ISSN 1509-1619
Ɉɥɟɝ Ⱥɫɬɚɯɨɜ
Ʉɟɦɟɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜ
ɂɆɉɊȿɋɋɂɈɇɂɋɌɂɑȿɋɄɈȿ ɆɂɊɈɈɓɍɓȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɏɍȾɈɀȿɋɌȼȿɇɇɈɃ ɄɍɅɖɌɍɊȿ ɊɈɋɋɂɂ
ɄɈɇɐȺ ɏIɏ – ɇȺɑȺɅȺ ɏɏ ȼȿɄȺ
Key words: impressionism, Russian culture, structuralism, experiment, perception
ȼɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɜ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ XIX ɜɟɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɨ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɣ ɠɢ- ɜɨɩɢɫɢ, ɢɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɢɡɦ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɥɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɢ- ɞɚɯ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ XIX ɜɟɤɚ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɢ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ, ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɩɨɢɫɤɭ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢ ɨɛ- ɧɚɪɭɠɢɥ ɫɟɛɹ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɢɫɬɨɜ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛ- ɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɬɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɨɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɢ ɢɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɢɡɦ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɟɧ, ɢɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɢɡɦ ɥɢ- ɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɫɬɨɪɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ. ɉɨɦɟɳɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɹɞ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɶ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɨɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ, ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɧɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɤɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚɹ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɢɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ.
ȿɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɜ ɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɨɜ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɹ… Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɜ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɢ ɫɸɠɟɬ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɝɨ.
ȼ ɫɢɥɭ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɪɨɨɳɭɳɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɚ ɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶ- ɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɞɭɯɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ1.
ɂɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɢɡɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɪɨɬ ɜ ɦɚɧɟɪɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ- ɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ.
ȼ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɤɢ ɢɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɢɡɦɚ, ɢɧɬɭɢɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɳɭɬɢɦɵɟ, ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ, ɯɨɬɹ ȼ.ə. Ȼɪɸɫɨɜ, ɨɫɧɨ- ɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɢɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɩɵɬɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢ-
1 ȼ. Ⱥɥɶɮɨɧɫɨɜ, ɋɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɤɪɚɫɤɢ. Ɉɱɟɪɤɢ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɩɨɷɬɨɜ ɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɨɜ.
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1966, c. 7.
ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɦɢɪɨɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɸ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɜɵɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɢɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɤɢ ɟɦɭ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ. Ɋɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɨ ɮɢɤɫɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢ- ɟɦɨɜ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ. ɇɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɨ- ɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɢɡɦɚ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɫɭɬɶɸ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɜ ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɤɟ ɢɦɩɪɟɫ- ɫɢɨɧɢɡɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɭɥɶɫɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚ ɡɚɩɟ- ɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ɇɟɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ „ɹ”, ɧɟɞɨɨɩɪɟɞɟ- ɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɫɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ, ɨɬɤɚɡ ɨɬ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟ- ɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɥɢɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. – ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɫɚɦɨ- ɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɬɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɪɟ- ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɷɬɨɜ-ɢɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɢɫɬɨɜ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɩɚɧɷɫɬɟɬɢɡɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹɯ Ʉ.Ⱦ. Ȼɚɥɶɦɨɧɬɚ.
ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɛɵɬɢɹ, ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟ- ɱɢɜɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɢɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɢɫɬɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɢɬɶ ɬɨ ɢɫɬɢɧ- ɧɨɟ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ, ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɢɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɜɨ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɟ ɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɭɫ- ɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɭɡɵɤɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫ- ɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ „ɦɟɪɰɚɸɳɢɯ”, ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɬɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɦɭ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɢɜɚɧɢɸ, ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɫ- ɬɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɶ, ɹɜɥɹ- ɸɬɫɹ, ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤ ɦɢɪɭ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ.
ɉɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɭɛɥɢ- ɤɚɰɢɹ Ȼɪɸɫɨɜɚ ɜ 1894–1895 ɝɝ. ɬɪɟɯ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɨɜ Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɦ- ɜɨɥɢɫɬɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɜɲɢɦɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɣ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɷɬɚ, ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɫɬɨɜ. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɢɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɦɭ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɭ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɡɚɹɜɥɹɟɬ:
ɇɢɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ ɠɟɥɚɹ ɨɬɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɦɭ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɹ ɟɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɭɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ, „ɩɨɷɡɢɟɣ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ”, ɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɫɱɢ- ɬɚɸ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɷɡɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɣ raison d’etre. Ɂɚɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɷɬɵ, ɧɢɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɜɲɢɟ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɦɚ, ɧɟɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚ- ɥɢɫɶ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɠɟɥɚɥɢ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɬɨɧɤɢɟ, ɟɞɜɚ ɭɥɨɜɢɦɵɟ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ...
ɐɟɥɶ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɦɚ – ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɡɚɝɢɩɧɨɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɱɢɬɚ- ɬɟɥɹ, ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ2.
2 ȼ.ə. Ȼɪɸɫɨɜ, Ɉɬ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɹ, ɜ: idem, ɋɪɟɞɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ: 1894–1924. Ɇɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɵ, ɫɬɚɬɶɢ, ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɢ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1990, c. 11.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, Ȼɪɸɫɨɜ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɜ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɨɜ, ɫɭɝɝɟɫɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚɦɟɤɢ, ɧɟɞɨɫɤɚ- ɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢɪɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɧɭɲɟɧɢɹ. ɋɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɛɨɪ- ɧɢɤɚɯ Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɫɬɵ, Ȼɪɸɫɨɜ ɫɨɛɪɚɥ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɭ ɩɨɞ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɢɟɦ Juvenilia, ɝɞɟ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɷɩɢɝɪɚɮɟ, ɜɡɹɬɨɦ ɢɡ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɋ. Ɇɚɥɥɚɪɦɟ Divigations, ɡɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɧ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ: „Ɉɛɵɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɳɟɣ”. Ɇɚɥɥɚɪɦɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɥ ɨɛɵɞɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɟɱɶ ɢ ɹɡɵɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪ- ɧɵɣ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ „ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɨɛɵɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɚɥɥɸɡɢɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ”3. ȼ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ4 Ȼɪɸɫɨɜ ɩɢɫɚɥ:
Ɂɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 1890-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɷɡɢɟɣ ȼɟɪɥɟɧɚ ɢ Ɇɚɥɥɚɪɦɟ, ɚ ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɢ Ȼɨɞɥɟ- ɪɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɥɨ ɦɧɟ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɦɢɪ. ɉɨɞ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɬɟ ɦɨɢ ɫɬɢɯɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɦɢ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ 1894–1895 ɝɝ.5
ȼ ɞɭɯɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ Ɇɚɥɥɚɪɦɟ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ Un ɪrincipe de vers ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɱɶ, ɤɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɦɟɤɚɸɳɭɸ, ɨɛɵɞɟɧɧɨɣ, ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɳɟɣ ɢ ɭɱɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɞɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɨɜɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧɨ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɚɥɨ ɢɞɟɸ, Ȼɪɸɫɨɜ ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɷɡɢɸ ɧɚɦɟɤɨɜ, ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ.
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɋɨɧɟɬ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ Juvenilia. ɋɨɧɟɬ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɟ – ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɪɚɡɝɚɞɚɬɶ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɭ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɨɧɚ ɫɨɧɟɬɚ ɤɚɤ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɨɡɜɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɦɭ, ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɶ ɫɨɧɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɢɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɷɬ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɧɟɬɚ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɦɚ – ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ.
ɋɭɝɝɟɫɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɦɚ, ɡɚɞɚɱɚ „ɡɚɝɢɩɧɨɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ” ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ, ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ Ȼɪɸɫɨɜɵɦ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ, ɜɵɡɜɚɥɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɨɷɬɚ ɤ ɤɚɧɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ. Ɇɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɬ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ, ɜ 1921 ɝɨɞɭ, ɩɨɞɜɨɞɹ ɢɬɨɝɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɋɦɵɫɥ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ, ɨɧ ɩɢɫɚɥ:
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ – ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɦɟɤ, ɬɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ ɥɸɛɢɥɢ ɤɪɚɫɨɬɭ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɚɞɢ ɧɟɟ ɫɚɦɨɣ ... ɬɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɫɬɵ ɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɦɨɝɭɱɟɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ...
ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɦ ɥɸɛɨɜɧɨ ɜɨɫɤɪɟɲɚɥ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɫɨɧɟɬɚ...6.
ɋɨɧɟɬ ɜ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ Ȼɪɸɫɨɜɚ ɦɨɝ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɨɞɟ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɞɟɢ ɤɪɚɫɨɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɚ. ɇɨ ɞɥɹ Ȼɪɸɫɨɜɚ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɪɚɫɨɬɚ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɡɢɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɤɪɚɫɨɬɚ, ɜɟɞɭɳɚɹ ɤ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɣ
3 Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʉɨɡɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ, Ʉɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɢ, ɜ: ȼ.ə. Ȼɪɸɫɨɜ, ɋɨɱɢɧɟɢɢɹ, ɜ 2 ɬ., Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1987, ɬ. 1, c. 486.
4 ȼ.ə. Ȼɪɸɫɨɜ, Ʉɧɢɝɚ ɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɷɬɚɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1909.
5 Ɇ. ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜ, Ɋ. ɓɟɪɛɚɤɨɜ, Ʉɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɢ, ɜ: ȼ.ə. Ȼɪɸɫɨɜ, ɋɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜ 7 ɬ., Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1973, ɬ. 1, ɫ. 566.
6 ȼ.ə. Ȼɪɸɫɨɜ, ɋɪɟɞɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ: 1894-1924…, c. 469–471.
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɭɯɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ Ʉɥɸɱɢ ɬɚɣɧ (1904), ɫɬɚɜɲɟɣ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɨɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɦɚ, ɩɨɷɬ ɩɢɫɚɥ:
ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɜɨ ɢɦɹ ɛɟɫɰɟɥɶɧɨɣ Ʉɪɚɫɨɬɵ – ɦɟɪɬɜɨɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ. Ʉɚɤ ɛɵ ɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɛɟɡɭɩɪɟɱɧɵ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɨɧɟɬɚ, ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɧɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨ ɥɢɰɨ ɦɪɚɦɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɸɫɬɚ, ɧɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɡɚ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɡɜɭɤɚɦɢ, ɡɚ ɷɬɢɦ ɦɪɚɦɨɪɨɦ ɧɟɬ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɧɹ ɩɨɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɤ ɧɢɦ? [...]
ɇɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɢɫɤɚɧɢɟ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɨɪɵɜ, ɢ ɫɚɦ Ȼɨɞɥɟɪ ɜ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɬɬɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɧɟɬɵ ɜɥɢɥ ɧɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɭɸ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɜɨɞɨɜɨɪɨɬɵ ɬɨɫɤɢ, ɨɬɱɚɹɧɶɹ, ɩɪɨɤɥɹɬɢɣ7. ɂɫɬɢɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɧɟɬ Ȼɪɸɫɨɜ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥ ɤɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɨ- ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɟɣ, ɧɚɱɢ- ɧɚɹ ɫ ɷɩɨɯɢ ȼɨɡɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɚɫɨɬɚ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɷɬɚ ɢɦɟɥɚ ɝɧɨɫɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ (ɤɚɤ ɜɟɞɭɳɚɹ ɤ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ „ɦɢɪɚ ɢɧɵɦɢ, ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɭɞɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɭɬɹɦɢ”), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ (ɤɚɤ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɚɹɫɹ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɦɨ- ɩɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɛɵɬɢɹ)8. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ Ȼɪɸɫɨɜɚ, – ɫɢɧɬɟɡ, ɚ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɞɟɢ ɫɨɧɟɬɚ.
Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɋ.Ⱦ. Ɍɢɬɚɪɟɧɤɨ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɋɨɧɟɬɚ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɟ Ȼɪɸɫɨɜɚ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɥɚɬɨɧɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɢɞɟɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɚ:
ȿɫɬɶ ɬɨɧɤɢɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ Ɇɟɠ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɨɦ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɯɨɦ ɰɜɟɬɤɚ.
Ɍɚɤ ɛɪɢɥɥɢɚɧɬ ɧɟ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɧɚɦ, ɩɨɤɚ ɉɨɞ ɝɪɚɧɹɦɢ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɜɟɬ ɜ ɚɥɦɚɡɟ.
Ɍɚɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɵɯ ɮɚɧɬɚɡɢɣ, Ȼɟɝɭɳɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɧɟɛɟ ɨɛɥɚɤɚ, Ɉɤɚɦɟɧɟɜ, ɠɢɜɭɬ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɜɟɤɚ ȼ ɨɬɬɨɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɪɚɡɟ.
ɂ ɹ ɯɨɱɭ, ɱɬɨɛ ɜɫɟ ɦɨɢ ɦɟɱɬɵ, Ⱦɨɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɞɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɞɨ ɫɜɟɬɚ, ɇɚɲɥɢ ɫɟɛɟ ɠɟɥɚɧɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ.
ɉɭɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɣ ɞɪɭɝ, ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚɜ ɬɨɦ ɩɨɷɬɚ, ɍɩɶɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɣɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɧɟɬɚ, ɂ ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɨɣ ɤɪɚɫɨɬɵ!9
ɗɬɚ ɢɞɟɹ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɚ ɤ ɢɞɟɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ (ɦɢɪ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ) ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞɨɛɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦɭ (ɦɢɪɭ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ). ɂɞɟɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ Ȼɪɸɫɨɜɵɦ ɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɮɢɥɨɫɨ- ɮɢɸ B.C. ɋɨɥɨɜɶɟɜɚ, ɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɦɚ. Ⱥɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɭɹ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɯ, ɪɚɡɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, Ȼɪɸɫɨɜ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɵɫɲɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɩɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɫ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ ɤɪɟɫɬɚ). „Ɍɨɱɤɨɣ ɫɛɨɪɤɢ” ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ Ʉɪɚɫɨɬɚ, ɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɫɬɢɯɨɬ-
7 Ibidem, c. 86.
8 ɋɦ.: ɋ.Ⱦ. Ɍɢɬɚɪɟɧɤɨ, ɋɨɧɟɬ ɜ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ: ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɨɧ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɫɬɢɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, Ʉɟɦɟɪɨɜɨ 1998, c. 36–41.
9 ȼ.ə. Ȼɪɸɫɨɜ, ɋɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɬ. 1, c. 33.
ɜɨɪɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɨɧɟɬɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɚɧɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɨɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ „ɟɞɢɧɨɦɵɫɥɢɟ” ɫ ɰɟɥɵɦ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɫɢɦ- ɜɨɥɢɤɢ ɤɨɫɦɨɫɚ – ɢɞɟɸ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɤɨɫɦɨɥɨɝɢɡɦ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɥ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ ɫɚɦɨ- ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɢ, ɤɪɚɫɨɬɵ) ɛɵɬɢɹ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɵɬɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹ- ɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɩɨɯɨɠɟɫɬɢ. ȼɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ Ƚɟɪɚɤɥɢɬɨɦ ɉɥɚɬɨɧ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɝɚɪɦɨ- ɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ, ɧɨ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟ- ɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɣ ɢɯ ɰɟɥɨɫɬ- ɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɣ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɢ ɩɨɪɹ- ɞɨɤ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɪɟɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɫɸ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɨɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹ ɤ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɱɚɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɫɦɨɫɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
ȼ ɫɨɧɟɬɟ Ȼɪɸɫɨɜɚ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɢ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɫɦɨ- ɥɨɝɢɢ, ɹɪɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɧɚɬɭɪɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ, ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɢɞɟɹ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ, ɜɫɟɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɜɵɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɤɚɤ ɭɦɨɡɪɢ- ɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɠɢɜɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɛɵɬɢɹ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ „ɫɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɸ” ɫɚɦɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɱɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ, ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɝɨ, ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ ɜɚ- ɪɶɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɢɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɫɩɪɢ- ɹɬɢɹ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ, ɫɬɚɧɨ- ɜɢɬɫɹ ɢɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɢɡɦ. ɇɟɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ ɪɨɞɧɢɬ ɟɝɨ ɫ ɢɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɢɡɦɨɦ. ɂ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ, ɞɚ ɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ.
ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɢ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɢ, ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɨ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɟ. ɇɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ɉ. ɋɨɪɨɤɢɧ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɢɡɦ ɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɪɭɛɢɤɨɧɨɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ10. ɂ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɬɤɚɡ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɢɦɩɪɟɫɫɢ- ɨɧɢɡɦɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɥɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɯɜɚ- ɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɬɢɹ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɢ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɭ ɞɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɥ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱ- ɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ „ɹɡɵɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ” (ɇ.Ⱥ. ɏɪɟɧɨɜ), ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɨ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɩɪɨ- ɮɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.11
10 ɉ.Ⱥ. ɋɨɪɨɤɢɧ, ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ. ɐɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ. Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1992, c. 543.
11 ɇ.Ⱥ. ɏɪɟɧɨɜ, ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ: ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɷɩɨɯɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2005, ɫ. 624.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɦɟ ɪɭɛɟɠɚ ɜɟɤɨɜ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟ- ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɚɨɫɚ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ, ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɰɢɡɦɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɦ, ɛɵɬɢɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɫɨ- ɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ.
Summary
Impressionistic Way of Real World Perception in Russian Artistic Culture During the End of the 19th Century and in the Beginning of the 20th Century
Such distinguishing features of impressionism as disappearing of materialism as a way of real world perception, new principles of artistic generalization and structuralism required maximum mobilization of inner resources of art to express new tendencies for culture through unknown figurative images. Later this new feature of art was influenced not only by the restless will of an artist, being eager to experiment, but also by quite objective conditions.
Destruction of an old picture of the world revealed itself in all trends of art. A new feeling of life and time appeared, giving birth to art of a new quality.
Something vague and elusive dominated the new trend of art, very much similar to the vagueness of people’s lives. These are not distinctly outlined images, some are illusions.
These new artistic optical illusions witnessed rejection of easily recognizable and long ago adopted images in culture. As a result new artistic means without any evident material objects as a basis were stressed to reveal that inner moral state of a man during the end of the 19th century and in the beginning of the 20th century.
