Proceedings of an International Symposium European Wave Energy held in Edinburgh, Commission of the European Communites (summary)

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C o m m i s s i o n of the E u r o p e a n C o m m u n i t i e s

1993

EUROPEAN

WAVE

E N E R G Y

SYMPOSIUM

Proceedings of an International Symposium

held in Edinburgh, Scotland.

21 - 24 July 1993.

TESHNJSCHE UfJJVERSfTEIT Laboratorium voor Scheepshydromechanica

Archref

« 1 6 - 7 8 6 6 7 3 - FaJC 016.781823

1993 European Wave Energy Symposium

Proceedings of an International Symposium held in Edinburgh, Scotland.

21-24 M y 1993.

•

Edited by

Mr. G. Elliot

Renewable Energy Unit, NEL, East Kilbride, Scotland

Dr. G. Caratti

Directorate General XII, Commission of European Communities, Brussels

Organised and Published by:

National Engineering Laboratory Executive Agency, East Kilbride,

Scotland.

Technical Paper Secretariat:

The Symposium was organised on behalf of the Commission ofthe European Conununities

ISBN 0-903640-84-8

British Library Cataloguing -in- Publication Data. A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library

1993 European Wave Energy Symposium

Proceedinp of an International Symposium held in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK 21-24 July 1993

Edited by Elliot, G and Caratti, G

Publication No E U R 1S571 E N Commission ofthe European Communities, Dissemination of Scientific and Technical Knowledge Unit, Directorate - General Telecommunications, Information Market and

Exploitation of Research, Luxembourg and NEL.

Copyright © 1994 E C S C - E E C - E A E C , Brussels - Luxembourg, 1994

L E G A L NOTICE

Neither the Commission of the European Communities nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the foUowing information.

Published and available from: NEL-Renewable Energy

East Kilbride G75 OQU Scotland,

United Kingdom Tel+44 (0)3552 20222 Fax-1-44 (0)3552 72333

F O R E W O R D

The Commission of the European Communities' research programmes in the field of renewable energies are among die most long-standing of die many it has implemented so far. The first exploratory activities started in 1975 in die aftermadi of die first oil crisis and focused on solar energy, particularly solar thermal and photovoltaics. The programmes grew steadily and have now achieved maturity and momentum. Over the course ofthe last decade, diey have expanded to include odier forms of renewable energies diat have since emerged as important supply options such as wind energy and biomass.

These programmes serve to simultaneously stimulate and coordinate die research activities carried out diroughout Europe witiiin universities, national research centres and industry, tiius avoiding duplication of work and channelling die research effort into large European projects. One of die most effective means to coordinate research and disseminate results, not only witiiin die programmes but also vddi die outside scientific community, has proven to be die organization of international conferences in die frame of die particular programme. In tiiis spirit we have organized die first Wave Energy Symposium in Edinburgh.

Wave energy, being a young technology, is an entirely new field for Community R&D. Evidence of tiiis is tiie large number of different and competing conversion concepts and die higher proportion of basic ratiier tiian system research. From exploratory studies we have learned diat die wave energy potential is very large, particularly offshore, and that tiiis is interesting not only for Europe but also for many less developed countries. We should also recognize tiiat die harshness of the marine environment poses tremendous technical challenges and tiiat eventually die cost of electricity produced by wave energy plants should compete witii tiiat produced by conventional ones. We are however optimistic tiiat. like otiier forms of renewable energy, a common, steady, well-focussed and practical approach will enable us io overcome these hurdies and aliow wave energy to make a sizeabie contribution to electricity supply in die medium to long term.

The Commission ofthe European Communities started exploratory activities on wave energy R&D in 1992 following an initiative from die European Parliament and a total budget of 1.2 million E C U . The results of tiiese actions have been extensively reported at die Symposium and are documented in tiiese proceedings. Tliey addressed bodi wave resources and technology and led to die conception of a follow-up R&D programme. The emphasis of tiiis programme will be on the development of MW-scale experimental pilot plants to demonstrate die technical feasibdity of these schemes and to improve, by testing different components, the status of die technology. In addition to research into pilot plants, the future programme will address die development of a wave atlas for Europe, fundamental shidies on advanced offshore conversion systems and air-turbine R&D. Therefore, tiiis Symposium, which attracted one hundred specialists from seventeen countries, was die opportunity for us to announce the birth of the first European wave energy R&D programme.

Dr Wolfgang Palz. Head of Division Renewable Energies

r

1993 European Wave Energy Symposium

Sponsored by:

Commission ofthe European Communities

. Directorate General X n for Science, Research and Development

- Directorate General X V n for Energy

Department of Trade and Industry, UK.

Symposium Committee

Prafe^of A. F. de 0 Falcao 1ST, Univasidade Tecnica de Lidx» Portugal

rhafrman

Ireland Dr. A. W. Lewis HMRC, Univeisity College Code Ireland

E.C. Dr. G. Caiatd GEO-Diiectoiate General XD E.C. Dr. L . Cavaleri IDGM-CNR Venice Italy Prof. W. Dursdui£f Fianzius - Instimt, Univasity of Hannover Gennai^

Mr. G. Elliot NEL UK

Mr.B-Monis Scottish Euteipnse UK Dr. K. Nielsen Danish Wave Power Denmark Dr. W. Palz CEC - Directorate General xn E.C.

NbsT. Pontes L N E n Pomigal

Mr. P. Kandlov B Ho^^'""< 'Raqniissen Denmark Mr.H.Nac&ire GEO - Diiectorate General XVn E.C. PioLS-H. Salter University of Edinburgh UK Dr. G. Thomas University Cdkge, Code Ireland

Mr. T. Thpipe ETSU UK

Dr. T. Whittaker The Queen's Uioivexisity. Bel&st UK

Mr. IL John DTI UK

Conference Organiser on behalf of the C E C :

Mrs. Elspcth Gibson Conference Organisa, NEL

Conference Organisation:

Conference Secretariat

Hydraulics and ^fontime Research Centre, Univosity College, Code,

Ireland.

OPENING SPEECH BY Dr GORDON ADAM. EURO MP FOR NORTHUMBRIA

Mr Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen.

Can I add my own welcome to all of you who are attending this symposium. I am

particularly impressed by the large number of countries that are represented here. I

hope that those of you who are visiting Edinburgh for the first time will not be too

distracted by the beauties and delights of this dty. I laiow that those of you who have

been here before, like myself, will not be able to resist them. It is a fine place to meet

and I am glad of the opportunity to be here, and would like to congratulate the

organisers, and extend my thanks to the Conmiission for inviting me to take part. The

Commission of course organises a great many conferences similar to this in our research

programmes. I have been privileged over the years to take part in one or two of them

and, whatever may be the tedmical discussions that take place, I am quite convinced

that witiun the gmerality of our Framework Programme the way in viMch we are able

to bring scientists together in the different disciplines is one of the biggest contributions

tiiat we make to tedmical progress. I am sure that that is going to happen in the next

two or three days.

In a week which is seeing the political scene in tiie UK dominated by discussions on tiie

Maastricht Text, you would not expect me to let that go without some comment. Can I

just say that, altiiough you may not read it in newspapers, or hear it on television, tiie

only time when things actually happen in the Community is viiien the Commission and

Parliament work dosely together. That has been my overwhehning experience in tiie

14 years I have been a member of the Parliament, and why I am particularly pleased to

be here today.

If you look at tite Commission's estimates of energy trends in tiie future, and if the

current growtii rates are maintained, we can expect world energy consumption to rise

considerably over tiie next 20 years. And in tiie same period, tiie energy consumption

in the European Community will increase by ahnost a similar amount.

The figures prompt a range of questions, the more obvious ones relating to tiie

availability of supply and the environmental impact of increased generation and use of

energy. We are constimUy reminded that traditional metiiods of energy production are

contributing to problems such as climate change and add rain. The figures of energy

consumption also present a daunting challenge to tiie Community's dedsion-makers,

having committed themselves to stabilising carbon dioxide emissions at 1990 levels by

the year 2000. and to limit gases responsible for add rain.

Concems such as these have forced tiie European Commission and the Member States

to look into cleaner energies, and tiiey have turned to renewables. Until relatively

recentiy. tiie possibility of using renewable energies on a large scale was discounted

because of high capital costs, low intensity and variations in supply. Serious interest

was first shown in tiie potentials of renewables around the time of the oil crisis in tiie

1970s, when oil prices increased considerably.

It is also a fact that in the 1990s people are concerned about the potential

environmental impact of our reliance on fossil fuels and nuclear energy, and want to see

a shift towards the use of renewables. The expansion of renewable energies is seen by

some as the answer to fossil fuel pollution. There is no doubt that in recent years,

particularly within the European Parliament, renewable energy has been promoted as an

inexhaustible, available worldwide, cheap and non-polluting source of energy. A kind

of perpetual motion, if you like, in the energy sector.

Yet, in 1991, renewables only accounted for 4 per cent of the primary energy supply in

the Community, although it is worth renuuking that in this countiy of Scotland

hydro-electric power accounts for some 17 per cent of current electridty production.

Although low, the renewables are, in fact, showing the highest growth rate in the

Community. And the different types and techniques that have been developed are

impressive.

The 4 per cent figure is expected to dumge quite quickly as a result of our approval of

the ALTENER Programme. This is a programme to promote the use of renewable

energy sources in the Conmiunity, and inoease the trade in products, equipment and

services within and outside the Community. It has recently been approved by the

European Parliament and is now part of the Community and the Commission's overall

plan to reduce caibon dioxide and add rain emissions, because it links with the SAVE

Programme, vAadi is devoted to the efSdent use of energy, and is linked to the

possible introduction of a carbon/energy tax, ^ d i is still in the discussion stages. I f

that tax comes about in the form foreseen and proposed by the Commission, renewable

energies sudi as wave woidd be «cempt.

The aims of the ALTENER Programme are to co-ordinate national initiatives and fix a

common goal, so that by the year 2005 there will be an increase in renewable energy

sources to 8 per cent of total energy consiimption 0e a doubling of the 1991 levd), to

treble production of renewable energy electridty, and to secure a biofuel vaaiket share

of 5 per cent of total motor vehide fiiel usage.

The ALTENER Programme aims to encourage the switch towards rwiewable energy

sources by promoting the market for renewable energies and their integration into the

internal energy market, by financial and economic measures, by training, information

and outreach activities, and by co-operation with Third World countries. Apart from

the obvious «ivironmental gains, the switching to renewable energies would bring

further security and diversification of supplies, and reduce balance of payment costs m

the energy sector.

Some renewable energy applications have reached commerdal use, and deliver final

energy in tiie form of electridty and heat. Operating experience is progressing rapidly

and. in some cases, in addition to tiiat of hydro, wind, solar and biomass, are

economically viable. This symposium of course is going to concenti:ate on wave energy

which, though an immature technology, now has a remarkable number of devices under

development in a wide range of countries. It has an important part within the

renewable energy programme of the Community.

I would like to draw your attention to some of the concems which have been raised in

the European Parliament regarding the environmental impact of renewable energies. It

is not as clear cut as is sometimes presented. Alüiough the environmental risks of

renewable energies are not thought to be as great as those of fossil fuel power stations,

it is important to be aware of these concems and address them, and I am sure that they

will be given attention during this symposium. For example, solar power is said to

damage the landscape as it spreads over large surfaces, and there are toxicity risks from

the heat transfer fluids being used. On the other hand, wind power is criticised for its

noise and landscape intrusion.

The environmentid impact of wave power also has to be addressed. Its effect on fish

and marine life, the effect on the flow of sediments and nutrients, the hazards that may

arise to shippmg, and the pollution that could be caused by corrosion. I am sure you

are all very well aware of tiiese concems, and that they will be fidly discussed in your

meetings.

The work in the wave energy researdi is of course supported by the Community's

JOULE ftopamme. It is a programme to vMch the European Parliament attaches

great importance. I t is seen as a key element within the totality of energy research

activity.

Some of my colleagues see renewables as the eventual source of all electricity. I am

not yet persuaded of this. I note that the demand for electricity is still increasing in

relation to GDP. I note that the worid's population is still increasing. I note that

50 per cent of the world's population is not connected to a commercial energy soiuce.

Given tiiat our standard of living depends on our ability to exploit and use energy

sources, my support for the JOULE Programme comes from a belief tiiat we need to

develop every potential «lergy source, in order to make as certain as we can that in the

fiiture supply can meet demand. As Mr Elliot said in his opening comments, namral

resources of Scotiand and every other countiy have to be used and exploited.

Much is made of the cost estimates to promote different energy sources, and arguments

range over tiie economics. It is my belief tiiat this is the wrong approach in the

development phase. Cost, in any case, is dependent on many factors - geography being

one. I have recentiy been in a coimtiy in Central Asia which is awash witii

hydro-electridty, is exporting electridty, and yet has virtually no oil or gas available at

tiie present time. And the effects of tiiat are very clearly seen in the state of

development, and the way in whidi sodety is organised.

But even i f one could recognise tiie current cheapest source of electridty, there is no

way in which the total world demand could be met from it. Primary energy mix may

vary, as it is doing in the UK at the present time witii gas replacing coal, but tiiere will

always be a nux. It would, in any case, be a duU, miserable worid if everything had to

be done al the lowest cost.

Wave energy is at an early stage of development. We must not be put off by cost

considerations at this stage. But given the powerful forces of the sea, and those of us

vdio are reasonably local will remember that it is only a few weeks since a hotel in

Scarborough slid into the sea as a result of erosion. In my own constiniency, just a few

miles down the coast, there are parts of the coastline v ^ d i are disappearing at the rate

of 14 inches a year. I have recently moved house further inland.

Given these very obvious sources that are available, I have no doubt that we will leam

how to harness some of them.

This is the first wave symposium organised by the Commission. I suppose all of us are

on a leaming curve, alttiough few are, Uke me, at the bottom of the curve. But I am

looking forward very mudi to the tedmical sessions and to the discussions. I hope that

you will all find i t a rewarding experience, and that you will give me a positive message

to take back to my colleagues in the European Parliament

Dr Gordon Adam

Member of the European Parliament for Northumbria

21 July 1993

Left: Dr. G. Adam (MEP) with commission representatives, Dr. H . Allgeier, Dr. W. Palz,

Dr. G . Carrati and Mr. G. Elliot ( N E L ) , pose outside the conference centre whilst James Watt contemplates wave energy.

Right: Dr. Carratti addresses the delegates at the Symposium Dinner.

Below: the delegates and guests pose after returning from their trip to Islay, to see Europe's only operating Wave Energy Converter, the O.W.C. Pilot Plant operated by Queens

Contents

Foiewoid

Confetence Sponsors and Committees

Opening Speech

by Dr. Gordon Adam, European MP for Noithumbria. Photo Montage

Wave Energy Reviews

European Review.

A W. Lewis. HMRC, Ireland.

The UK Review of Wave Energy. T.W.Thoipe.ETSU.UK. Japanese Wave Energy Devices. T. Miysoald. JAMSTEC. Jjqian.

Wave Energy Activities in the United States. G. Hagennan, SEASUN Power Systems, USA

Session A - Resource Assessment

Al JOULE Preliminaiy Action: Evaluation ofthe Wave Energy Resouree. M T. Pontes, INETI. Portugal.

A2 A Wave Energy Resource Clünatology for the SouÜi Pacific.

S. Barstow. OCEANOR, Norway, and R. Deo. Fiji Ministiy of Energy. Fiji.

A3 The Use of Wave Transformation Models to Evahiate Inshore Wave Energy Resource H N. Soudigate. HR Walmgford Ltd. UK.

A4 Wave Energy - An Engineering Perspective.

B. Hohncs. A W. Lewis, E. O'Sullivan, HMRC. Ireland.

A5 Stochastic Representation of Time-dependant Spectral Parameters. R. Fiohioso, J. de Bettencourt and M T. Pontes. INETL Portugal.

Session B - Physical Modelling, Tank Testing and Power Take-ofT

B l Wave Tank Testing of Shorchne OWC Power Plant

A Joyce. M T. Pontes. J. de Bettencourt. DJETI and A de o Falcao, A Sarmento. L. Gato and A Britto e Melo. 1ST. PortugaL

32 An Experimental Investigation of Wave Forces on an Oscillating Water Column Type Wave Energy Caisson.

Jayakumar. S. Neelamani and V. S. Raju, Indian Instihite of Technology. India.

B3 The Importance ofLarge-scale Tests in Connection witii the Technical Devlopment of Wave Energy Converters.

W. Durstlu^ University of Hannover. Gemiany.

B4 The Wcdding<akeMulü-cecentric Radial PistionHydralic Machine w t h D i ^ 89 Computer Control of Displacement Applied to Wave Energy Devices.

S. H. Salter and W. H. S. Rampen, Unwersity of Edinburgh, ScoÜand.

Session C - Device Technology and Development

CI JOULE Preliminary Actions: Wave Energy Converters - Generic Technical Evaluation 107 Snidy.

A. E . Christcnsen and P. Randlov, Danish Wave Power aps. Denmark.

C2 Comparison of Time Domain Control Laws for a Piston Wave Absorber. 117 A Clements and C. Maisondieu, Hydrodyamique Navale, France.

C3 On the ModellmgofFloat Pump Systems.

C. M Plum, ES Consultant and K. Nielsen. Danish Wave Power. Denmark. 123

C4 The Numerical Pi«iiction of the Performance of a Solo Duck. 129 D. Pizer. University of Edinburgh, ScoÜand.

C5 An Assessment of die Design Parameters for die Bristol Cylinder. 139 G. P. Thomas and B. P. Gallagher. Unvereity College. Coik, Ireland.

Session D - OWC Perfonnance Enhancement

Dl Opümal Phase Contn)l of OWCs.

P. A P. Justino, INETL Portugal. N. K. Nichols. University of Readmg, UK and A F. 145 de o Falcao. 1ST. L i ^ n , Portugal.

D2 An Experimental Study of Nearshore and Shoreline Oscillating Water Columns witii 151 Haiboun.

T. J. T. Whitakcr and T. P. Stewart, t he Queen s University of Bcliasi. Nonhem irciand. D3 Resonant Duct Wave Amplification.

S. Czitiom, E . Prado. R Peralta, M Merino. F. Ruiz and M. A. Altatorre. Cuidad Universitaria, Mexico.

157

D4 On ModeUing and Design of OWC Wavei)0wcr Plants. 163 A. J. N. A. Sarmento, 1ST. Universidade Tecnica de Lisboa, Portugal.

D5 Transient Experiments and a Time-domain Model of a Twin OWC. 169 A. Bremdo. J. Falnes, P. M Lillebekken, Universitetet i Trondheim, Norway and

A J. N. A. Sarmento, 1ST. Universidade Tecnica de Lisboa, Portugal.

Session £ - Air Turbine Configuration Options

E l Airtiirbines for use witii Alternating Flows-The Choice. 175 A N. NeaL NEL. ScoÜand.

E2 Performance of a High-solidity Wells Tuibine for an OWC Wave Power Plant 181 L. M C. Gato, 1ST. Universidade Tecnica de Lisiioa. Portugal and V. Waifield and A

Thakker. University of Lunerick. Ireland.

E3 A Novel Contra rotating Wells Tuibine.

W. C. Beattie and S. Raghunatiian. The Queen's Unwersity of Belfast Northern Ireland. 191

E4 ComparisonofPerfonnancesofConsianiand Vaiying Chord Wells Tiiibine Rotors for 197 Wave Energy Applications.

M. Ravindran and V. Balabaskaran, Instinie of Technology, Madras, India and G. Swaminathan, Kirloskar Brothers Ltd., India.

E5 Impulse Tuibine with Sclf-pitch-controlled Guide Vanes for Wave Energy Convcnion. 203 T. Setoguchi, K. Kaneko and M Maeda, Saga University, Japan and S. Raghunathan,

The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland

Session F - Generic Technology and Development

F l Parameter Sensitivity in Linear Models for EfRciency and Capture Width Calculations. 209 D. V. Evans, and C. M Linton, University of Bristol, UK.

F2 The Hydrodynamics of Arrays of Wave-energy Devires. 219 P. Mclver, Loughborough University, UK

F3 Assessment of Extreme Wave Loading on Wave Energy Devices. 225 M. Greenhow, Brunei University, UK.

F4 Viscous Losses on an Oscillating. Surface-piercing, Wave Energy Absoriwr at veiy low 231 Keulcgan-Carpenter Numbers.

P. Nd)el and P. L. Woodhead, University of Edinburgh. Scotland

Session G - Existing Prototype Devices

G1 JOULE II PreUminaiy Action: European Pilot Plant Smdy. 247 A. F de 0 Falcao, 1ST. Lisbon, Portugal. T. J. T. Whitaker. The Queen's University of

Belfiast. Northern Ireland and A. W. Lewis. Unwcristy College. Code. Ireland.

G2 Wave Power Pilot Plants. 259 C. Scholten and K. Nielsen, Danish Wave Power. Denmaric

G3 Tapchan Ocean Wave Energy Project. 265 K. J. Tjugen, Groner Anlegg Miljo AS. Norway.

G4 Power Output of an Offshore OWC Wave Power Staüon at Dawanshan Island. 271 2. Yu. N. Jiang, and Y You, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversions, Chinese

Academy of Sciences, China.

G5 Experiences on a 150 kW Wave Energy Pilot Plant 277 V. S. Raju, M. Ravindran and P. M. Koola, Ocean Engineering Centre, India.

G6 A Review of die Islay Shoreline Wave Power Station. 283 T. J. T. Whitakcr and S. Raghunathan. The Queen's University of Belfast Northern

Ireland, and S. J. Mclwaine, Kirk McClure Morton. Norüiem Ireland.

Session H - Wave Energy Converters

HI Stnicniral Devlopment ofthe Sea Clam. 289 N. W. Bellamy. Coventry University, UK and P. J. Clark, Rendel Palmer and Tritton. UK

H2 Changes to die 1981 Design of die Spine-based Ducks. 295 S. H. Salter, University of Edinburgh. ScoÜand.

H3 The Past Present and Tutme of Hose-pump Wave Energy Converter. 311 B. O. Sjostrom. Technocean, Sweden.

H4 Twin Membrane Energy Converter.

D. Collier, Ove Anip and Partners, UK and D. Michaelis, Wavcpower Ltd.

317

H5 High Pciformance of Cylinder Float Backward Bent Duck Buoy (BBDB) and its Use in 323 European Seas.

Y. Masuda, Ryokuseisha Corporation and L. Xianguang and G. Xiangfan, Guangzhou Instihite of Energy Conversion, China.

Session J - Planning and Economics

Jl Mediodology for Reliability. Economic and Enviromental Assessment of Wave Energy. 339 T. W. Thorpe and S. Muirhead, ETSU. UK.

12 Elements of Large Wave Power Plants. 349 K. Neilsen. Danish Wave Power and M. Remmer. MR Constrction and Design. Advisory

Service. Denmaric. and W. C. Beattie. The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland.

J3 Mediodology for Evaluating the Availability of Wave Energy Devices. 355 A. H S. Wickhan and A. C. Walker. AME Ltd. and T. W. Thorpe. ETSU. UK.

J4 Small is Beautihil: How to make Wave Energy Economic. 367 J. Falnes. Universitetet i Trondheim, Norway.

Poster Session

Pl Utilisaüon of Coastal Seas by Hoating Wave Energy Device "Mighty Whale'. 373 T. Miyazaki. Y. Washio and H Hotla, Japan Marine Science and Technology Centre,

Japan.

P2 Shore Protection and Electricity by Submerged Plate Wave Energy Converter. 379 K. U. Graw, Bergische Universitet GH Wuppertal. Germany.

P3 Wave Energy Potential in Bangladesh. 385 A. Hoque and W. C. Beattie, The Queen's University of Belfast, Nortiiem Ireland.

P4 Interaction between Waves and a Submerged, Horizontal Cylinder. 391 I. E . Brouwer and P. M. Lillebekken. Universitetet i Trondheim. Norway.

P5 TheProspcctofEconomic Wave Power and the Quasiresonant Point Absorber 397 M French. Lancaster University, UK.

P6 Optimal Control ofa Duck at Full Scale. *03 P. Nebel and P. L. Woodhead, University of Edinburgh, Scotiand.

P7 On Modelling for a Wave Energy Extraction Device. *29 B. M.Linden, Kiric McClure Morton, UK and W. C. Beattie, The Queen's University of

Belfast. Northern Ireland. P8 Variable Pitch Air Turijines.

S. H Salter. University of Edinburgh. Scotiand.

P9 A Performance Study of a Bi-directional Radial Tuibine. 443 M E . McCormick. US Naval Academy and John Hopkms Unhrersity and B. Cochran. US

Naval Academy, USA.

PIO Strategy for Developing Wave Energy at Offshore Locations. T. L. Shaw, Shawater Ltd., UK.

Pl 1 A Novel Radial Self Rectifying Air Tuibine. A. W. Lewis, HMRC, Ireland.

P12 Proposal for a Wave Energy Centre and Test Site at Hanstholm, Denmaric. P. Maegaard, Folkecenter for Renewable Energy, Denmark.

Author Index