV\WHW:URFáDZVNL3ROVND

=DGRZROHQLH]G]LDáDOQRĞFLZyMWyZEXUPLVWU]yZLSUH]\GHQWyZPLDVW RUD]RFHQDSR]LRPXUHSUH]HQWDFMLLQWHUHVyZSU]H]ZáDG]HVDPRU]ąGRZH ... 33 $JQLHV]NDàXNDVLN7XUHFND .DWROLFNL8QLZHUV\WHW/XEHOVNL3ROVND 6WRVXQHNHOHNWRUDWXGRUR]ZLą]DĔXVWDZRZ\FKZ\UyZQXMąF\FKV]DQVH NRELHWLPĊĪF]\]QZREVDG]DQLXOLVWZ\ERUF]\FK ... 47 àXNDV]7RPF]DN 8QLZHUV\WHW6]F]HFLĔVNL3ROVND :\ERUF\ZREHFVSRVREXZ\ERUXL]DNUHVXZáDG]\OLGHUyZ SROVNLFKSDUWLLSROLW\F]Q\FK ... 61 :RMFLHFK3HV]\ĔVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW0LNRáDMD.RSHUQLND3ROVND 3UH]\GHQFMDOL]DFMD]DFKRZDĔHOHNWRUDWXZURNXÄQLHZ\ERUF]\P´ ... 75 .DUROLQD7\EXFKRZVND+DUWOLĔVND 8QLZHUV\WHW:DUPLĔVNR0D]XUVNL3ROVND *áRVRZDQLHHNRQRPLF]QHZ3ROVFH]SHUVSHNW\Z\GHNODUDFMLZ\ERUFyZ ... 91 :DOGHPDU:RMWDVLN 8QLZHUV\WHWĝOąVNL3ROVND *áRVRZDQLHHNRQRPLF]QHZ3ROVFHNRQLHFPRGHOXWUDQ]\F\MQHJR" ... 101 5(&(1=-(

Darren G. Lilleker, Nigel A. Jackson  Political Campaigning, Elections

and the Internet. Comparing the US, UK, France and Germany /RQGRQ ±

1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH V

5HFHQ]HQW.DWDU]\QD6WHOPDFK ... 119

63,675(ģ&,

(6)

2GGDMHP\GRUąNF]\WHOQLNyZV]yVW\WRPF]DVRSLVPDÄ3ROLWLFDO3UHIHUHFHV´ Z NWyU\P XGDáR VLĊ QDP VLĊ ]JURPDG]Lü EDGDQLD SRĞZLĊFRQH NZHVWLRP SROVNLHJRV\VWHPXSROLW\F]QHJRLSDUW\MQHJR-HVWWRMHGHQ]WU]HFKZLRGąF\FK WHPDWyZ EDGDĔ SU]HSURZDG]RQ\FK SRG NRQLHF  D NWyU\FK SR]RVWDáH UH]XOWDW\ ]DPLHV]F]RQH ]RVWDQą Z SR]RVWDá\FK WRPDFK 0\ĞOą SU]HZRGQLą QLQLHMV]HJR QXPHUX Vą UyĪQH REOLF]D UHSUH]HQWDFML L RGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFL SROLW\F]QHM RUD] VSRáHF]QH SRVWDZ\ ZREHF UyĪQ\FK IRUP LFK SU]HMDZLDQLD VLĊ3UH]HQWRZDQ\WRPVNáDGDVLĊ]VLHGPLXWHNVWyZRUD]WU]HFKUHFHQ]MLRUD] ]DZLHUDVSUDZR]GDQLH],,=MD]GX.DWHGUL=DNáDGyZ6\VWHPyZ3ROLW\F]Q\FK NWyU\RGE\áVLĊZPDMXURNXZ7U]HEQLF\-DNFRURNXSUH]HQWRZDQH QDáDPDFKF]DVRSLVPDDUW\NXá\HPSLU\F]QHSRGHMPXMąZVZ\PSU]HGPLRFLH SUREOHPDW\NĊ SRVWDZ SROLW\F]Q\FK L ]DFKRZDĔ V]F]HJyOQLH F]\QQLNyZ GHWHUPLQXMąF\FK LGHQW\¿NDFMH SROLW\F]QH :V]\VWNLH WHNVW\ VWDQRZLą HPSLU\F]Qą DQDOL]Ċ SU]HGPLRWRZą GRW\NDMą VZ\P ]DNUHVHP REV]DUyZ SROLWRORJLF]QHJR SV\FKRORJLF]QHJR VRFMRORJLF]QHJR LGHRORJLF]QHJR NRPXQLNDF\MQHJR$UW\NXá\RSDUWHVąQDSURMHNFLHEDGDZF]\P]UHDOL]RZDQ\P SU]H]DXWRUyZQDRJyOQRSROVNLHMUHSUH]HQWDW\ZQHMSUyELHGRURVá\FK3RODNyZ PDMąF\FK F]\QQH SUDZR Z\ERUF]H 1   ] Z\NRU]\VWDQLHP VSHFMDOQLH VNRQVWUXRZDQHJR NZHVWLRQDULXV]D &DáRĞü RSUDFRZDQLD RGQRV]ąFD VLĊ GR DQDOL]\SRV]F]HJyOQ\FKMHJRF]ĊĞFLVWDQRZLGLDJQR]Ċ]DFKRZDĔSROLW\F]Q\FK SROVNLHJRVSRáHF]HĔVWZDZURNXDOHMHGQRF]HĞQLHZQLRVNLSá\QąFH]DQDOL] SR]ZDODMąSRVWDZLüZDĪQHLQVSLUXMąFHS\WDQLDEDGDZF]HNWyUHPRELOL]XMąGR GDOV]\FKSRV]XNLZDĔ

3LHUZV]\ ] SUH]HQWRZDQ\FK WHNVWyZ DXWRUVWZD 5DGRVáDZD 6RODU]D SRGHMPXMH SUREOHPDW\NĊ U\WXDOL]DFML SURFHGXU GHPRNUDW\F]Q\FK Z 3ROVFH SRGMąáVLĊZVZRLPDUW\NXOHDQDOL]\XZDUXQNRZDĔVSRáHF]QHM RFHQ\ ZyMWyZ EXUPLVWU]yZ L SUH]\GHQWyZ RUD] SR]LRPX UHSUH]HQWDFML LQWH UHVyZSU]H]ZáDG]HVDPRU]ąGRZH:NROHMQ\PWHNĞFLH$JQLHV]NDàXNDVLN

7XUHFND]EDGDáDRFHQĊZSURZDG]HQLDUR]ZLą]DĔNZRWRZ\FKZSRV]F]HJyOQ\FK

:67Č3

0DáJRU]DWD)XV]DUD UHG Kobiety, wybory, polityka ,QVW\WXW6SUDZ

3XEOLF]Q\FK:DUV]DZD V

5HFHQ]HQW-RDQQD3RGJyUVND5\NDáD ... 

Krzysztof Kowalczyk: Partie i ugrupowania parlamentarne wobec

.RĞFLRáDNDWROLFNLHJRZ3ROVFHZODWDFK :\GDZQLFWZR=DSRO 6]F]HFLQ V 5HFHQ]HQW=X]DQQD2VPyOVND ... 135 6SUDZR]GDQLH],,=MD]GX.DWHGUL=DNáDGyZ6\VWHPyZ3ROLW\F]Q\FK .DWDU]\QD.RELHOVND ... 139 6XPPDULHV ... 145 Aneks ... 151

(7)

<ĂƚĂƌnjLJŶĂ<ŽďŝĞůƐŬĂ

5DGRVáDZ6RODU] 8QLYHUVLW\RI:URFODZ3RODQG 

5LWXDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQ"3ROLVKRSLQLRQVRQSROLWLFVDQGSROLWLFDOSDUWLHV

3ROHV FRPSDUDWLYHO\ ORZ SROLWLFDO DFWLYLW\ FRQWLQXHG IURP WKH ¿UVW FRPSHWLWLYHSDUOLDPHQWDU\HOHFWLRQLQOHDGVWRWDNHDUHÀHFWLRQRIWKH YRWHUV SHUFHSWLRQ RI SROLWLFV DQG SROLWLFDO SDUWLHV 7KH DUWLFOH IRFXV RQ WKH SHUFHSWLRQRISROLWLFDOSDUWLHVLQ3RODQGDQGWKH3ROHV¶DWWLWXGHWRSROLWLFV 5HVHDUFKKDVVKRZQWKDWWKHSROLWLFDOVSKHUHRIGHPRFUDWLF3RODQGVHSDUDWHV IURPWKHVRFLDOOLIH7KHDFWLYLWLHVRISROLWLFDOSDUWLHVSROLWLFDOFRQÀLFWVDQGWKHLU VROXWLRQVDUHDSKHQRPHQDWKDWWKHPDMRULW\RI3ROHVGRQRWFDUHDERXW3ROLVK SROLWLFDOLQVWLWXWLRQVDQGGHPRFUDWLFSURFHGXUHVDFWLQDVSHFL¿FVRFLDOYRLG 3ROHVSROLWLFDOEHKDYLRU HVSHFLDOO\WKHYRWHUVRQH LQWKHSHULRGRIGHPRFUDWLF V\VWHPLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\KLJKOHYHORIULWXDOLVP7KLVPHWKRGRIDGDSWDWLRQ RIWKHFLWL]HQVRI3RODQGWRWKHGHPRFUDWLFSROLWLFDOV\VWHPOHDGVWRORZOHYHORI WUXVWLQSROLWLFDOLQVWLWXWLRQV

Key wordsSROLWLFDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQSROLWLFDOSDUWLHVSROLWLFDOFRQÀLFWVSROLWLFDO

ULWXDOLVPWUXVWLQSROLWLFDOLQVWLWXWLRQV

Robert Alberski 8QLYHUVLW\RI:URFODZ3RODQG

6DWLVIDFWLRQZLWKWKHDFWLYLWLHVRIUHHYHVPD\RUVDQGSUHVLGHQWVRIFLWLHVDQG HYDOXDWLRQRIWKHOHYHORIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHLQWHUHVWVE\ORFDOJRYHUQPHQWV 7KLVSDUWRIWKHUHSRUWGHVFULEHVWZRSUREOHPVHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHDFWLYL WLHVRIUHHYHVPD\RUVDQGSUHVLGHQWVRIFLWLHVDQGWKHSUREOHPRIUHSUHVHQWLQJ WKHLQWHUHVWVRIWKHUHVLGHQWVE\ORFDOJRYHUQPHQWV,QDVXUYH\FRQGXFWHGLQODWH ZHGHFLGHGWRYHULI\WZRK\SRWKHVHV%\WKH¿UVWWUXVWLQORFDOJRYHUQ PHQWUHVXOWVIURPWKHSRVLWLYHHYDOXDWLRQRIUHHYHVPD\RUVDQGSUHVLGHQWVRI FLWLHVDFWLYLWLHV6HFRQGK\SRWKHVLVDVVXPHVWKDWWUXVWLVIRXQGHGE\WKHEHOLHI

SUMMARIES

QLHEĊGąZVWDQLHRGF]\WDüSRWHQFMDOQHJR]DJURĪHQLD 2VWDWQLPUR]ZDĪDQ\P]DJURĪHQLHPLVWQLHQLDRUJDQL]DFMLW\SXDJHQFMD E\áR LFK RVáDELDMąFH RGG]LDá\ZDQLH QD SURFHV UHDOL]DFML GHPRNUDW\F]QHM  RGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFL  :LHOH GHF\]ML SRGHMPRZDQ\FK SU]H] LQVW\WXFMHNWyUHQLHPDMąGHPRNUDW\F]QHMOHJLW\PDFMLGRSRGHMPRZDQLDWHJR URG]DMX UR]VWU]\JQLĊü RJUDQLF]D PRĪOLZRĞü SURZDG]HQLD SROLW\F]QHM UR]OL F]DOQRĞFL0DP\WXWDMUDF]HMGRF]\QLHQLD]F]\PĞZURG]DMX 

FRQLHZ\NOXF]DLVWQLHQLDUyĪQ\FKIRUPNRQWUROLQDGDJHQFMDPLMHGQDN ZLąĪHVLĊ]NRQLHF]QRĞFLąVWZRU]HQLDUR]EXGRZDQ\FKV\VWHPyZNRRUG\QDFML : VSRWNDQLX XF]HVWQLF]\áR EOLVNR SLĊüG]LHVLĊFLX SROLWRORJyZ UHSUH ]HQWXMąF\FK RĞURGNL QDXNRZH ] FDáHJR NUDMX ,, 2JyOQRSROVNL =MD]G .DWHGU L=DNáDGyZ6\VWHPyZ3ROLW\F]Q\FKVWZRU]\á]DUyZQRSáDV]F]\]QĊWZyUF]HM G\VNXVMLQDXNRZHMMDNWHĪSU]\F]\QLáVLĊGRZ\PLDQ\GRĞZLDGF]HĔLLQWHJUDFML ĞURGRZLVND]DMPXMąFHJRVLĊQDXNRZRSUREOHPDW\NąGRW\F]ąFąV\VWHPyZSROL W\F]Q\FK0DWHULDOQ\PHIHNWHP]RUJDQL]RZDQHMNRQIHUHQFMLEĊG]LHVSHFMDOQ\ QXPHU:URFáDZVNLFK6WXGLyZ3ROLW\F]Q\FKZNWyU\P]DPLHV]F]RQH]RVWDQą ]DUyZQRWHNVW\Z\NáDGyZZSURZDG]DMąF\FKMDNWHĪLQQHQDZLą]XMąFHVZRMą WHPDW\NąGRSRUXV]DQHMSUREOHPDW\NL      .DWDU]\QD.RELHOVND

(8)

^ƵŵŵĂƌŝĞƐ UHVSRQGHQWVDVVHVVWKHLPSOHPHQWHGVWDWXWRU\TXRWDVPXFKIDYRXUDEO\WKDQWKH SURSRVDOIRULPSOHPHQWLQJJHQGHUSDULW\RQHOHFWRUDOOLVWV VWDWXWRU\TXRWDVJHQGHUSDULW\SROLWLFDOSDUW\LQWKHHOHFWRUDWH àXNDV]7RPF]DN 6]F]HFLQ8QLYHUVLW\3RODQG 9RWHUVLQWKHIDFHRIHOHFWLRQPHFKDQLVPDQGVFRSHRIOHDGHUVDXWKRULW\LQ3ROLVK 7KHDUWLFOHUHIHUVWRWKHUDWLRRIYRWHUVWRFKRRVHWKHPHWKRGDQGVFRSH RIOHDGHUVDXWKRULW\LQWKH3ROLVKSROLWLFDOSDUWLHVVXFKDVWKH/DZDQG-XVWLFH SDUW\ &LYLF 3ODWIRUP 3ROLVK 3HDVDQW 3DUW\ 3DOLNRW¶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

 SDUW\ OHDGHUV SDUW\ RUJDQL]DWLRQ SDUW\ RUJDQL]DWLRQDO FKDQJH SROLWLFDOSDUWLH :RMFLHFK3HV]\ĔVNL 1LFRODXV&RSHUQLFXV8QLYHUVLW\3RODQG 3UHVLGHQWLDOLVDWLRQRIHOHFWRUDOEHKDYLRULQQRQHOHFWLRQ\HDU ,WLVWKH¿UVWWLPHZKHQWKHHGLWLRQRIVRFLDOUHVHDUFKµ3ROLWLFDO3UHIHUHQFH¶ ZDVFDUULHGLQD\HDUZLWKRXWHOHFWLRQ,WGHWHUPLQHVFHUWDLQHOHFWRUDODWWLWXGHV EHFDXVHWKHPDVVPHGLDGRQRWLQÀXHQFHVRFLHW\DQGYRWHUVGRQRWWDNHWDFWLFDO GHFLVLRQ,QFRQVHTXHQFHWKHUHVXOWVRIWKLVUHVHDUFKDUHGLIIHUHQWIURPWKHRQHV GXULQJUHDOHOHFWLRQEHFDXVHWKHVHGHFLVLRQVKDYHWREHWUHDWHGOLNHSRWHQWLDO RQHV7KHDXWKRUGHFLGHGWRFRQWLQXHUHVHDUFKZKLFKEHJDQLQ7KHUHIRUH HOHFWRUDWH EHKDYLRU FRXOG EH FRPSDUHG EHWZHHQ FDPSDLJQ SHULRG DQG µRII \HDUHOHFWLRQ¶$SDUWIURPSDUW\OHDGHUVLQÀXHQFLQJWKHFDPSDLJQWKLVDUWLFOH LQFOXGHVUHVHDUFKUHVXOWVFRQFHUQLQJWHOHYLVLRQGHEDWH%RWKSUREOHPVDUHWKH RIWKHORFDOFRPPXQLW\PHPEHUVWKDWWKHORFDOJRYHUQPHQWVUHSUHVHQWWKHLU

LQWHUHVWV7KHUHVXOWVLQGLFDWHWKDWWKHPDMRULW\RIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVDUHUHVWUD LQHGO\ VDWLV¿HG ZLWK WKH DFWLYLWLHV RI WKHLU UHHYHV PD\RUV DQG SUHVLGHQWV RI FLWLHV+RZHYHUWKHPDMRULW\RIUHVSRQGHQWVVDLGWKDWORFDOJRYHUQPHQWVGRQRW UHSUHVHQWWKHLULQWHUHVWV

Key words ORFDO JRYHUQPHQW H[HFXWLYH DXWKRULWLHV RI ORFDO JRYHUQPHQW

UHSUHVHQWDWLRQRILQWHUHVWV $JQLHV]NDàXNDVLN7XUHFND -RKQ3DXO,,&DWKROLF8QLYHUVLW\RI/XEOLQ3RODQG 7KH$WWLWXGHRIWKH(OHFWRUDWHWR6WDWXWRU\6ROXWLRQV*LYLQJ(TXDO2SSRUWXQLW\ WR0HQDQG:RPHQLQ)LOOLQJWKH3RVLWLRQVRQ(OHFWRUDO/LVWV 7KHUHVHDUFKFDUULHGRXWDOORZHGWRORRNDWVRFLDODVVHVVPHQWRIERWK DOUHDG\LPSOHPHQWHGVWDWXWRU\TXRWDVDQGWKHSURSRVHGJHQGHUSDULW\RQHOHF WRUDOOLVWV7KH¿QGLQJVRIWKHUHVHDUFKVKRZHGWKDWRYHUKDOIRIWKHVXUYH\HG OHIWZLQJSROLWLFDOSDUW\LQWKHHOHFWRUDWHDFNQRZOHGJHGWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI VWDWXWRU\TXRWDVDVUHDVRQDEOHDQGWKHSURSRVDORILQWURGXFLQJJHQGHUSDULW\ RQ WKH HOHFWRUDO OLVWV DV ZRUWKLPSOHPHQWLQJ 3DOLNRW¶V 0RYHPHQW ±  DQG'HPRFUDWLF/HIW$OOLDQFH± $PRQJWKH&LYLF3ODWIRUPDQG3ROLVK 3HRSOH¶V3DUW\DGKHUHQWVDVXEVWDQWLDOSHUFHQWDJHDUHWKHDGKHUHQWVRITXRWDV UDWKHU WKDQ JHQGHU SDULW\ &LYLF 3ODWIRUP ±  DQG  UHVSHFWLYHO\ 3ROLVK3HRSOH¶V3DUW\±LUHVSHFWLYHO\ EXWWKHUHDUHVXEVWDQWLDOO\ IHZHUDGYHUVDULHVRIWKLVVROXWLRQ$WWKHVDPHWLPHDPRQJWKHDGYHUVDULHVRI /DZDQG-XVWLFHRQO\DFNQRZOHGJHWKHVROXWLRQLPSOHPHQWHGDVUHDVR QDEOHZKHUHDVRQO\FRQVLGHUWKHSURSRVDOIRULQWURGXFLQJJHQGHUSDULW\ DV ZRUWKLPSOHPHQWLQJ 1HYHUWKHOHVV WKH SHUFHQWDJH RI DGYHUVDULHV RI VXFK VROXWLRQVLVHYHQVPDOOHU±LQWKHFDVHRITXRWDVLWLVDQGLQWKHFDVHRI JHQGHUSDULW\±7KHUHVWRIWKH/DZDQG-XVWLFHDGYHUVDULHVGRQRWKDYH DQRSLQLRQRQ WKLVLVVXH7KH GLYLVLRQLQWRDGKHUHQWV DQG DGYHUVDULHVRI WKH GHFLVLRQDERXWLPSOHPHQWLQJVWDWXWRU\TXRWDVRUSURSRVDOVIRUJHQGHUSDULW\ ZLWK UHIHUHQFH WR LGHRORJLFDO YLHZV LV HYHQ FOHDUHU$PRQJ WKH UHVSRQGHQWV H[SUHVVLQJWKHLUYLHZVDVOHIWZLQJPRUHWKDQKDOIRIWKHPDFNQRZOHGJHWKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRITXRWDVDVUHDVRQDEOH  DQGFRQVLGHUWKHSURSR VDOVIRUJHQGHUSDULW\DVZRUWKLPSOHPHQWLQJRIWKHSHUVRQVV\PSDWKL VLQJZLWKWKHFHQWUHZHUHLQIDYRXURITXRWDVZKLOHZHUHIRUJHQGHUSDULW\ 2QWKHRWKHUKDQGDPRQJWKHUHVSRQGHQWVGH¿QLQJWKHLUYLHZVDVULJKWZLQJ RQO\  DFNQRZOHGJHG WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI VWDWXWRU\ TXRWDV DV UHDVR QDEOHZKHUHDVFRQVLGHUHGWKHSURSRVDOIRUJHQGHUSDULW\DVZRUWKLPSOH PHQWLQJ,WLVZRUWKHPSKDVLVLQJWKDWLUUHVSHFWLYHRISROLWLFDOV\PSDWKLHVWKH

(9)

^ƵŵŵĂƌŝĞƐ

UHVSRQGHQWVDVVHVVWKHLPSOHPHQWHGVWDWXWRU\TXRWDVPXFKIDYRXUDEO\WKDQWKH SURSRVDOIRULPSOHPHQWLQJJHQGHUSDULW\RQHOHFWRUDOOLVWV

Key wordsVWDWXWRU\TXRWDVJHQGHUSDULW\SROLWLFDOSDUW\LQWKHHOHFWRUDWH àXNDV]7RPF]DN 6]F]HFLQ8QLYHUVLW\3RODQG

9RWHUVLQWKHIDFHRIHOHFWLRQPHFKDQLVPDQGVFRSHRIOHDGHUVDXWKRULW\LQ3ROLVK political parties

7KHDUWLFOHUHIHUVWRWKHUDWLRRIYRWHUVWRFKRRVHWKHPHWKRGDQGVFRSH RIOHDGHUVDXWKRULW\LQWKH3ROLVKSROLWLFDOSDUWLHVVXFKDVWKH/DZDQG-XVWLFH SDUW\ &LYLF 3ODWIRUP 3ROLVK 3HDVDQW 3DUW\ 3DOLNRW¶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

Key words SDUW\ OHDGHUV SDUW\ RUJDQL]DWLRQ SDUW\ RUJDQL]DWLRQDO FKDQJH

SROLWLFDOSDUWLH :RMFLHFK3HV]\ĔVNL 1LFRODXV&RSHUQLFXV8QLYHUVLW\3RODQG 3UHVLGHQWLDOLVDWLRQRIHOHFWRUDOEHKDYLRULQQRQHOHFWLRQ\HDU ,WLVWKH¿UVWWLPHZKHQWKHHGLWLRQRIVRFLDOUHVHDUFKµ3ROLWLFDO3UHIHUHQFH¶ ZDVFDUULHGLQD\HDUZLWKRXWHOHFWLRQ,WGHWHUPLQHVFHUWDLQHOHFWRUDODWWLWXGHV EHFDXVHWKHPDVVPHGLDGRQRWLQÀXHQFHVRFLHW\DQGYRWHUVGRQRWWDNHWDFWLFDO GHFLVLRQ,QFRQVHTXHQFHWKHUHVXOWVRIWKLVUHVHDUFKDUHGLIIHUHQWIURPWKHRQHV GXULQJUHDOHOHFWLRQEHFDXVHWKHVHGHFLVLRQVKDYHWREHWUHDWHGOLNHSRWHQWLDO RQHV7KHDXWKRUGHFLGHGWRFRQWLQXHUHVHDUFKZKLFKEHJDQLQ7KHUHIRUH HOHFWRUDWH EHKDYLRU FRXOG EH FRPSDUHG EHWZHHQ FDPSDLJQ SHULRG DQG µRII \HDUHOHFWLRQ¶$SDUWIURPSDUW\OHDGHUVLQÀXHQFLQJWKHFDPSDLJQWKLVDUWLFOH LQFOXGHVUHVHDUFKUHVXOWVFRQFHUQLQJWHOHYLVLRQGHEDWH%RWKSUREOHPVDUHWKH RIWKHORFDOFRPPXQLW\PHPEHUVWKDWWKHORFDOJRYHUQPHQWVUHSUHVHQWWKHLU

LQWHUHVWV7KHUHVXOWVLQGLFDWHWKDWWKHPDMRULW\RIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVDUHUHVWUD LQHGO\ VDWLV¿HG ZLWK WKH DFWLYLWLHV RI WKHLU UHHYHV PD\RUV DQG SUHVLGHQWV RI FLWLHV+RZHYHUWKHPDMRULW\RIUHVSRQGHQWVVDLGWKDWORFDOJRYHUQPHQWVGRQRW UHSUHVHQWWKHLULQWHUHVWV

 ORFDO JRYHUQPHQW H[HFXWLYH DXWKRULWLHV RI ORFDO JRYHUQPHQW UHSUHVHQWDWLRQRILQWHUHVWV $JQLHV]NDàXNDVLN7XUHFND -RKQ3DXO,,&DWKROLF8QLYHUVLW\RI/XEOLQ3RODQG 7KH$WWLWXGHRIWKH(OHFWRUDWHWR6WDWXWRU\6ROXWLRQV*LYLQJ(TXDO2SSRUWXQLW\ WR0HQDQG:RPHQLQ)LOOLQJWKH3RVLWLRQVRQ(OHFWRUDO/LVWV 7KHUHVHDUFKFDUULHGRXWDOORZHGWRORRNDWVRFLDODVVHVVPHQWRIERWK DOUHDG\LPSOHPHQWHGVWDWXWRU\TXRWDVDQGWKHSURSRVHGJHQGHUSDULW\RQHOHF WRUDOOLVWV7KH¿QGLQJVRIWKHUHVHDUFKVKRZHGWKDWRYHUKDOIRIWKHVXUYH\HG OHIWZLQJSROLWLFDOSDUW\LQWKHHOHFWRUDWHDFNQRZOHGJHGWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI VWDWXWRU\TXRWDVDVUHDVRQDEOHDQGWKHSURSRVDORILQWURGXFLQJJHQGHUSDULW\ RQ WKH HOHFWRUDO OLVWV DV ZRUWKLPSOHPHQWLQJ 3DOLNRW¶V 0RYHPHQW ±  DQG'HPRFUDWLF/HIW$OOLDQFH± $PRQJWKH&LYLF3ODWIRUPDQG3ROLVK 3HRSOH¶V3DUW\DGKHUHQWVDVXEVWDQWLDOSHUFHQWDJHDUHWKHDGKHUHQWVRITXRWDV UDWKHU WKDQ JHQGHU SDULW\ &LYLF 3ODWIRUP ±  DQG  UHVSHFWLYHO\ 3ROLVK3HRSOH¶V3DUW\±LUHVSHFWLYHO\ EXWWKHUHDUHVXEVWDQWLDOO\ IHZHUDGYHUVDULHVRIWKLVVROXWLRQ$WWKHVDPHWLPHDPRQJWKHDGYHUVDULHVRI /DZDQG-XVWLFHRQO\DFNQRZOHGJHWKHVROXWLRQLPSOHPHQWHGDVUHDVR QDEOHZKHUHDVRQO\FRQVLGHUWKHSURSRVDOIRULQWURGXFLQJJHQGHUSDULW\ DV ZRUWKLPSOHPHQWLQJ 1HYHUWKHOHVV WKH SHUFHQWDJH RI DGYHUVDULHV RI VXFK VROXWLRQVLVHYHQVPDOOHU±LQWKHFDVHRITXRWDVLWLVDQGLQWKHFDVHRI JHQGHUSDULW\±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¿QLQJWKHLUYLHZVDVULJKWZLQJ RQO\  DFNQRZOHGJHG WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI VWDWXWRU\ TXRWDV DV UHDVR QDEOHZKHUHDVFRQVLGHUHGWKHSURSRVDOIRUJHQGHUSDULW\DVZRUWKLPSOH PHQWLQJ,WLVZRUWKHPSKDVLVLQJWKDWLUUHVSHFWLYHRISROLWLFDOV\PSDWKLHVWKH

(10)

^ƵŵŵĂƌŝĞƐ :DOGHPDU:RMWDVLN 8QLYHUVLW\RI6LOHVLD3RODQG  (FRQRPLFYRWLQJLQ3RODQGWKHHQGRIWUDQVLWLRQPRGHO 5HVHDUFKRQHFRQRPLFYRWLQJLQ3RODQGKDYHEHHQFDUULHGRXWIURPWKH EHJLQQLQJRIWKHGHPRFUDWLFWUDQVIRUPDWLRQIRFXVLQJRQLVRODWLQJDQGWHVWLQJ RIWKHWUDQVLWLRQPRGHOVSHFL¿FWRWKHFRXQWULHVRI&HQWUDO(XURSH,WVGLIIHUHQ WLDWLQJIHDWXUHLVDQRYHOZD\RIVLPXOWDQHRXVO\MRLQLQJWKHUHWURVSHFWLYHDQG SURVSHFWLYH PRWLYDWLRQV LQ WKH EHKDYLRU RI YRWHUV FRPSDUHG WR WKH FRQYHQ WLRQDOPRGHOSUHVHQWLQFRQVROLGDWHGGHPRFUDFLHV7KHSXUSRVHRIWKHSUHVHQW DUWLFOHLVWRDWWHPSWWRGHWHUPLQHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHWZRW\SHVRIHOHF WRUDOPRWLYDWLRQVLGHQWL¿HGDERYHLQWKHSDUOLDPHQWDU\HOHFWLRQVVWDUWLQJZLWK WKHHOHFWLRQRIDQGHQGLQJZLWKWKHHOHFWLRQV%DVHGRQDQDO\VLVDQG FRQVWUXFWLYHFULWLFLVPRI¿QGLQJVRIRWKHUUHVHDUFKHUVDQGRZQUHVHDUFKWKH SUHVHQWHGSDSHUHYLGHQFHVWKDWWKHYDOLGLW\RIDSSO\LQJWKHWUDQVLWLRQDOPRGHOLQ WKHVWXG\RIHFRQRPLFYRWLQJLQ3RODQGKDVEHHQH[KDXVWHGDVWKHSURVSHFWLYH PRWLYDWLRQLVQRZDGD\VSUHGRPLQDQWLQWKHGHFLVLRQVRIYRWHUV

 HFRQRPLF YRWLQJ UHWURVSHFWLYH YRWLQJ SURVSHFWLYH YRWLQJ WUDQVLWLRQDOPRGHOSROLVKSDUOLDPHQWDU\HOHFWLRQV PDLQFRPSRQHQWVRISUHVLGHQWLDOL]DWLRQ,QWKH¿UVWLVVXHSURPLQHQWPDMRULW\RI TXHVWLRQHGFKRVHWKHSDUW\LGHRORJ\DVWKHPDLQGHWHUPLQDQWRISRWHQWLDOGHFL VLRQV7KLVFRQFOXVLRQLVGLIIHUHQWIURPWKHSUHYLRXVUHVHDUFK7KLVFDQEHWKH PDLQLQIRUPDWLRQLQH[SODLQLQJSROLWLFDOSKHQRPHQDRUSURFHVVHV+RZHYHU ZKDWLVQHHGHGKHUHLVDQDSSURSULDWHGLVWDQFHEHFDXVHLQWKLVVXUYH\WKHDXWKRU FKDQJHGDQVZHUVURWDWLRQ$SDUWIURPWKDWZHKDYHWRUHPHPEHUDERXWUHVHDUFK SHULRGµRII\HDUHOHFWLRQ¶$OWKRXJKWHOHYLVLRQGHEDWHVKDYHQRWEHHQSHUPD QHQWFRPSRQHQWDOOFDPSDLJQV3ROLVKHOHFWRUDWHVXSSRUWVWKLVLGHD2YHUSHU FHQWRIUHVHDUFKHVZRXOGOLNHWRRUJDQL]HDGHEDWHEHWZHHQWZRPDLQSDUWLHV OHDGHUVEHIRUHHYHU\HOHFWLRQV+RZHYHUZHFDQQRWORRNIRUHZRUGWROHDGWKLV LGHDLQWKH(OHFWLRQ&RGHEHFDXVHQHLWKHUVRFLHW\QRUSROLWLFLDQVZLOOLQVLVWRQ LQVWLWXWLRQDOL]LQJWKLVLGHD

Key words SUHVLGHQWLDOLVDWLRQ HOHFWLRQ EHKDYLRU LGHRORJLFDO SUR¿OH SDUW\

OHDGHUVWHOHYLVLRQGHEDWHV

.DUROLQD 7\EXFKRZVND+DUWOLĔVND 8QLYHUVLW\ RI :DUPLD DQG 0D]XU\ LQ

2OV]W\Q3RODQG (FRQRPLFYRWLQJLQ3RODQGIURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIGHFODUDWLRQRIYRWHUV 7KHSUHVHQWHGDQDO\VLVUHODWHGWRWKH3ROLVKVSHFL¿FLW\RISUHIHUHQFHVLQ HFRQRPLFYRWLQJDQGWRWKHG\QDPLFVRIUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQHFRQRPLFVLWXDWLRQ DQGSROLWLFDODVVHVVPHQW7KHDQDO\]HGVWXGLHVVKRZFOHDUO\WKDWYRWHUVWDNHLQWR DFFRXQWWKHHFRQRPLFVLWXDWLRQLQWKHFRXQWU\LUUHVSHFWLYHRIVXSSRUWLQJDSDUWL FXODUSDUW\±µGH¿QLWHO\\HV¶RUµUDWKHU\HV¶ IURPIRU3DOLNRW0RYHPHQWWR IRU36/ 7KHLVVXHLVOHVVLPSRUWDQWWRWKRVHUHVSRQGHQWVZKRGHFODUHHOHF WRUDODEVHQWHHLVP  :KHQFRQVLGHULQJHFRQRPLFSURJUDPRIDFDQGLGDWH RUDSROLWLFDOSDUW\WKLVLVWKHHOHFWRUDWHRIWKH'HPRFUDWLF/HIW$OOLDQFHZKR GH¿QLWHO\SD\WRLWDORWRIDWWHQWLRQ  5HJDUGOHVVRIGHFODUHGLGHROR JLFDOYLHZVDQGDSDUW\VXSSRUWWKHUHVSRQGHQWVSD\PRUHDWWHQWLRQWRWKH HFRQRPLFSURJUDPRIDFDQGLGDWHDSDUW\WKDQWRWKHFRQGLWLRQRIWKHQDWLRQDO HFRQRP\DQGLWHVSHFLDOO\UHIHUVWRWKRVHYRWHUVZKRGHFODUHWKHPVHOYHVDV ULJKWZLQJHUV WKHOHIWWKHFHQWUHWKHULJKW 7RVXPXSLWFDQ EHVWDWHGWKDWUHJDUGOHVVRIDQDGRSWHGFULWHULRQ RIHOHFWRUDWHVRISDUWLFXODU SDUWLHVRULGHRORJLFDOYLHZV DERXWôRIWKHYRWHUVGHFODUHWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQW WKHHFRQRPLFVLWXDWLRQRIWKHFRXQWU\RUWKHHFRQRPLFSURJUDPRIDFDQGLGDWH DSROLWLFDOSDUW\DVWKHIDFWRUZKLFKKDVDQLPSDFWRQWKHLUYRWHV

(11)

^ƵŵŵĂƌŝĞƐ :DOGHPDU:RMWDVLN 8QLYHUVLW\RI6LOHVLD3RODQG  (FRQRPLFYRWLQJLQ3RODQGWKHHQGRIWUDQVLWLRQPRGHO 5HVHDUFKRQHFRQRPLFYRWLQJLQ3RODQGKDYHEHHQFDUULHGRXWIURPWKH EHJLQQLQJRIWKHGHPRFUDWLFWUDQVIRUPDWLRQIRFXVLQJRQLVRODWLQJDQGWHVWLQJ RIWKHWUDQVLWLRQPRGHOVSHFL¿FWRWKHFRXQWULHVRI&HQWUDO(XURSH,WVGLIIHUHQ WLDWLQJIHDWXUHLVDQRYHOZD\RIVLPXOWDQHRXVO\MRLQLQJWKHUHWURVSHFWLYHDQG SURVSHFWLYH PRWLYDWLRQV LQ WKH EHKDYLRU RI YRWHUV FRPSDUHG WR WKH FRQYHQ WLRQDOPRGHOSUHVHQWLQFRQVROLGDWHGGHPRFUDFLHV7KHSXUSRVHRIWKHSUHVHQW DUWLFOHLVWRDWWHPSWWRGHWHUPLQHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHWZRW\SHVRIHOHF WRUDOPRWLYDWLRQVLGHQWL¿HGDERYHLQWKHSDUOLDPHQWDU\HOHFWLRQVVWDUWLQJZLWK WKHHOHFWLRQRIDQGHQGLQJZLWKWKHHOHFWLRQV%DVHGRQDQDO\VLVDQG FRQVWUXFWLYHFULWLFLVPRI¿QGLQJVRIRWKHUUHVHDUFKHUVDQGRZQUHVHDUFKWKH SUHVHQWHGSDSHUHYLGHQFHVWKDWWKHYDOLGLW\RIDSSO\LQJWKHWUDQVLWLRQDOPRGHOLQ WKHVWXG\RIHFRQRPLFYRWLQJLQ3RODQGKDVEHHQH[KDXVWHGDVWKHSURVSHFWLYH PRWLYDWLRQLVQRZDGD\VSUHGRPLQDQWLQWKHGHFLVLRQVRIYRWHUV

Key words HFRQRPLF YRWLQJ UHWURVSHFWLYH YRWLQJ SURVSHFWLYH YRWLQJ

WUDQVLWLRQDOPRGHOSROLVKSDUOLDPHQWDU\HOHFWLRQV PDLQFRPSRQHQWVRISUHVLGHQWLDOL]DWLRQ,QWKH¿UVWLVVXHSURPLQHQWPDMRULW\RI TXHVWLRQHGFKRVHWKHSDUW\LGHRORJ\DVWKHPDLQGHWHUPLQDQWRISRWHQWLDOGHFL VLRQV7KLVFRQFOXVLRQLVGLIIHUHQWIURPWKHSUHYLRXVUHVHDUFK7KLVFDQEHWKH PDLQLQIRUPDWLRQLQH[SODLQLQJSROLWLFDOSKHQRPHQDRUSURFHVVHV+RZHYHU ZKDWLVQHHGHGKHUHLVDQDSSURSULDWHGLVWDQFHEHFDXVHLQWKLVVXUYH\WKHDXWKRU FKDQJHGDQVZHUVURWDWLRQ$SDUWIURPWKDWZHKDYHWRUHPHPEHUDERXWUHVHDUFK SHULRGµRII\HDUHOHFWLRQ¶$OWKRXJKWHOHYLVLRQGHEDWHVKDYHQRWEHHQSHUPD QHQWFRPSRQHQWDOOFDPSDLJQV3ROLVKHOHFWRUDWHVXSSRUWVWKLVLGHD2YHUSHU FHQWRIUHVHDUFKHVZRXOGOLNHWRRUJDQL]HDGHEDWHEHWZHHQWZRPDLQSDUWLHV OHDGHUVEHIRUHHYHU\HOHFWLRQV+RZHYHUZHFDQQRWORRNIRUHZRUGWROHDGWKLV LGHDLQWKH(OHFWLRQ&RGHEHFDXVHQHLWKHUVRFLHW\QRUSROLWLFLDQVZLOOLQVLVWRQ LQVWLWXWLRQDOL]LQJWKLVLGHD

 SUHVLGHQWLDOLVDWLRQ HOHFWLRQ EHKDYLRU LGHRORJLFDO SUR¿OH SDUW\ OHDGHUVWHOHYLVLRQGHEDWHV

.DUROLQD 7\EXFKRZVND+DUWOLĔVND 8QLYHUVLW\ RI :DUPLD DQG 0D]XU\ LQ

2OV]W\Q3RODQG (FRQRPLFYRWLQJLQ3RODQGIURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIGHFODUDWLRQRIYRWHUV 7KHSUHVHQWHGDQDO\VLVUHODWHGWRWKH3ROLVKVSHFL¿FLW\RISUHIHUHQFHVLQ HFRQRPLFYRWLQJDQGWRWKHG\QDPLFVRIUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQHFRQRPLFVLWXDWLRQ DQGSROLWLFDODVVHVVPHQW7KHDQDO\]HGVWXGLHVVKRZFOHDUO\WKDWYRWHUVWDNHLQWR DFFRXQWWKHHFRQRPLFVLWXDWLRQLQWKHFRXQWU\LUUHVSHFWLYHRIVXSSRUWLQJDSDUWL FXODUSDUW\±µGH¿QLWHO\\HV¶RUµUDWKHU\HV¶ IURPIRU3DOLNRW0RYHPHQWWR IRU36/ 7KHLVVXHLVOHVVLPSRUWDQWWRWKRVHUHVSRQGHQWVZKRGHFODUHHOHF WRUDODEVHQWHHLVP  :KHQFRQVLGHULQJHFRQRPLFSURJUDPRIDFDQGLGDWH RUDSROLWLFDOSDUW\WKLVLVWKHHOHFWRUDWHRIWKH'HPRFUDWLF/HIW$OOLDQFHZKR GH¿QLWHO\SD\WRLWDORWRIDWWHQWLRQ  5HJDUGOHVVRIGHFODUHGLGHROR JLFDOYLHZVDQGDSDUW\VXSSRUWWKHUHVSRQGHQWVSD\PRUHDWWHQWLRQWRWKH HFRQRPLFSURJUDPRIDFDQGLGDWHDSDUW\WKDQWRWKHFRQGLWLRQRIWKHQDWLRQDO HFRQRP\DQGLWHVSHFLDOO\UHIHUVWRWKRVHYRWHUVZKRGHFODUHWKHPVHOYHVDV ULJKWZLQJHUV WKHOHIWWKHFHQWUHWKHULJKW 7RVXPXSLWFDQ EHVWDWHGWKDWUHJDUGOHVVRIDQDGRSWHGFULWHULRQ RIHOHFWRUDWHVRISDUWLFXODU SDUWLHVRULGHRORJLFDOYLHZV DERXWôRIWKHYRWHUVGHFODUHWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQW WKHHFRQRPLFVLWXDWLRQRIWKHFRXQWU\RUWKHHFRQRPLFSURJUDPRIDFDQGLGDWH DSROLWLFDOSDUW\DVWKHIDFWRUZKLFKKDVDQLPSDFWRQWKHLUYRWHV SDUWLFLSDWLRQHOHFWLRQVHFRQRPLFYRWLQJ

(12)

7DEHOD6RFMRGHPRJUD¿F]Q\UR]NáDGLORĞFLRZ\LSURFHQWRZ\EDGDQHMSUyE\ LORĞü SURFHQW :2-(:Ï'=7:2 'ROQRĞOąVNLH   .XMDZVNRSRPRUVNLH  /XEHOVNLH  /XEXVNLH  àyG]NLH  0DáRSROVNLH  0D]RZLHFNLH  2SROVNLH  3RGNDUSDFNLH  3RGODVNLH  3RPRUVNLH  ĝOąVNLH  ĝZLĊWRNU]\VNLH  :DUPLĔVNRPD]XUVNLH  :LHONRSROVNLH  =DFKRGQLRSRPRUVNLH  3à(û  0ĊĪF]\]QD  :<.6=7$à&(1,( %H]Z\NV]WDáFHQLD  3RGVWDZRZHJLPQD]MDOQH   ĝUHGQLHSROLFHDOQH  :\ĪV]H XNRĔF]RQHVWXGLDOLFHQFMDFNLHOXEPDJLVWHUVNLH 

$1(.6

Cytaty

Powiązane dokumenty

2) nie spełnia wymagań określonych w specyfikacji istotnych warunków zamówienia. Niezgłoszenie pisemnych zastrzeżeń do przedłożonego projektu umowy o podwykonawstwo,

Informowanie nauczycieli uczestniczących w szkoleniu o współfinansowaniu zajęć ze środków Unii Europejskiej w ramach Regionalnego Programu Operacyjnego Województwa

Nie stwierdzam konieczności obowiązek przedstawienia analizy porealizacyjnej w której należy uwzględnić pomiary emisji hałasu przy użytkowanych wszystkich maszynach i

Szukając odpowiedzi na pytanie dotyczące miejsc owego ukrycia moż- na odnieść się do poglądów R. Autor opisując szkołę jako przestrzeń nawiedzoną przez duchy:

“The image of science as establishing mastery over subjects, as demanding the absence of feeling, and as enforcing separateness of the knower from the known, all under the guise

Warto w tym miej- scu także dodać, że funkcjonowanie młodzieżowych subkultur staje się przed- miotem zainteresowań badaczy najczęściej wtedy, kiedy efekty ich działalno- ści

Native faith movements are not based merely on ideologies and mythical constructs; religious practice and spiritual

Також варто звернути увагу на те, що хоча українці і вказують на більшу кількість джерел, ніж поляки, що свідчить про