August 1993
DelftUniv ersity of Technology
Review of the Water Management
Systems in the Gujarat Medium
Irriqation 11 Project
Commun icat ion of the Department of SanitaryEngineering and
.Water Manageme nt Prof. ir.R. Bro uwe r
Facultyof CivilEngineering
Depart m ent ofWaterManage m ent .Environm enta l- and San itaryEng ineering Land-and WaterManage m entSect ion
in the
Gujarat Medium Irrigation 11 Project
(Credit 1496-IN)
by
Prof.
R.
Brouwer
August 1993
CONTENTS
page
1. INTRODUCTION 1 - 1
1.1 Terms of Reference 1 - 1
1.2 Contents of this report 1 - 2
2. FROM SHESHPALI TO RWS WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 2 - 1
2.1 Introduction 2 - 1
2.2 Sheshpali 2 - 1
2.3 Warabandi 2-2
2.4 Rotational Water Supply (RWS) 2-4
3. RWS MANAGEMENT FOR THE MEDIUM IRRIGATION 11 PROJECTS 3 - 1
3.1 Introduction 3 - 1
3.2 Canal Scheduling and Reservoir Operation 3 - 1
3.2.1 Computer programme for command area water scheduling 3 - 1
3.2.2 Water Scheduling practice in the Project command areas 3 - 12
3.3 Farmers rotation in fixed turns 3 - 13
3.4 Operation of main canal system 3 - 15
3.5 Automation of the irrigation administration 3 - 16
3.6 Conclusions on RWS water management system 3 - 16
4. FARMERS COOPERATION IN WATER MANAGEMENT 4 - 1
4.1 Introduetion 4 - 1
4.2 Functioning of Farmers Associations 4 - 1
4.3 Conclusions 4-2
5. DESIGN 5 - 1
5.1 Operation as design criteria 5 - 1
5.2 Design Reports 5 - 1
5.3 Metric system/cusecs 5 - 1
5.4 Design of proportional structures RWS 5-2
5.5 Non-designed pump offtakes 5 - 2
5.6 Surface drains 5-2
5.7 Buried pipe distribution channels 5-3
6. SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS 6 - 1
6.1 General 6 - 1
6.2 RWS Water Management 6 - 1
6.3 Irrigation System Operation and Design 6-2
6.4 Farmers Cooperation in Water Management 6-2
6.5 Computer Programmes for Irrigation Management 6-2
TABLES
Table 3.2.1 Typical sample of RWS water scheduling and canal operation
Table 3.3.1 Typical fixed turn calculation for RWS supply in a subchak area
3-5
ANNEXES Annex 1
Annex
2
Annex 3
Annex 4
Terms of Reference Gujarat Medium Irrigation 11 Project Itinerary
Short notes on field visit References PHOTOGRAPHS Photo 1 Photo 2 Photo 3 Photo 4 Photo 5 Photo 6
Meeting with group of farmers
Informal discussion with farmers in the field
Proportional division structure with compatible all-overflow weirs Proportional division structure with combination of overflow weir and submerged pipes
Buried pipe of private weil irrigation crossing surface distributary canal
Measuring weir in disuse on main canal
August 1993/1K
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Terms of Reference
At the invitation of the World Bank amission to the Gujarat Medium Irrigation 11 Project was undertaken by Prof. R. Brouwer, irrigation and water management expert.
The Terms of Reference agreed to are attached to this report as Annex 1. The tasks of the Expert included the review of World Bank documents and reports and studies relevant to the project, visits to some 7 Medium irrigation projects under construction and operational in the field, visits to the WALMI research institute and Gujarat State Department involved, to discuss the water management and operational procedures. Both operational management in the project areas, and the development and application of computer programmes used for water manage-ment were subject of the review.
The Expert arrived in Delhi on 25th July, 1993.
After briefing and discussion on the scope of the review at the World Bank resident mission offices a field tour was undertaken by Prof. Brouwer accompanied by the World Bank Consultant Mr. G.M. Kathpalia. Apart from the Narmada and Water Resources Department of the Government of Gujarat in Gandhinagar and the Water and Land Management Institute (WALMI) at Anand the following projects were visited:
1. Karjan 2. Pigut 3. Baldeva 4. Dantiwada 5. Watrak 6. Demi 11 7. Bhadar (M) 8. Uben
A detailed itinerary of the Mission is presented in Annex 2 and short notes on the field visit to the projects are presented in Annex 3.
After debriefing to Secretary N.B. Desai of the Narmada and Water Resources Department of Gujarat Government in Gandhinagar on August 7th, the Experts returned to Delhi on August 8th.
Here the documents collected and the observations made were discussed with the World Bank staff and a short note on the field visit was prepared and submitted. This present report presents the observations, conclusions and recommendations made.
1.2 Contents of this report
After this chapter 1 "Introduction" the theory and background on the Sheshpali,
Warabandi and RWS water distribution methodologies are discussed in chapter
2.
In chapter 3 the actual water distribution methodology as presently practised in
the Medium Irrigation 11 projects in Gujarat State is discussed.
In chapter 4 the involvement of the irrigating farmers in the operation and
management of the water distribution system is discussed.
Design practices applied in the irrigation systems is described and commented on in chapter 5.
In chapter 6 the most important conclusions and recommendations made in the previous paragraphs are summarized.
2. FROM SHESHPALI TO RWS WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 2.1 Introduction
The Sheshpali water distribution methodology has been in use in the Gujarat irrigation practice for some time but was not giving the results desired by the Gujarat Government and the World Bank in the Medium Irrigation projects. For this reason it was decided to switch over to the "Rotational Water Supply" System (RWS); this RWS is an adaptation of the Warabandi type water distribution that has been successfully applied in the irrigation systems, a.o. in the Punjaab. In the following paragraphs these water distribution methods will be discussed and their relative advantages and disadvantages described.
2.2 Sheshpali
The Shesphali water distribution methodology as a form of water management widely practised in Gujarat and weil documented [Seminar 1992;
e.p.
Sinha] [World Bank 1984].The system can be c1assified as "prearranged" and is based on an "application" from the irrigating farmer for water supply for a specified crop and a "sanction" by the Irrigation Oepartment of the water supply.
The whole system is designed for water shortage; even at full discharge only about 50% of the field water requirement of an irrigated area can be fulfilled. The following steps can be distinguished in the water management [World Bank
1984]:
i. Farmers apply for water prior to the start of the irrigation season. Both erop and area to be cropped are specified.
ii. The Irrigation Department analyses the applications received and compares the total water volume required to fulfil them with the total water volume available for irrigation.
iii. Farmers receive a "sanction" fr om the 10to irrigate the area applied for, or a reduced area if total water demand exceeds total water supply. iv. Based on the sancti ons a water supply schedule is drawn and publicized
indicating
which canals will flow in which weeks in the season
the turn of each farmer to draw water in each chak (tertiary unit) The system is then operated by the 10down to the 40 ha chak level, maintaining a chak intake flow of 1 cusec (about 30 lps). The farmers rotate this discharge among themselves. Each farmer can use the full discharge until he is satisfied that his sanctioned cropped area is sufficiently irrigated, and then pass on the full discharge to the next farmer. The chak outlet is closed when all farmers have fulfilled their turn, till the next irrigation cvcle begins.
The farmer has to pay water duties according to the sanctioned area, and this payment has to be made befare he can get a sancti on in the next irrigation season. The Shesphali system has several advantages:
a) the water is supplied following an arrangement between the Farmer and ID
for each season, the farmer can decide for himself what crop he wants to
grow;
b) the supply and demand balance is prepared in advance of each season,
ensuring optirnal use of the available water;
c) if the farmers keep to the published schedule, an equitable water distribution
is assured, and the timing is dependable.
In real life practice the system shows practical difficulties that make efficient irrigation problematic.
a) The paperwork for the application/sanction procedure is cumbersome and
time consuming.
b) Operational water management is complex because gates to chaks have to
be operated according to the sanctioned area in each chak with varia bie
flowtimes per chak.
c) Rotation from one chak or canal to another can only be done after all farmers
in the chak have completed irrigation of their sanctioned area. Because of the scarcity of water the farmers tend to overirrigate when it is their turn. This way
water is lost due to excessive seepage losses
the schedule of turns is upset and protracted, 50that the next irrigation
turn will come later than scheduled.
A vicious circle develops leading to wastage of water in the up-end chaks and infrequent or non-supply in tail end chaks. Some tail chaks had never seen
water in more than 10 years.
d) Because of the complex operation schedule that is upset by the tendency of
the farmers to irrigate longer than necessary, the causes and effects of faulty operation are not easily detected in the field.
For these reasons it was decided to implement a different water supply methad that would allow for easier water management and more equitable water distribution.
2.3
WarabandiThe name "Warabandi" originates fr om two vernacular words "wara" and "bandi" meaning "turn" and "fixation" respectively. As such Warabandi literally means
"fixation of turn" for the supply of water to the farmers [Seminar 1992,
e.p.
Sinha).
With this water distribution methad the available irrigation discharge is equitably allocated (in proportion to the surface of the irrigated area) to all chaks (- tertiary units) and each farmer has a fixed periad of time in the week (dav. hour, duration) during which he can use the total inflow into the chak. This fixed periad of time
is proportional to his irrigable landholding in the chak; with minor compensations in the duration to make up for seepage losses and filling losses in the field channel between the chak intake up to his farm.
The Warabandi system is widely used in the large irrigation systems in the Punjaab and other areas. Originally it was developed for "run of the river" supplied irrigation systems. The discharge taken from the source is proportionally distributed over the branch- and distributary canals and from the distributaries proportionally distributed to the chak offtakes.
In periods of low flow it was possible to close part of the distributary canals for the duration of one week. By rotating this "OFF" period is was possible to maintain a minimum of about 70% design discharge in the other running distributaries and chak outlets. By doing so the chak farm flows were maintained at a level of more than 20 Ips (0.7 cusec) and tampering with canals and structures by farmers during very low flows was avoided.
The Warabandi system can be c1assified as an imposed irrigation method. The farmer has no influence on the discharge he will get.
The dav, time and duration th at he is allowed to use the available water is fixed, and he gets the water that is then available.
The system is designed for water scarcity; even with full flow the water supplied will only cover a fraction of the water demand if a farm was to be cropped for a 100%.
Inside the chak the farmers are free to make arrangements with their neighbours on particular water distribution according to their needs, but their forma I right to their own "fixed turn" will remain.
The Warabandi schedule has several advantages
- Equitable distribution of the available water is assured over the entire irrigable area on a proportional basis.
The design for water shortage will create an incentive for efficient use of the available water.
Operational water management is limited to proportional distribution of the available discharges over the distributaries, and in case of water shortage, to rotational operation of a limited number of gates on the main- and branch canals.
No operation of the chak-offtakes is necessary in principle, as these are all
provided by proportional fixed intake and distribution structures. No procedures on application/sanctions are required.
The disadvantages of the Warabandi system are also c1ear:
- the supply is inflexible, each farmer gets water wether he needs it or not: - the supply time is fixed but the discharge (in case of run-of the river projects)
is varia bie and the farmer has to do as best as he can by adopting his cropped area to his experience of water supply in the past.
2.4 Rotational Water Supply (RWS)
The Medium Schemes in Gujarat have the great advantage that each hasit s own
independent water souree in the form of a Dam and a Reservoir.
This advantage made it possible to develop a modification to the Warabandi system for the Medium Irrigation schemes known as RWS system. (The name "Rotational Water Supply" is less aptly chosen as many different rotational supply systems are known in irrigation practice. In this report the term "RWS" will be used for the system proposed for the Gujarat Medium Irrigation 11 project.) This makes it possible that pre-planning of the irrigation schedule on a project scale is possible, and that the weekly water supply can be stopped when it is not required.
Non requirement of water can occur
- when the interval between two irrigation farms or "waterings" is more than two weeks without significant stress to the crops;
- when rainfall in the command area make it possible to forego a scheduled "watering" .
Rainfall is erratic but gene rally adequate in the rainy season (Kharif) and very low but not always negligible in the dry season (Rubi and Hot Weather).
The water distribution to the farmers is based on a Warabandi type schedule of a fixed turn (day, hour, duration) in a week when a watering is scheduled. Such a week the whole system is turned "ON" to run at 100% design discharge. In weeks when no watering is scheduled the whole system is turned OFF to zero
discharge. In larger projects it is possible to stagger the ON and OFF periods over
different Branch Canals or Distributary Canals to avoid excessive filling and depletion losses in the Main Canal.
The system is designed for water shortage, even at full discharge the water supply to a farm is insufficient to futtil 100% of the field water requirement of the farm area.
The regulation or control of the water deliveries can be limited to opening and closing of the intake of a Distributary Canal; control structures downstream of the Distributary Offtake are of the proportional division type.
These structures divide the oncoming flow of water in proportion to the downstream irrigable area to the different offtaking canals.
The advantages of the system are the same as for the original Warabandi system - efficient use of water; because the water is the limiting factor;
- eguitable supply; during the "ON" period 100% discharge is proportionally divided over the entire system down to the last tail end
- easy management because of the limited number of regulating structures - no cumbersome bureaucratie application/sanction procedures.
In addition the RWS system in the Medium Schemes has the advantage of - adaptation to (dominant) erop water reguirement of the water scheduling
because in the periods when no water is needed it can be conserved in the nearby reservoir.
The disadvantages of the RWS system are similar to the original Warabandi system:
- inflexible towards the individual farmers water reguirement because the weekly volume supplied is fixed for each "ON" week;
- inflexible towards the farmers planting date because during the "ON" period
ID!
farmers wil! get their water, wether they are ready for it or not;
- night irrigation with its inherent reduced efficiency is a must if large spill losses are to be avoided, because in the Gujarat systems no night storage reservoirs are present.
3. RWS MANAGEMENT FOR THE MEDIUM IRRIGATION 11 PROJECTS
3.1 Introduction
In the previous chapter the RWS methodology has been reviewed, with its advantages and disadvantages.
In this chapter the application of the RWS in the Medium Irrigation 11 Projects, and the efforts to optirnlse the advantages and minimise the effects of the disadvan-tages is discussed.
3.2 Canal Scheduling and Reservoir Operation
3.2.1 Computer program me for command area water scheduling
The first step at the start of an irrigation season is to decide how much water can be made available and in what schedule it has to be released -within the constrictions of the RWS system- to derive the optimum benefits from the available water.
A water allocation and scheduling planning programme, based on crop-soil climate relations has been developed by research officers at WALMI. This programme does make use of a Lotus 123 spreadsheet package. Different files or modules are drawn up to calculate different aspects of the water scheduling, and these files are interrelated so that results of one calculation can be used in the next module. The programme is oriented to the RWS water allocation concept and targets toward water delivery at the full discharge spread proportionally to all farmers in a weekly turn.
The full discharge from the reservoir is either "ON" and full or "OFF" zero. When the soil moisture is calculated to be still sufficient the whole system is "OFF" for one week or more weeks if this is possible. At the initial stage of erop growth when the erop is small and the water consumption Iimited it appears to be possible to have two consecutive weeks "OFF" after the first full irrigation supply or "Watering". (This is consistent with the experience that for wheat the critica I second watering has to be given 3 weeks after the first watering at the sowing.) The full supply discharge is insufficient to irrigate the full command area and thus the supply received by all the farmers will irrigate only a percentage of each irrigable field.
Crops that are not able to grow when one or two weeks no irrigation water is supplied, such as vegetables, are not considered. These have to be grown on areas additionally irrigated with groundwater from wells.
The steps followed in the WALMI Operation Scheduling is broadly as follows.
a) From data on the actual situation of the reservoir the total volume of water
available for irrigation for the coming season is calculated, taking evaporation, seepage and dead storage into account.
b) The volume of water required for a full discharge running of the system during seven days is known from design discharges stated in the design/operation manuals, and from this and a) the number of times that the canal system can be run for a full week (number of "waterings") is calculated. cl The volume of water supplied per ha to each farm during the full discharge during one week (equitably spread over all farms) is known fr om the design as in b) and thus the field application in mm/Ha is known in advance. Based on this knowledge and on the known number of waterings available the type of erop and the percentage of farmholding to be irrigated can be selected. Some crops require only 5 waterings, others a minimum of 7. The total erop water consumption is matched with the volume supplied by matching the area percentage to be planted. Crops with a high water consumption could for instanee be grown on 30% of the irrigable area of the farms whereas crops with low water consumption could for instanee be grown on 60% of the irrigable area. The unused area would remain fallow or with maturing crops that require no more irrigation.
(In case that for instanee only 5 waterings can be given and as wheat requires 7 waterings, the farmers with access to groundwater may decide to plant wheat; they wiJl use the first five waterings from the canal system and supply the last two from their weil. Farmers without access to weil water may decide to grow a crop that will mature on 5 waterings.)
This way a certain crop flexibility is possible within the constrictions of the RWS "ON""OFF" system and the Warabandi fixed return schedule.
d) Based on the above selection of most Iikely crop to be grown the soil-water balance in the root zone of this crop is simulated in timesteps of one week. In this simulation the erop evapotranspiration, water holding characteristics of the soil, eventual root depth of the erop and the application efficiency are taken into account.
The simulation starts with one application of a water depth suitable for the crop considered (trom this selected water depth the area to be planted can now be determined as the water volume supplied per watering is constant). If after a timestep the soil moisture balance is found to be below the "Readily Available Water" content of the soil the canal system will be turned "ON" and the standard depth of mm water is added to the water balance in the soil. By judiciously putting the system "ON" the moisture content in the soil is kept between the "Total Available Water" and "Readily Available Water", and a schedule is found that will assure the efficient growth of the dominant erop. It is possible to make refinements to this procedure e.g. by selecting an average cropping pattern instead of the dominant crops using that water requirement in the simulation.
There is however not much to gain by doing so since the RWS system wiJl be run on rigid ON and OFF weekly supply schedule and no farmer can grow an average schedule efficiently.
Instead the extension officers and irrigation engineers discuss with the farmer the schedule proposed for the coming season and give advice on alternative crops and percentage of irrigated areas that wiJl give good yields to the farmers.
In the hands of an experienced irrigation-agronomist this package is a very useful tooi to establish the most suitable schedule of RWS supply from a given volume of reservoir water.
For each project 20 typical operation schedules are prepared by the researchers at WALMI. Each schedule starts from different initiaI state parameters such as:
volume of water available in the reservoir
actual rainfall conditions in the Kharif season
and gives a detailed recommendation on the number and timings of the full supply runs to be made. The project water management officers and extension officers then use this as a guideline for the actual planning of the
season at hand.
The programme has some characteristics to note
- The soil conditions and dominant crops are assumed homogeneous for the entire project area, whereas in reality there may be different soil types and related suitable crops distributed over the project area.
If this is very pronounced for different Distributary Command Areas then for each area a separate schedule wiJl have to be prepared. The Main and Branch canals would then be run to accommodate a staggered operation of the various distributaries.
- The programme does optirnise the ON-OFF schedule for one dominant crop or
cropping pattern. The irrigation of other crops in the area have to use the same schedule of water volume and timing and have to adapt the depth of supply in conjunction with the percentage area cropped to optimise the use of the water supplied. Crops which require frequent light applications can not be grown without additional groundwater irrigation, or without informal arrangements of the farmer with his neighbours in the (sublchak for exchanging parts of their tixed-turn periods.
- The programme is fully oriented towards the RWS ON-OFF water operation
system and can not be used for other types of rotation. This was the intention at the outset of the design of the programme and as such it serves its purpose weil.
- For use of the programme the user has to be conversant with PC operation, LOTUS 123 package, with the agro-hydrological principles of the field irrigation and with the (im)possibilities of canal scheduling. All these abilities are present with the WALMI officers working with this programme, but are lacking with
most project water management officers. If in future the scheduling tor RWS
water management is to be decentralized to the Project Executive Engineers, then a user friendly and robust version of the programme would be needed. A RWS-module that uses the algorithms in the WALMI programme in the OMIS
package that is presently under development for India in the INDO-DUTCH
Training Production Management Unit would be an excellent solution tor the
future water management of the Medium 11 irrigation schemes. [OMIS, a computer model for irrigation management, 1992.]
For the implementation of the present schedules developed by WALMI, the water management officers can decide on the schedule of the water releases from the reservoir with the recommended erop pattern, based on the actual stage of the reservoir volume, at the start of the irrigation season.
This schedule is then discussed with the representatives of the farmers in the command area, and modifications desired by the farmers can be made.
Then the final schedule is drawn up and the days and timing of each farmers irrigation turn in the coming season is made known both verbally through the karkoons/chaukidars and by putting up this schedules on announcement boards. Thereafter the canal runs can be made without further adaptation, unless (unexpected) rainfall does occur in the irrigation area; in this case the canal flow is stopped and resumed after the rainfall moisture is near depleted.
A sample of the output of the WALMI spreadsheet programme is presented in Table 3.2-1
3-5
Table 3.2-1 Typical sample of RWS water scheduling and canal operation
BASIC INFORMATION OF AJI·II PROJECT I R.!.P.C.) FOR PLANNING CANAL OPERATION
PROJECT PARAMETERS
NET UTlllSABlE STORAGE WITHOUT INFLOW NET UTlllSABlE STORAGE WITH INFLOW
CCA IHal 2384.00 CANAl ICUMECI 1.87 DISCHARGE ICUSECI 6".01 GROSS STORAGE MCM DEAD STORAGE MCM LIVE STORAGE MCM INFLOW MCM 22.09 1.70 20.39 0.00 DEDUCnoNS EVAPORATION MCM WA TER SUPPLY MCM CARRY OVER MCM OPERATION LOSSES 13.58 13.58 8.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.83
SERVICE AREA (Hal 53.87
WA TER AllOCATION AT H.R.ON C C A in cm PHYSICAl EFFICIENCY 1"1 UPTO OUTLET WATER ALLOCATION AT OUTlETON CC A in cm
R..ervoir at -_.> - - >
---->
F.R.L + INFlOW 56.88 56.88 75.00 75.00 42.66 42.66 SEASONAL IRRIGATION SEASON I Ha.1 I " I KHARIF 2050 86.00 RABI 644 27.00 H.W. 0 0.00Thu. thi. project contampIata. 56.88 cm. at H.R.end 42.88cm. water dapth at outlat
and with inflow 56.88 cm. at H.R.end42.66cm.water dapth at outJat of tha projact. CAlCUlATION OF NUMBER OF WATERINO
._--
----_
.._-- ---
---_._-Servica ar.. • 2384.00 I 59.01 • 175.00I 100 I
Number of HOURS in a WEEK I 24 • 7 I DEPTH of water per Hactar. per WEEK Number of watering .ach ofi day. IOapth at outlatI Oapth at fiald
li .•.42.66I 3.12 and 42.66 I 3.121 r••p.ctivalV. --- --- > --- - ---.- > R..ervoir at WHka-> 53.87 Ha/CUSEC 188.00 Ht•.IWEEK 3.12 cm/Ha F.R.l + INFlOW 13.42 13.42
Thu. whan th. r••ervoir i. at F.R.L.I 20.39MCM.I, it can daliver 42.66 cm.end with inflow 42.66 cm. water over th. whol. 2384.00 CCA. To daliver 42.86 cm. without inflow 142.86 cm.with inflow condition. at th. r.ta 3.12 cm. aUocation per Ha.,cenali. to ba run for 13.42 w ••k. end
13.42 waak. r..pactivaly.
WATER APPLICATION INFORMATION
---
-_
..._--_
....
_--
-_._---
----At OUTLET Hr •.1Ha. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 mm.1Ha. 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00 100.00 110.00 120.00 AI/DC Ha. 4.00 3.43 3.00 2.67 2.40 2.18 2.00 124/Ht •• 1COVERAOE OF ARE A in Ha.
.
No. of Dey. • All De 7 Day. 28.00 24.00 21.00 18.87 18.80 16.27 14.00140aya 56.00 48.()O 42.00 37.33 33.80 30.55 28.00 21 Dav. 84.00 72.00 83.00 56.00 60.40 46.82 42.00 IRRIOAnON INTENSITY IAI/De • 71 • 100 I ISERVICE AREA (63.87 Ha.))
70ay. 51.98 44.55 38.98 34.65 31.19 28.35 25.99
140ay. 103.95 89.10 77.97 . 69.30 62.37 56.70 51.98
Table 3.2-1 Typical sample of RWS water scheduling and canal operation (cont'd)
According to thi, tlbll with I propo,ed Al/DC··end rotition, onl een know thl irrigltion int ity po ..ibll to Iccompli.h. For eXIlT1p1e, in ord... to Iccompli.h I khlri' irrgltion int ity
0'
77.97 '" thl clnel h.. to run 'or 14 dlY' rltltion end ferm .... hivI tobi motivetld to Ichievi AI/DC. of3He.. Irrigltion inten,ity Ichievlbll in onl wllk rotltion 17 DlY') with AI 1 OC0'
3.00 wouldbi38.98 '"QUANTlTY OF WAnR DRAWN IN ONE ROTAnON I 7 DAV. )
._---
--
---111 Clnll Di,ehergl - 1.67 CUMEC Im 3/11cond) 131 MCM1DAV 11 CUMEC)- 86400/100000o _ .0864
(2) SicondP'"DlY • 60 • 60 • 24 • 86400 (4) Hour,in wllk • 24 • 7 • 188 HOURS
QUlntity of Wit ... in
ONE week rotetion Clnel di,eherge • Dey, • 0.08841.67 • 7 · 0.0864 • 1.01 MCM1WEEK Thu,in thil project,the eenll dichlrg.
0'
1.67 CUMEC will drlW 1.01 MCM of w.t... in wllkJy rotition.I' the cenll il to b. run 'or 5 rotltionl of 7 OIY. Neh, 5.05 MCM of Wit ... 11.01 • 51. will bi needed.NUMBER OF WATIRINOS REQUIRED FOR DIFFERENT eROP WATER REQUIREMENTS
- -
WITH DIFFERENT HOURS AT OUTLET PER HECTAREHOURS CROP WATER REQUIREMENT (mm.1He.)
PER 500 550 600 650 700
HECTARE NUMBER OF IRRIGATION
6 8 9 10 11 12 7 7 8 9 9 10 8 6 7 7 8 9 9 6 6 7 7 8 10 5 5 6 6 7 11 5 5 6 6 6 12 4 5 5 5 CS
Cropi which rlCluired 500 mmoWit ... It outtet I 400 mmoorle. . .t field) Two S...onll I't...
15th October Conon,ClItor. RA81 CROPS Reydo (MuIterdl,Jiru ICumin), M.thi (FenUQrllk).
IlIbgul, end ot her I... I••,y cropl.
Cropi which required 700 mmo Wit ....t outJ.t ( 500mmoor I... It field RABI CROPS Wh. .t, Onion. G.rlic.
Table 3.2-1 Typical sample of RWS water scheduling and canal operation (cont'd)
SCHEME OF OPERATION FOR AJI·11 RESERVOIR
On\he bui.ol net utili. .blo quontitiu ol ...to, oveilablo I o"cluding dood .1O'Ogo oltO'NtiVO MVOb - ._rkoelout 10' opo'otion ol ,_rvoir.ThIIoo0'0"undo"
EJGKTEEN
OPERATION PERTICULARI REMARKI
2
3
4
POOR YEAR IMCM)
1.01 With thi. quantity ol ..oto, .volilblo,only ONE WEEK-.ol00IIbo ,un.Within oneweek,ototion only 700.00 Ho I'"00IIbo oovOlod,
10,lupply ..Ito, to tho ltoncllng o,op olGROUND-HUT It tho time ol pog Initiltion whioh OOClU'U lito, 60 dova ol IOwing 'IPp,o"irnotoly thi,dweek ol Auguotl 0' olto' 21 dova from loot o"...tivo ,ein loll..hiohoYo, . .rlio" il lhot o ie I"UI ol moillu,o in tho loil.
Kho,il T.S. Totol Robi T.S. Tolll G.TDTAL
722.00 722.00 0.00 722.00
2.02 s.mo ..onebutoonti_oonol10' TWD WEEK'ond OOVOl.... ol 1400 Ho.I G'Nut 1431 +Boj.. 000+ Jo ..o,ooo+ ou-000+
Conon 000 I.
KMril T.I. Tltol Roltl T.I. Totol O.TDTAL
1444.00 1444.00 0.00 1444.00
3.03 Somo ..one but oontinuo-.ol10' THREEWEEKS end oovo' or. . ol
2100 Ho.IG'Nut 1431 + Boj,o 23.+ Jo ..o, 181+ Othe,120+
Colton 72 ond T.S.VOO.24 Ho.I.
Khoril T.S. Totol Robi T.S. Totol G.TDTAL
2000.00 100.00 2100.00 0.00 2100.00
4.04 Somo .. one but oontinuo-.ollor THREE WEEKS end OOVOI .... ol 2100 Ho.IG'Nut 1431 +Boj.. 238+ Jo .... 187 + 0Ih0t120+
Collon 72 Ind T.S. Vlg.24 Ho.I. but lupply ._nd i' rigotion ofto, 21 Deva to tho G,ound· nut 'Ip,. .dingl 722 Ho.
11 tho,o il no dornand In kMrtlthon
runoonolfrom 16th Datobo, . . PO' I.,mo... domond Ilmll.,to . . . .No.8
11 \he,oI. nedomondIn kM,1Ithon
,unoonoIfrom 16th Datobo, u PO' I..moll domond lirnil., to ....No.7
11 \he,oil no domond in khIIrtlthon
,un ---' I,om 16th Octol>ot .ton intorvol ol 28 DIva limllo,to ....
No.'
1I tho,oil no domond In khllrilthon run oonol from 16th Octobo< .. PO' ... No.8 .. lho.... in tho
IIVIIIXU'. No.
KMril T.S. Tolll Robi
2000.00 100.00 2100.00 T.S. Totol G.TDTAL 0.00 2100.00 5 11 7
•.0. Somo u one but oontinuooonol10' THREE WEEKS ond OOYO' .... ol 2100 Ho.' G'Nut 1431 +Boj.. 238+ Jo .... 181+ 0Ih0t120+
Conon 72 ond T.S.Vog. 24 Ho.I.oonti_. .nol 10' T_ Wooluo end lupply _ n d i"igotion Ift.. 21 DIva to \he G,ound·nut tIP,. .dingl 722 Ho.+Conon72Ho.end T.S .Vog.24 Ho... Iho..n in tho """"uroNo.5.6.3
Khllril T.S . Totol Robl T.S. Totol G.TOTAL
2000.00 100.00 2100.00 0.00 2100.00
FAIR YEAR
8.08 Somo u _ bul oonli _.,."., 10' THREE WEEKSondOOVOI0'"ol 2100 Ho. 'G'Nul 1431 +Bojro 238 + Jo ..., 187+ 0Ih0t120+
Colton 72 oncIT.S .Vog.24 Ho.I.oonti_-.ol10' T_ Wooluo end .upply _ n d i"igotion Ift.. 21 DIva to \he G,ound· nut ••p, . .ding)722Ho. + CollOn 72Ho.oncIT.S.Vog.24 Ho.)1400Ho .
• nd IftO' 16th OotobOl,un oonol u PO'I..mo •domond10' T_ s..oonollCollon 72 + Vog. 24 Ho.1100 Ho Ihown intho .""."u'o No.6.6.3
KMril T.S . Totol Robi T.S . Totol G.TDTAL
2000.00 100.00 2100.00 100.00 100.00 2200.00
7.07 Somo . .one but oonti_oonoI 10' THREE WEEKS ond OOVOl .... ol 2100 Ho.I O'Nut 1431 +Bol" 231 + J....,117+ ou-120+
Colton 72 end T.S.Vog.24 Ho.I.oonti_ oonoIlo,T_ WooluooncI
lupply I_nd i" igotion .fto, 21 DeYI to tho G,ound·nut
IIp,. .ding) 722 Ho.+Conon 72 Ho.ond T.S.Vog.24 Ho.I 1400 Ho. Ind Ilt.. 16th Datobo' run -.ol 10' T_ W... 10' T_ s..oonol ICotton 72 + Vog. 24 Ho.) 100 Ho.end G,om eooHo.
Ol .hown in \he onno"u'o No.6.6.3
1I Ihoto i. no domond in khII,ilthon run oonol from 16th Datobo, . . PO' .... No.10 . . Ihown In \he
.""."u,. No.
11 thoro i. no domondin khII,11thon
run oonoI from 16th Octobo, .. PO' .... No.11 u lho..n in tho
... xur. No.
11 tho,oI. no dornandIn kM,ilthon
'un oonoI from lIth Octobor . . PO' . . . . No. 12 . . lho.... In tho
.""."u,.
No. KM,il 2000.00 T.S. Totol Robi 100.00 2100.00 1100.00 T.S . Totol G.TOTAL 100.00 700.00 2800.00Table 3.2-1 Typical sample of RWS water scheduling and canal operation (cont'd)
8
II
'.0' s.m. ..one but _ntinue- *10' THREEWEEKS end _ _ .,. . of 2100 Ho.• G'Nut 1431 +Boj,. 238+ Jow., 1117+ Othor120 +
Cotton 72 end T.S. VOO. 24 Ho.'._ntinue- *fo, T_ W....end
• ..,pIV _ n d i,rigotion
.fte,
21 00.,. to U. Ground· nut lop, . .ding) 722 Ho.+ Cotton 72 Ho. end T.S.Voo. 24 Ho.1 1400 Ho.end
.ft.,
15th Ootobo, ,un oonol fo, Th,. . W.... fo, T_ SoooonollCotton 72 + VOO. 24 Ho.l 100 Ho.end G,om IlOO Ho. . . ohown in U. .nnoIlU'. No.5.5.3Kho,il T.S. Totol Robi T.S . Totol G.TOTAl
2000.00 100.00 2100.00 1100.00 100.00 700.00 2800.00
1.01 $ome ..one but oontin....oonolfo, THREE WEEKS end_v.' .,..of 2100 Ho. (G'Nut 1431 +Boj,. 238+ Jow., 1117+ Otho, 120+
Conon 72 end T.S. V.g.24 Ho.'.oontinue conol fo, T_ W.... end o..,plV _ n d i,rigotion
.ft.,
21 00.,. to U. G,ound· nut Cop,. .ding) 722 Ho. +Conon72Ho.endT.S.V.g.24 Ho.) 1400 Ho. • nd.ft.,
15th Ootobo, run conol fo, Fou, W.... fo, T_ Seooonol (Cotton 72 + VOO. 24 Ho.1 100 Ho. end G,om IlOO Ho. . . ohown in U. onneIlU'. No.5.5.3QOOD YEAR
11thor.iono'*'-'d In knorif thon run conol f,om 15th Ootobot . . PO' . . . . No.13 . . ohown In U. ennexu,. No .
Iftho,.iono'*'-'d in knorif thon run conol from 15th Oatobot . .
pot . . . . No.14 . . . .wn in tho
onnoxu,. No. Khorif 2000.00 T.S. 100.00 Totel 2100.00 Robl IlOO.00 T.S. 100.00 Totel G.TOTAl 700.00 2800.00 10 10.10 $ome ..one but oontin....oonolfo, THREEWEEKSend_vOl . ,. .of
2100 Ho.(G'Nut 1431 +Boj,. 231 + Jow., 1117+ Othot120+
Cotton 72 .nd T.S. VOO. 24 Ho.l._ntinueoonolfo, T_ W....end
o..,plv _ n d I,rigotion .hor 21 00.,. to U. G,ound·nut •op, . .ding' 722 Ho.+Cotton 72 Ho. end T.S.V.g.24 Ho.114OOHo. end .It., 15th Ootobot run conol fo, Fiv. W.... fo, T_ 5oooonollConon 72+ VOO. 24 Ho.ll00 Ho. end RoVdo IlOO Ho.
. . ohown in U. onnellU'. No.5.5.3
Ifthoto10no"'*'-'dIn knortf thon run oonol f,om 15th Oatobor . . PO' . . . . No.15 . . ohown In U. ennellu,. No• Kho,if 2000.00 T.S. 100.00 Totel 2100.00 Robi IlOO.00 T.S. 100.00 Totel G.TOTAl 700.00 2800.00 11 1 1,1 1 $ome ..one bul _ntin....oonol10' THREEWEEKS end_v., .,. .of
2100 Ho.IG'Nul 1431 + Boj,. 231 + Jow., 1117 + Otho,120+
Conon 72 end T.S .VOO.24 Ho.)._ntinueoonol10' T_ W....end
o..,plv _ n d irrigotion
.ft.,
21 00.,. totho G,ound·nut lop,. .dinot 722 Ho.+Conon 72 Ho. end T.S.Voo.24 Ho.' 1400 Ho. end.fte,
15th Ootobo, run oonol fo, Sill W.... fo, T_ SoooonollCotton 72+ VOO. 24 Ho.ll00 Ho. end WhMt IlOO Ho. . . ohown in U. ennellu,. No.5.5.3If U.,.10no'*'-'d in khorif thon run conol f,om 15th Ootobo, .. PO' . . . . No.111.. ohown in tho onnoxu,. No. Khorif 2000.00 T.S . 100.00 Totol 2100.00 Robi IlOO.00 T.S. 100.00 Totel G.TOTAl 700.00 2800.00 12 12.12 Some . .one but oontinueconolfo, THREE WEEKS end_VOl . ,. .of
2100 Ho. (G'NuI 1431 +Bei'. 238+ Jow., 1117+ Othor120+
Conon 72 end T.S. VOO.24 Ho.l._ntin.... conol fo, T_ Wookoend
oupplV _ n d irrigotion
.fte,
21 00.,. totho G,ound·nut •oP,. .dinOI 722 Ho.+Colton 72 Ho.•ndT.S.V.g. 24 Ho.114OOHo. end.h.,
15th Ootobo, run oonolfo, SoYonW.... fo, T_ Soooonol (Conon 72 + VOO. 24 Ho.)100 Ho. end WhMIIIOO Ho. . . ohown in tho onnexu'. No.5.5.311thor.iono'*'-'d in kno,11thon run oonol from 15th Ootobot . . PO' . . . . No.17.. ohown in tho onnoIlU'. No. Khorif 2000.00 T.S. 100.00 Totol 2100.00 Robi IlOO.00 T.S. 100.00 Totel G.TOTAl 700.00 2800.00
13 13.13 $ome ..one but _ntinueoonolfo, THREE WEEKS end_VOl . ,. .of 2100 Ho.IG'Nul 1431 +Boj,. 23.+ Jow., 1117+ Othor120+
Conon 72 end T.S. VOO. 24 Ho.l.oontinueoonolfo, T_ W....end
o..,plV _ n d Irrigotion
.ft.,
21 00.,. to U. G,ound·nut lop,. .ding) 722 Ho.+ Cotton 72 Ho. end T.S.Voo.24 Ho.' 1400 Ho. end.fte,
15th Oolobo, run oonolfo, Eighl W.... fo, T_ SoooonollCotton 72 + VOO. 24 Ho.) 100 Ho. end WhMIIIOO Ho.. . ohown in tho onnoxu,. No.5.5.3
Iftho,.ionodemond In kno,if thon run conol f,om 15th Oatobot . . PO' _ No. , . . . ohown In U. ."".x..., . No. Kho,il 2000.00 T.S. 100.00 Totel 2100.00 Robi IlOO.00 T.S. 100.00 Totol G.TOTAl 700.00 2800.00
Table 3.2-1 Typical sample of RWS water scheduling and canal operation (cont'd)
VERYcooo YEAR WHEN THERE IS NO DEMAND IN THE KHARIF OR DEMAND IS MET FROM THE IN UNFlOW OF RlVER 14 1.01 s.me..0 . . .bul oonlinue ... fo, THREE WEEKS end oov., .,. . of
2100 He. 'a'Nul 1431 +1Iej,. 238+ Jow., 1117+ Othe,120+
Conon 72 end T.S.Veg.24 He.I.oonlinueoenelfo, Two W'" end aupply ._nd I"igelion
.tt.,
21 Deva tothe a,ound· nut lap, . .dingl 722 He. +Colton 72 He. end T.S.V.g. 24 He.1 1400 He. • nd .fl.' Ilith Oolobe, ,un oenelfo, Ni... W. . . fo, T_ s...o""ICotton 72 + Veg. 24 He.1 100 He.end WNeI llOO He. . . • hown in \he ..."u,. No.IU5.3K....'il T.S. Tot81 RMi T.S. Tot81 G.TOTAL
2000.00 100.00 2100.00 110O.00 100.00 700.00 2800.00 15 10,10 Same ..0 ...bUI oonlinueoenel10'THREE WEEKS end0 0 _ . ,. .ol
2100 He.Ia'Nul 1431 +Ilej,. 238 + Jow., 1117+ Othe, 120+
Collon 72 end T.S.V.ll. 24 He.I.oonllnue_ ,10'T_ W. . . end aupply Moond i,rigelion
.tt..
2I Deva tothe a,ound· nul t.p,. .ding) 722 He.+Conon 72 He. end T.S.V.g,24 He,I 1400 He. • nd .tte, Ilith Oolobe, run - *fo, Th,. .W. . . 10,T_ SeMonel ICotton 72 + Veg. 24 He.)100 He. end a' llOOHe. • nd &even W_. fo, WNeI 700 He... ahown in the "u..No.IUi.3
K.... 'if T.S . Tot81 RMi T.S. Tot81 a.TOTAL
2000.00 100.00 2100.00 1300.00 100.00 1400.00 noo.oo
111 11.11 s.me..0 ...but oonlinue ... fo, THREE WEEKS end0 0 _ . ,. .ol 2100 He. I a'Nut 1431 +1Iej,. 238 + Jow., 1117+ Other120+
Colton 72 end T.S.V.g. 24 He.I.oonlinue...1fo, Two W. . . end aupply a_nd i"igelion .ft., 21 Deya 10the a,ound· nul lap, . .dingl 722 He.+ Collon 72 He.end T.S.Veg. 24 He.114OOHe. end
.tt.,
16th Oclobe, run ...,..,10' Fou, W... 10' T_ s..aonol IConon 72 + Veg. 24 He.) 100 He.end a' 110O He. end &even W_a 10' WNet 700 He.. . ahownin the u,. No.6.5 .3Khe,if T.S. Totel RMi T.S. Totel a.TOTAl
2000.00 100.00 2100.00 1300.00 100,00 1400,00 3600.00 17 12,12 s.me..0 ...but oonlinue ... fo, THREEWEEKS end oover .,. . ol
2100 He.I a'Nut 1431 +Ilej,. 238 + Jow., 1117+ Other120+
Conon 72 end T.5. Veg. 24 He.l.oonlinue- *fo, T_ W. . . end aupply HCOnd i"igetion
.tt.,
21 Deva 10 the a,ound· nut 'ap,. .dingl 722 He. + Cotton 72 He.end T.S.Veg.24 He.114OOHe. • nd.ft.,
16th Oolobe, ,un oenelfo, Five W. . . 10' T_ s...onol IConon 72+ Veg. 24 He.1100 He. end Reydo llOO He. end &even W_a fo, WNet 700 He. . . ahown in tho ...u,. No.li .6.3K... f T.S. Totel RMl T.S. Totel a,TOTAl
2000.00 100.00 2100.00 1300.00 100.00 1400.00 ascc.ec
1B 13.13 s.me..0 ...bul oontinueoenelfo, THREE WEEKS end oover .,. . of 2100 He. I a'Nul 1431 +Ilej,. 238+ Jow., 1117+ Other120+
Conon 72 end T,S.Veg.24 He.).oonlinueoenelfo, Two W. . . end aupply HCOnd i" ige lion .fte, 21 Deva 10 tho a,ound· nut 'a .. ,. .dong) 722 He.+ Cotton 72 He.end T.S.Veg .24 He.1 1400 He. end .It., 16th Oolobof run - *fo, Si" W... fo, Two s...onel IConon 72+ Veg. 24 He.1100 He.end Reydo llOO He. encl &even W_a fo, WNeI 700 He.. . ahownIn tho _"U'. No.6.6.3
Kherif T.S . Totel Rebi T.S. Totol G.TOTAl
2000.00 100.00 2100.00 1300.00 100.00 1400.00 3liOO.00
FARMERa ARE FRU TO GROW AND IMIGATE THEIftCHOiCE eROP. C,opa end .,. . ahown in the o_.!ion plen ia on tho bHia ol _
following . .a""",tione.
il C,opa end .,. . ahown 10 i,rigeteia . . ,.,SummeryApp, ... Repol (neme of Otopa .,. "mply indi...tiv. I.
ij) Av..,ibililyof w.ler iiil Du,.tion of o,opa iv l C,op W.lerfIoqui,...1
vI Sowinll Iime of ,ebi o,opa I eg.Muete,d.G, 10.aown in _ month of Ootobe, end melu'.in tho month of J ,y.honoe _ , . I... evepo,.lion ... from tho ,. .rvoi' 1
vil F.,me,a .,. fr. . to lI'ow end i,rigete thoi, _ i. . o,opa. viiiFe,me,a wiU be given- *running aoheduta.they wiU nol be
aUlle-Ied eny o,opa 10 lI'ow bul thoy wiUIlop,ovided inlorrnetion whioh o,opa will b. auiled moaIlo tho given achedul•.
... ... ...
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WHU 1 2 3 4 I
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28110 1111 13.50..,.. 281\0 1111
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ONCW' .> 9111 1!>I11
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ONCW' ONIWI ·.. ... .> 18111 22111
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23111 29/11 <. ON OHIT.S .GIOHIT.S .RIOHIT.S.ft' .> 23111 29/11
30/11 8112 <. ON ON ON OH ON OHIT.S.GI ONCWI ONlWl
ONCW' .> 30111 8112
7/12 13112 <... ON ONCW' ONIW' ·
" OHIT.S.R' .> 7/12 13112
14112· 20112 <. . . ... .. . OHIT.1 .Gl OHIT.I. RI ONlWl .> 14/12 20112
21112· 27112 < ON ON OH ON
ONCW' ONlWl ON lWl ON lWl OHIT.S.Rl .> 21112 27/12
28112. 311 < ON .. . ·.. OHIT.I.R'
ONCWl -> 28112 311
4/1 1011 <. ON ON ON ONCWI ONIWI ONlWl
ONCW' OHIT.S.Rl .> 411 10/1 1111 17/1 <. ... ... ·.. ·.. ONCWI .> 1111 17/1 1111 24/1 <.- ON ON ONCWI ONlWl ONCWI ON lWl . .. .> 1111 24/1 2511 31/1 < ON OH ON ONCWI ONlWl ON lWl ONCW' ONCWI .> 2511 3111 112 7/2 <. . .. ... · .. ONlWl .> 1/2 7/2 812 14/2 <.. .. . ·.. ·.. ... -> 812 14/2
1!>12 2112 < ON ON ON ONCWI OHlWl ON lWl ONCWl
ONCW' .> 1512 2112 2212 2812 <. ~ · .. ... .> 2212 21/2 1/3 11/3 <. .. . · .. · .. ... .> 1/3 11/3
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Crop:. WHEAT "-1-1 eo.OO: MAD 1%1 50.00: TAWlRoacI 144.00: MW....,.. 72.00 IALANCE 72.00
Crop:. "-1-1 110.00: MAD 1%1 50.00: TAWlRoacI 144.00 : MW....,.. 72.00 "lOl.. 72.00
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. . . .
25/5 3115 KHARIF 1111 7/11 G'NUT,BA.lftA,JOWAR 8/11 14/11 PULSES.COTTON.VEG. 15/11 21111 22/11 28/11 50.00 50.00 12.15 37.85 29/11 517 37.85 37,85 12.25 25.110 11/7 12/7 25,110 115.00 80.110 12.83 77.711 13/7 18/7 77.711 77,711 14,78 1I2.97 20/7 211/7 112.87 115.00 127,87 30,27 87,70 27/7 218 97,70 87.70 25.01 72.118 3/8 11/8 72.119 50.00 122.119 29.81 112,88 10/8 111/8 82.88 112.88 32.55 60.33 17/8 23/8 110.33 50.00 110.33 35.40 74.93 24/8 30/8 74.93 74.13 37,84 311.119 3118 llill 311.119 40.00 70.00 1411.1111 311.51 107,47 31/8-> ON : ON 7111 13/8 107,47 107.47 38.114 118.84 71t -> : 11 W 14/11 20/11 118.84 10.00 78.84 37.811 40.115 14/11-> : 21/11 27111 40.115 70,00 nO,II5 311.15 74,80 211t-> ON : ON 11 ~ 28/9 4110 74.80 74,80 34.04 40.711 28/11-> : ~ 5110 11/10 40.711 70.00 110,711 211.42 81.34 5110 -> ON : ON 12/10· 18/10 81.34 RAYDO 81.34 24.118 511.115 12110·> RA'mO : 19/10· 25/10 M.1l5 70.00 70.00 11.74 110.211 111/10·> ON : ON 211/10· 1111 110.211 110.211 10.48 411.77 211/10·> WHEAT G'NUT 2/11 . 8/11 411.77 411.77 12.37 37.40 WHEAT 2111-> · : 11111 • 15/11 37.40 70.00 107.40 15.21 112.12 11111 -> ON : ON 111111· 22/11 112.12 112.12 18.88 73.24 111/11 0.00 70.00 70.00 7,07 112.113 111/11-> ON : ON 23/11· 29/11 73.24 73.24 24.15 411.09 23/11 112.113 112.93 7.81 55.12 23/11·> : 30/11· 11112 411.09 70.00 1111.09 25.52 93.58 30111 55.12 55.12 11.07 44.05 30/11.> ON : ON 7112 • 13/12 93.58 113.58 27.72 115.811 7/12 44.05 70,00 114.05 17.39 1111.117 7/12-> ON : ON 14/12· 20/12 115,811 70.00 135.811 30.13 104.113 14/12 1I11.117 1111.117 24,57 72.10 14112·> ON : ON 21112· 27/12 104,93 104,113 32.13 72.00 21/12 72.10 70.00 142.10 211.57 112.53 21/12· >·
ON : ON 28/12· 311 72.00 70.00 142.00 37.48 104.62 28/12 112.53 112.53 34.22 78.31 28/U·> ON : ON 411 10/1 104.52 104.152 311.32 115.19 4/1 78.31 70.00 148.31 311.311 111.95 4/1- > ON : ON 11/1 17/1 115.19 70.00 135.19 37.18 98.02 1111 111.95 111.115 38.81 73.04 1111-> ON : ON 1811 24/1 98.02 118.02 35.40 1I2.1I2 18/1 73.04 70.00 143.04 40.82 102.22 1811-> ON : ON 25/1 3111 112.112 112,112 33.08 211.54 25/1 102.22 102.22 41.112 110.30 2511 -> · : 112 7/2 211.54 211.54 28.511 0.118 112 110.30 70.00 130.30 43.32 811.118 112-> · ON : ON 8/2 811.118 70.00 1511.98 44.10 112.88 812 - > · ON : ON 15/2 lU.88 112.88 42.311 70.52 15/2-> · : 22/2 70.52 70.00 140.52 37.511 102.1111 2212-> ON : ON 113 102.1111 102.1111 29.84 73.13 113-> 8/3 73.13 73.13 20.92 62.21 813->... ....
-
...
_.-
...
_
...
...
_
...
330.00 1130.00 1102.37 5110.00 507.78 4115.353.2.2 Water Scheduling practice in the Project command areas
The above described principle of water scheduling are generally followed on all projects.
The main deviation appears to be that not a strict RWS water delivery is made, but that in most projects the 10 officers adapt the water delivered to the Water Courses or to the Field Offtakes according to the actual percentage of farmers that are "ready" to receive water.
This is done by either
limiting the number of days of supply to a particular Water Course, or limiting the discharge to a particular Water Course.
Because the structures have been converted for the RWS water supply method (100% discharge for 7 days consecutively; with only regulation of flow at the Oistributary Canal or Minor Canal offtakes) this means that the Water Course
and/orField Channel outlets are manipulated with stones, sticks, sandbags and the
like.
Strict adherence to the Warabandi "fixed-turn" time schedule has to be abandoned in these cases.
The concept that "the water will be running according to the "fixed-turn" schedule and the farmers are responsible for making the best possible use of it" has apparently not vet taken root.
The practice of water supply is in fact in many instances a modified Sheshpali type supply with improvised use of RWS structures.This could lead to abuse and deterioration of both the scheduling system, and the operation structures. It appears that there is much uncertainty and ambiguity on the subject of the true application of the RWS methodology.
Even in the recently developed Project Operation Manuals there is a detailed description of procedures and responsibilities for Sheshpali type water manage
-ment but no such detailed description for RWS type manage-ment [POM, Oantiwada pages 7-25 and pages 10-2 and followinql.
At the Uben project the practice is nearest to the true RWS scheduling. Here those farmers that do not wish to participate in the season irrigation are not included in the Warabandi time schedule.
The time that would have been allotted to them is shared proportionally by the other farmers in theirsub-chak, This way the farmers who do irrigate get a higher irrigation percentage but the total irrigation percentage of the sub-chak run remains according to the overall planning.
This way the Warabandi-time schedule prepared for that season can be maintained throughout, and no water is delivered to farmers who do not use it.
For every season a new Warabandi-time schedule has to be prepared, according to the farmers who do and who do not participate. Furthermore a type of individual application/sanction procedure has to be maintained in order to get a correct "fixed-turn" schedule.
3.3 Farmers rotation in fixed turns
The system of calculating the fixed turns for each individual farmer is executed following the weil established Warabandi methodology.
Compensations are made for transport/seepage losses and for transport/filling time in the length of Field Channel up to the individual farm Turnout.
To compensate for seepage loss generally 3% loss of discharge per 100 m Field Channel is taken and this is taken into account by increasing the actual farm area to a "notional are" inversely proportional to the percentage discharge loss.
To compensate for filling/transport time losses an additional irrigation period of 0.1
hr per 100 m Field Channel (from the outlet of the farm that had the preceding fixed turn) is taken.
The total time available for the total area irrigated is then: (7 days x 24 hours) - (surn of time losses).
This available time is allocated to the farmers in proportion to their "notional area". At WALMI a spreadsheet computer programme has been developed for this calculation. Once the data base with the farmers names, farm areas and field
channel distances is completed, the calculation of the Warabandi-fixed turn
schedule is a matter of minutes.
In the project offices no computer assistance is available and the calculations are done by hand; this takes then several days.
A sample of a spreadsheet RWS fixed-turn time schedule as prepared by WALMI, is presented in Table 3.3-1
.-... .. ... ... .. ... .. ..._...
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...Sr. Sub N.me of f.nner Su"",,, A... L.ngth of D'-••
ne.
Tren.port Dl..tdlng Nodonel Tren.port nme FlneI FlneI0." ..
nmeNo. ch.k No. InH.e. F.C.hom ...
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eloeedon time time-
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...-No T.O. Die' . Dlet .T.O . 3 ' " per 1-c0l11l1 Col.& 0.1 hr / 158· " 112 + 131 In FIOm To
In m ' ..n.port to T.O. 100m ... ... 100 m for ...• eH..1
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Col.11% Col.17 + 81aG.1 18T.N.AI
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10 11 12 13 14 1& 18 17 1B,.
20 21 22...
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....1 IR ",""mj;Khod. 22 3.06 0 0 12 0.00 1.000 3.060 0.012 14.1125 14.137 14 66 Man 8 o Man 22 66
21R o.v.l;Pram.;; 22 4.111 140 140 4.20 0.958 6.126 0.140 24.1198 26.138 26 8 Man 22 66 Weel 0 4
....
_
... ..._
... ..._----7.97H•. 8.111 0.16 39.92 40.07
1 2l &h.lkh. KhGd. 24 3.21 0 0 213 0.00 1.000 3.210 0.213 16.666 16.86tI 16 &2 Wed 0 4 Weel t6 67
22l J.y.mtIKhGd. 23 2.07 120 120 3.60 0.964 2.147 0.120 10.473 10.693 10 36 Weel 16 67 Thu 2 32
32l KhGd. L.kh.men 24 1.61 180 60 &.40 0.846 1.702 0.060 8.301 8.381 8 22 Thu 2 32 Thu 10 64
42l R.tn. KhGd. 6& 0.02 380 180 10.80 0.892 0.022 0.180 O.tOll 0.28t1 0 17' Thu 10 64 Thu 11 11
...
_
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..-6.91 H•. 7.08 0.67 34.&4 35.11
11 W
13l Amrutb.nR.tn. 6311 0.76 0 0 208 0.00 1.000 0.760 0.206 3.707 3.116 3 &6 Thu 11 11 Thu 16 6
23l Oordh.n &hur. . 63/2 0.72 100 100 3.00 0.970 0.742 0.100 3.620 3.720 3 43 Thu 16 6 Thu t8 49
I1
....
33l Medh. K...n 63/3 0.31 148 48 4.44 0.968 0.324 0.048 1.682 1.630 1 36 Thu 18 49 Thu 20 27 ~
43l Medh. K...h.n &416 0.37 200 62 8.00 0.1140 0.394 0.062 1.820 1.172 1 68 Thu 20 27 Thu 22 26
63l Pramejl KhGd. &4/4 0.73 220 20 6.60 0.1134 0.782 0.020 3.812 3.832 3 60 Thu 22 26 Fr! 2 16
63l Oordh.n Medhe &4/3 1.34 304 84 8.12 0.8OlI 1.474 0.084 7.181 7.275 7 17 Fr! 2 16 Fr! 11 32
73l K.nnen Bhur. &4/2 1.4 3 3112 88 11.76 0.882 1.621 0.088 7.804 7.11112 7 80 Fr! 8 32 Fr! 17 31
83l Dhemjl Retn. &4/t ..
_
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.... 462 60 13.66 0.864 2.210 0.060 10.777 10.837 10 60 Fri 17 31 Set 4 22_._
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.7.67H•. 8.31 0.86 40.&1 41.17
1 4l Popet Ch.ku 62 1.110 0 0 201 0.00 1.000 1.IlOO 0.201 8.267 11.468
•
28 Set 4 22 Set 13 &024l N....hl Ch.ku 62 1.112 120 120 3.60 0.864 1.11112 0.120 11.714 11.834
•
60 Set 13 &0 Set 23 4034l T....h1 Sam. 61 1.46 200 80 6.00 0.840 1.&43 0.080 7.624 7.804 7, 36 Set 23 40 Sun 7 18
44l R.me.h Punj. 61 1.46 2t16 116 8.88 0.1111 1.&111 0.096 7.761 7.8&7 7 &1 Sun 7 16 Sun 16 7
64l Thek....h1 R.tn. 61 2.82 488 1112 14.64 0.8&4 3.421 0.1112 16.684 16.878 16 &3 Sun 16 7 Man 8 0
---
-_
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...11.64H•. 10.46 0.611 60.116 &1.84
-_
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.---Tot.1 32.011H•. 34.02 2.07 165.113 188.00
.
....
....
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3.4 Operation of main canal system
Several of the Medium schemes are small in size and consist of one or two Distributary canals only. It is then relatively easy to follow the ON-OFF schedule without much loss of water, because the filling volume and filling time of the canal
system is smalI.
For larger projects such as Dantiwada and in future the completed Karjan, the long main canal system will make ON-OFF operation difficult to execute without loss of irrigation water and fluctuations in the distributariesthat disturb the equitability of the RWS schedule.
In Dantiwada the main canal is filled in steps of 200 cusecs until full flow is achieved.
There has been no research undertaken to establish the filling and closing programme that would achieve:
- guaranteed full delivery of full discharge to the farmers according to the fixed turn, without fluctuations
- minimal operational water losses from the canal system during the transition period.
Such research should also be used to find the best method of operation and the related best type of water control structures in the canal system for a design and for a rehabilitation redesign.
This type of canal operation research for design and for operation was not possible in the past because the complex hydrodynamic calculations are impossible to execute analytically and traditional stationary design procedures had to be followed. At present, however, hydrodynamic computer models exist that can calculate the behaviour and fluctuations in a canal system. [Schuurmans, 1991] [Brouwer, 1992].
Different operation scenarios can be tested for a given canal-control structure
configuration to tend procedures with easy operation and minimal water loss. Different control structures can be tested as alternatives in a design or rehabilita-tion re-design.
It is strongly recommended that -given the large number of irrigation projects planned in Gujarat- the WALMI will start research of hydrodynamics of operation for improved systems design and improved systems operation.
3.5 Automation of the irrigation administration
The administration of the irrigation projects is now done manually, from field records of discharges supplied as noted by the chaukidars up to the financial and land tenure administration.
At WALMI atternpts are made for automation of these administrative and accounting procedures. A dBase database package is used, and the information on irrigation projects such as names of farmers, cadastral data on the on the
farms, irrigable areas, financial status on payments etc. are collected and
processed.
This type of programme needs to be upgraded to a more powerful programme because the capacity of the database package is too limited for larger projects. Draft tender documents have been prepared, but the specifications of the programme required are not fully clear and definite.
It is recommended to follow a two step approach:
1. Prepare a "Definition Study" of the specifications of the program me required,
with the assistance of a professional (paid) software systems analyst in cooperation with the WALMI subject experts.
2. Have a programme prepared according to the specifications laid down in the
Definition Study by a reputable software engineering firm.
3.6 Conclusions on RWS water management system
From the analyses presented in the previous paragraphs the following conclusions can be drawn:
1) It is possible to have a water-efficient reservoir operation and canal
scheduling for the Medium Irrigation projects. The operation and canal
scheduling programme prepared by WALMI will give good results within the
constraints imposed by the pre-arrangedrotational water supply methodology
of the RWS.
2) The RWS methodology of fixed-turn schedule is not in fact practised in the
projects. Applications/sanctions are still being practised and the concept that "water will be supplied to the farm turnout as prearranged irrespective of the farmers actual demand" has not taken root.
This will become an impediment to water management by farmers associ-ations and to the development of informal exchange of water turns between farmers inside one (sub)chak.
3) In most projects the RWS proportional division structures are misused for
Sheshpali type on demand/pre-arranged water scheduling by improvised means of sticks, stones and sandbags.
This could be a prelude to unofficial tampering with the control structures.
4) It appears that a decision has to be made to implement the RWS system fully,
Shesphali system, with applications, sanctions, field monitoring of cropped areas to establish water charges and so on.
Clear operational guidelines are necessary to train both ID water operators and farmers in the RWS methodology.
These guidelines should give unambiguous instructions on no (or simplified Uben type) applications;
strict adherence to the fixed turn scheduling;
administrative and financial procedures to be followed with RWS scheduling, giving water to a fixed schedule against a fixed prescheduled water charge.
It is advised to prepare these guidelines as an appendix to the POM's and concentrate therein on the type of water operation and administration that has to be aimed at with true RWS methodology, and avoid confusion by mixing in old references to the Sheshpali. This appendix should be prepared by experts experienced in Warabandi type water management in cooperation with field engineers form the Medium Irrigation projects and WALMI
researchers.
5) Operation and design of the main canal system needs to be upgraded by
using hydrodynamic flow calculations (using a computer package) to identify the optimum operation of existing control structures and optimum types of control structures in newly designed or rehabilitated irrigation systems. This type of development should start at WALMI as early as possible.
6) For future development of water management decisions in the field offices of
the projects development of computer based tools that are robust and user friendly is recommended.
This concerns:
OMIS type water scheduling programme with an RWS scheduling module as developed at WALMI incorporated;
Administrative database and information processing programme. As much as possible these type of programmes should have communical/ex-changeable files on common data such as farmers names, farm areas, project
4. FARMERS COOPERATION IN WATER MANAGEMENT 4.1 Introduction
Efforts are being made ad various Government and Project levels to get more active involvement of farmers in the operation of the water management and in the maintenance of the irrigation system infrastructure.
Farmers involvement is proposed on different management levels in RWS projects. [Moench, 1993]
• Village Service Area Committee (VSAC)
These are not necessarïly based on village boundaries but more Iikely.on hydraulic boundaries of the irrigation system on the level of Section Engineers jurisdiction.
Their function would be to monitor (and pro pose adaptations tol water delivery schedules, assist in water charges recovery, promote Water Users Associations at the minor canal of chak level.
• Water Management Committee (WMC)
These would be a concentration of VSAC representatives on the level of a Oeputy Engineer with roughly the same responsibilities on a higher hierarchi-cal level.
• Project Level Water Management Committees (PLWMC) These would function at the level of the Executive Engineer.
All committees would consist of representatives from the irrigating farmers and the 10 staff concerned at their respective levels.
The objective is to achieve the daily operation and water management by farmers Water Users Associations. A Water Users Association would then eventually operate, maintain and administrate the irrigation of 200 Ha - 400 Ha areas under the guidance and assistance from the 10.
The advantages of the shift of responsibilities in operation and maintenance on the chak-Ievel towards the farmers themselves are extensively debated.
[Seminar 1992, Kathpalia] These advantages are:
• equitable distribution of water over the entire area;
• more cost effective maintenance of the chak level irrigation and drainage system;
• reduction of casts at the 10;
• general emancipation of the farmers toward more self management and responsibility.
4.2 Functianing of Farmers Associations
At the projects visited only the Pigut and Baldeva farmers expressed enthusiasm for the concept of farmers responsibility in eperation and maintenance.
