ISSN 1509-1619
Helena Pociechina
Instytut SáowiaĔszczyzny Wschodniej
Uniwersytet WarmiĔsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie
ɉɊɈȻɅȿɆɕ ɂɋɋɅȿȾɈȼȺɇɂə ɉȺɆəɌɇɂɄɈȼ ɋɌȺɊɈɈȻɊəȾɑȿɋɄɈɃ ɉɂɋɖɆȿɇɇɈɋɌɂ
Key words: Old Believers in Poland, stylistics of the old Russian manuscripts, Church Slavonic language, Russian and East Slavic dialectology
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɫɬɚɪɨɩɟɱɚɬɧɵɯ ɤɧɢɝ ɢ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚ- ɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɹ ɜ ȼɨɣɧɨɜɟ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚ- ɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɟɦɶɢ Ʌɸɞɜɢɤɨɜɫɤɢɯ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɶ ɫ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɢɯɚɦɢ. Ɍɟɬɪɚɞɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 20,8 ɯ 12,3 ɫɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ 68 ɥɢɫɬɨɜ-ɪɚɡɜɨɪɨɬɨɜ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɪɚɡ- ɪɟɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɤɧɢɝ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɟɥɢɫɶ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ (ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɢɫɟɣ, ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɨɦ ɢ ɬɭɲɶɸ). ɋɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɤɧɢɝ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚɧɵ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɲɢɬɵ ɩɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɤɚɪɬɨɧ- ɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬ. ɉɨɞ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɨɦ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɬɢɯɢ, ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɬɭɲɶɸ ɢ ɤɚɪɚɧɞɚɲɨɦ, ɞɜɭɦɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɟɪɤɚɦɢ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɩɢ- ɫɟɣ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫɚɦɨɣ ɦɚɬɭɲɤɨɣ ȿɜɩɪɚɤɫɢɟɣ, ȿɥɟɧɨɣ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɧɨɣ Ⱦɢɤɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ, ɧɚɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɟɣ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɹ, ɠɢɜɲɟɣ ɜ ȼɨɣɧɨɜɟ ɫ 1885 ɩɨ 1943 ɝɨɞ: ɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɠɟ ɩɨɱɟɪɤɨɦ (ɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɥɭɭɫɬɚɜɨɦ) ɨɧɚ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɵ- ɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɟɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ. ȼ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɚɩɢɫɟɣ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ, ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɨɱɟɪɤɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɲɪɢɮɬɨɦ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸ- ɳɢɦ ɤɢɪɢɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɩɢɫɶ. Ʉɪɚɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɟ ɨɤɚ- ɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɛɪɟɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɬɟɬ- ɪɚɞɢ ɩɪɨɧɭɦɟɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɪɚɡɜɨɪɨɬɵ: ɤɚɪɚɧɞɚɲɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɧɚɹ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɚɹ ɧɭɦɟɪɚɰɢɹ, ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɢɡ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɢ ɦɵ ɞɚɟɦ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɚɝɢɧɚɰɢɟɣ ɪɚɡɜɨɪɨɬɨɜ.
Ɍɟɬɪɚɞɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ 18 ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɣ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɩɨ ɪɚɡ- ɧɵɦ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɧɵɦ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɚɦ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ XVIII ɜɟɤɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ
ɬɟɬɪɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɉɨ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹ- ɸɳɢɣ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɣ ɦɚɬɭɲɤɢ ȿɜɧɢɤɢɢ. ɉɢɫɶɦɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ ɢ ɜɟɪɵ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɤɨɧɟɰ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɵɱɚɣ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɣ ɨɛ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɯ ɜɟɪɵ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɨɦɚ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɨɦ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɢ ȿɥɟɧɵ Ⱦɢɤɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɹɬɚɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ Ɂɨɫɢɦɚ ȿɧɧɚɬɫɤɚɹ (ɍɮɢɦɫɤɚɹ), ɜ ɦɢɪɭ ȿɜɞɨɤɢɹ əɤɨɜɥɟɜɧɚ ɋɭɯɚɧɨɜɚ (1820–1935). Ȼɭɞɭɳɚɹ ɫɜɹɬɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɢɝ- ɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɶ ɩɨɞ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ȿɜɧɢɤɢɢ ɜ 90-ɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ XX ɜɟɤɚ, ɚ ɫɯɢɦɭ ɩɨɞ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ Ɂɨɫɢɦɵ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɚ ɜ 1919 ɝɨɞɭ.
ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɢɥɢ ɜɵɲɟ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭ- ɟɬ. ɗɬɨ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ Ɉ ɤɨɥɶ ɧɚɲɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɦ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɠɢɬɢɟ ɩɥɚɱɟɜɧɨ. ȼ ɬɟɬɪɚ- ɞɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ: „¤®§a±©³z
¡¤§0®ª¡¤ ±¬«e±©®¯± ®¤Á§¤”. ɗɬɨ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ȼ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɞɪɢɚɧɨɜɚ- -ɉɟɪɟɬɰ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬ ɤ ɬ.ɧ. ɛɟɝɭɧɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɢɯɚɦ ɢ ɰɢɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɩɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɟ- ɱɚɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ (ɜɟɪɬɟɩɟ) [ɓɭɤɢɧ 1860], ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɪɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɢɯɢ ɢɥɢ ɋɬɢɯ ɤ ɚɧɝɟɥɭ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ ɦɨɬɢɜɨɜ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛ- ɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɭ. ɉɨɞ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɨɦ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɜɟ ɤɨɩɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɫɬɢɯɚ: ɷɬɨ ɋɬɢɯ ɤ ɚɧɝɟɥɭ (ɥɥ. 49–50 ɢ 60).
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɢɯɢ, ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɛɵ ɬɨ ɧɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɫ- ɬɜɚ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɥɭɭɫɬɚɜɨɦ, ɢɦɢɬɢ- ɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɬɚɪɨɩɟɱɚɬɧɵɟ ɤɧɢɝɢ, ɹɡɵɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɣ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢ- ɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɦ [ɫɪ. Jaroszewicz 1989: 465]. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ ɢɡ ȼɨɣɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɢ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɟɣ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬ- ɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɢ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ.
Ɋɚɫɫɭɠɞɚɹ ɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɯ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɪɟɜ- ɧɟɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ XI–XIV ɜɜ., ɇ.Ⱥ. Ɇɟɳɟɪɫɤɢɣ ɫɫɵɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚ- ɥɢɡɚ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɭɸ ɂ.ɂ. ɋɪɟɡɧɟɜɫɤɢɦ, Ⱥ.ɂ. ɋɨɛɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɦ, ȼ.Ɇ. ɂɫɬɪɢɧɵɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɚɥɟɨɫɥɚɜɢɫɬɚɦɢ [Ɇɟɳɟɪɫɤɢɣ 1995: 35]. ɉɚɪɚɞɨɤ- ɫɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɫɥɚɜɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɭ- ɛɨɤɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɵ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɸɠɧɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɟɦ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɣ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜ- ɧɵɣ ɤɧɢɠɧɨ-ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɸɠɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɚɦɢ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɲɥɨ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɶ ɢɡ Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɢ, ɋɟɪɛɢɢ ɢ Ɇɨɪɚɜɢɢ, ɨɞ-
ɧɚɤɨ ɜ Ʉɢɟɜɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɸɠɧɵɯ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ ɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɶ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɠɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɪɟɚɥ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɱɟɪɬ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ „ɤɭɥɶɬɨɜɵɯ” ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɫɨ- ɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ XIV–XVII ɜɟɤɨɜ, ɧɭɠɧɵ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɢɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ. ɉɪɟ- ɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ
„ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ” ɢ „ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ”, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ 60-ɟ–70-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɛɢɥɢɧɝɜɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɞɢɝɥɨɫɫɢɢ, ɜ ɪɭɫɥɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɭɸ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɜ Ʉɢɟɜɫɤɨɣ Ɋɭɫɢ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɫ- ɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ [cɦ. Pociechina 2008: 403–405].
ɇɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɤ- ɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɛɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɨɜ, ɛɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨ ɧɚ- ɭɱɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɨɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɯ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɢ Ʌɢɬɜɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɠɢɜɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ ɫɬɚɪɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ [ɫɪ. Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ 1988:
34–52 ɢ ɫɥɟɞ.].
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɜɨɡ- ɧɢɤɥɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɨɡɧɨɫ- ɬɶɸ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɸ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ, ɚɧɬɢɤɥɟɪɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɚ- ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɪɨɥɢ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɢ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ Ɋɭɫɢ [ɉɨɬɟɯɢɧɚ 2008]. ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɹɡɵɤ, ɢɦɟɜɲɢɣ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɧɨɭɦɟɧ, ɧɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ, ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɜɲɢɣɫɹ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ „ɠɢɜɨɝɨ” ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛ- ɥɚɫɬɢ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ. ɂɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ Ɍɚɪɬɭɫɤɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ Ȼ.Ⱥ. ɍɫɩɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ [ɍɫɩɟɧɫɤɢɣ 1969 ɢ ɞɪ.]. əɡɵɤ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢ- ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ ɧɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɫɹ, ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɬɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ Ⱥ.Ɏ. Ɇɚɧɚɟɧɤɨɜɨɣ ɜ 60-ɯ – 80-ɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ ɜ ȼɟɬɤɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ Ɍɪɨɹɧɨɜɤɢ (ȼɢɬɟɛɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ Ȼɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɢɢ), ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɜɨ- ɪɨɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ [Ɇɚɧɚɟɧɤɨɜɚ 1982; 1989].
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɚɦɹɬ- ɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɨ- ɹɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ. ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɜ Ʉɢɟɜɫɤɨɣ Ɋɭɫɢ ɢ – ɩɨɡɠɟ – ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɤɧɹɠɟɫɬɜɟ Ʌɢɬɨɜɫɤɨɦ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɥɚɬɵɧɢ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɯ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɢɫɶ- ɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ:
Ⱦɚɠɟ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤ ɢɦɟɥ ɦɧɨɝɨɜɟɤɨɜɭɸ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɸ, ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɵ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ XVII ɜ. (ɫɦ. Ɂɨɧɚɪ, ɉɚɧɞɟɤɬɵ ɢ Ɍɚɤɬɢɤɨɣ ɇɢɤɨɧɚ
ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨɪɰɚ). ɗɬɨ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ Ⱥ.ɂ. ɋɨɛɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɯɪɚɧɢɥɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɬɜɨ, — „ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɚɤ XVII ɜɟɤ”
(ɋɨɛɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ Ⱥ.ɂ. ɇɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɵɫɥɟɣ ɨɛ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ. ɂɈɊəɋ 1903. Ɍ. 8, ɤɧ. 2, c. 141), ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɦɭ, ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɹɡɵɤ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɜ XVII ɜ. ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɜ ɛɵɥ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɟɧ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɚɦ [ȼɨɡɧɟɫɟɧɫɤɢɣ 1996].
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɵ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɤɧɹɠɟɫɬɜɟ Ʌɢɬɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɫɟ- ɥɢɥɢɫɶ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɬɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɠɴɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɢɚ- ɥɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɘɝɨ- -Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ Ɋɭɫɢ ɢ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɨ XVII ɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɞɚɥɶ- ɧɟɣɲɟɦ. ɉɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɟɣ ɩɟɪɜɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɪɟɚɥɚ ɪɚɫɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ, ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ȼɵɝɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɫ ȼɢɥɶɧɨ ɢ Ʉɢɟɜɨɦ. ɂɡ- ɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɣ ɢɡ ɪɨɞɚ ɧɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɛɨɹɪ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ Ⱦɟɧɢɫɨɜ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɨɦ Ʉɢɟɜɨ-Ɇɨɝɢɥɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ, ɚ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɲɤɨɥɟ ɨɛɭɱɚɥ ɝɪɚɦ- ɦɚɬɢɤɟ, ɪɢɬɨɪɢɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɢɤɟ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɬɢɯɢ XVIII ɜɟɤɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚ- ɸɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɥɥɚɛɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɪɨɤɤɨ [Ⱥɞɪɢɚɧɨɜɚ-ɉɟɪɟɬɰ 1956: 87–88; Cierniak 1997: 87]. Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤ ɗ. Ʉɢɧɚɧ ɩɢɲɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɩɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɟ ɞɭɯɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɫɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɨ ɨɛ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɜ XVI–XVII ɜɟɤɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɛɟɥɨ- ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɡɟɦɥɹɦɢ, ɱɟɦ ɫɚɦɚ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ. Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɧɨɜɢɧ- ɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɜ Ʌɢɬɜɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ, ɚ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ, ɩɨ ɤɨ- ɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɧɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤ, ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɫɤɨɥɚ ɬɟɦɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɦɢ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɸ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ [Ʉɿɧɚɧ 1992].
ɍɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ȼ.Ɇ. ɀɢɪɦɭɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɯ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫ- ɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɯ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪ:
ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚ, ɫɤɚɡɤɚ ɢ ɛɵɬɨɜɚɹ ɧɨɜɟɥɥɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɵɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ, ɫɸɠɟɬɚɦ ɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɦ, ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɚɦ, ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧ- ɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɢɥɸ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɡɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɤɭɥɶ- ɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɭɡɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɛɟɡ ɭɱɟɬɚ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, – ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, – ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ [ɀɢɪɦɭɧɫɤɢɣ 1971: 188].
ȼ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɢɯɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ [Jaroszewicz 1989:
463; ɇɢɤɢɬɢɧɚ 1993]. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫ- ɧɵɯ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ, ɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɏ. Ʉɨɜɚɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɢɯɢ ɢɡ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɟɣ, ɯɪɚɧɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ, ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɟɣ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɨɩɟɱɚɬɧɵɯ ɤɧɢɝ ɤɨ- ɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ 243 ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ [Kowalska 1987: 102]. Ʉɨɜɚɥɶɫɤɚ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɨ-ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞ- ɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɟɪɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɬɪɚɞɢ- ɰɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɣ ɫɬɢɯ ɫ ɭɫɬɧɵɦ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɨɦ. Ɏ.ɂ. Ȼɭɫɥɚɟɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɬɢɯɢ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥ ɢɯ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɭɸ ɫɬɚ- ɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ [ɰɢɬ. ɩɨ: Kowalska 1987: 11]. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚ- ɸɬ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɟ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɦɚ- ɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ ɛɵɥ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ Ⱥ.ɇ. ȼɟɫɟɥɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɚ ɟɝɨ ɢɞɟɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɜ ɬɪɭɞɚɯ ȼ.Ɇ. ɀɢɪɦɭɧɫɤɨɝɨ, Ⱦ.ɋ. Ʌɢɯɚɱɟɜɚ, Ⱥ.ɇ. ɉɚɧɱɟɧɤɨ, ɇ.ȼ. ɉɨɧɵɪɤɨ.
ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɦɵ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɣ ɫɬɢɯ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ɋɭɫɢ ɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɪɨɤɤɨ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɦ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɘ. Ʉɪɢɫɬɟɜɚ, ɜɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ Ɇ.Ɇ. Ȼɚɯɬɢɧɵɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ „ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɢ, ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɵɜɚɹ ɢɯ, ɤ ɧɢɦ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ” [Ʉɪɢɫɬɟɜɚ 2004: 166]. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɵ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɭɫɥɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɬɟɤɫɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɚɤɨ- ɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɞɢɚɥɨɝ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɚɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɢɥɹɦɢ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ. Ⱦɭɯɨɜ- ɧɵɟ ɫɬɢɯɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɢ Ⱦɢɤɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɤ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɡɚɦ, ɨɧɢ ɜɨɛɪɚɥɢ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɞɟɣɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪ- ɠɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɨ-ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɷɩɨɯ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɰɢɬɚɬɵ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ. ȼ.Ɇ. ɀɢɪɦɭɧɫɤɢɣ ɩɢɫɚɥ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɷɩɢɱɟɫ- ɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ:
Ɉɧɢ ɨɩɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɜɟɤɨɜɭɸ ɭɫɬɧɭɸ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ – ɧɟ ɜ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ɗɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɜɰɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɫɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɫɧɢ; ɟɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɢɦɩɪɨɜɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɫɸɠɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɟɜɰɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɞɚɪɟɧɧɵɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ, […] ɨɧɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɱɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ, ɪɚɡɪɨɫɲɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɝɟɧɟɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɢɤɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɷɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɬɜɨɪɹɬ ɩɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɦ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɟɣ ɫɸɠɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɮɨɪɦ [ɀɢɪɦɭɧɫɤɢɣ 1971: 191].
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɨɧ ɰɢɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɢɫɩɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ Ɇɟɧɟɧɞɟɫɚ ɉɢɞɚɥɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ:
ɇɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɜɵɞɚɸɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɸ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɢɛɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɡɹɬɚ ɢɡ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɷɦɵ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɦ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦ [ɀɢɪ- ɦɭɧɫɤɢɣ 1971: 191].
ɇɚɦ ɯɨɬɟɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛ- ɪɹɞɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɢɣ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɫɬɧɵɣ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪ ɜɛɢɪɚɥ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɫɬɢɯɚɯ ɢɡ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɢ Ⱦɢɤɨɩɨɥɶ- ɫɤɨɣ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɫɧɢ (ɉɪɨɲɭ ɜɵɫɥɭɲɚɬɶ ɦɨɣ ɫɥɨɝ), ɪɚɟɲɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɯɚ (ɋɬɢɯ ɨ ɉɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɦ ɂɨɫɢɮɟ, ɋɬɢɯ ɨ ɉɪɟɱɢɫɬɨɣ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ), ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɥɟɝɢɢ (ɋɬɢɯ ɨ ɧɟɜɨɥɶɧɢɤɟ), ɛɚɥɥɚɞɵ (ɋɬɢɯ ɨ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɶɧɢɰɟ ɢɧɨɤɢɧɟ Ɏɟɨɮɚɧɢɢ) ɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɦɚɧɫɚ (ɉɪɢɜɟɥɚ ɫɭɞɶɛɚ).
ɂ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɨ-ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɭɯɨɜ- ɧɵɯ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨ- ɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ. Ⱦɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ- ɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ (ɦɨɬɢɜɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɵ.
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɝɨɜɨɪɤɚɦɢ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɪɮɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɪɮɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ XVI–XVII ɜɟɤɨɜ, ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ ɜ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ ɂɜɚɧɚ Ɏɟɞɨɪɨɜɚ, Ʌɚɜɪɟɧɬɢɹ Ɂɢɡɚɧɢɹ ɢ Ɇɟɥɟɬɢɹ ɋɦɨɬɪɢɰɤɨɝɨ. ɍɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ „ɨɝɨɜɨɪɤɢ” ɤɚɫɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɫɬɭɩɥɟ- ɧɢɣ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ, ɯɨɬɹ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɨɪɮɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɥɚ ɞɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ XIX ɜɟɤɚ.
Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɮɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɱɢɤɨɜ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɨɦɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɢɦɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɵ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɧɢɦ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ: (ɩɟɱɚɥɢ ɧɚɲɢ) °±À¯¬, ¨¤©s, ¯¤s, «0´³, ±¯0¹¤¦¬
(ɥ. 55), ¥¤©¤1£¬ (ɥ. 54), °¦¤«¤1 (ɥ. 52). Ɋɟɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɚɤɚɸɳɟɦ ɩɪɨ- ɢɡɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɝɢɩɟɪɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ: ©ªe¥ (ɧɚɞɟɠɞɚ),
®ª±0¡¬ (±ªo¬).
Ƚɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ:
1. ɋɥɨɜɚ ɩɢɲɭɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɚɦɢ, ɷɧɤɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɤɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɩɢɲɭɬɫɹ ɫɥɢɬ- ɧɨ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: © ©¤¯ ®, °£¬ ¤® ࡛ , ࡖ¨Ä©s,
¤©«0¨ª¼ (ɥ. 52) ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
2. ȼ ɫɥɨɜɚɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɭɞɚɪɟɧɢɟ.
3. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɤɢɪɢɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ: x, w, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɦɹ ª¡a©iz ɩɢɲɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɛɭɤɜɨɣ , ɚ ɧɟ o ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɜɦɟɫɬɨ
¦oª§¤1¹ ®¦ȧ» ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ¦¡ª§¤1¹ ®¦i», ±ª1¡¬ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ±ª1o¬.
4. Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɝɚɬɭɪɵ ° ɢ t, ɯɨɬɹ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ° ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɫɥɨɜɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɢɫɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɞɢɝɪɚɮ u: u¨ ¼±§z£°®z (ɥ. 33).
5. ȼɦɟɫɬɨ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɹ ɩɢɲɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ z, (ɧɟ ¸).
6. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɨ ɮɥɟɤɫɢɹɯ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɤɨɪɧɹɯ ɫɥɨɜ, ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ, ɬ.ɟ.
ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɢɲɟɬɫɹ ɢ: ®¤§¤ ɢ ®z, ±®¤, ɢɥɢ Ä.
7. ȼ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɟ: © ࡚®¤, ࡚² ɢ ɜɵɧɨɫɧɵɟ ɛɭɤɜɵ (ɜɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɫ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɵɪɚɜɧɹɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɱɤɢ ɧɚ ɥɢɫɬɟ).
8. Ɋɟɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ ɡɚɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɨɞɢɧ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ®࡛§© (ɫ. 31). ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɚɯ ɢɫ- ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɟɪɨɤ, ɧɨ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ: ɫɪ. ±¬« ±©®¯± ®¤§¤ // «ª©¤¦©Ю§ ±࡛ ¨¬.
Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɜɵɲɟ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɢɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɨɪɮɨɝɪɚɮɢɸ, ɹɡɵɤ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ ɢɡ ɜɨɣɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɢ – ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ. Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɹɡɵɤ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɯ, ɩɨɤɚɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɯɚ ɉɨ ɝɪɟɯɨɦ ɧɚɲɢɦ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢ- ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟɦ Ⱦɟɧɢɫɨɜɵɦ, ɝɞɟ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɰɟɪ- ɤɨɜɧɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ 38 ɮɨɪɦ ɚɨɪɢɫɬɚ ɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɮɟɤɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɢ- ɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ 18 ɮɨɪɦ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ -ɥ ɛɟɡ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ (ɬ.ɟ. ɫɨɜɪɟ- ɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ). ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫɬɢɯ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɢ ɩɨ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɚɨɪɢɫɬɚ ɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɮɟɤɬɚ (ɞɜɚ ɫɥɨɜɨ- ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ) ɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ: ɫɪ. ª¢a
¯±a¤ ±®¤ °¥®©y²®z, ¤ e´©³ ±®z ®ªª¢©y²®z // ࡚¯hz «a®¯³¤
°§ª±§s£°®z, ´§³¨¬ ¦´©e©Ä¨¬ °¨ ¼±§s£°®z (ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɫɥɟɞɭ- ɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ¤ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɢ ±®¤). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɬɢɯɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɧɟɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɢɦɟɧ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶ- ɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɪɨɞɚɦ (ɮɥɟɤɫɢɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ, ɫ ɨɞ- ɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɥɢɫɶ): « ¹a§¤ ©a²¤
(ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ©a²). ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɧɟɹɡɵɱɧɵɯ ɫ ɡɭɛɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɢ ɮɥɟɤɫɢɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ : ª © ±0§©¤¦ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ª © ±0§©¤, ¢£¤1 ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ¢®¤1.
ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɨɪɮɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɟɪɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɢɯɢ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɭɤɨɣ ɦɚɬɭɲɤɢ ȿɜɩɪɚɤɫɢɢ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɨɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɤɪɚɫɨɬɨɣ ɲɪɢɮɬɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɉɩɢɫɤɢ, ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɚɯ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɟɪɟ- ɩɢɫɱɢɰɚ ɧɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɚ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɩɢɫɶɦɨɦ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɤ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɱɚɫɬɹɦ ɪɟɱɢ, ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ.
ɋɬɢɯɢ ɢɡ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɢ ȿ. Ⱦɢɤɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɦɚ- ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ. ɂɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨ- ɤɚɹɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɱɢɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ-ɰɟɪɤɜɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ- ɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɜɟɪɭ: ɬɸɪɶɦɚ, ɢɡɝɧɚɧɢɟ; ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɢ ɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɦɭɤ, ɫɦɟɪɬɶ ɢ ɦɵɬɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɞɭɲɢ, ɫɬɪɚɲɧɵɣ ɫɭɞ, ɜ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ- ɥɟɧɵ ɫɬɢɯɢ ɉɨ ɝɪɟɯɨɦ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɢ Ɉ ɝɨɧɟɧɢɢ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧ; ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɟɪɵ, ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɹɞɭ ɦɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɦ ɫɬɢɯɢ Ɉ ɂɨɚɫɚɮɟ ɰɚɪɟɜɢɱɟ, Ɉ ɉɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɦ ɂɨɫɢɮɟ, Ɉ ɤɨɥɶ ɧɚɲɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɦ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɠɢ- ɬɢɟ ɩɥɚɱɟɜɧɨ; ɤ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɬɟ ɢɡ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ (ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ
„ɛɟɝɭɧɫɤɢɦɢ”), ɢɞɟɣɧɨ-ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɛɟɝɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɬ ɦɢɪɚ, ɫ ɩɨɤɚɹɧɢɟɦ, ɫ ɭɦɟɪɳɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɥɨɬɢ ɞɟɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫɜɹɬɨɣ ɠɢɡ- ɧɶɸ (ɜ ɫɬɢɯɚɯ ɨɥɢɰɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɦɨɣ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɶɫɤɢɦɢ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɹɦɢ ɛɥɚɠɟɧɫɬɜɚ):
ȼɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɨ, ɋɬɢɯ ɨ ɧɟɜɨɥɶɧɢɤɟ (ɉɨɡɞɧɨ, ɩɨɡɞɧɨ ɜɟɱɟɪɚɦɢ), ɋɬɢɯ ɨ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɶɧɢɰɟ ɢɧɨɤɢɧɟ Ɏɟɨɮɚɧɢɢ, ɉɪɢɜɟɥɚ ɫɭɞɶɛɚ, ɋɬɢɯ ɨ ɝɨɪɟ Ⱥɮɨɧɫɤɨɣ.
ȼ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ ɦɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɛɵ ɫɬɢɯɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɵ: ɫɬɢɯɢ-ɦɨɥɢɬɜɵ ɋɬɢɯ ɨ ɉɪɟɱɢɫɬɨɣ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɢ ɋɥɚɜɚ ɜ ɜɵɲɧɢɯ ɛɨɝɭ, ɩɨɯɨɠɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɫɚɥɦɵ, ɋɬɢɯ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ ɚɧɝɟɥɚ (ɚɧɝɟɥɭ-ɯɪɚ- ɧɢɬɟɥɸ), ɫɬɢɯ ɧɚ Ɋɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɨ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɨ ɋɨɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɟ ɩɟɫɧɢ…, ɧɚɩɨ- ɦɢɧɚɸɳɢɣ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɛɚɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɪɲɢ. ɇɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɫɨɛɧɹɤɨɦ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɫɬɢɯɨɬ- ɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɉɪɨɲɭ ɜɵɫɥɭɲɚɬɶ ɦɨɣ ɫɥɨɝ, ɛɥɢɡɤɨɟ ɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɫɚɬɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɧɵɯ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɨɜ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚɯ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ, ɫɛɨɪɧɢ- ɤɢ ɷɬɢ ɧɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɸɬɫɹ. Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɜɟɞɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɬɢɯɚɦ, ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬ ɢɯ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɢ ɨɪɮɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ, ɧɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɚ- ɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦ, ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɬɢɯɢ ɤɚɤ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɫɬɚɪɨ- ɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ. ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹɯ, ɩɨɫ- ɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɫɬɢɯɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɟɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɨɦɚ ɜ ɱɚɫɵ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ, ɢɦɟɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɦɟɥɨɞɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɩɢɫɤɚɯ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɦɚ ɤɪɸɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɡɧɚ- ɤɚɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɩɪɨɫ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɠɚɧ ȼɨɣɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɧɧɨɣ (8–10 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɦɟɫɹɰɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɤɪɟɫɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɠ- ɛɚɯ), ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ, ɤ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɦɚɡɭɪɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɵ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɸɬ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ ɢɯ ɩɟɧɢɹ ɢɦ ɧɟɡɧɚɤɨɦɚ.
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Ⱥɞɪɢɚɧɨɜɚ-ɉɟɪɟɬɰ ȼ.Ⱥ. (1947). ɋɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ XVIII ɜɟɤɚ. ȼ: ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. T. 4, ɱ. 2: Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ XVIII ɜɟɤɚ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ–Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ, c. 85–99.
ȼɨɡɧɟɫɟɧɫɤɢɣ Ⱥ.ȼ. (1996). Ʉɧɢɝɢ ɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɧɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɚɦɢ ɜ XVIII – ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XIX ɜ. ȼ: ɋɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ XVIII – ɧɚ- ɱɚɥɚ XIX ɜɟɤɚ. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ. ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: <http://portal-credo.ru/site/?act=lib&id=1850>, ɞɚɬɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: 12.04.2009.
ɀɢɪɦɭɧɫɤɢɣ ȼ.Ɇ. (1971). ɋɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. ȼ: ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ Ⱥɇ ɋɋɋɊ. Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ. T. 30.
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Ʉɿɧɚɧ ȿ.Ʌ. (1992). ɋɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɦɨɫɤɨɜɢɬɚɦɢ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɫɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɫɥɨɜ’ɹɧ ɩɟɪɟɞ 1654 ɪɨɤɨɦ (ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɞɟɧɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɤɿɜ). Ɉɪɢɝɢɧɚɥ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ɧɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ: E.L. Keenan.
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izbornyk.org.ua>, ɞɚɬɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: 3.10.2010.
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Summary
Problems of Research on the Monumento of Old Believers Literature
The article discusses the problems which necessarily should be noted scholar, conducting research on language and stylistics of the hand-written literature texts of the Russian Old Belivers. Analyzing poems from paper owned by Helena Dikopolska, the mother superior of the nunnery of the Holy Trinity and the Savior in Wojnowo in Mazury (Poland), the author proposes possible solutions to these problems.
