BRITISH CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS
A . - P U R E CHEMISTRY
APRIL, 1932.
G en eral, P h y sic a l, an d In o r g a n ic C h em istry .
R e la tio n s b e tw e e n c o r r e s p o n d i n g q u a d r u p l e t s of N I , O I I , S I I , a n d C l i l l . J . Gi l l e s (Compt.
rend., 1932, 1 9 4 , 006— 607). C. A. Si l b e r r a d. L ig h t i n t e n s i t i e s of n e o n d i s c h a r g e s . P . Jo h n son (Phil. Mag., 1932, [viij, 1 3 , 487-=-4-94).—L ig h t intensities in th e visible a n d u ltra -v io le t sp ectru m of a d.c. discharge in No w ere m easured an d co rrelated with th e pressu re an d c u rren t. H . J . EkELlius.
S tu d y of a n e o n d i s c h a r g e b y u s e of c o lle c to r s . C. G. Fo u n d a n d I . La n g m u i r (Physical R ev., 1932, [ii], 39, 237— 253).— R esonance ra d ia tio n from a N e arc can tra v e l 20— 30 cm. th ro u g h non-ionised N e ; absorption b y n o rm al gives ex cited N e atom s, w hich, in the m eta sta b le s ta te , diffuse to th e walls a n d m e tal electrodes a n d th e re lib e ra te secondary electrons.
' N . M. Bl i g h. P ro file o f t h e m a g n e s i u m lin e a t 5 1 8 3 A . i n th e s o la r s p e c t r u m . G. Ri g h i n i (A tti R . Accad.
Lineei, 1 9 3 1 ,1 4 , 285— 287). H . F . Gi l l b e. A rc s p e c t r u m of m a g n e s i u m , M g i . F . Pa s c h e n (Sitzungsber. preuss. A kad. W iss., 1931, 32, 9 pp.).— T he sp ectru m is described arid analysed.
A. J . Me e. Z e e m a n e ffe c t a n d A -ty p e a n d s p i n d o u b lin g in th e C a H b a n d s . W . W . Wa t s o n (P hysical R ev.,
1932, [ii], 3 9 , 278— 288; cf. A., 1930, 1075).
N. M. Bl i g h. E x tin c tio n a n d t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of r e s o n a n c e se rie s s p e c t r a i n t o h a n d s p e c t r a . O. H e i l (Z.
Physik, 1932, 74, 18—30).—Mols. (Se2 a n d T e2) th a t are ra p id ly extin g u ish ed b y th e presence of in e rt gases do n o t read ily tra n sfo rm to give b an d sp ectra in place of th e resonance series d o u b le ts ; S2 is n o t rapidly extinguished an d readilygives a b and spectrum .
A. B . D . Ca s s i e.
Polarisation of resonance radiation and hyper- fine structure : the cadm ium resonance lines.
A. E l l e t t a n d L . L a b r i c k (Physical R ev., 1932, [ii], 39, 294—298).— T he Cd resonance lines XX 2288 and 3261
A.
excited b y unpolarised ra d ia tio n in a magnetic field parallel to th e ex citin g lig h t are 76-3 and 86—87% polarised, respectively. M itchell’s r e sults (cf. A., 1931, 1104) a re n o t su pported.N. M. Bl i g h.
Absorption spectrum of I 2.
I . I . A g a r b i c e a n u (Compt. rend., 1932, 1 9 4 , 702— 703; cf. A., 1923, ii, 669).—The heads of a b o u t 20 new b an d s betw een X 6450 a n d 5230 h av e been m easured, a n d previous m easurem ents of Mecke confirm ed.C . A. Si l b e r r a d.
A b s o r p tio n , f lu o r e s c e n c e , a n d e m is s io n b a n d s of c æ s iu m . R . Ro m p e (Z. P hysik, 1932, 74, 175—
186). A. B. D . Ca s s i e.
B a n d s p e c t r u m of b a r i u m h y d r id e . A.
Sc h a a f s m a (Z. P hysik, 1932, 74, 254— 266; cf.
th is vol., 104). A. B. D. Ca s s i e. H y p e r f m e s t r u c t u r e of t h e m e r c u r y lin e 4 9 1 6 A . S. To l a n s k y (N ature, 1932, 129, 204).—
À d i s c u s s i o n . L. S. Th e o b a l d. P o l a r i s a t i o n of m e r c u r y r e s o n a n c e r a d i a t i o n . L . La r r i c k a n d N. P . He y d e n b u r g (Physical R ev., 1932, [ii], 39, 289— 293).— T he p o larisatio n of th e line X 2537 A. in resonance ra d ia tio n , an d th e relativ e tra n sitio n pro b ab ilities w ithin a hyperfine m u ltip let,
are calc. N. M. Bl i g i i.
H y p e r f m e s t r u c t u r e of m e r c u r y . I I I . K . Mu r a k a w a (Sci. P ap ers I n s t. P hys. Chem. Res.
Tokyo, 1932, 17, 299— 306; cf. th is vol., 2).—T he hyperfine s tru c tu re of th e lines X 5769-6, 5790-66, and 5789-69 is in terp rete d . T he lines X 4347-5, 4339-23, 3983-96, 6123-37, a n d 5461 w ere exam ined for isotope
separation. N . M. Bl i g i i.
n/iv E m i s s i o n i n x e n o n a n d t h a l l i u m i n . W . M. Hi c k s (Phil. Mag., 1932, [vii], 13, 329— 354).
H . J . Em b l é ü s. T h e o r y of c o m p le x s p e c t r a . I . E n e r g y le v e ls . M. H . Jo h n s o n, ju n . (Physical R ev ., 1932, [ii], 39, 197— 209 ; cf. th is vol., 2).—M athem atical.
N . M. Bl i g h. G a s d is c h a r g e s a t v e r y h i g h f r e q u e n c ie s . L.
Ro h d e (Ann. P h ysik, 1932, [v], 12, 569— 599).—
T he behaviour of different gases in electric an d m agnetic fields of v ery high frequencies w as in v e sti
gated. T he dependence of th e m in. ig nition p o ten tial on pressure w as determ ined. F o r gases o th e r th a n in e rt th ere is a sh arp m in. in th o pressure curve, of w hich th e abs. val. is low er th e low er is th e w ave
length. I n th e case of th e in e rt gases, pressure was w ith o u t effect. T he ignition p o te n tia l decreases w ith increasing frequency. T he clectrodeless ring d is
charge is also in v estig ated . I t can be produced up to 2 ’30 m. T he use of high-frequency discharges for spectroscopic and o th er electro-optical purposes is
m entioned. A. J . Me e.
“ U l t i m a t e ” r a y s . T. Ne g r e s c o (B ull. M ath . P hys. B ucarest, 1931, 11, 191— 194).— T he lines la s t to disappear when th e conen. of th e elem ent producing th em is progressively dim inished h av e been in v esti-
3 1 5
gated. T h e m o st lastin g sp ark sp ectra lines are n o t th e sam e as those in th e are. A. J . Me e.
M a t e r i a l t r a n s p o r t i n th e lu m i n o u s a r c . L . S.
Or n s t e i na n d T. Ko o p m a n s(P ro c.K . A kad. W etensch.
A m sterdam , 1931, 3 4 , 1099— 1100).— T he sp ectral lines of a n electric arc, of which th e anode an d cathode consist of different m etals, show a tra n s itio n in in te n s ity on passing from one electrode to th e o ther.
J . W . Sm it h. O p tic a l in v e s tig a tio n of c o llis io n s of g a s m o l e c u le s w i t h a s o lid w a ll. W . It. VAN W i j k (Proc. K . A kad. W etensch. A m sterdam , 1931, 3 4 , 1201— 1205).
— A n o p tical m eth o d of m easuring th e accom m odation coeff. of gas mols. on a solid surface is described.
The mols. reflected from a surface show no B o ltzm an n d istrib u tio n of th e ro ta tio n s ta te s , th e higher ro ta tio n levels occurring in too g re a t a p ro p o rtio n . T his effect is q u a lita tiv e ly indep en d en t of th e ra tio N 1/N 2 of th e m ol. densities of th e gas in cid e n t on th e w all an d em erging from it. J . W . Sm it h.
E x c h a n g e of e n e r g y b e tw e e n g a s a t o m s a n d s o lid s u r f a c e s . I I . T e m p e r a t u r e v a r i a t i o n of t h e a c c o m m o d a tio n c o e ffic ie n t of h e l i u m . J . K . Ro b e r t s (Proc. R oy. Soc., 1932, A , 1 3 5 ,192— 205).—
T he accom m odation coeff. of H e w ith a W surface from w hich films of adsorbed gas have been rem oved is m uch lower th a n those ordinarily m easured (A;, 1930, 1340). D a ta are now given fo r th e v a ria tio n of th e accom m odation cocffs. betw een 22° a n d —194°.
A t — 194° th e very low val. of 0-025 is obtain ed . T he resu lts suggest t h a t as 0° abs. is ap proached th e accom m odation coeff. w ould approach zero.
L. L. Bi r c u m s h a w. A to m f a c t o r s . W . Eh r e n b e r g a n d IC. Sc h a e e r
(Physikal. Z., 1932, 3 3 , 97— 122).— A resu m i of w ork on a to m facto rs w ith a ta b le of vals.
A. B. D . Ca s s i e. S c a t t e r i n g of X - r a y s b y s im p le g a s e s (N 2, O ,, C 0 2, C S 2, N H 3, H .,0 ) . H . G a j e w s k i (P hysikal. Z., 1932, 3 3 , 122— 131).— E x p erim en ta lly determ in ed a n g u la r d istrib u tio n s of sc a tte re d ra d ia tio n fit th eo retic al curves o b tain ed b y assum ing a finite d istrib u tio n of electronic charge a n d b y ad ju stin g nuclear sep aratio n s. A. B. D. C a s s i e .
A b s o r p t i o n of X - r a y s i n g a s e s a n d v a p o u r s . I I . J . A. Cr o w t h e ra n d L. H . H . Or t o n (Phil. Mag., 1932, [vii], 1 3 , 505—523; cf. A., 1930, 1229).— T he m ass ab so rp tio n coeffs. a n d re la tiv e ionisations of a n u m b e r of gases a n d vapours were m easured w ith Cu K - a n d F e if-ra d ia tio n . A t. ab so rp tio n coeffs.
w ere deduced for C, N, O, N e, Al, S, Cl, A, Z n, B r, I, a n d used to te s t th e relatio n betw een a t. ab so rp tio n a n d a t. no. a n d betw een a t. ab so rp tio n a n d w av e
len g th . De B roglie’s form ula agrees w ith observ
a tio n s for elem ents in group I of th e periodic table, b u t b reak s dow n for elem ents of higher a t. no.
H . J . Em e l£u s. E x c i t a t i o n p o t e n t i a l s of l i g h t m e t a l s . I . L i t h i u m . H . W . B. Sk i n n e r (Proc. R o y . Soc., 1932, A , 135, 84^—108).—T h e ra d ia tio n e m itte d b y m etallic L i has been stu d ie d b y th e photo-electric m eth o d . T h e m in. e x c ita tio n p o te n tia l fo r th e i f - ra d ia tio n of L i is 9 v o lts below th e i f-ionisation p o te n tia l of th e L i a to m , so t h a t i t is possible to excite
a if-reso n an ce ra d ia tio n in th e m e tal. T h e observed crit. p o te n tia ls of L i m e ta l a re c o rrelated w ith the calc, energy levels of th e free L i ato m . A n a tte m p t is m ade to w ard s a th e o ry of th e approx. linear relation
sh ip fo u n d betw een th e in te n sity of ra d ia tio n em itted from a m e ta l a n d th e voltage of th e exciting electron
beam . L. L. Bi r c u m s h a w.
N e w lin e s i n t h e K s e r i e s of X - r a y s . W.
Du a n e (Proc. N a t. A cad. Sci., 1932, 18, 63— 68).—
I n a n ex am in atio n of th e i f series lines of A -ray s from Mo, reflected from th e 100 p lan e of a calcite crystal, a new b a n d h as been discovered a t a slig h tly shorter w ave-length th a n th e y line of Mo. W . R . An g u s.
F in e s t r u c t u r e of X - r a y a b s o r p t i o n e d g e s . D.
Co s t e ra n d J . Ve l d k a m p (Z. P h y sik , 1932, 7 4 , 191—
20S; cf. A ., 1931, 993).— F u rth e r experim ental evidence is offered in fa v o u r of K ro n ig ’s theory.
F in e s tru c tu re w as m easured in th e K edge of Cu, F e, a n d Zn, th e la s t a t tem p , u p to 405°, a n d in the L m edge of A u an d P t. A. B. D . Ca s s i e.
Q u a d r u p o le l in e s i n X - r a y s p e c t r a . E . Se g p.è
(A tti R . A ccad. Lincei, 1931, [vi], 1 4 ,5 0 1 — 505).—All th e forbidden lines of X -ra y sp e c tra can be attrib u ted to quad ru p o le rad ia tio n . O. J . Wa l k e r.
I o n is in g e ffic ie n c y of e le c tr o n ic i m p a c t s i n air.
J . Th o m s o n (Proc. R oy. Soc. E d in ., 1930— 1931, 5 1 , 127— 141).— T he energy sp e n t in producing one p a ir of ions b y to ta l ab so rp tio n of electrons (velocity corresponding w ith 50— 270 volts) in air, measured b y a n io n isatio n ch am b er m eth o d , varies w ith the in itia l v elocity of th e electron a n d is asy m p to tic to th e val. 3 7 ^ 2 electron-volts w hen th e energy of the electron is v ery g re a t. H . E . Bl a y d e n.
A t t e m p t to d e te c t h i g h p h o to - e le c tr ic a b s o r p t i o n i n c æ s iu m v a p o u r a t d o u b le t h e s e r i e s lim it.
E . T. S. Ap p l e y a r d (Phil. M ag., 1932, [vii], 13, 300—
305).—N o ab so rp tio n in Cs v a p o u r in th e region X 1500— 1600, as w ould be exp ected as a therm o
dynam ic inverse to th e experim ents of D avis and B arnes on H e (cf. A ., 1930, 393), could be detected.
N . M. Bl i g h. T h e r m i o n i c e m is s io n a n d s p a c e c h a r g e . N. H.
Fr a n k (P hysical R ev ., 1932, [ii], 3 9 , 226— 2 3 6 ).-
M a th em atical. N . M. Bl i g h.
E f f e c t of s u r f a c e c h a n g e s o n t h e p h o to -e le c tric e m i s s i o n of s i l v e r a n d g o ld . T. E . Cl a r k e (Phil.
Mag., 1932, [vii], 1 3 , 624— 632).— T he influence of annealing, polishing, a n d of adsorbed gas on the photo-electric em ission of Ag a n d A u w as investigated.
H . J . Em e l é u s. C o llis io n o f e le c tr o n s w i t h r o t a t i n g d ip o les.
H . S. W . Ma s s e y (Proc. Cam b. P h il. Soc., 1932, 28,
99— 105). N . M. Bl i g h.
N e w c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e D i r a c e le c tr o n . A.
P r o c a (Com pt. rend., 1932, 1 9 4 , 691— 693).—
M ath em atical. T he D irac electron has, besides the m agnetic m o m en t of U hlenbeck a n d G oudsm it, a n a tu ra l electric m o m en t, d is tin c t from t h a t resulting from its m ag n etic m o m e n t; i t behaves as if, besides its electric charge, e, i t h ad a free m agnetic charge
a = e. C. A. SlLBERRAD.
G E N E R A L , P H Y S I C A L , A N D IN O R G A N IC C H E M IS T R Y . 3 1 7
In flu e n c e of a c lo u d of e le c tr o n s o n s t r u c t u r e of d e B r o g lie w a v e s . S. Sz o z e n i o w s k i a n d L.
In f e l d (Bull. A cad. Polonaise, 1931, A , 483—488).—
M athem atical.
A n g u la r d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e s c a t t e r i n g o f s lo w e le c tr o n s b y g a s m o le c u le s . I I . C . R a m s a u e r and R . K o l l a t h (Ann. P hysik) 1932, [v], 12, 529—
561; cf. A., 1931, 782,1107,1200).— T he zone a p p a ra tus previously described is im proved a n d a m eth o d devised •which gives th e sc a tte rin g as a fu n ctio n of scattering angle for sm all angles. T he an g u lar distrib u tio n w as found in H e, N e, A, H 2, CO, a n d C 02 for electron velocities betw een 1 v o lt a n d th e ex citatio n potential of th e gas. T he a n g u lar ran g e in v estig a ted
was 15— 167°. A. J . Me e.
C o llis io n of e le c tr o n s w i t h m o l e c u l e s . H . S . W . Ma s s e y a n d C. B. 0 . Mo h r (Proc. R oy. Soc., 1932, A, 1 3 5 ,2 5 8 —275).—T h e collision theories of B orn a n d Oppenheimer (A., 1928, 1170) are ap p lied to various phenom ena occurring on electron im p act w ith mols.
Elastic sc a tte rin g is considered a n d general formulco are obtained for th e case of d ia t. m ols., including the re la tio n betw een X -ra y an d electron scatterin g . The in te n sity of elastic sc a tte rin g in m ol. H2 is calc, for all angles a n d velocities fo r w hich th e B orn th e o ry is valid. L . L. Bi r c u m s i i a w.
E ffe c t o f e le c tr o n a t t a c h m e n t o n t h e io n m o b ility c u r v e s i n t h e Z e le n y a i r - b l a s t m e t h o d of io n m o b ility m e a s u r e m e n t . L . B. Lo e b a n d N . E . Br a d b u r y (J. F ra n k lin In s t., 1932, 2 1 3 ,1 1 9 — 154).—
Zeleny’s re su lts (cf. A ., 1931, 1207) are in te rp re te d b y the application of th e sim plified th e o ry of electro n
atta ch m en t. N . M. Bl i g h.
P o l a r i s a t i o n of e le c tr o n s . E . R u f p (P hysikal.
Z., 1932, 33, 158— 164).— E x p erim en ts are described which show th e p o larisatio n of electrons, (a) a t grazing reflexion, (b) b y sc a tte rin g a t 90°, follow ed b y transm ission of th e ray s th ro u g h a th in m e ta l foil.
The polarisation is connected w ith th e m agnetic moment of th e electron. A pplication of a longitudinal magnetic field causes a ro ta tio n of th e polarisation.
The effect of a tran sv erse field in various p ositions with respect to th e directio n of th e ra y s is also given.
A . J . Me e. A r tif ic ia l p r o d u c t i o n of f a s t p r o t o n s . J . D.
Co c k c r o f t a n d E . T . S. Wa l t o n (N ature, 1932, 129, 242).—P ro to n s w ith a velocity of 109 cm. p e r sec.
have a range in air of 8-2 m m ., an d in H 2, of 3-2 cm . a t N .T .P. T h is su p p o rts B la c k e tt’s conclusions on the relative ranges of pro to n s a n d a-particles.
L. S. Th e o b a l d. A t. w t . o f f l u o r i n e . H . S. Pa t t e r s o n, W . Ca w o o d, a n d R . Wh y t l a w-Gr a y (N ature, 1932, 129, 245).—-A discussion of c e rta in p o in ts in previous work on th e a t. w t. of F . Chem ical evidence a t present in d icates a v al. of 19-01 in preference to
19-00 (cf. th is vol., 106). L. S. Th e o b a l d. R e v is io n of a t . w t . of l a n t h a n u m . I . A n a ly s is of l a n t h a n u m b r o m i d e .
II.
S p e c ific g r a v i t i e s of l a n t h a n u m c h lo r id e a n d b r o m i d e . I I I . I n c re a s e d e ffic ie n c y o f c a lc iu m b r o m i d e a s a d r y i n g a g e n t a t lo w t e m p e r a t u r e s . G . P . B a x t e r a n d E- E. B e h r e n s (J. A m er. Chem. Soc., 1932, 54,591— 602; cf. A., 1922, ii, 298, 770).— B y analysis of L aB r3 th e val. 138-923 has been obtain ed for th e a t. w't. of L a. LaCl3 has d-5 3-842 and L aB r3 d25 5-057. T he efficiency of C aBr2 as a dry in g agent im proves on cooling a t —21° o r —72°.
L . P . Ha l l (c).
E l e m e n t 8 7 . F . Al l i s o n, E . R . Bi s h o p, A. L.
So m m e r, an d J . H . Ch r i s t e n s e n (J. A m er. Chem.
Soc., 1932, 54, 613— 615).— B y th e m agneto-optic m eth o d (A., 1930, 1541) ch aracteristic m in im a are o b tain ed for a cation w ith an equiv. w t. g reater th a n T l’, w hich are due, n o t to SnCl3" or ReCT, b u t to elem ent 87, w hich appears to have six isotopes an d for w hich th e nam e “ virginium ” a n d sym bol V a are suggested. Sm all am ounts of Va h av e been detected in pollucite, lepidolite, Searle’s L ake brine, k ain ite , m onazite sand, a n d sam arskite. L. P . Ha l l (c).
I s o to p e o f u r a n i u m . G. E l s e n (Rec. tra v . chim ., 1932, 51, 284— 28S).— On th e assu m p tio n th a t active U is th e isotope U239 a n d th e a t. w t. of U is 238-189, th e am o u n t of Ac-U p rese n t is approx. 16% . T aking v a n G rosse’s new val. of 238-084, how ever (A., 1931, 15), th e re is 10% Ac-U in U . On th e basis of th e first val. th e radioactive const, is 6-86 x lO-11 y ear-1 an d th e period 1-01X 1010 years. F o r 10% Ac-U th e corresponding vals. are 1-17 X 10"11 y e a r-1 an d
5-95 X l 0 10 years. M. S. Bu r r.
H ig h - te n s io n s u p p ly f o r G e ig e r c o u n te r s o p e r a t e d f r o m a .c . m a i n s . H . C. We b s t e r (Proo.
Camb. P h il. Soc., 1932, 28, 121— 123).— A n arran g e
m e n t to give const, voltage an d freedom from a.c.
ripple a n d o th e r disturbances is described.
N . M. Bl i g h. In f lu e n c e o f r a d io a c tiv e s u b s t a n c e s o n th e V o lta e ffe c t. L. Bo u c h e t (Com pt. ren d ., 1932, 1 9 4 , 695—697).—T he ra d io a c tiv ity of U20 B has v ery little influence on th e V olta effect betw een g ilt brass a n d Cd, Cu, Mg, Sn, or Zn (cf. A., 1882, 921).
C. A. SlLBERRAD.
A t t e m p t to d e te c t t h e s p o n ta n e o u s t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of h e l i u m i n t o p e n e t r a t i n g r a d i a t i o n . G. T . P . Ta r r a n t an d L . H . Gr a y (Proc. Camb.
P h il. Soc., 1932, 28, 124— 127).—N o evidence of p roduction of an y h a rd ra d ia tio n b y H e in b u lk in th e neighbourhood of a n ionisation cham b er w as obtained.
R esu lts indicate th a t a tm . H e cannot account for m ore th a n 2% of th e effect of p e n etratin g rad iatio n , an d in terstellar H e only if p resen t in excess of 1% .
N . M. Bl i g h. R a n g e a n d i o n is in g p o w e r of H - a n d a - r a y s . E . R u c h a r d t (Ann. P h y sik , 1932, [v], 12, 600—
606).— T he resu lts of G erthsen (A., 1930, 1083) aro in good agreem ent w ith th o se o b tain ed b y entirely
different m ethods. A. J . Me e.
L o s s of e n e r g y o f a - p a r tic le s a n d H - p a r tic le s . P . M. S. Bl a c k e t t (Proc. R oy. Soc., 1932, A , 134, 132— 142).—T heoretical. T he observed loss of energy of a-particles in H 2, H e, an d a ir is com pared w ith th e form ula given b y B e th e ’s th e o ry of th e loss of energy of fa s t particles (A., 1930, 972). T he effect of c a p tu re an d loss of electrons on th e r a te of loss of energy is discussed. L. L. Bi r c u m s h a w.
P a s s a g e of a- a n d (i-p a rtic le s t h r o u g h m a t t e r a n d B o r n 's t h e o r y of c o llis io n s . E . J . Wi l l i a m s
(Proc. R oy. Soc., 1932, A , 135, 108— 130).— The non- re la tiv ity th eo ry of th e passage of electric particles th ro u g h m a tte r developed b y B eth e on th e basis of B o rn ’s th e o ry of collisions (A., 1930, 972) is com pared w ith experim ental resu lts for th e stopping power, p rim a ry ionisation, to ta l ionisation, straggling, an d p roduction of branches b y a- an d (3-particles. Some of these phenom ena {e.g., th e stopping pow er of H5 for slow p-particles) a re accounted for b y th e new theory, b u t th e to ta l ionisation of th e m o n a t. gases a n d th e straggling of a-particles in lig h t elem ents still p resent difficulties. T he ex p erim en tal resu lts for fa st P-particles in d icate a sm all re la tiv ity correction to B e th e ’s form ula;. L . L. Bt r c u m s h a w.
A r tif ic ia l d i s i n t e g r a t i o n b y a - p a r tic le s . I I . F lu o r in e a n d a l u m i n i u m . J . Ch a d w i c k an d J . E . R . Co n s t a b l e (Proc. R oy. Soc., 1932, A, 135, 48— 68).— T he p ro to n em ission from A1 bom barded b y a-particles from P o can be resolved in to 8 groups, due to p e n e tra tio n of th e a-particles th ro u g h 4 resonance levels, each level giving rise to a p a ir of groups. T h e d isin teg ratio n of E, w hich gives 6 groups of p ro to n s w hen b o m barded b y a-particles, is explained in a sim ilar w ay. L. L. Bi r c u m s h a w.
S c a t t e r i n g of p -r a y s . J . A. Gr a y (Trans. R oy.
Soc. C anada, 1931, [iii], 25, I I I , 57— 64).— E x p e ri
m e n ts described in d icate t h a t th e sc a tte rin g of p-rays is accom panied by loss of energy, w hich is th e g re a te r th e sm aller is th e a t. no. of th e sc a tte rin g ato m , an d th e g re a te r is th e angle of scatterin g . F o r single scatterin g , a ra d ia to r m u st be so th in t h a t b o th th e in te n sity a n d th e average energy of th e sc a tte re d ra y s are p ro p o rtio n a l to th e th ick n ess of th e ra d iato r.
A . J . Me e. U p p e r l i m i t of e n e r g y i n th e p - r a y s p e c t r u m of t h o r i u m - C " . F . R . Te r e o u x an d N . S. Al e x a n d e r
(Proc. Cam b. P h il. Soc., 1932, 28, 115— 120).— T he u p p er p a r t of th e sp ectru m in v estig ated b y th e ex- p an sio n cham b er m eth o d show ed no “ ta il,” and no tra c k s of 7/p g re a te r th a n 10,800; th e e n d-point is placed a t 9400 7/p. N . M. Bl i g h.
N u m b e r o f s e c o n d a r y p -r a y s e m i t t e d b y r a d i u m . E . St a h e l (Com pt. ren d ., 1932, 1 9 4 , 608— 610).— U sing R a free from e m a n atio n a n d a c tiv e d eposit spread on a d iam ond surface a n d th e a rra n g e m e n t p reviously described (cf. A ., 1931, 543), th e no.
of secondary p-rays p er 100 a to m s of R a decom posed is 5 ± 1 . P relim in a ry exp erim en ts show t h a t th e no.
of y -ray s e m itte d is approx. th e sam e. T he R a ato m m u st th erefo re decom pose, e ith e r w ith em ission of o nly a single a-particle, or w ith sim ultaneous em ission of a n a-p a rtic le an d also of a y -ra y or th e corresponding seco n d ary p-ray. C. A. Si l b e r r a d.
N o m e n c la tu r e f o r lin e s i n th e p -ra y s p e c t r a o f r a d i o a c t i v e b o d ie s . C. D. El l i s (N ature, 1932,
129, 276).— A n o m enclature is suggested.
L . S. Th e o b a l d. E f f e c t of a b s o r p t i o n o f y - r a y s of v e r y h i g h f r e q u e n c y b y p r o j e c t i o n f r o m l i g h t n u c le i.
(Mm e.) I . Cu r i e a n d F . Jo l i o t (Com pt. ren d ., 1932, 194, 70S— 711).— T he I I p a rticles ejected from p a ra f
fin b y y -ray s of P o + B e (cf. th is vol., 210), exam ined in a W ilson expansion cham ber, show tra c k s of all
lengths to > 1 2 cm ., a n d also P-rays, som e of energy
> 1 06 volts, d ue p ro b a b ly to a C om pton effect.
C om parison of ¡i/p of th e se y -ray s a n d of y -ray s from T h -0 " in Cu, C, an d paraffin show t h a t m uch energy is absorbed b y th e H nuclei, a n d a considerable a m o u n t b y C ; also th e io nisation c u rre n t produced b y th e Po-f-B e y -ra y s in H e is 4-6 tim es t h a t produced in a ir a t th e sam e pressure. T h e phenom enon th u s ap p ears to be general. F ro m considerations of th e ab so rp tio n b y diffusion i t is concluded t h a t the ab so rp tio n a ttrib u ta b le to em ission of H p articles is a new m e th o d of in te ra c tio n betw een ra d ia tio n and m a tte r. D ed u ctio n of w ave-length from coeff. of ab so rp tio n in cases of high q u a n tu m energies is
erroneous. C. A. Si l b e r r a d.
I n t e r v a l b e tw e e n t h e d e p a r t u r e o f th e d i s i n t e g r a t i o n p a r t i c l e a n d t h e e m is s io n of t h e g a m m a r a d i a t i o n . P . Wr i g h t (Proc. Cam b. P h il. Soc., 1932, 28, 128— 135).— N o evidence of y -ra y emission from th e space above a source of R a-C liberating recoil ato m s of Ra-C" w as o b tain ed , in d ic atin g th a t th e in te rv a l betw een th e d e p a rtu re of th e d isin teg ra
tio n p a rtic le a n d em ission of th e y -ra y q u a n tu m is
< 1 0 -5sec. N . M. Bl i g h.
A b s o r p t i o n of h a r d m o n o c h r o m a t i c y - r a d i- a tio n . I I . G. T. P . Ta r r a n t (Proc. R oy. Soc., 1932, A , 1 3 5 , 223—236; cf. A ., 1930, 1085).— The ab so rp tio n coeffs. of th e y -ray s from T h -C " have been m easured, using a n io n isatio n cham b er co n tain ing gas a t 120 a tm . pressure. T he vals. for th e light elem ents are 3-1% > th o se calc, from th e K lein - N ishina form ula (A., 1929, 373), in d ic a tin g th e pos
sib ility of nuclear ab so rp tio n occurring fo r th e light elem ents as well as fo r th e h eavy. T he vals. per electron v a ry betw een th e lig h t a n d h eav y elements as th e sq u are of th e a t. no. L. L. Bi r c u m s h a w.
A b n o r m a l a b s o r p t i o n of h e a v y e le m e n ts fo r h a r d y - r a y s . C. Y . Ch a o (Proc. R oy. Soc., 1932, A , 1 3 5 , 206— 213).— A pprox. hom ogeneous y-ray beam s of v ary in g w ave-length are o b tain ed from a stro n g ly filtered T h -C ” p rim a ry ra d ia tio n , b y utilising th e change of w ave-length accom panying scattering.
A ra p id decrease of th e ex tra -a b so rp tio n of th e scat
te re d ra y s in lead is fo u n d betw een X =5-9 a n d 6-6 X.
T h is ■ suggests th e existence of a n e x c ita tio n or a d isin te g ra tio n p o te n tia l. L . L . Bi r c u m s h a w.
A c tiv e n i t r o g e n . EX. E l e c t r i c c o n d u c ti v i t y of a c tiv e n i t r o g e n . E . J . B. Wi l l e y and W . A. St r i n g e e l l o w. X . S u p p o s e d ly o x id is a b le v a r i e t y of n i t r o g e n . E . J . B. Wi l l e y a n d S. G.
Fo o r d (J.C .S., 1932, 142— 152, 153— 161).—IX . C harged p a rticles p ro b a b ly p la y no p a r t in th e chem
ical reactio n s of ac tiv e N. T he c o n d u c tiv ity of active N is a surface effect, du e to th e ejection of electrons from th e te stin g electrodes b y im p a c t a n d deactiv
a tio n of 8-volt m e ta sta b le N 2. T h e c o n d u c tiv ity was show n n o t to be du e to p h o to-electric em ission from th e te s tin g electrodes.
X . N o evidence w as o b tain ed fo r th e existence of a n oxidisable a c tiv e species of N , o r of a n oxide of N, w hich re a c ts w ith 03 b u t n o t w ith 0 2. Low ry’s re su lts (J.C .S., 1912, 1 0 1 , 1152) m a y be explained by th e v e ry ra p id re a c tio n of NO a n d 03 com pared w ith t h a t o f'N O a n d 0 2. H . J . Em e u6u s.
G E N E R A L , P H Y S IC A L , A N D IN O R G A N IC C H E M IS T R Y . 3 1 9
D e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e S t e f a n - B o l t z m a n n r a d i a t i o n c o n s t a n t , u s i n g a C a U e n d a r r a d io - b a la n c e . F . E . Ho a r e (Phil. Mag., 1932, [ v ii] , 1 3 , 380— 392).—
W ith a source of ra d ia tio n a t ap p ro x . 100° th e m ean v a l . o b tain ed w as 5-737 X 10~5 erg/ s e c. /cm.2/degree4.
H . J . EmklIu s. Q u a n tu m m e c h a n ic a l t h e o r y of e n e r g y e x c h a n g e s b e tw e e n i n e r t g a s a t o m s a n d a s o lid s u r f a c e . J . M. Ja c k s o n (Proc. Cam b. P h i l . Soc., 1932, 28, 13G— 164).— M ath em atical.
N. M. Bl i g h. C o n tin u o u s a t o m i c m a t r i x . W . R . Mo r g a n s
(Phil. M ag., 1932, [vii], 13, 664— 673).—M athem atical.
H . J . Em e l£u s. C h e m is tr y a n d th e q u a n t u m t h e o r y of a to m ic c o n s titu tio n . N . Bo h r (J.C .S., 1932, 349— 384).—
F ara d a y L ecture.
B e r y lliu m m o le c u le . W . H . Fu r r y an d J . H . Ba r t l e t t, ju n . (P hysical R ev ., 1932, [ii], 3 9 , 210—- 225).— M ath em atical. T h e s ta b ility of B e mol. sta te s
is in v estig ated . N . M. Bl i g h.
S e a r c h f o r t h e b a n d s p e c t r a of b o r o n f lu o r id e . N . R . Ta w d e a n d R . C. Jo h n s o n ( P h i l . M a g ., 1932, [ v ii] , 1 3 , 501— 504).—N e w b a n d s b e t w e e n XX 6400 a n d 4438 A ., w h i c h m a y b e d u e to B F , w e r e m e a s u r e d .
H . J . Em e l e u s. A b s o r p tio n s p e c t r u m o f io d in e b r o m i d e i n t h e v is ib le . H . Co r d e s (Z. P h y sik , 1932, 74, 34— 44).—
The h e a t of dissociation of I B r is 1-80 volts, a n d of
IC1 2-043. A. B. D. Ca s s i e.
A b s o r p tio n s p e c t r a of v a r i o u s s e r i e s of r a r e - e a r t h d o u b le n i t r a t e s . I I . D . Wy l l i e an d J . A.
Ha r r i s (Trans. R oy. Soc. C anada, 1931, [iii], 25, I I I , 107— 113).—V arious double a n d sim ple n itra te s of Ce-free, Ce group ra re e a rth s h a v e been rep eated ly recryst. to te s t th e val. of th e se sa lts in th e sep aratio n of ra re earth s. A stu d y of ab so rp tio n spec tra in d ic
ates th a t cry stallisatio n of sim ple n itra te s from conc.
H N 03 a n d form ation of double n itra te s w ith P b an d Cd do n o t provide satisfac to ry m ethods for th e separation of th e ra re e a rth s of th e Ce group. F ra c tional recry stallisatio n of th e double n itra te s w ith N H j is th e m o st efficient m eth o d fo r a prelim in ary separation of P r from L a a n d N d. Mg, Co, a n d Z n double n itra te s crystallise well, b u t give no m arked separation. F o r th e ra p id se p a ra tio n of Sm th e use of the double n itra te of th e Ce group e a rth s w ith N i is
recom m ended. A. J . Me e.
A b s o r p tio n s p e c t r a of r a r e - e a r t h g la z e s . F . H . No r t o n a n d D . T. H . Sh a w (J. P hysical Chem., 1931, 3 5 , 3480— 3485).—-The spectro -p h o to m etric reflecting curves of glazes containing o xalates of Ce, P r, N d, Sm, a n d “ didym ium ” hav e been obtained.
The reflexion m in im a correspond closely w ith th e absorption bands of a q . solutions of th e sa lts, th u s indicating t h a t th e ab so rp tio n ch a racteristics of th e rare-earth ato m s are n o t appreciably altered in th e change from a n aq. solution to a silicate glass. T h e characteristic a b so rp tio n b an d s b y w hich th e elem ents m ay be easily identified a r e : Ce, 585 m g ; P r, 592 m g ; Nd, 525 a n d 585 m g ; Sm, 470 a n d 560 mg.
C. C. Ki e s s (c).
N u m b e r of e x c ite d a t o m s a n d th e a b s o r p t i o n -sp e c tra of v a r i o u s m e t a l l i c v a p o u r s . A. T. Wi l
l i a m s (Physikal. Z., 1932, 3 3 , 152— 158).— B y in v estigating th e vapours of Cu, Ag, a n d A u, i t was show n th a t th e relatio n sh ip N 1/ N —e~£lllT, w here Ar1/N is th e ra tio of th e no. of ex cited to to ta l atom s, a n d E is th e absorbed exciting energy, is valid, a p a rt from a few anom alies. A. J . Me e.
I n t e n s i t y m e a s u r e m e n t s i n u l t r a - v i o l e t s p e c t r a b y m e a n s of p h o to - e le c tr ic c e lls s e n s i t i s e d b y s o d i u m s a lic y la te . A. Ch e v a l l i e r a n d P . D u -
b o u l o z (Conipt, rend., 1932, 1 9 4 , 452— 454; cf. th is vol., 213).— The m eth o d is applied to th e d e te rm in atio n of th e in te n sity of th e fluorescent lig h t as a function of th e w ave-length of th e exciting light, giving a curve closely resem bling th a t relatin g energy to w ave-length in H2 (cf. A., 1929, 616); also to th e d eterm in atio n of th e u ltra-v io let absorption spectrum of COMe„ (cf. A., 1926,774). C. A. Sir,r e r e a d.
C h a n g e i n c o lo u r o n h e a t i n g of p y r id in e s o lu t i o n s of c o b a lt c h lo r id e . I . Ro h d e a n d E . Vo g t
(Z. physikal. Chem., 1932, B , 15, 353—364).— A b
sorption curves of CoCl2 dissolved in pyridine have been determ in ed betw een —45° an d 105°. The v a ria tio n in th e absorption w ith change in tem p., visible as a colour change from re d to blue betw een a b o u t 10° a n d 50°, ac tu a lly goes on over th e whole te m p , range from th e f. p. to th e b. p. of th e solution.
T he absorption spectrum consists of tw o superim posed curves, corresponding w ith tw o d istin c t mol. species.
Change in tem p , does n o t affect th e se p arate sp ectra, b u t only th e relativ e am ounts of th e tw o mol. species.
A t 503 m g b o th form s have th e sam e ex tin ctio n coeff., fo r th e absorption curves a t all te m p , in tersect a t this w ave-length. T he v ariatio n in tem p , of th e absorption coeS. for a selected w ave-length (610 mg) agrees w ith th e assum ption th a t th e change r e d > blue is a unim ol. reactio n in respect of Co, th e h e a t of reaction being 11,700 g.-cal. A t 50°, w hen th e solution appeal's to have a p u re blue colour, th e ra tio of th e blue form to th e red form is 1 : 10, an d reaches 1 : 1 only a t 97°. T he resu lts te n d to confirm th e th e o ry th a t th e colour changes are due to such a reaction as
CoC12,4C5H bN (red) ^ CoCl2,2C5H 5N (b lu e)+ 2 C5H 6N (cf. A., 1927, 205). R . Cu t h i l l.
A b s o r p tio n s p e c t r a o f s u l p h u r c o m p o u n d s of v a r i o u s v a le n c ie s . H . Le y an d B . Ar e n d s (Z.
physikal. Chem., 1932, B , 1 5 , 311— 324).— Solutions of H 2S in H ,0 an d hexane have p ractically th e sam e absorption curve, w ith a m ax. a t 189 m g, w hich is a ttrib u te d to th e undissociated m ol. I n aq. N a 2S th e m ax. has sh ifted to 227 m g, an d corresponds w ith th e H S ' ion. E tS H has a b an d a t 193-5 mg, an d indications of an o th er a t ab o u t 225 m g. N o definite m ax. appear on th e curves for E tS N a an d E t2S. E t2S2 has a b and a t 249 m g an d an o th er below 185 m g. The absorption bands of th e alkali an d alkyl sulphates, a n d probably also of th e sulphonium salts, lie fa r in th e u ltra-violet, an d could n o t be located w ith th e a p p a ra tu s used, th e lower lim it of w hich was ab o u t 185 m g.
R . Cu t h i l l. U ltr a - v io le t a b s o r p t i o n of s o m e a r o m a t i c h y d r o c a r b o n s . W . Pe s t e m e r a n d J . Ce c e l s k y
(M onatsh., 1932, 59, 113— 127).—-U ltra-violet a b sorption d a ta are recorded for diphenyl, d in ap h th y l, anthracene, p henanthrene, an d perylene dissolved in
hexane. F ro m th e re su lts i t is difficult to regard peryl- ene as having a definite n ap h th alen e or an th racen e c h aracter. P erylene ca n n o t be considered as a sim ple union of tw o C10H8 chrom ophores, as in th e case of d in a p h th y l, b u t as a n in d iv id u al chrom ophore o r a n ind iv id u al system of chrom ophores. M. S. B u b r .
A b s o r p t i o n i n th e u l t r a - v i o l e t of s o lu tio n s of o p tic a lly a c tiv e o r g a n ic c o m p o u n d s . R . Lt jc a s
a n d M. Sc h w o b (J. P hys. R ad iu m , 1932, [vii], 3, 43—56).— D a ta for cam phor in CC14, cycZoliexane, E tO H , AcOH, C6H 0, H C 02H , a n d I13P 0 4, fenchone in C0H 12, cZ-cyanocamphor in cycZohexane a n d C0H 0, a n d ta rta ric acid in various solvents show th a t ro ta to ry pow er varies w ith th e solvent an d concn., a n d a b so rp tio n varies w ith th e solvent and, co n tra ry to B eer’s law, w ith th e concn. Possible explanations are
discussed. N . M. Bl i g h.
U l t r a - v i o l e t a b s o r p t i o n s p e c t r a o f s o lu tio n s of s u b s t i t u t e d p h e n y lu r a c ils . J . Ev a n s (J. A m er.
Chem. Soc., 1932, 54, 641— 646).— U ltra-v io let a b so rp tio n sp ectra curves of 6-phenyluracil, its 1-A- a n d 3-ZV-Me a n d 1 :3-iYY-Me2 derivatives, E t 6-phenyl- uracil-3-i\r-acetate, Me 6-phenyl-l-A -m ethyluracil-3- Ar-acetate, 6-phenyl-1-A- an d 3-iY -m ethylhydrouracils, an d E t 6 -p h en y l-l-A -m eth y lh y d ro iu acil-3 -A -acetatc are given. T h e ab so rp tio n sp ectra of 1-iY -substituted uracils differ from th o se of th e 3-N- or n o n -su b stitu ted d e riv a tiv e s; th e difference can be used to distinguish th e 1-A- from th e 3 -A -su b stitu ted 6-phenyluracils.
G. J . We s t (6).
I n f r a - r e d r a d i a t i o n of r e f r a c t o r y s u b s t a n c e s . B. Wr e d e (M itt. K aiser-W ilh .-In st. E isenforsch., 1931, 1 3 , 131— 142; Chem. Z entr., 1931, ii, 1972).—
T he sp ectral d istrib u tio n of th e em ission of silica (95% S i0 2), c h a m o tte (55% S i0 2), sillim anite (33%
S i0 2), corundum (70% A120 3), a n d m agnesite (80%
MgO) refractories in th e region 1— 9 g was determ ined.
A. A. El d r i d g e. N o r m a l v i b r a t i o n s of a c e ty le n e . A . R . Ol s o n
an d H . A. K r a m e r s (J. A m er. Chem. Soc., 1932, 54-, 136— 138).—-The ra tio s of th e frequencies correspond
ing w ith th e five n o rm al m odes of v ib ratio n of th e C2H2 m ol. hav e been recalc, on th e basis of classical m echanics. T he vals. of vv v2, a n d v3 are n o t in consistent w ith M ecke’s in te rp re ta tio n of th e spectrum , b u t if th e new vals. of S1 a n d S2 are correct, M ecke’s correlation w ith experim ents m u st be revised.
C. J . Hu m p h r e y s (c).
R a m a n e ffe c t f r o m th e v ie w p o in t of u n im o le - c u l a r r e a c t i o n s . A. Ga n g u l i (Phil. M ag., 1932, [vii], 1 3 ,3 0 6 — 310; cf. A., 1931,1130).— M athem atical.
N . M. Bl i g h. R a m a n s p e c t r u m of s u l p h u r i c a c id a n d th e a c tio n of a n e le c tr ic f ie ld o n i t . V . Ric c a (A tti R . A ccad. Lincei, 1931, [vi], 14, 288—290).— W ith 50 w t.-% H2S 04 th e re is a displacem ent of th e R a m a n lines tow ards th e v io let w hen th e electric c u rre n t applied is such t h a t th e H + ions m ove aw ay from th e sp ectro g rap h a n d to w ard s th e red in th e opposite case, an d in b o th cases th e in te n sity of th e lin es is dim inished. 0 . J . W a l k e r .
R a m a n e ffe c t a n d m o l e c u l a r s t r u c t u r e of s o m e s i m p l e in o r g a n i c s u b s t a n c e s . A. Da d i e u an d K . W . F . Ko h l r a u s c h (P hysikal. Z., 1932, 3 3 , 165—
172).— T he R a m a n sp ectra of N H 3, S 0 2, H2S, and COS w ere in v estig ated , an d on th e basis of these resu lts a n d th o se of in fra-red d eterm in a tio n s, th e mol.
consts. w ere obtain ed . E x p erim en ts w ith b utane, NOC1, a n d N204 led to no results, owing, in the la s t tw p cases, to th e ir deep colour. A. J . Me e.
R e la tiv e e ffic ie n c y of s o m e o f t h e m e r c u r y a r c l in e s i n e x c itin g th e R a m a n s p e c t r u m of b e n z e n e . (Miss) We r t h (P hysical R ev ., 1932, [ii], 3 9 , 299—
310).— T he observed R a m a n frequencies aro Av 606, 845, 992, 1175, 1585, 1603, 2947, 3060, 3185, and th e corresponding exciting lines are 3650, 3654, 3663, 4047, 4078, 4108, 4339, 4347, a n d 4358 A. T otal in ten sities are ta b u la te d . R elativ e in ten sities of R a m a n p a tte r n s for fines of single origin w ere m eas
ured . R ay le ig h ’s fo u rth -p o w er law w as verified.
N . M. Bl i g h. R a m a n s p e c t r a i n l i q u i d a n d g a s e o u s m e th a n e . S. C. Bi s w a s (Phil. Mag., 1932, [vii], 13, 455—458).—
T he possibility of tw o physically d is tin c t form s of CH4 is discussed on th e basis of differences in the R a m a n sp ectra of th e liq u id a n d gas.
H . J . Em e lGu s. R a m a n e ffe c t i n n o n - id e a l b i n a r y s o lu tio n s a n d i n a s e r i e s o f m o n o - , d i- , a n d p o ly - h y d r ic a lc o h o ls . R . E . Wh i t i n g a n d W . H . Ma r t i n
(T rans. R o y . Soc. C anada, 1931, [iii], 25, H I , 87—
98).— A solution of py rid in e a n d A cO H , a n d of COMe2 a n d CS2, b o th non-ideal, gave R a m a n sp ectra which' w ere superpositions of those of th e com ponents.
Careful purification a n d rem oval of d u s t caused d is
ap p earan ce of continuous p o rtio n s from th e spectra of M eOII, ethylene glycol, a n d sucrose solutions.
Glycerol, u n d er th e sam e conditions, gave a stro n g continuous sp ectru m w ith a double s tru c tu re . R am an frequencies for all th ese sub stan ces h av e been m easured. D u st-free glucose solution gave a strong continuous sp ectru m w hich m a y be ascribed to photochem ical decom p. A. J . Me e.
R a m a n e ffe c t i n t h e t e r p e n e s . H y d r o c a r b o n s . G. B. Bo n i n o an d P . Cb l l a (Mem. R . A ccad. d ’lta lia , 1931, 2, [Cliim., 4], 51 p p .).— T he R a m a n sp ectra of d- a n d Z-pinene, lim onene, sabinene, m enthene, pinane, sabinane, a n d m en th an e h av e been stu d ied . The com plex sp ectra o b tain ed are discussed in re la tio n to th e m ol. stru c tu re , a n d th o se of d-pincne an d limonene are com pared w ith th e in fra-red ab so rp tio n spectra.
H . F . Gi l l b e. R a m a n s p e c t r u m of s u g a r s o lu tio n s . V.
Po l a r a (A tti R . A ccad. Lincei, 1931, [vi], 1 4 , 293—
298).— I n th e R a m a n sp ectru m of sucrose solutions five of th e seven fines c h a ra c teristic of glycerol and fo u r fines of th e alcohols are found as well as other lines u su ally a ttr ib u te d to various ty p es of linkings in th e a lip h a tic series. 0 . J . Wa l k e r.
R a m a n s p e c t r a o f c a r o te n o id s . H . v o n Eu l e r
a n d H . He l l s t r o m (Z. p hysikal. Chem., 1932, B , 15, 342— 346).— T he sp ectra in E t 20 solution of a- and [¡-carotene, leaf-xanthophyll, lycopene, a n d p-ionone h av e been d eterm ined, th e first th re e com pounds giving th e sam e frequencies, one of w hich also occurs
w ith ionone. R . Cu t h i l l.
M o le c u la r s y m m e t r y a n d d if f u s io n s p e c t r a . J . Oa r a n n e s a n d A. Ro u s s e t (Com pt. ren d ., 1932,
G E N E R A L , P H Y S I C A L , A N D IN O R G A N IC C H E M IS T R Y . 3 2 1
194, 700— 70S; cf. th is vol., 212).— F ro m fu rth e r results of a sim ilar n a tu re are deduced th e angles between th e linkings in N 02 (in P h N 0 2), N H2 (in NH2Me), a n d S 0 2, a n d th e vals. of p in PC13, P0C13, and CHCI3. T he dep o larisatio n of th e H ,0 b an d a t 3240 cm.-1 a n d non-depolarisation of t h a t a t 341S are opposed to K a s tle r’s th e o ry (cf. A ., 1931, 668).
The case of allene (th is vol., 109) is show n n o t to be
exceptional. C. A. Si l b e r r a d.
P h o to g r a p h y of f lu o r e s c e n c e s p e c t r a a n d R a m a n s p e c t r a . F . Al j i a s y (Physikal. Z., 1932, 33, 221—222).— A n a p p a ra tu s is described b y m eans of which w eak sp ectra such as th e above m a y be
photographed. A. J . Me e.
A p e c u l i a r f o r m o f a c tiv ity of m a t t e r . G.
Re b o u l (Com pt. ren d ., 1932, 1 9 4 , 602— 603; cf. A., 1931, 666).— E x p erim en ts show t h a t th e ac tio n on a photographic p la te of c e rta in su bstances, e.g., paper, exposed to th e actio n of a resistan ce cell is co n sisten t with its being d ue to em ission b y th e p a p e r, in a manner analogous to phosphorescence, of v ery easily absorbable ra d ia tio n belonging to a n invisible p o rtio n of th e sp ectru m , a n d p ro d u ced b y ra d ia tio n from th e
cell. C. A. Si l b e r r a d.
C a th o d ic p h o s p h o r e s c e n c e of r a r e e a r t h s i n c a lc iu m o x id e . S. Fa g e r b e r g (N ova A cta R eg.
Soc. Sci. U psalensis, 1931, [iv], 7, No. 6, 59 p p .;
Ckem. Z en tr., 1931, ii, 2424).— M odified a p p a ra tu s and m ethods are described, a n d re su lts are ta b u la te d . New lines h a v e been observed. A. A. El d r i d g e.
M in u te s t r u c t u r e o f p h o s p h o r s a n d i t s r e l a t i o n sh ip s to a to m ic - c h e m ic a l p r o b l e m s . E . T i e d e and E. W e i s s (Ber., 1932, 6 5 , [£ ], 364— 372).— T he form ation of phosphors is stu d ie d b y exposing S i02 tubes co n tain in g a lay er of a c tiv a to r (CuS o r Sb2S3) between tw o lay ers of fu n d a m e n ta l sulphide (ZnS or MgS) (layer m ethod) o r a hom ogeneous m ix tu re of activator an d fu n d a m en tal sulphide (m ixture m ethod) to grad u ally rising tem p. A c tiv a tio n a n d con
sequent developm ent of ch aracteristic phosphors commences a t a b o u t 330° in a ll system s exam ined.
The anion of th e m etallic s a lt has no m a rk ed influence, CuS being replaceable b y CuO or C u S 0 4. T he activating influence of CdS or a pre-form ed Z nS -C u phosphor is observed a t 650°. V ery prolonged heating of Z nS-C uS a t 280— 320° does n o t produce a phosphor. I t ap p ears, th erefo re, t h a t th e a c tiv e metal ato m s p e n e tra te th e la ttic e of th e fu n d am en ta l sulphide w ith o u t causing a n a c tu a l displacem ent of the com ponents of th e la tte r. T h e relatio n sh ip of at. d istance to p ro d u ctio n of phosphors is discussed
(cf. A., 1931, 1253). H . W r e n .
E m issio n , o f p r a s e o d y m i u m i n a l k a l i n e - e a r t h p h o s p h o r s . I I . H . E v e r t (Ann. P h y sik , 1932, [v], 1 2 , 137— 153).— T he effect of te m p , a n d ty p e of excitation on th e previously described phosphors (cf.
this vol., 110) is stu d ied . I n th e sp e c tra of th e su l
phide a n d oxide P r phosphors th e re a re tw o bands, the lines differing in th e ir p ro p e rtie s a s reg ard s tem p ., excitation, d istrib u tio n , a n d sharpness. A . J . M e e .
D is s o c ia tio n o f n i t r o g e n a n d c a r b o n m o n o x id e b y e le c tro n i m p a c t . J . T . Ta t e an d W . W . Lo z i e r
(Physical R ev ., 1932, [ii], 3 9 , 254— 269).— Energies
of dissociation p ro d u cts, v a ria tio n w ith electron energy of p ro b ab ility of ion p ro d u ctio n , a n d m in.
electron energy fo r th e p ro d u c tio n of ions of specified energy were determ ined. P ro b ab le processes and h e a ts of dissociation in v o lts w e r e : N , > -N + N (8 -4 ± 0 -5 ); N,+— > N ++ N + e (7-1 ± 0 - 5 ) ; N ,— >
N + + N + + 2 e ; “ CO— > G + 0 (9 -3 ± 0 -5 ); CO+— >
C + + O (6 -4 ± 0 -5 ); C O + e — > C + 0 - ; CO— » -C + + 0 -.
N . M. Bl ig h. E ffic ie n c ie s of i o n is a tio n a n d i o n is a tio n p o t e n t i a l s of v a r i o u s g a s e s u n d e r e le c tr o n i m p a c t . J . T. T a t e an d P . T. S m i t h (P hysical R ev ., 1932, [ii], 3 9 , 270—277; cf. A., 1931, 665).—T h e gases in v estig a ted a n d ionisation p o ten tials fo u n d w ere : N a, 15-7; H 2, 15-6; CO, 14-1; 0 2, 12-5 a n d 16-1;
N O , 9-5; C2H 2, 11-6 v o lts. N eg ativ e ions w ere form ed b y electron im p a c t in th e fo u r la st nam ed.
N . M. Bl i g h. P h o to - e le c tr ic a s s o c ia tio n o f s o d i u m i n r o c k - s a l t . E . Re x e r (Physikal. Z., 1932, 33, 202— 204).
— Irra d ia tio n w ith blue lig h t of a ro c k -salt cry sta l coloured b y a t. N a causes a n association of th e N a to larger com plexes, depending o n th e in n er p h o to
effect. A. J . Me e.
P h o t o c h e m i s t r y of c r y s t a l s t r u c t u r e f a u lts . A. S m e k a l (P hysikal. Z., 1932, 3 3 , 204— 206).— A discussion of w ork on coloured specim ens of rock-salt.
A. J . Me e. P h o t o - e l e c t r i c e ffe c t i n s e m i - c o n d u c t o r s . L.
B e r g m a n n (Physikal. Z., 1932, 3 3 , 209— 213).—T he use of th e m eth o d described, w hich involves in te r
m itte n t exposure of a special photo-cell to rad iatio n , enables th e photo-electric properties of exceedingly sm all q u an tities of su bstances to be in vestigated.
A. J . Me e. T r a n s p o r t p h e n o m e n a i n a d e g e n e r a t e g a s . I . D . S. K o t h a r i (Phil. M ag., 1932, [yii], 1 3 , 361—
379).— M athem atical. H . J . E m e l e u s . E f f e c t of th e c h a r a c t e r of t h e e le c tr o d e s u r f a c e s o n c o n d u c tio n i n l i q u id d ie le c tr ic s . H . E d l e r a n d C. A. K n o r r (Z. physikal. Ckem., 1932, 1 5 8 , 433—440).—T he form of th e e u rre n t-v o lta g e curve o btain ed w ith P t electrodes in C6H6 is g reatly in fluenced b y th e H co n te n t of th e electrodes. F o r a given voltage, electrodes free from H give vals. for th e cu rren t w hich are lower an d m ore n early re p ro ducible th a n th o se ob tain ed w ith electrodes charged w ith H . A ddition of th io p h en considerably reduces th e cu rren t passing. R . C u t h i l l .
E le c tr ic a l c o n d u c tiv ity of th e a l k a l i c a r b id e s a n d th e n a t u r e of t h e c o m b in a tio n . A. v o n A n t r o p o f f a n d J . F . M u l l e r (Z. anorg. Ckem., 1932, 2 0 4 , 305— 314).—N a 2C2 a t tem p , betw een 180°
a n d 270° behaves as a ty p ical ionic conductor. W ith d irect current, polarisation a n d d en d rite form ation occur. T h e c u rren t is conveyed exclusively b y N a ’, a n d F a ra d a y ’s law is applicable. T h e beh av io u r of L i2C2 containing ab o u t 20% of L i acetylide is sim ilar.
H . F . Gil t.b e . N o n - v o la tile a n d n o n - c o n d u c tin g c r y s t a l s . F . H u x d (Z. P hysik, 1932, 7 4 , 1— 17).— P ro p erties of c ry stals are discussed from th e p o in t of view of occupying available cry stal pro p er functions w ith available electrons (cf. th is vol., 10, 215). T he crite-
