THE IPG BAR PATTERN L I B R A R Y

THE IPG BAR PATTERN

L I B R A R Y

URBAN-AIRPORT SYMBIOSIS AROUND PHYSICAL FLOWS

“IPG BAR Pattern Library” June 28, 2013

End result 3 of 4 of Interdisciplinary Project Group “Better Airport Regions” MSc Industrial Ecology, Delft University of Technology & Leiden University Course code: 4413INTPGY

Authors:

Bas Mentink (basmentink@gmail.com)

Laurence Henriquez (laurencehenriquez@gmail.com) Lisette van Niekerk (lisettevanniekerk@gmail.com) Rhea Verheul (rheaverheul@hotmail.com) Supervisors:

Prof.Dr.Ir. Arjan van Timmeren, Environmental Technology and Design, Delft Ir. Egbert Stolk, Environmental Planning and Ecology, Delft

Dr. René Kleijn, Industrial Ecology, Leiden

NOTE: This material is for educational purposes only and may not be reproduced, displayed, modified or distributed without the prior permission of the IPG BAR Group. The IPG BAR Group has no ownership of images in the booklet unless otherwise noted. If copyright holders wish for their work to be removed please contact us as soon as possible.

1/INTRODUCTION

S

ection

1 i

ntroduction

1/

the

ipg

bar

pattern

library

4

2/

reading

the

language

6

3/

reading

the

patternS

8

pattern methodology. The remaining booklets

are Using Patterns and Making Patterns.

Although the booklets can be read separately, the methodology is best understood when all three are read. Enjoy your readings!

4

1

The IPG BAR pattern library is an interrelat-ed set of 18 patterns with a focus on sus-tainable urban design within the context of the SAMR.

Although the IPG BAR patterns are similar to the patterns in Alexander and EMU’s work, the IPG BAR library is different in several ways:

1. Developed as an integral part of a design methodology.

Former pattern languages for urban design were not developed as a design method and it has always been a struggle to integrate patterns into actual design projects. This pattern library and language was designed to be integral part of an urban design methodology.

2. Focus and sustainable goal

The goal of the IPG BAR pattern methodology is sustainable urban development. Therefore, the scope of the pattern collection is narrowed down to sustainable urban design within the context

of the SAMR, focusing on the flow categories: biomass, water and energy. The patterns are further differentiated between those that optimize energy/material use and those that increase spatial integration.

3. Emphasis on the grammar of the language

The pattern library has a complex hierarchical structure with varying scales and interconnections. Grasping the complexity of the network links has proven to be difficult and has not thoroughly been applied in existing libraries. This pattern library emphasizes the “grammar” within a pattern language as it helps to both validate the patterns and to apply them (see Ch. 4 - Using Patterns).

4. Added pattern description elements

Additional pattern descriptor elements, such as forces, alternative names, best sources and best practices, distinguish IPG BAR patterns from previous versions. This set up is based on a critical reflection on the guidelines of De Wolf en Holvoet (2007), Meszaros en Doble (1997) and the BAR Group (2013).

T

he IPG BAR

Pattern Library

6

INTRODUCTION

Reading a pattern language is more than scrolling through individual patterns. To create a coherent design you need to under-stand the exact nature of the relationships between patterns. This has been visualized in a pattern network.

The focus on sustainable urban planning is reflected in the choice of patterns. The collection combines the fields of industrial ecology and urbanism to the case-study of SAMR. Though some patterns focus more on optimal use of energy and material potentials whilst others emphasize better special integration, all the patterns relate to the environment surrounding. In the network you will find more technical patterns with less focus on spatial quality and vice versa, positioned on the ‘Field of solutions’ spectrum.

The 18 patterns can be categorized in four different flows (identified with a distinct color), each having a specific design objective. These (sometimes overlapping) objectives are:

• Biomass – minimize extraction of raw materials,

enhance circular economy

• Water - maximize the (waste) water potentials • Energy – reduce CO2 emissions

• People – enhancing spatial quality

As all pattern languages, the IPG BAR language has a complex hierarchical structure with different scales and interconnections. Mapping this structure and connections would give a three dimensional or even four dimensional network. As paper limits us to working in two dimensions, we linked the shape of the connections (lines) to the key forms of patterns interconnections. If we now look at a single pattern, we see that six relative connections are possible (figure 2). The letter between the brackets [X] of a related pattern indicates the nature of relationship relative to the pattern (P). In a two-page pattern the related patterns are similarly listed in section, “Related patterns” (see next chapter). An overview is given in figure 1.

The pattern network of this library is presented on the next page. When using the IPG BAR pattern methodology we refer to this pattern network and give instructions on how to work with a pattern language.

R

eading the

language

P

[G]

P

P

[H]

P

[L]

P

[A]

P

[C]

F

IELDOFSOLUTIONS

- S

PECTRUM

P

[S] [G]<>[S] [C]<>[C] [H]<>[L] [A]<>[A] PATTERN COLOR = FLOWTYPE RELATEDPATTERN W/ RELATIONSHIP [X] WRT P P[X] P

Figure 1. Pattern language relationships Figure 2. Single pattern relationships

Nature of

relationship Related patterns Example Link

Generalize /

Specialize [G]<>[S] [G] Tarmac Heating [S] Thermal Landing Strip Explanation - Two pattern share the same principles, but differ in the level of abstraction and

application. Complementary [C]<>[C] [C] Pointsource waste water separation [C] Organic Fertilizer Explanation - Two patterns are complementary and one needs the other for completeness or synergetic reasons.

Overlapping /

coexisting proximity Airport grasslands Constructed wetlands Explanation - Two patterns solve different problems that overlap and coexist on the same level.

Alternative [A]<>[A] [A] Blue Belt [A] Green Belt Explanation - Two patterns solve the same problem in alternative, equally valid ways.

High level/

Low level [H]<>[L] [H] Efficient waste refining facilities [L] Sewage-based syngas Production; [L] Organic Fertilizer; [L] Biogas Production [H] Urban-airport district heating [L] Terminal-sourced heat production; [L] Low temperature building heating Explanation - Distinct patterns share a similar structure, thus implying a higher-level connection.

S

OUNDPR OOF LANDSCAPE

T

ERMINAL H EAT W ASTE W ATER SEPERA TION

U

RINE TO FER TILIZER

L

OG

.

URBAN FARMING

L

OW

T

HE ATING

T

ARMA C HE ATING

T

HERMAL LANDING STRIP

C

OLLECTIVE H EAT RESERV OIR

C

ONSTRUCTED WE TL ANDS

G

REEN BEL T

B

LU E BEL T

A

IRPOR T GRASSL ANDS

W

ATER BUFFERS

M

UL TIFUNCTIONAL ROOF

D

ISTRICT HE ATING

C

OLD FR OM DEEP W ATER

B

IOGAS

E

FF

.

REFINING

S

EWA G E

-BASED SYNGAS

F

IELD OF SOL UTIONS

- S

PECTRUM

W

ASTE

-BASED MOBILIT Y

OPTIMAL USE OF ENER

GY/MA TERIAL PO TENTIALS BE TTER SP ATIAL INTEGRA TION

OBJECTIVES WATER ENER

GY

BIOMASS PEOPLE [G]<>[S] [C]<>[C] [H]<>[L] [A]<>[A]

S

1

8

INTRODUCTION

Although there is no fixed template, this pat-tern set up is developed to communicate the relevant information to the reader for a quick, but thorough understanding of the pattern. On this page we explain the different elements of the pattern in this library elements.

Pattern name/Title

The name to which the solution is referred.

Aliases/alternative names/a.k.a.

The pattern might be known to others by other names.

Main statement/hypothesis

To attain quick understanding, the pattern is explained in one clear sentence.

Context-problem-forces-solution

Context - As the circumstances in which the problem is solved may impose constraints on the solution, the context or situation is first described. Also the context implies the relative importance of the forces.

Problem - What problem needs to be solved? It is possible that the problem statement is independent of the context. Forces - Forces are the (sometimes contradictory) considerations that are taken into account when a solution for a problem is chosen. It is important to note that the context determines the relative importance of the forces. Reading them consequently improves your understanding of its ‘raison d’être’.

Solution - How the problem is solved is described in the solution, and in a close relation to the forces it resolves. Note that problems could have more than only one solution (Related pattern [A]). The best solution to the problem takes in account all or the most relevant forces that are determined by the context.

SAMR opportunities

Opportunities particular interesting for the SAMR case-study.

Related patterns

Patterns that are related or required prior to implementation of a solution to a more complex problem within the pattern network. The six different relationships are listed as follows:

• [G] Generalized pattern

• [S] Specialized pattern

• [C] Complementary pattern

• [H] Higher level pattern

• [L] Lower level pattern

• [A] Alternative pattern

Best practices / Examples - Gives examples of best case

practices.

Best sources - For further in depth knowledge about the

pattern.

The right page is used for numerical and graphical representations, such as facts, data, GIS data and basic calculations; as well as abstract visual representations, such as schemes, diagrams and mechanisms.

R

eading the

patterns

CONTEXT

FORCE

SOLUTION

PROBLEM

PATTERN USER

has

operates in

prioritize

resolves

solves

Figure 3. Relationships between the core pattern element (Meszatos and Doble, 1997)

9

Table 3.3 - Proposed default values for excreted mass and nutrients.

(Vinnerås et al., 2006 in EcoSanRes, 2010)

Figure 3.1 - Organic fertilizer reclamation (EcoSanRes, 2010)

Table 3.2 - NPK excretion of nutrients per capita per annum and the ratio for urine, faeces and urine &

faeces fertilizer (CSIR, 2008 in EcoSanRes, 2010)

14

FLOW

BIOMASS

Practical Guidance on the Use of Urine in Crop Production (EcoSanRes, 2010) Urine Diversion: One Step Towards Sustainable Sanitation (EcoSanRes, 2006) [L] Point source wastewater separation [C] Logistical urban farming network [H] Ef

cient waste re ning facilities SAMR opportunities - Schiphol is Europe’s forth busiest

airport by volume, attracting over 50 million passengers annually, Once collected, urine and faeces can either be stored or applied immediately.

This fertilizer can be used in the agricultural areas

surrounding Schiphol or sold on the commodities market.

Context - Cost of traditional NPK sources creates push for

maximization of material extraction from waste. Problem

- Chemical fertilizers cause a signi

 cant decline in soil

health including soil organic matter and crop productivity. In the

future phosphorus, an integral part of fertilizer, will become

scarcer and create a burden on food supply and prices. Forces 1. Airports serve an integral role in urban landscape and require rest rooms.

2.

Nutrients of fertilizer are non-renewable, sometimes derived from petroleum products

3.

Waste streams = resource streams

Solution

- Human waste can be effectively used as an

alternative source of multi-nutrient fertilizer that contains nitrogen

(N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) by using it directly or converting waste into struvite, a usable fertilizer (N-P-K: 4-29-0) (Cordell et. al, 2011) Utilizing human waste as NPK fertilizer source [Natural fertilizing | Bio-NPK fertilizer]

O

RGANIC

FERTILIZER

2

Pilot plants in Washington, Oregon, Alberta (Ostara, 2013).

FLOW

Pattern name/Title

Context-problem-forces-solution

SAMR opportunities

Aliases

/ a.k.a.

Main statement/hypothesis

Type of flow

Related patterns

Best cast practices / Examples

Best sources

Numerical and

graphical

representations;

Abstract

visual

repres

entations;

10

2 / L I B R A R Y

S

ection

2 L

ibrary

1/ p

oint

-

Source

waStewater

Separation

12

2/ o

rganic

fertilizer

14

3/ e

fficient

waSte

refining

facilitieS

16

4/ l

ogiStical

urban

farming

network

18

5/ a

irport

graSSlandS

20

6/ b

iogaS

from

organic

waSte

22

7/ w

aSte

-

baSed

mobility

24

8/ m

ultifunctional

roof

26

9/ g

reen

beltS

28

10/ S

ewage

-

baSed

SyngaS

production

30

11/ c

onStructed

wetlandS

32

12/ c

old

from

deep

water

34

13/ l

ow

temperature

building

heating

36

14/ t

hermal

landing

Strip

38

15/ u

rban

-

airport

diStrict

heating

40

16/ c

ollective

heat

reServoir

42

17/ t

erminal

-

Sourced

heat

production

44

12

Fertile Waste: Managing Your Domestic Sewage (Harper, 1994).

BIOMASS

The Women in Europe for a Common Future (WECF) built more than 20 urine diverting dry toilet buildings for schools as demonstration projects in the Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (WECF, 2006).

FLOW

SAMR opportunities - Schiphol is Europe’s forth-busiest airport by volume, attracting over 50 million passengers annually. Urine and faecal waste can be effectively used as an alternative source of multi-nutrient fertilizer that contains nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) (Harper, 1994). Via the use of separator toilets Schiphol can easily capture these waste streams for use in the surrounding agricultural areas while reducing the amount of raw sewage produced and processed on-site.

[C] Organic fertilizer

[C] Biogas from organic waste

Context - In the future, dwindling natural resources will lead to increased price for basic ingredients of fertilizer.

Problem: Traditional flush toilet systems found throughout the Netherlands send wastewater to treatment plants nearby, in the process squandering potential sources of nutrients.

Forces

1. Airports serve an integral role in urban landscape and require rest rooms

2. Nutrients of fertilizer are non-renewable, sometimes derived from petroleum products

3. In resource scare future waste streams= resource streams Solution - Urine and faecal waste can be converted into a multi-nutrient fertilizer that contains nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) and utilized in agricultural areas in the form of “humanure”.

Improving UA symbiosis through the utilization of unused toilet waste

[Urine diversion | Urine-separating no mix toilet | Dry toilets | Composting toilets]

p

oint

Source

waSte

water

Separation

Figure 1.1 - Example of separator toilet (Van Engelen, 2007)

Figure 1.2 - An example of a separating system, with components; 1:Humus compartment, 2:Ventilation pipe, 3:Toilet seat, 4:Urinal, 5:Urine collection and dehydration, A: Second floor, B: First floor, C: Ground

14

FLOW

BIOMASS

Practical Guidance on the Use of Urine in Crop Production (EcoSanRes, 2010)

Urine Diversion: One Step Towards Sustainable Sanitation (EcoSanRes, 2006)

[L] Point source wastewater separation [C] Logistical urban farming network [H] Efficient waste refining facilities

SAMR opportunities - Schiphol is Europe’s forth busiest airport by volume, attracting over 50 million passengers annually, Once collected, urine and faeces can either be stored or applied immediately. This fertilizer can be used in the agricultural areas surrounding Schiphol or sold on the commodities market. Context - Cost of traditional NPK sources creates push for

maximization of material extraction from waste.

Problem - Chemical fertilizers cause a significant decline in soil health including soil organic matter and crop productivity. In the future phosphorus, an integral part of fertilizer, will become scarcer and create a burden on food supply and prices.

Forces

1. Airports serve an integral role in urban landscape and require rest rooms.

2. Nutrients of fertilizer are non-renewable, sometimes derived from petroleum products

3. Waste streams = resource streams

Solution - Human waste can be effectively used as an alternative source of multi-nutrient fertilizer that contains nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) by using it directly or converting waste into struvite, a usable fertilizer (N-P-K: 4-29-0) (Cordell et. al, 2011)

Utilizing human waste as NPK fertilizer source

[Natural fertilizing | Bio-NPK fertilizer]

o

rganic

fertilizer

2

Pilot plants in Washington, Oregon, Alberta (Ostara, 2013).

Table 3.3 - Proposed default values for excreted mass and nutrients. (Vinnerås et al., 2006 in EcoSanRes, 2010)

Figure 3.1 - Organic fertilizer reclamation (EcoSanRes, 2010)

Table 3.2 - NPK excretion of nutrients per capita per annum and the ratio for urine, faeces and urine & faeces fertilizer (CSIR, 2008 in EcoSanRes, 2010)

FLOW

16

BIOMASS

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (http://www.nrel. gov/biomass/biorefinery.html)

Blue Marble Energy biorefineries located in the US(Blue Marble, 2013).

SAMR opportunities - An on-site biorefinery would reduce the SAMRs dependence on third party waste companies and increase resilience by reincorporating waste streams into energy needs, as well as creating a range of bioproducts (fuel, fertilizer, etc.) that can be use on-site or sold on the open market. If need be Schiphol can potentially take in waste streams and biomass from surrounding agricultural regions to meet capacity.

[L] Sewage-based syngas production [L] Organic fertilizer

[C] Airport grasslands [L] Biogas from organic waste

Context - Cost of traditional extraction of non renewable resources creates push for maximization of material extraction from waste.

Problem - Municipalities can potentially utilize a number of traditionally discarded waste streams for reuse or commodification yet lack the capacity to refine the streams on-site, requiring the use of third party waste collecting companies who are located far, adding costs and therefore making waste refining less lucrative. Forces

1. Transport costs increase

2. Future waste streams = resource streams 3. Centralized location of SAMR

4. Biorefinery crucial element of UA symbiosis

Solution - Biomass and waste streams (e.g. elephant grass and urine) can be refined to produce biofuel or other high value chemical products on-site via proven waste refining technologies, reducing waste and also acting as a potential source of energy in the form of CHP power (Wageningen, 2013).

Optimizing SAMR waste processing via on-site biorefinery

[Local combined waste management solutions]

e

fficient

waSte

refining

facilitieS

3

FLOW

BIOMASS

18

Gorgolewski, M. et al, (2013) Resilient City = Carrot City Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO, 2013)

In Havana, Cuba 34,000 acres of urban gardens produce 3.1 million tonnes of food, providing for 90 % of the cities fresh produce. (Fisher, 2010).

[C] Organic fertilizer

SAMR opportunities - Schiphol is surrounded by potential farming area, especially in the Haarlemermeer/Westflank region. Through local sustainable farming initiatives, SAMR can become more resilient by increasing food security and reducing the prevalence of food deserts. Furthermore, with Park 21, Haarlemermeer already has plans to utilize a large open area for multi-purpose use (including urban farming). These farming initiatives would primarily use locally sourced organic fertilizers (via biorefinery).

Context - Cost of traditional extraction of non renewable resources puts strain on traditional globalized agriculture. Problem - Food sources are secure and prices are relatively low because of global industrialized agriculture. Local farmers grow what they choose, without much of a “local cohesion” between local demand and supply.

Forces

1. Localized production of food becomes more viable as transport costs boom

2. Future waste streams = resource streams

3. Centralized location of SAMR and agricultural areas create niche

Solution - An urban farming network provides means of growing, processing and distributing food within urban regions in areas that would normally but be utilized for food production purposes (FAO, 2013).

Improving SAMR food security via urban farm-ing initiatives. [Urban agriculture]

l

ogiStical

urban

farming

network

4

FLOW

FLOW

BIOMASS

20

theGrounds

(http://www.thegrounds.com/nl/home/21-engels/engprojecten/96-olifantsgras) Pilot plot near Schiphol (Wageningen, 2013) [H] Efficient waste refining facilities

[H] Green belt

SAMR opportunities - Planting miscanthus in the open areas currently unused on Schiphol grounds can serve to deter bird strikes as well as provide both potential biomass energy for fuel locally produced. Schiphol’s proximity to forests and watered areas it is a popular destination or birds. The proximity of birds to the tarmac is a large problem for aircraft due to potential impact and is in affect a safety hazard to both aircraft and passengers in the form of ‘bird strikes’. In a future where resource and energy scarcity (fossil fuels) is expected, this land must serve a practical purpose.

Context - Cost of traditional extraction of non renewable resources puts strain on traditional energy users.

Problem - Airports have pest problems in the form of bird strikes on aircraft. Furthermore, cost of fossil fuels continue to rise. Forces

1. Bird strikes are a persistent issue around airports 2. Use removes need for professional pest teams

3. In resource scare future waste streams= resource streams Solution - Miscanthus, also known as elephant grass, is a naturally occurring grass from central Africa that grows in upwards of 3 meters in height. The grass has been investigated as a means of discouraging birds that prefer large, more open areas (i.e. airports) to land and nest. Apart from its natural characteristics of deterring fowl, Miscanthus also has high potential use for bioplastics and biofuel (Brown, 2004) (Wageningen, 2013).

Reducing bird nuisances and increasing bio-mass streams

[Miscanthus | Supergrass]

a

irport

graSSlandS

5

FLOW

BIOMASS

22

of organic matter, including agricultural waste, sewage, municipal waste, plant by products, etc.. The resulting gas is usually 50 percent to 80 percent methane and 20 percent to 50 percent CO2 (NNFCC, 2011).

SAMR opportunities - Schiphol’s waste can be used to optimize the anaerobic fermentation process, resulting in viable energy sources that can be utilized to power future urban development in the surrounding SAMR. Schiphol’s role as a major transport hub means its has large black water waste flows both on-site and transported via aircraft that are potential sources of biogas for on-site vehicles , a CHP plant, etc.

[H] Efficient waste refining facilities [C] Waste-based mobility

[C] Point-source wastewater separation [C] District heating

Context -

Cost of traditional extraction of non renewable resources puts strain on energy users.

Problem - As traditional fossil fuel sources become scarce, waste flows that are now considered too costly to refine will become a lucrative resource for energy, including biogas. Currently cars utilize highly refine unleaded fuel, diesel and kerosene but strides are being made to make current fleets more fuel flexible.

Forces

1. Push for sustainable future

2. Integration of Schiphol with urban environment

3. Airports serve an integral role in urban landscape and require rest rooms

4. In resource scare future waste streams= resource streams Solution - The refining of biogas from organic wastes offers a sustainable solution to future energy problems in the SAMR, by converting unused waste streams into a viable fuel source. It can be produced through the anaerobic digestion/ fermentation

Anaerobic digestion of organic solid wastes [Methane Digestion|Anaerobic digestion]

b

iogaS

from

organic

waSte

6

Germany is Europe’s biggest biogas producer, over 5900 plants with over 2,291 MW of installed capacity (Fachverban, 2013).

Renewable Fuels and Energy Factsheet: Anaerobic Digestion (NNFCC, 2011)

24

Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines (Agarwal, 2006)

Biodiesel technology is fairly ubiquitous, with general use being sanctioned by large car manufacturers (Volkswagen, 2010).

[C] Biogas form organic waste

SAMR opportunities - Schiphol and the surrounding SAMR regions can transition internal combustion vehicles via locally sourced biofuels using the fuel refined from waste via the on-site biorefinery.

Context - Increased fuel costs and push for carbon neutral economies creates demand for alternative fuel sources.

Problem - Automobiles and other internal combustion engine vehicles require carbon neutral alternatives to fossil fuels. Forces

1. Push for carbon-neutral fuel sources

2. Internal combustions integral role on modern transport 3. In resource scare future waste streams = resource streams

Solution - A solution to future volatility of fuel supplies and prices is retrofitting vehicles to use biofuels, including biodiesel, ethanol, algal biofuels, myco-diesel, etc.. Some biofuels require different modifications while others do not. Conventional diesel engines can use biodiesel and bioethanol without issue depending on the octane, but might require modifications to fuel hoses and pumps to limit degradation. Use of vegetable oil as a fuel source requires further modifications (Agarwal, 2006).

Decreasing carbon footprint of SAMR via transition to biofuel engines

OPA Aliases/Alternative names:

w

aSte

-

baSed

mobility

Figure 8.2 - biofuel flowchart (arstechnica.com) Figure 8.1 - biofuel process (arstechnica.com)

26

zinco-greenroof.com, 2013

WATER | BIOMASS

FLOW

Schiphol Green Roof ( Zinco, 2013) [G] Low temperature building heating [A] Thermal roads

[C] Collective heat reservoir [H] Constructed wetlands

SAMR opportunities - The Schiphol terminals will benefit most from electricity generation, water retention and fine particle absorption.

Context -

Cost of traditional extraction of non renewable resources puts strain on energy users

Problem - The roof is a building´s ´fifth facade´ and must be used optimally to maximize the provision of urban needs and qualities. Forces

1. Push for carbon-neutral energy sources 2. Spatial qualities of certain buildings are unused

3. In resource scare future waste streams= resource streams Solution - Airport terminals have large roof surfaces and are therefore excellent to provide the most wanted functions on a large scale. The dominant need on airport grounds will be energy in the form of electricity or hot water. The terminal roof should be given priority to PV cells, which can be combined with solar collectors and an energy roof.

Optimizing between solar energy, a green roof and water retention

[Green roofs | ]

m

ultifunctional

roof

27

AIRPORT TERMINAL

Figure 9.2 - Example of multifunctional roofs (zinco-greenroof.com,) Figure 9.1 - multifunctional roof at Schiphol (IPG BAR Group, 2013)

28

SAMR opportunities - Leisure landscapes offer a means of buffering noise pollution from aircraft, leisure areas for surrounding urban areas and potential zone for urban farming. This is very similar to Park21, but situated more strategically between Westflank and the airport grounds.

Context - Cost of traditional extraction of non renewable resources puts strain on energy users.

Problem - Airports produce nuisances for surrounding urban areas. The most important are noise and air pollution.

Forces

1. Push for carbon-neutral energy sources 2. Spatial qualities of urban area and airport

Solution - A green belt buffer zone that doubles as an area for leisure and recreation can reduce noise transmission and absorb elements of air pollution. CO2 and fine particles (PM2,5 and PM10) are absorbed by flora. At the same time, the green belt can be used by the inhabitants of the urban surroundings for recreation and agriculture.

[L] Constructed wetlands [L] Airport grasslands

Green Ring- Leipzig, Germany (URGE, 2002)

Davenport Green project, green buffer zone near airport city (MCN, 2011).

urge-project.ufz.de (2002)

Multifunctional use of a green buffer zone between airport and urban surroundings [Green airport zone| Airport Leisure land-scapes | Green ring]

g

reen

beltS

Figure 9.2 - ‘Frankfurt’s GreenBelt’ (Frankfurt am Maim Surveyors Office, 2006) Figure 9.1 - The benefits and functions of urban green spaces (URGE, 2002)

FLOW

30

FLOW

BIOMASS

[H] Efficient waste refining facilities

KBI Group pilot plant in Arnstadt (KBI, 2013).

Bio-syngas production with low concentrations of CO2 and CH4 from microwave-induced pyrolysis of wet and dried sewage sludge (Domínguez et al. 2008).

SAMR opportunities - As these uncertainties because more apparent, large energy consumers like Schiphol must turn to alternative energy sources. Schiphol’s role as a travel hub means that it produces quantities of sewage that could potentially be converted into fuel for on-site vehicles, MCFC fuel cells, etc.

Context - Cost of fossil fuel creates push to maximize

energy extraction from waste.

Problem - As traditional sources of fossil fuels become harder to access and more expensive to refine, sewage will become more lucrative as a low-grade source of energy.

Forces

1. Airports serve an integral role in urban landscape and require rest rooms

2. In resource scare future waste streams= resource streams Solution - Sewage sludge is a renewable low-grade fuel because that has good potential for energy recovery; it yields more hydrogen than that from paper and food wastes. Gasification of sewage sludge produces syngas (>800 C) that can be used directly in a fuel cell or as intermediate product for the production of bulk chemicals such as methanol.

Creating useful energy by transforming sewage sludge to syngas

[Syngas production from biomass catalytic gasification]

S

ewage

-

baSed

SyngaS

production

Figure 10.1 - Simple representation of syngas process- (Afvalwaterketen, 2012) Figure 10.2 - An example of syngas production by biomass gasification based on a membrane

FLOW

32

Constructed Wetlands Handbooks: Guide to Creating (EPA, 2000)

BIOMASS

Used extensively throughout US, Europe and Australia. Good example is the Tres Rios project in Phoenix, AZ (EPA, 2000).

[L] Multifunctional roof [H] Green belt

and aerobic processes to minimize pollutants as much as possible (EPA, 2000).

SAMR opportunities - Natural cleansing of de-icing runoff as well as hazardous waste on-site.

Context -

Cost of extraction of non renewable resources puts strain on traditional energy users.

Problem - In an effort to reorient SAMR towards sustainability and realizing the usable potential of the land within Schiphol grounds and the surrounding urban region, the SAMR needs more sustainable method of treating waste (including but not limited to municipal and industrial waste streams).

Forces

1. Push for sustainable future

2. Integration of Schiphol with urban environment 3. Serves are both a waste disposal and biofuel source

Solution - Reed-bed filters are a useful solution to clean wastewater on smaller scales via micro-organisms living within the root system of the reed bed. The reed bed more or less grows on the sewage while filtering out hazardous biological agents before being released into the natural environment. These reed beds can be combined with other species of plant and bodies of water to create treatment wetlands that combine both anaerobic

Improving SAMR sanitation via the constric-tion of artificial wetlands

[Reed-bed filtering|Constructed Wetlands| Wetland Filtration]

c

onStructed

wetlandS

11

Figure 7.2- Treatment Wetland (land8, 2008)

FLOW

34

District Cooling in Helsinki (Vartiainen et. al, 2011)

WATER

Successful Helsinki district cooling system third largest in Europe (Vartiainen et. al, 2011).

[C] Thermal landing strip

SAMR opportunities - Despite the integration of numerous passive means of cooling, Schiphol has large cooling needs in summer months within terminals, retail areas, data centres, offices and surrounding complexes on within the airport city. The close proximity of the Niuewe Meer and an underground canal system that transfers water for filtration in the dunes near Haarlem gives Schiphol a potential infrastructure to meet its cooling needs in the future.

Context - Cost of extraction of non renewable resources puts strain on traditional energy users.

Problem - Urban areas require cooling but want to reduce CO2 emissions.

Forces

1. Push for reduced energy use/CO2 obligations 2. Spatial qualities of SAMR can accommodate

Solution - District cooling is a system that utilizes local cold sources in the form of either fresh or seawater for buildings and factories that require cooling. Using local sources results in cheaper cooling costs, electricity use and carbon emissions. Locally sourced water is distributed via underground pipes to buildings, offices and factories located within the network (Nuon, 2006). Utilization of conventional district cooling technology can reduce electricity consumption up to 40 percent and CO2 emissions by 80 percent compared to traditional A/C systems (Construction, 2010).

Utilizing local cold sources for cooling [SWAC|Deep water source cooling|

c

old

from

deep

water

12

FLOW

" ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) ") " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " )

&

>

&

>

&

>

& > & > & > & > & > & > & >

&

>

Lisse (2500 m3/h) Aalsmeer (750 m3/h) Schiphol (167 m3/h) Leimuiden (285 m3/h) Heemstede (1600 m3/h) Rijsenhout (825 m3/h) Zwaanshoek (5500 m3/h) Zwanenburg (6000 m3/h) Nieuwe Wetering (800 m3/h) Haarlem Schalkwijk (3000 m3/h) Haarlem Waarderpolder (6400 m3/h)

Bronnen: Esri Nederland, Esri, Kadaster, CBS en Rijkswaterstaat

Legend

design capacity (in user equivalents)

&

> 15.000-150.000

&

>

>150.000

) <all other values>

capacity (m3/h) " ) <150 " ) 150-500 " ) >500 type

sewage transport pipe treated effluent pipe hotspots09032013 hotspots_areas09032013 Luchthaven_indelingsbesluit_Schiphol_2003 Terreinen_van_vliegveld_Schiphol__2000 Waterleidingen_transport functie Inwinningsleiding Ruwwaterleiding Transportleiding grondwaterbeschermingsgebied NH 0 1.25 2.5 5 7.5 10Kilometers

35

Figure 13.3 - Example district cooling system (Nuon, 2006)

" ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) ") " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " )

&

>

&

>

&

>

& > & > & > & > & > & > & >

&

>

Lisse (2500 m3/h) Aalsmeer (750 m3/h) Schiphol (167 m3/h) Leimuiden (285 m3/h) Heemstede (1600 m3/h) Rijsenhout (825 m3/h) Zwaanshoek (5500 m3/h) Zwanenburg (6000 m3/h) Nieuwe Wetering (800 m3/h) Haarlem Schalkwijk (3000 m3/h) Haarlem Waarderpolder (6400 m3/h)

Bronnen: Esri Nederland, Esri, Kadaster, CBS en Rijkswaterstaat

Legend

design capacity (in user equivalents)

&

> 15.000-150.000

&

>

>150.000

) <all other values>

capacity (m3/h) " ) <150 " ) 150-500 " ) >500 type

sewage transport pipe treated effluent pipe hotspots09032013 hotspots_areas09032013 Luchthaven_indelingsbesluit_Schiphol_2003 Terreinen_van_vliegveld_Schiphol__2000 Waterleidingen_transport functie Inwinningsleiding Ruwwaterleiding Transportleiding grondwaterbeschermingsgebied NH 0 1.25 2.5 5 7.5 10Kilometers

Figure 13.4 - Current location of water pipe and waste treatment plants (source: CBS) Figure 13.1 - Diagram of a

cold source (here; seawater) cooling system with the average temperatures. (Makai, 2008)

(SWAC) and conventional cooling. (Makai, 2008)

FLOW

36

ENERGY

Low temperature heating systems (LowEx, 2002)

Low temp building heating is common place in NL (Hooijschuur, 2001)

[C] Cold from deep water [C] Collective heat reservoir [C] Thermal landing strip [C] Multifunctional roof

SAMR opportunities - Reduction in energy use related to heating, further reducing the Schiphol groups carbon footprint. Context - Cost of traditional extraction of non renewable

resources puts strain on traditional energy users. Problem - Many heat harvests are low temperature. Forces

1. Push for carbon-neutral energy sources 2. Spatial qualities of urban area and airport

Solution - These low temperatures can be used effectively to heat spaces of buildings if the surface area through which hot water is transported is enlarged, so that the same amount of heat transmission (heating) can take place. With underfloor heating you do not require high flow temp; underfloor flow temperature is around 35° C to 45° C, while radiators require a flow temperature of 75° C to 80° C. This way of heating can be combined with alternative-energy heat sources, such as solar and geothermal, to become even more energy efficient.

Using heat from low temperature sources for space heating

[Radiant floor heating | Underground floor heating]

l

ow

temperature

building

heating

13

37

and radiant floor heating (NAHB, 2012)

FLOW

38

ENERGY

SAMR opportunities - The neighbouring Schipholdriehoek development comprises mainly offices and light industry. These buildings require more heat than can be supplied by the thermal landing strips. Other opportunities are: In winter, hot water or antifreeze can be fed into the tubes to help de-ice the landing strip; Extracting heat from asphalt cools it, which reduces the urban heat island effect; Lower asphalt temperatures extends the live of the landing strip (Mallick, 2009).

[C] Low temp building heating [C] Collective heat reservoir [G] Thermal roads

[C] Cold from deep water

Small scale experiments in Houston (Mallick, 2009)

Reduction of urban heat island effect through harvest of heat energy from asphalt pavements (Mallick,2009)

Context/situation - extraction of non renewable resources very costly and puts burden on energy users.

Problem - Heat comprises the largest share of energy demand of the built environment.

Forces

1. Push for reduced energy use/CO2 obligations 2. Pollution associated with de-icing agents

Solution - The environmental impact of heat demand can be diminished by yielding thermal energy from the airport landing strips. These strips are made of a thick layer of asphalt and therefore are large thermal bodies. By integrating water tubes in the asphalt, solar heat and to a lesser quantity heat of arriving and departing airplanes can be harnessed and used in neighbouring buildings (WPI,2008).

Yielding thermal energy from landing strips [Invisible Heating Systems | Heat recovery from surfaces]

t

hermal

landing

Strip

14

39

50°C

18°C

40

ENERGY

FLOW

SAMR opportunities - Schiphol airport is located in a highly urbanized region. This regards not only the AirportCity concept, which has integrated more office, retail and hospitality functions in the direct airport vicinity, but also Schiphol’s proximity to the urban areas of Amsterdam and Hoofddorp. The proximity has led the Amsterdam Energy Transition 2040 to consider Schiphol as part of the Amsterdam urban district heating network (Figure 15).

[

C] Low temp building heating

[H] Collective heat reservoir [L] Thermal roads

[C] Terminal heat

In Iceland 95 percent of population use district heating (Björnsson, 2013)

District Heating in Iceland (Björnsson, 2013)

Context - Increased energy costs and public policy renders traditional heating less viable.

Problem - Heat comprises the largest share of energy demand of the built environment.

Forces - low temp building heating, collective heat reservoir

Solution - District heating plants can provide higher efficiencies and better pollution control than localized boilers. According to Orchard Partners, district heating with combined heat and power (CHPDH) is the cheapest method of cutting carbon emissions, and has one of the lowest carbon footprints of all fossil generation plants (Orchard, 2009).

Improving energy use and efficiency regionally [District heat-exchange]

u

rban

-

airport

diStrict

heating

41

Figure 15- Thermal landing strip diagram with an overview of 7 assumptions. AirportCity Hangar

42

ENERGY

FLOW

SAMR opportunities - A collective heat reservoir would help schiphol meet its CO2 reduction goals by reducing in energy consumption for heating requirements.

[C] Low temp building heating [C] Thermal landing strip [C] Thermal roads [C] District heating [C] Multifunctional roof

Drake Landing Solar Community in Alberta, Canada uses a borehole thermal energy system that stores heat collected in summer for heating needs for winter in reservoirs 37 meters underground (Drake Landing, 2013).

Drake Landing Solar Community homepage ((Drake Landing, 2013)

Context - Increased energy costs and public policy renders traditional heating less viable.

Problem - For small harvests of heat the construction of an aquifer can be uneconomical.

Forces

1. Push for reduced energy use/CO2 obligations 2. Schiphol has large heating needs throughout the year

Solution - For larger harvests a shared heat reservoir can also have economic benefits of provide a more constant source of heat, since in general the aggregate of multiple heat sources is more constant than a single source.

Applying economy of scale by centrally col-lecting district heat

[Thermal reservoir | Heat bath]

c

ollective

heat

reServoir

16

Figure 16.2 - Heat reservoir concept Figure 16.1- Heat reservoir principle

FLOW

44

ENERGY

SAMR opportunities

• Number of passengers per day: 120 000 • Average heat emission per person: 100 W • Average heat emission per m2 of functions

[C] District heating [C] Collective heat reservoir

Context - Increased energy costs and public policy renders traditional heat sources less viable.

Problem - Heat comprises the largest share of energy demand of the built environment. Airport terminals cope with large amounts of excess heat during the summer.

Forces

1. Push for reduced energy use/CO2 obligations 2. Airport have large heating needs throughout the year.

Solution - This heat is produced by the large number of passengers passing through the terminal each day and also by the commercial and catering functions present in the terminal.

Yielding thermal energy from airport terminal [Airport heat collection]

t

erminal

-

Sourced

heat

production

17

FLOW

46

ENERGY

SAMR opportunities - The neighbouring Schipholdriehoek development comprises mainly offices and light industry. These buildings require more heat than can be supplied by the thermal roads from parking garages, main roads and sidewalks. Other opportunities are: In winter, hot water or antifreeze can be fed into the tubes to help de-ice critical roadways around schiphol; Extracting heat from asphalt cools it, which reduces the urban heat island effect; Lower asphalt temperatures extends the live of the landing strip (Mallick, 2009).

[C] Low temp building heating [C] Collective heat reservoir [S] Thermal landing strip [C] Cold from deep water [A] Multifunctional roof

Small scale experiments in Houston ((Mallick, 2009).

Reduction of urban heat island effect through harvest of heat energy from asphalt pavements (Mallick,2009).

Context/situation - extraction of non renewable resources is very costly and puts burden on energy users.

Problem - Heat comprises the largest share of energy demand of the built environment.

Forces

1. Push for reduced energy use/CO2 obligations 2. Pollution associated with de-icing agents

Solution - The environmental impact of heat demand can be diminished by yielding thermal energy from roads, sidewalks and highways. These roads are constructed with a thick layer of asphalt or composite material and therefore are large thermal bodies. By integrating a heat collective instument in the asphalt, solar heat can be harnessed as a hear source for neighbouring buildings (WPI,2008).

Yielding thermal energy from roads, side-walks, etc.

[Invisible heating systems | Heat recovery from surfaces|Road energy systems]

t

hermal

roadS

18

47

48

b

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