A N N A L E S
81,9(56,7$7,60$5,$(&85,(6.à2'2:6.$
/8%/,1±32/21,$
92//;9,, 6(&7,2%
ABSTRACT
7KHDUWLFOHVKRZVWKHUHVXOWVRIDVWXG\XQGHUWDNHQWRVHDUFKIRUDPRGHOLOOXVWUDWLQJWKHGHYHO
RSPHQWRIJHRJUDSKLFDOWKRXJKW7KHFUHDWHGPRGHOIRUPXODWHGZLWKDWULDGWKDWGH¿QHVJHRJUDSK\
KXPDQ EHLQJVSDFHWLPH GLVSOD\V OHYHOV PHUJLQJ JHRJUDSKLFDO VFLHQFHV7KHVH MRLQLQJ HOHPHQWV
FUHDWHG E\ JHRJUDSKHUV PRUH RU OHVV FRQVFLRXVO\ FRRSHUDWLQJ ZLWK WKH UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV RI RWKHU
VFLHQFHVVHHPWREHWKHHVVHQFHRIWKHXQLW\RIWKHFRQWLQXRXVO\VSUHDGLQJVWXG\UDQJHRIJHRJUDSK\
Key words JHRJUDSK\ KLVWRU\ RI JHRJUDSKLFDO WKRXJKW GLYLVLRQ RI JHRJUDSKLFDO VFLHQFHV
geography unity
,1752'8&7,21
All considerations concerning the evolution of geographical thought are ne- FHVVDULO\IXOORIP\VWHULHVDQGSX]]OHVIRUDUHVHDUFKHU+HVKHIHHOVPXFKEHWWHU
LQWKHZRUOGO\HQYLURQPHQWLQZKLFKWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\KLVWRU\RIJHRJUDSK\WDNHV
SODFH<HWDQRYHUZKHOPLQJQHHGWHOOVXVWRJREDFNWRWKHURRWVDQGVHDUFKIRUWKH
LQWHUSUHWDWLRQVRIWKHSDVW
In the history of geographical though there has been no epoch more favoura- EOHWRNQRZWKHJHRJUDSK\P\VWHU\RIµXQLW\LQPXOWLWXGH¶WKDQWKHRQHZKLFKZH
OLYHLQ0RUHRYHULWLVQRWLFHDEOHWKDWWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\JHRJUDSKLFDOWKRXJKWLV
FKDUDFWHUL]HGE\DQLQWHQVL¿HGDQDO\VLVRIFXOWXUDOJHRJUDSK\D¿HOGRIJHRJUDSK\
ZKLFKLVSUHGLVSRVHGWRZDUGVDKROLVWLFYLVLRQRIWKHVXUURXQGLQJUHDOLW\1RWRQO\
do the studies and discussions concerning it touch upon the issues connected with WKHQDWXUDODQGVRFLRHFRQRPLFJHRJUDSKLFDOVSDFHEXWWKH\DOVRJRGHHSHU7KH
*HRJUDSKLFDO'1$
3$:(à:2-7$12:,&=
*HRJUD¿F]QH'1$
Y]
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management Section of Geography Education
3DZHá:RMWDQRZLF]
world available for the senses has been enriched with a landscape of experiences DQGHPRWLRQVEHDXW\DQGGHOLJKWLGHQWLW\DQGYDOXH
This article is an attempt at providing an insight into the history of geographi- FDOWKRXJKWIURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIµHOHPHQWV¶MRLQLQJJHRJUDSKLFDOVFLHQFHVFUH- DWHGLQWLPH7KHVHHOHPHQWVFRQVWLWXWHDQHVVHQWLDOSODFHLQWKHVWUXFWXUHRIJHR- JUDSKLFDOWKRXJKWFDOOHGDPRGHORIJHRJUDSKLFDO'1$E\WKHDXWKRU
*(2*5$3+,&$/'1$±$1287/,1(
If one wanted to graphically illustrate the development of geographical scien- FHVRQHZRXOGQHHGWRGUDZWZRPXWXDOO\LQWHUZHDYLQJVSLUDOOLQJVWUDQGV)LJ
:KLOHWKHEODFNVSLUDOV\PEROL]LQJWKHQDWXUDOHQYLURQPHQWUHSUHVHQWVSK\VL- FDOJHRJUDSK\WKHJUH\RQHRQWKHRWKHUKDQGGHSLFWLQJWKHDQWKURSRJHQLFHQYL- URQPHQW±VRFLRHFRQRPLFJHRJUDSK\:KDWQHHGVWREHHPSKDVL]HGLVWKHIDFW
WKDWWKHULVLQJWKLFNQHVVRIWKHVSLUDOVFRUUHVSRQGVWRWKHTXDQWLWDWLYHJURZWKRI
GLIIHUHQWJHRJUDSKLFDOVFLHQFHVGLVFLSOLQHVDQGEUDQFKHVDQGDWWKHVDPHWLPH
WRWKHHYROXWLRQDU\VSUHDGLQJRIWKHLUVWXG\DUHDV,WQHHGVWREHDGGHGWKDWDFRQ- WLQXRXVH[WHQVLRQRIWKHVHDUHDVHVSHFLDOO\DWWKHLQLWLDODQGFRQWHPSRUDU\WLPH
RI VFLHQFH GHYHORSPHQW ZDV WR D JUHDW H[WHQW FRQGLWLRQHG E\ D FRQWLQXRXV
ZLVKRIJHRJUDSKHUVWRJLYHJHRJUDSKLFDONQRZOHGJHDSUDFWLFDOFKDUDFWHU,WLV
LPSRUWDQWWRQRWHWKDWWKHGHYHORSPHQWRILQGLYLGXDOGLVFLSOLQHVXVXDOO\WRRNSODFH DFFRUGLQJ WR WKUHH VWDJHV RQH IROORZLQJ WKH RWKHU RQH VDWLVI\LQJ WKH EDVLF
H[LVWHQWLDOQHHGVVDWLVI\LQJFXULRVLW\RIWKHZRUOGDZLVKWRH[SODLQWKHJH- QHVLVRISKHQRPHQDDQGSURFHVVHVWKDWDFFRPSDQ\DKXPDQEHLQJ)RULQVWDQFH
LQDJHRJUDSKLFDOGLVFLSOLQHXQGHUWDNLQJVWXGLHVFRQFHUQLQJK\GURVSKHUHWKHRULJ
LQDOVXEMHFWPDWWHURIVFLHQWL¿FFRQVLGHUDWLRQVVHHPVWREHDULYHU7KHEDVLQVRI
WKH7LJULVDQGWKH(XSKUDWHVIRU0HVRSRWDPLDRUWKHRQHRIWKH1LOHIRU(J\SWDUH
H[DPSOHVWKDWSURYHWKHWKHVLVRIDSULRULW\RIIXWXUHSRWDPRORJ\$ZLVKWRJHWWR
NQRZWKHUXOHVRIWKHH[LVWHQFHDQGFKDUDFWHURIZDWHUFRXUVHVDULYHUUHJLPHQH- HGOHVVWRVD\FRQWULEXWHGWRDIRUPDWLRQRIIRXQGDWLRQVIRUK\GURPHWHRURORJ\DQG
K\GURJHRORJ\7KHLUIXUWKHUGHYHORSPHQWHVSHFLDOO\RIWKHODWWHUZLWKWKHSDUWL- FLSDWLRQRINQRZOHGJHFRQFHUQLQJWKH¿HOGRISDOXGRORJ\DOORZHGWRVDWLVI\WKH
EDVLFQHHGRIDKXPDQEHLQJZKLFKLVVDIHW\7KHWKRXJKWWRSUDFWLFDOO\XVHZD- WHUOHGWRWKHELUWKRIDQRWKHUEUDQFKRIK\GURORJ\±DSSOLHGK\GURORJ\FRQWHP- SRUDULO\FDOOHGHQJLQHHULQJK\GURORJ\RUWHFKQLFDOK\GURORJ\$PRQJWKHHQJL- QHHULQJZDWHUEDODQFHWDVNVRQHFDQLQFOXGHPDNLQJXVHRIDPXUPXULQJVWUHDP
7KXVZDWHUZKHHOVZHUHYHU\SRSXODUHVSHFLDOO\LQWKRVHSDUWVRIWKHZRUOGZKHUH
\RXFRXOG¿QGPRXQWDLQULYHUV:KHQULYHUVÀRZLQJWKURXJKKXPDQVHWWOHPHQWV
EHFDPHXQ¿WIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQGULQNDEOHZDWHUKDGWREHH[WUDFWHGIURP
WKHJURXQGRULPSRUWHGZLWKDTXHGXFWVIURPPRXQWDLQVSULQJV$VHDUFKIRUVSULQJ
UHJLRQVDQGDIXUWKHUREVHUYDWLRQRIWKHLUG\QDPLVPHQULFKHGKXPDQNQRZOHGJH
*HRJUDSKLFDO'1$
ZKLFKVKRXOGEHDVVRFLDWHGWRGD\ZLWKFUHQRORJ\:KDWKDSSHQHGQH[W"&XULR- VLW\RIWKHZRUOGDQGJHRJUDSKLFDOGLVFRYHULHVIRUH[DPSOHZLWKLQWKHOLPLWVRI
WKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQ6HDLQWKHDQFLHQWZRUOGRQWKH1RUWK$WODQWLF2FHDQDPRQJ
WKH9LNLQJVRURQ/DNH7LWLFDFDLQ,QFDQWLPHVFDXVHGDIXUWKHUJURZWKRIK\- GURORJLF GLVFLSOLQHV RU VXEGLVFLSOLQHV :LWK D VLPXOWDQHRXV FRQWULEXWLRQ RI GH- VFULSWLYHK\GURORJ\FDOOHGK\GURJUDSK\KHUHWKHDXWKRUWDNHVLQWRDFFRXQWHVSH- FLDOO\ULYHURFHDQDQGODNHPDSSLQJSURWRRFHDQRJUDSK\SURWROLPQRORJ\DQG
QH[WSURWRJODFLRORJ\,QPRUHUHFHQWWLPHVK\GURH[SHUWVZLWKDFRQWULEXWLRQRI
VFLHQWLVWVRIRWKHUQDWXUDOVFLHQFHVVXFKDVSK\VLFVFKHPLVWU\RUELRORJ\FUHDWHG
K\GURSK\VLFVK\GURFKHPLVWU\DQGK\GURELRORJ\«$QGVREDVHGRQWKHH[DP- SOHRIK\GURORJ\ZHZLOOXQLQWHQWLRQDOO\ZDWFKWKHLQHYLWDEOHVSHFLDOL]DWLRQSUR- FHVVZKLFKDFFRUGLQJWR-:RMWDQRZLF]FDXVHGLQGLYLGXDOLW\RIVFLHQWL-
¿F¿HOGVDQGEUDQFKHVRIJHRJUDSK\EHLQJDUHDVRQIRUVHSDUDWLRQDQGHYHQLQGL- YLGXDOL]DWLRQRIVRPHRIWKHP
)LJ$JHRJUDSKLFDOPRGHORI'1$
3DZHá:RMWDQRZLF]
+RZHYHU OHW XV FRPH EDFN WR RXU FRQVLGHUDWLRQV FRQFHUQLQJ WKH LVVXH RI
DJHRJUDSKLFDOPRGHORI'1$1H[WWRWKHWZRVSLUDOVLOOXVWUDWLQJQDWXUDOVSDFH
DQGDKXPDQEHLQJWKHODVWHOHPHQWRIWKHJHRJUDSKLFDOWULDGLHWLPHDOVRSOD\V
DQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQWKHVFKHPD,QWKHVXJJHVWHGVFKHPD)LJE\JRLQJXSZH
GHDOZLWKOLQHDUWLPHLQJHRJUDSK\LWLVJHRORJLFDODQGKLVWRULFDOWLPHZKHUHDV
WKHVHUSHQWLQHVKDSHRIWKHVWUDQGVLVVXSSRVHGWRV\PEROL]HF\FOLFLW\DVWURQRPL- FDOWLPHJHRPRUSKRORJLFDOWLPHZDWHUFLUFXODWLRQWLPHFLUFXODWLRQF\FOHRIURFN
PDWHULDOV7KLVF\FOLFLW\EXWLQDQRWKHU±XQLTXHDQGOLQHDU±WLPHGLPHQVLRQ
PDNHVJHRJUDSK\XQSUHGLFWDEOHLQLWVSUHGLFWDELOLW\
)LJ7KHSODFHRIWLPHLQWKHJHRJUDSKLFDOPRGHORI'1$
,QRUGHUWRPDNHRXUWZRVWUDQGVFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIYHUWLFDOVWDELOLW\ZHRXJKW
WR VXSSO\ WKH JHRJUDSKLFDO PRGHO RI '1$ ZLWK WKH YHUWLFDO /HWXV FDOO LW ³WKH
EDFNERQHRIJHRJUDSKLFDOVFLHQFHV´,WLVFDUWRJUDSK\)LJ,WRFFXSLHVWKHFHQ- tral position among geographical sciences not because it is more abstract than the RWKHURQHVEXWGXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWLWDWWUDFWVDQGJDWKHUVDJUHDWGHDORIUHSUHVHQ-
*HRJUDSKLFDO'1$
WDWLYHVRISUREDEO\DOOJHRJUDSKLFDOVFLHQFHV0RUHRYHURZLQJWRWKHRULJLQDOUROH
of geography which boils down to a description of distribution of objects on the VXUIDFHRIWKH(DUWKFDUWRJUDSK\VHHPVWREHWKHROGHVWGLVFLSOLQHLQWKHV\VWHPRI
JHRJUDSKLFDOVFLHQFHV7KXVLWLVSULYLOHJHGWRRFFXS\DVSHFL¿FSODFHLQWKHJHR- JUDSKLFDO'1$$PDSEHLQJDSURGXFWRIFDUWRJUDSK\ZLWKLWVVSHFL¿FODQJXDJH
FKDUDFWHULVWLFRIV\PEROLVPDQGJHQHUDOL]DWLRQKDVEHHQSRSXODUDPRQJJHRJUD- SKHUVIURPWLPHLPPHPRULDO,WVHHPVWKDWDPDSLWVHOIKDVEHFRPHWKHSURWR
source of stimuli that integrate geographers who attempted to close objects of the VSKHULFDOWKUHHGLPHQVLRQDOZRUOGLQDWZRGLPHQVLRQDORQH7RGRVRZLWKDKHOS
RIPDWKHPDWLFVWKH\WUDQVIRUPHGDJHRJUDSKLFDOFRRUGLQDWHV\VWHPLQWRDPDS
SURMHFWLRQ6LQFHWKDWHYHQWWKH(DUWKDSSHDUVWREHPRUHLPDJLQDEOHRIFRXUVH
as far as its availability conditioned by the history of geographical discoveries is FRQFHUQHGDQGHYHQFORVHUWRDKXPDQEHLQJ,WVKRXOGEHQRWLFHGWKDWDVLWLV
ZLWKWKHFDVHRIERWKVSLUDOVWKHSHUSHQGLFXODURIJHRJUDSKLFDO'1$ZDVDOVRJUD- GXDOO\H[WHQGLQJ/RRNLQJIRUQHZVROXWLRQVRIWKHLVVXHRIPHWKRGVRISUHVHQWD- WLRQRIWKHPDWHULDODPRQJRWKHUVDQGXVLQJQHZHUDQGQHZHUWHFKQRORJLFDODG- YDQFHPHQWVFDUWRJUDSK\H[SHULHQFHGDQGVWLOOH[SHULHQFHVLWVHYROXWLRQQRWRQO\
TXDQWLWDWLYHEXWDOVRDTXDOLWDWLYHRQH
,WQHHGVWREHHPSKDVL]HGWKDWWKLQNLQJDERXWJHRJUDSK\LVQRWSRVVLEOHZLWK
RXWFRQVLGHUDWLRQRILWVOLQNVWRRWKHUVFLHQFHV7KLVRSHQQHVVRIJHRJUDSKLFDOVFLHQ- FHVLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\PXWXDOLW\'HULYLQJPHWKRGRORJLFDOVROXWLRQVDVZHOODV
DFKLHYHPHQWVRIRWKHUVFLHQFHVZKHWKHUQDWXUDOVRFLDORUWHFKQLFDORQHVJHRJUD- SK\RIIHUVWKHPLWVRZQVROXWLRQV$VLWLVSRLQWHGRXWE\:RMWDQRZLF]E\
GHHSO\DQDO\]LQJWKHVWUXFWXUHRIJHRJUDSKLFDOVFLHQFHVQHZEUDQFKHVRIVFLHQFH DUHFRPLQJWRH[LVWHQFHIRULQVWDQFHSDOHRJHRJUDSK\RUJHRHFRORJ\
Let us notice that geography was called a mathematical science from the very EHJLQQLQJ,WFDQEHVDLGDIWHU3WROHPHXVWKDWJHRJUDSK\ZDVFUHDWHGWRPHDVXUH
WKHJOREHLQUHODWLRQWRWKHVN\FHOHVWLDOERGLHVDQGWRPHDVXUHWHUUD¿UPDLWV
SDUWVDQGTXDQWLWDWLYHIHDWXUHV:LWKWLPHSDVVLQJE\LWDSSHDUHGWKDWJHRJUDSK\
QRWRQO\GHDOWZLWKPHDVXUHPHQWVEXWLWDOVRLQWHUSUHWHGWKHUHVXOWV:KDWLVPRUH
WKHVHDFWLYLWLHVWRRNSODFHZLWKLQYDULRXVVSDFHVDQGDQDO\WLFDOVWUXFWXUHVQRWRQO\
SK\VLFDOEXWDOVRVRFLRHFRQRPLFRQHVFXOWXUDO±WREHVSHFL¿FSUHVHQWERWKLQ
WKHVSKHUHRIPDWHULDOFXOWXUHDQGVSLULWXDOFXOWXUH
This variation of phenomena analyzed by geography leads to a situation in ZKLFKLWQHHGVWRXVHWRDJUHDWHURUOHVVHUH[WHQWWKHDFFRPSOLVKPHQWVRIRWKHU
DFDGHPLF GLVFLSOLQHV 7KH EUDQFKHV ZKLFK JHRJUDSK\ KDV EHHQ OLQNHG WR DUH
PDWKHPDWLFVDQGVWDWLVWLFVDPRQJQDWXUDOVFLHQFHVDVWURQRP\ELRORJ\FKHPL- VWU\SK\VLFVJHRORJ\DQGDPRQJVRFLDOVFLHQFHVKLVWRU\SROLWLFDOVFLHQFHVR- FLRORJ\DQGHFRQRP\&RPPHUFLDOL]DWLRQRIVFLHQFHLQUHFHQWWLPHVRQWKHRWKHU
KDQGZKLFKLVSRLQWHGRXWE\DPRQJRWKHUV$/LVRZNL³IRUFHGDQLQ
crease in importance of the technical function associated with a generally under-
3DZHá:RMWDQRZLF]
VWRRGVKDSLQJRIORFDODQGUHJLRQDOVSDFHZKLFKPDGHJHRJUDSK\FORVHWRDSSOLHG
VFLHQFHVVSHFLDOHFRQRP\DQGWRZQSODQQLQJ´'HVLJQLQJDJHRJUDSKLFDOFKDLQ
RI'1$ZHFDQQRWRPLWRWKHUVFLHQFHVZKLFKDUHSUHVHQWHGLQWKHVFKHPD)LJ
ZLWKDKHOSRIVPDOOV\PEROLFVSLUDOVFRPLQJIURPWKHRXWVLGH
,WIROORZVIURPWKHSUHVHQWHGVWXGLHVWKDWJHRJUDSK\LVFORVHO\OLQNHGWRRWKHU
VFLHQFHV +RZHYHU LW QHHGV WR EH PHQWLRQHG WKDW LWV LQGLYLGXDO GLVFLSOLQHV DQG
EUDQFKHVIRUPDOVRRUHYHQ¿UVWRIDOOWKHLURZQVWUXFWXUHVPRUHRUOHVVFRUUHODWHG
ZLWKHDFKRWKHU7KHHYROXWLRQRIVRPHRIWKHPOHGWRVXFKDVWDJHRIGHYHORSPHQW
RIWKHVWUXFWXUHRIJHRJUDSKLFDO'1$LQZKLFKRULJLQDOLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\IRUPV
ZHUH FUHDWHG$QG LW LV WKHVH UHODWLRQDO VSDFHV RQH FRXOG VD\ WUDQVGLVFLSOLQHV ZKLFKVWUHQJWKHQWKHWKHVLVRIVFLHQFHXQLW\WKDWZHDUHJRLQJWRGHDOLQWKHQH[W
SDUWRIWKHDUWLFOH
)LJ5HODWLRQVRIJHRJUDSK\ZLWKRWKHUVFLHQFHVLQWKHJHRJUDSKLFDOPRGHORI'1$
*HRJUDSKLFDO'1$
*(2*5$3+,&$/+2/,60±,17(*5$7,21/(9(/6
+ROLVP*UKRORVµZKROH¶±DYLHZDFFRUGLQJWRZKLFKDOOSKHQRPHQDFUHDWH
RYHUDOOVWUXFWXUHVZKLFKDUHVXEMHFWVWRVSHFL¿FUHJXODULWLHVLPSRVVLEOHWRFRQFOXGH RQWKHEDVLVRIUHJXODULWLHVWKDWUXOHWKHLUHOHPHQWV7UDQVODWLQJWKHDERYHPHQ- WLRQHGGH¿QLWLRQLQWRWKHODQJXDJHRIJHRJUDSK\ZHFDQFRQFOXGHWKDWWKHZRUOG
IRUPVDNLQGRIDZKROH7KHZRUOGLVDSODFHRIPXWXDOUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQQDWX- UDOSKHQRPHQDDQGSURFHVVHVDQGKXPDQOLIHDQGDFWLYLW\7KHUHIRUHZHQHHGWR
remember that particular phenomena in the reality of the world are inextricably OLQNHG:KDWLVPRUHIURPDKROLVWLFSRLQWRIYLHZLWLVWKHFDXVHHIIHFWVUHODWLRQV
ZKLFKDUHRIJUHDWLPSRUWDQFHLQWKHVXUURXQGLQJZRUOG,QWXUQZKHQZHORRNDW
WKHV\VWHPRIJHRJUDSKLFDOVFLHQFHVIURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIKROLVPZHVKRXOGSXW
IRUZDUGDWKHVLVRIWKHLUFRPPRQRULJLQDQGWKHVDPHFUHDWLYHIRUFHRIWKHLUUHSUH- VHQWDWLYHVZKLFKLVH[SUHVVHGLQWKHZLOOLQJQHVVWROHDUQWKHLQWHUGHSHQGHQFHEH- WZHHQWKH(DUWKDQGKXPDQEHLQJVRUKXPDQEHLQJVDQGWKH(DUWK)RUVRPHWKLV
anthropo-geographical view of interdependence was the same with dependence RIKXPDQOLIHRQQDWXUDOFRQGLWLRQVZKHUHDVIRURWKHUVLWZDVV\QRQ\PRXVWRKX- PDQVPDNLQJWKHPRVWRIQDWXUDOHQYLURQPHQWV
The above-mentioned theses became an inspiration for further search of ele- PHQWVRIJHRJUDSKLFDO'1$7KLVWLPHWKHVHZHUHLQWHJUDWLRQOHYHOVZKLFKDUH
VFKHPDWLFDOO\ SUHVHQWHG )LJ LQ WKH IRUP RI SDUDOOHO FLUFOHV OLPLWHG E\ WKH
VWUDQGVRIERWKVSLUDOV,WVKRXOGEHKLJKOLJKWHGWKRXJKWKDWWKLVJUDSKLFLOOXVWUD- tion is aimed not at symbolizing the limitations of the levels but at showing the QHHGIRUFORVHLQWHUGHSHQGHQFHRIERWKVSLUDOV$GGLWLRQDOO\ZHQHHGWRWDNHLQWR
DFFRXQWWKHIDFWWKDWWKHFUHDWHG³OHYHOVRILQWHJUDWLRQ´DUHVXEMHFWWRDXQLYHUVDO
IDFWRURIWLPH,WVHHPVWKHQWKDWDEHWWHUJUDSKLFH[DPSOHWRLOOXVWUDWHVXFKDVWDWH RIDIIDLUVLVUHSODFLQJWKHFLUFOHVE\VROLG¿JXUHVZLWKWKHVKDSHVLPLODUWRFRQHV
IDFLQJGRZQZDUGV)LJ7KHSURSRVHGOD\RXWZRXOGVXJJHVWVXFFHVVLYHGHYHO
RSPHQWRILVRODWHGVWUXFWXUHV,WLVZRUWKPHQWLRQLQJWKDWWKHIROORZLQJORFDWHG
LQKLJKHUSRVLWLRQVOHYHOVDUHLQDZD\DFRQWLQXDWLRQRIWKHSUHYLRXVLQWHJUDWLRQ
IRUPV1HYHUWKHOHVVHDFKRIWKHPLVIRXQGLQDGLIIHUHQWVSDWLRWHPSRUDOUHDOLW\
RIWKHV\VWHPRIQDWXUDOVFLHQFHV7KDWLVZK\WKH\ZHUHDFFRPSDQLHGE\DQHZ
PHWKRGRORJLFDODSSURDFK
)LYHPDLQOHYHOVRILQWHJUDWLRQZHUHGLVWLQJXLVKHGLQWKHJHRJUDSKLFDO'1$
PRGHO7KHVWDUWLQJSRLQWRIWKH¿UVWLQWHJUDWLQJVWDGLXPVHHPVWREHWKHPHHWLQJ
RIDVXQ¶VUD\ZLWKDJUDLQRIVDQGDQGDGURSRIZDWHU$FFRUGLQJWR$3RO ZH FRXOG WDON DERXW WKUHH JHRJUDSKLFDO OLIH SRZHUV ODQGV ZDWHUV DQG DLU FLUF- OHV$VDUHVXOWRIREVHUYDWLRQRIVXFKDEHDXWLIXOFUHDWLYHPHHWLQJJHRPRUSKR- ORJ\ZDVIRUPHG$QRWKHUEUHDNWKURXJKLQ±OHWXVFDOOLW±WKHHYROXWLRQRILQ- tegrating geography was made when it became clear that natural space was not DGLVWLQJXLVKLQJIHDWXUHRIJHRJUDSK\7KHQHHGWRFRQWDFWDFUHDWXUHDEOHWRPDNH
3DZHá:RMWDQRZLF]
LUUHYHUVLEOHFKDQJHVLQWKHQDWXUDOHQYLURQPHQWERWKSRVLWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHWRWKH
HQYLURQPHQWDQGWKHFUHDWXUHLWVHOI$KXPDQEHLQJORFDWHGLQDVSHFL¿FQDWXUDO
VSDFHEHFDPHDIDFWRULQWHJUDWLQJWKHVFRSHRIJHRJUDSKLFDOVFLHQFHV$KXPDQ
EHLQJLVWKHPRVWHIIHFWLYHFDXVHRIFKDQJHVPDGHWRWKLVQDWXUDOVSDFH2QWKH
EDVLVRIQDWXUDODQGDQWKURSRJHQLFHOHPHQWVUHJLRQDOJHRJUDSK\LVERUQDQGWKHQ
HFRORJ\$QRWKHUVWUDWHJLFPRPHQWLQWKHFUHDWLRQRIDQLQWHUGHSHQGHQFHQHWZRUN
ZDVEDVHGRQWKHGLVFRYHU\RIERXQGOHVVZKROH7KHSUHYLRXVXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI
VSDFHMXVWLQSK\VLFDOWHUPVZDVWRRVKDOORZ$KLJKHUUHDOLW\ZDVQHHGHGDQGLW
ZDVVSLULWXDOLW\+XPDQLVWLFJHRJUDSK\and FXOWXUDOJHRJUDSK\became the scien- WL¿FZD\VRIOLQNLQJWKHPDWHULDOZRUOGZLWKWKHQRQPDWHULDORQH
$ORWFRXOGEHZULWWHQDERXWHDFKRIWKH¿YHOHYHOVRILQWHJUDWLRQ,QWKLVDUWL
FOH,GRQRWZDQWWRSUHVHQWDGHWDLOHGKLVWRU\RIHDFKRIWKHP,WLVHVVHQWLDOWR
JHWWRWKHLUJXLGLQJSULQFLSOHVRIWKHLUFUHDWRUVDQGSUDFWLWLRQHUV7KHUHZDVDOVR
DVHDUFKIRURWKHUQRQJHRJUDSKLFDOVFLHQFHVZKLFKZHUHDLPHGDWLQWHJUDWLQJWKH
VFLHQFH,WLVLQWKLVZD\WKDWWKHDQDO\VLVRISDUWLFXODUOHYHOVRILQWHJUDWLRQLVPDGH
)LJ/HYHOVRILQWHJUDWLRQLQWKHJHRJUDSKLFDO'1$PRGHO
*HRJUDSKLFDO'1$
*(20253+2/2*<
)LJ*HRJUDSKLFDO'1$PRGHO
7U\LQJWRDQVZHUWKHTXHVWLRQ³+RZGLGWKHLGHDRILQWHJUDWLRQRIJHRJUDSK\
HYROYH"´ZHQHHGWRJHWEDFNWRWKHEHJLQQLQJ7KH(DUWKZDVERUQRXWRI¿UH7KDWLV
KRZWKHOLWKRVSKHUHZDVPDGH9ROFDQRHVVHWIUHHVRPHJDVHVZKLFKIRUPHGFORXGV DWPRVSKHUH DQG RFHDQV K\GURVSKHUH 7KH EDWWOH EHWZHHQ WKH WKUHH HOHPHQWV
FRQVWDQWO\VKDSHGWKHSODQHW,WLVWKLVVKDSHWKDWEHFDPHWKHVXEMHFWRIVWXG\IRU
JHRPRUSKRORJ\ZKLFKWULHGWRUHFRQFLOHWKHFODVKLQJSRZHUVRIWKUHHJHRVSKHUHV
HDUWKZDWHUDQGDLU,WVKRXOGEHDGGHGWKDWWKHUHVXOWLQJDUHDRIVWXG\EHFDPHWKH
EDVLVIRUWKHZKROHJHRJUDSK\ERWKLQWKHJHQHUDOVHQVHDVZHOODVIURPWKHSHU- VSHFWLYHRILWVSDUWLFXODUGLVFLSOLQHV$IWHUDFDUHIXODQDO\VLVRIVXFKDFODVKEDVHG
RQWKHREVHUYDWLRQRIWKHSDVWLQWKHOLJKWRIWKHSUHVHQWJHRJUDSK\±DFFRUGLQJWR
:1DáNRZVNL±³KDGWREHFRPHRQHZLWKJHRORJ\´7KHVHDOSXWWRWKHSUR- FHVVHVZKLFKLQWHJUDWHGVFLHQFHVDWWKHORZHVWOHYHORIWKHJHRJUDSKLFDO'1$PR- GHOZDVWKHFRPELQDWLRQRIKLVWRU\DQGWKHJHRPRUSKRORJLFDOJHRORJLFDOXQLRQ$V
DUHVXOWDUFKHRORJ\ZDVERUQ7KHLQÀXHQFHRIJHRJUDSK\RQKLVWRU\ZDVVWUHVVHG
20 3DZHá:RMWDQRZLF]
E\DWKFHQWXU\ZULWHU-0LFKHOHWZKRLVDWWULEXWHGZLWKWKHVHQWHQFH³WKHUHLV
QRKLVWRU\ZLWKRXWJHRJUDSK\´DIWHU'XV]\ĔVND,WVKRXOGEHQRWLFHGWKDW
KXPDQEHLQJVDVWKHNH\VXEMHFWRIKLVWRU\VWXGLHVGHYHORSHGEHFDXVHRIWKHLUUHOD- WLRQVZLWKHQYLURQPHQWWKH\OLYHGLQ7KH\TXHQFKHGWKHLUWKLUVWZDONHGRQWKHIHU- WLOHODQGDSSUHFLDWHGWKHZDUPWKRIWKHVXQDQGDJXVWRIZLQGPDGHXVHRIVWRQH
5(*,21$/*(2*5$3+<
5HJLRQDOJHRJUDSK\ZDVERUQRXWRIDVFLHQWL¿FDWWHPSWWRMXVWLI\WKHUHJLR- QDOFXOW'HYHORSPHQWRIUHVHDUFKPHWKRGVDLPHGDWVKRZLQJWKHGLVWLQFWLYHQHVV
and sometimes uniqueness of phenomena and processes on the studied area led WRWKHLQWHJUDWLRQRIJHRJUDSK\DVDVFLHQFH7KHHVVHQFHRIVWXGLHVRQUHJLRQV
ZKLFKLVWKHSURGXFWRIKLVWRULFDODFWLYLW\RIQXPHURXVIDFWRUVZDVWKHVHDUFKIRU
KXPDQ LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ ZLWK WKH SODFH LQ D SDUWLFXODU JHRJUDSKLFDO VSDFH &HQWHUV
QHHGHGWRFUHDWHWKLV³FRQQHFWLYHWLVVXH´ZHUHFRQWLQXLW\RIQDWXUDOUHDOLW\DQGWKH
DFFRPSDQ\LQJKXPDQH[LVWHQFH7KHZRUNRIUHJLRQDOJHRJUDSKHUVZDVEDVHGRQ
EXLOGLQJEULGJHVEHWZHHQQDWXUHDQLPDWHDQGLQDQLPDWHDQGKXPDQEHLQJV7KH
EXLOGLQJPDWHULDOZDVFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHIRXQGLQDSDUWLFXODUUHJLRQ7KDWLVKRZ
geography became a natural-economic union caught in the historical-political FRQWH[WRIPDWHULDODQGQRQPDWHULDOFXOWXUH,WLVWKLVFHQWXULHVROGFXOWXUDOFRQ- WLQXLW\WKDWJUHZRQWKHQDWXUDOJURXQGDQGZKLFKFRQVWLWXWHVWKHEDVLFIHDWXUHRI
WKHUHJLRQDQGZKLFK³WKURXJKDV\VWHPRIULWHVZDVGHHSO\LQWHJUDWHGZLWKWKH
ODQGVFDSH´DQG³\HDUO\UK\WKPRISKHQRPHQDWDNLQJSODFHLQQDWXUH´ZKLFKZDV
KLJKOLJKWHGE\0=3XOLQRZD
(&2/2*<
:KHQWKHWZRWKUHDGVRI³JHRJUDSKLFDO'1$´SK\VLFDOJHRJUDSK\DQGVR- FLRHFRQRPLFJHRJUDSK\VWDUWHGWRGLYHUJHRQFHDJDLQHFRORJ\¿OOHGWKHJDS,W
was an answer to the increasingly more intensive destruction of the natural envi- URQPHQW6FLHQWL¿FWKRXJKWZDVDFFRPSDQLHGE\DPRUHDQGPRUHSRSXODULGHD
that the further human development and the development of human environment VKRXOGEHFKDQQHOHGDQGGLUHFWHG1HFHVVDU\SODQVKDGWREHGUDZQXSDIWHUDFDUH
IXODQDO\VLVRIRQWKHRQHKDQGWKHVRFLHWLHV¶QHHGVDQGWKHSRVVLELOLWLHVRIIHUHG E\WKHQDWXUDOHQYLURQPHQWRQWKHRWKHU,QWKHOLJKWRIWKHIDFWWKDWDELRORJLFDO
SDUWRIODQGVFDSHLVYHU\VHQVLWLYHWRQHJDWLYHDQWKURSRJHQLFLQÀXHQFHVHFROR- J\ZDVVHHQDVDSRWHQWLDOWRHQULFKJHRJUDSK\ZLWKELRWLFHOHPHQWV$WWKHVDPH
WLPHWKHUHZDVDFKDQFHWRJHWEDFNWRFRUUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQJHRJUDSKLFDOSKHQR- PHQDDQGSURFHVVHVIURPDKROLVWLFSHUVSHFWLYH)LQGLQJWKHLQWHUGHSHQGHQFHLQ
WKHVWXGLHGUHDOLW\WXUQHGRXWWREHYLWDO*U]\ERZVNL%LRORJ\FKHPLVWU\
DQGSK\VLFVSOD\HGDQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQLQWHJUDWLQJVFLHQFHV
*HRJUDSKLFDO'1$
+80$1,67,&*(2*5$3+<
+XPDQLVWLFJHRJUDSK\SXWKXPDQEHLQJVDQGKXPDQLVWLFYDOXHVLQWKHFHQ- WHURILWVDWWHQWLRQ,WUHMHFWHGDQREMHFWLYHDQGHPRWLRQOHVVVWDQFHDQGLQWURGX- ced DVXEMHFWHPRWLRQDOO\ERXQGZLWKWKHVXUURXQGLQJQDWXUDOHQYLURQPHQW7KH
basic aim of humanistic geography seems to be the understanding of human be- LQJVQRWRQO\LQWHUPVRIWKHLUSK\VLFDODSSHDUDQFHLQWHOOLJHQFHHPRWLRQVEXW
DOVRLQWHUPVRIWKHLUVSLULWXDOLW\.DF]PDUHN-)OLVVHHPHGWREH
SDUWLFXODUO\ULJKWZKHQKHZURWH³JHRJUDSK\FDQQRWEHOLPLWHGRQO\WRGHVFULSWLRQ
RISK\VLFDOIHDWXUHVZKLFKDUHDFFHVVLEOHWRWKHVHQVHRIVLJKWDQGZKLFKFRXOG
EHHYDOXDWHGLQWHUPVRIDHVWKHWLFV1RUGRHVLWGHDOZLWKOLWHUDU\GHVFULSWLRQVRI
FRXQWULHV*HRJUDSK\VKRXOGEHFRPHDQRPRWKHWLFVFLHQFH%\DQDORJ\ZUL- WHUVGHVFULELQJSHRSOHLQWKHLUOLWHUDU\ZRUNVGRQRWRQO\UHO\RQGHVFULSWLRQVRI
DSSHDUDQFHWRJHWKHUZLWKVRPHDHVWKHWLFHYDOXDWLRQVEXWDOVRWU\WRJHWDQLQVLJKW
LQWRWKHLUVSLULWXDOLW\LQWHOOLJHQFHDQGFKDUDFWHU´+HQFHJHRJUDSKHUVGLVFRYHUHG
new possibilities of studying human beings coexisting with other human beings in FHUWDLQVSDFH7KHVLJQL¿FDQFHRIVHQVHRUJDQVDQGWKHLUUROHLQSHUFHLYLQJVSDFH
XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIERG\EHKDYLRUZLWKDVVHVVPHQWRIIHHOLQJVRIFKDQJHNQRZOHGJH RILQGLYLGXDO¶VIDWHDQGLQWHUDFWLQJJURXSVZHUHGHHPHGXVHIXO8VHIXOWRDOHVVHU
H[WHQWZHUHLQGLYLGXDOUHOLJLRXVH[SHULHQFHDQGUHODWHGRQWRORJLFDOIHDWXUHVRI
LQGLYLGXDOVJURXSVDQGSODFHV5HVHDUFKHUVIRXQGWKHZKROHKXPDQDFWLYLW\LQ- WHUHVWLQJ7KHFRQVHTXHQFHVRIVXFKDQDSSURDFKZDVPDNLQJJHRJUDSK\GHSHQ- GHQWRQUHDOLW\FUHDWHGLQKXPDQPLQGV7KHHIIRUWVRIKROLVWLFJHRJUDSKHUVZHUH
QRWLVRODWHG7KH\ZHUHVXSSRUWHGE\VRFLRORJLVWVSV\FKRORJLVWVSV\FKRDQDO\VWV
DQWKURSRORJLVWVDQGSKLORVRSKHUV
&8/785$/*(2*5$3+<
&XOWXUDOJHRJUDSK\EHFDPHDQH[WHQVLRQRIKXPDQLVWLFJHRJUDSK\:KHUH
DV WKH VXEMHFW VWXG\ RI JHRPRUSKRORJ\ HFRORJ\ DQG UHJLRQDO JHRJUDSK\ ZDV
TXLWHSUHFLVHPDWHULDOHDUWKO\VSDFHWKHQKXPDQLVWLFJHRJUDSK\DQGLWVVXFFHV- VRUFXOWXUDOJHRJUDSK\JREH\RQGWKHUHDOZRUOGLQWRWKHDEVWUDFWVSKHUH&XOWXUDO
landscape is something more than a form where natural and economic processes WDNHSODFH,WLVDVSKHUHRIVSLULWXDOSURFHVVHVFRQQHFWHGZLWKFXOWXUDOGHYHORS- PHQW3DUDSKUDVLQJ70DQQLWVKRXOGEHQRWLFHGWKDWFXOWXUDOVSDFH³KRXU
DIWHUKRXUOHDGVWRLQWHUQDOFKDQJHVVLPLODUWRWKRVHFDXVHGE\WKHÀRZRIWLPHEXW
LQDZD\VXSHULRUWRWKHP´7RWKHIXQGDPHQWDOJHRJUDSKLFDOTXHVWLRQVZKHUH"
ZK\"WRZKDWH[WHQW"VRPHRWKHUIXQGDPHQWDOTXHVWLRQFRQFHUQLQJKXPDQLW\ZDV
DGGHGZKDWLVWKHVHQVHRILW"7KDWZDVWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHVHDUFKIRUWKHDQ- VZHUWRTXHVWLRQVVXFKDVZKDWLVUHDOLW\":KDWLVWLPH":KDWLVWKHPHDQLQJRI
OLIH":KDWLVWKHHIIHFWRIWKHVXUURXQGLQJVSDFHRQP\V\VWHPRIYDOXHV"7KHSUR-
22 3DZHá:RMWDQRZLF]
EOHPVWKDWFXOWXUDOJHRJUDSK\GHDOVZLWKPDGHJHRJUDSKHUVWKLQNDERXWRQWRORJL- FDOSUREOHPV
&XOWXUDOJHRJUDSK\V\QWKHVL]LQJYDULRXVIRUPVNLQGVDQGHIIHFWVRIKXPDQ
DFWLYLW\FUHDWHGVSHFL¿FVFLHQWL¿FERUGHUODQGLQZKLFKWKHUHDOVSDFHLVPL[HGZLWK
PHQWDOZRUOGSODFHVH[SHULHQFHGE\VHQVHVDUHPL[HGZLWKSODFHVH[SHULHQFHG VSLULWXDOO\ REMHFWLYLW\ LV PL[HG ZLWK VXEMHFWLYLW\ ODQGVFDSHPRUSKRORJ\ LV PL- [HGZLWKPHWDSKRUVRILFRQRVSKHUH7KLVSKHQRPHQRQRIERUGHUODQGDFFRUGLQJWR
.5HPERZVNDHQDEOHVJHRJUDSKHUVWRVWXG\UHODWLRQVEHWZHHQ³SHRSOHWKHLU PLQGVDQGHPRWLRQVDQGODQGVFDSHWULHVWRSHUIRUPWKHIXQFWLRQRIDQWKURSROR- J\DQGSKLORVRSK\RISODFHVDQGVHPLRWLFVRIFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSH,WUDLVHVWKHVWD- WXVRIWKHFDWHJRU\RIKXPDQLGHDVRIWKHFKDUDFWHURIWKHLUUHODWLRQVZLWKSODFHV
RIWKHPHDQLQJVDQGYDOXHVRIKXPDQFUHDWLRQ´
&21&/86,216
7KLQJVH[LVWDVORQJDVWKHUHLVVRPHRQHZKRREVHUYHVWKHP
-HDQ3DXO6DUWUH
*HRJUDSKLFDOWKRXJKWKDVEHHQGHYHORSLQJIRU\HDUVDORQJDFHUWDLQURXWH%H- JLQQLQJZLWKVWXGLHVRIH[WHUQDOIRUPVRIQDWXUHLWIRFXVHGLWVDWWHQWLRQRQWKHUROH
RIURFNZDWHUDQGDLULQWKHUHODWLRQRIWKH6XQDQGWKH(DUWK7KHQWRWKLVLQD- QLPDWHZRUOGLWDGGHGWKHDQLPDWHZRUOGZLWKKXPDQEHLQJVLQLWVFHQWUDOSRLQW
7KHFUHDWHGWZRVFLHQWL¿FZRUOGVSK\VLFDOJHRJUDSK\DQGVRFLRHFRQRPLFJHR- JUDSK\GHYHORSLQJG\QDPLFDOO\ZLWKLQWKHLUVFRSHVIRUPHGVWURQJPXWXDOUHOD- WLRQV7KDQNVWRWKHLUGLIIHUHQFHVDQGGLYHUVLW\WKH\FRXOGHQULFKHDFKRWKHUDQG
GHYHORSWRJHWKHU+RZHYHUWKH\ZHUHDOVRDVRXUFHRIPDQ\SUREOHPV³7KHVSH- FLDOL]DWLRQDQGGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQSURFHVVHV±DFFRUGLQJWR$/LVRZVNL±ZHUH
DFFRPSDQLHGE\LQWHJUDWLRQDQGXQL¿FDWLRQSURFHVVHV2QWKHRQHKDQGDJURZLQJ
QXPEHURIGLVFLSOLQHVDQGVFLHQWL¿FVSHFLDOL]DWLRQVLVDUHÀHFWLRQRIHIIRUWVPDGH
DWPRUHHIIHFWLYHUHVHDUFKE\FRQFHQWUDWLQJRQVHOHFWHGVSKHUHVRIUHDOLW\2QWKH
RWKHUKDQGLWFDQEHXQGHVLUDEOHEHFDXVHRIWKHJURZLQJGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQWKHUH- VHDUFKHUVDQGLVRODWLRQDQGSDUWLFXODULVPRIVRPHGLVFLSOLQHVDQGVSHFLDOL]DWLRQV´
,QWKLVSODFHTXRWLQJ(5RPHU³GHSWKRIJHRJUDSK\VKRXOGEHEDVHGRQWKH
number of geographical relations which are a part of a given phenomenon or a con- FHSW´DIWHU=LHUKRIIHUZHQHHGWRKLJKOLJKWWKHVSHFLDOSUHGLVSRVLWLRQRI
JHRJUDSK\WRSHUFHLYHUHDOLW\DVDZKROH$QH[SUHVVLRQRIWKDWDUHWKHFRPPRQ
UHVHDUFKJURXQGVIRUJHRJUDSKHUV+HQFHLQWKHKLVWRU\RIGHYHORSPHQWRIJHR- JUDSKLFDOWKRXJKWZKLFKUHTXLUHVWUXHHQJDJHPHQWIURPUHVHDUFKHUVDQGFRQFHQ- WUDWLRQRQWKHFRPPRQDUHDVWKHUHDSSHDUHGJHRPRUSKRORJ\UHJLRQDOJHRJUDSK\
HFRORJ\KXPDQLVWLFJHRJUDSK\DQGFXOWXUDOJHRJUDSK\,WVKRXOGEHPHQWLRQHG WKRXJKWKDWWKLVGHYHORSPHQWKDSSHQLQJTXLWHVORZO\RYHUWKH\HDUVVRPHWLPHV
*HRJUDSKLFDO'1$ 23
ZLWK ORQJ EUHDNV DIWHU ZKLFK LW JDLQHG LWV PRPHQWXP ZDV QRW D VLQJOH DFW ,Q
LWV F\FOLF UK\WKPV LW XQGHUZHQW WKH IROORZLQJ VWDJHV VRZLQJ VSURXWLQJ JUR- ZLQJEORRPLQJEHDULQJIUXLWDQGG\LQJ,WVKRXOGEHDOVRVWUHVVHGWKDWWKHVWDJH RIG\LQJZDVQRWDVWDJHRIGHFD\,WZDVWKHVWDJHDOORZLQJWRFUHDWHHOHPHQWV
ZKLFKEURXJKWJHRJUDSK\WRJHWKHU
,WVKRXOGEHDOVRVWDWHGWKDWLWPXFKPRUHGLI¿FXOWWREHDJHRJUDSKHUQRZ
WKDQLQWKHSDVWZKHWKHUGLVWDQWRUUHFHQW7KHVHGD\VWKHUHDUHPDQ\PRUHFRQWUD- GLFWLRQVZKLFKVKRXOGEHUHFRQFLOHG*HRJUDSKLFDOWKRXJKWDVLWLVDOVRWKHFDVHLQ
HYHU\GD\OLIHLVULFKHULQDVSHFL¿FVWDJH7KLVWKRXJKWGUDZVULFKO\IURPWKHFHQ- WXU\ROGKHULWDJHDQGH[SHULHQFHZKLFKH[WHQGWKHDQDO\VLV7KLVDQDO\VLVHQDEOHV
WRXQGHUVWDQGVFLHQFHKROLVWLFDOO\HYROXWLRQRILWVVWDJHVFXUUHQWVWDWHDQGDOVR
DSURJQRVLVRIWKHIXWXUHUHVHDUFK:HPD\RQO\UHJUHWZHGLGQRWWDNHSDUWLQWKH
GHYHORSPHQWRIJHRJUDSKLFDOWKRXJKWDWWKHWLPHRI+HURGRWXVWKFHQWXU\%&
an authority in geography in the antiquity and the epoch of humanism; Eratosthe- QHVIURP&\UHQHDERXW±%&ZKRZDVWKH¿UVWSHUVRQWRFDOFXODWHWKH
FLUFXPIHUHQFHRIWKH(DUWKDQGFRPELQHGPDWKHPDWLFDOSK\VLFDODQGUHJLRQDO
JHRJUDSKLHVLQWRRQHEUDQFKRINQRZOHGJH6WUDERDERXW±%&ZKRVWXGLHG
WKHLQÀXHQFHRIWKHQDWXUDOHQYLURQPHQWRQFXOWXUHDQGFUHDWHGWKHEDVLVRISR- OLWLFDOPLOLWDU\JHRJUDSK\&ODXGLXV3WROHP\$'±ZKRSURYLGHGDGH- VFULSWLRQRIWKH(FXPHQH%HUQKDUGXV9DUHQLXV±WKHDXWKRURIJHQ
HUDOJHRJUDSK\DQGRIWKH¿UVWV\VWHPRISK\VLFDOJHRJUDSK\6WDQLVáDZ6WDV]LF
±ZKRVWXGLHGQDWXUHQRWRQO\LQLWVJHRORJLFDVSHFW-DQĝQLDGHFNL
±ZKRGHVFULEHGWKH(DUWKLQDPDWKHPDWLFDODQGSK\VLFDOZD\$OH- [DQGHU+XPEROGW±ZKRZDVWKHFRIRXQGHURIK\GURORJ\JHRSK\- VLFVDQGJHRERWDQLFVDQGZKRGLYLGHGJHRJUDSK\LQWRJHQHUDODQGVSHFL¿FJHR- JUDSK\DQGDGYLVHGHQYLURQPHQWSURWHFWLRQ&DUO5LWWHU±DVXSSRUWHU
RIUHJLRQDOXQGHUVWDQGLQJRISKHQRPHQDKHQFHWKHSUHFXUVRURIUHJLRQDOJHRJUD- SK\DOVRFDOOHGWKHIDWKHURIFXOWXUDOJHRJUDSK\:LQFHQW\3RO±ZKR
UHSUHVHQWHGSRHWLFGHVFULSWLYHWUHQGVZLWKKLVODQGVFDSHVWXGLHVDQGZKRDGYLVHG
ORRNLQJDWWKHVSDFHERXQGHGE\WKH2GHUDQGWKH'QLHSHU5LYHUDVDJHRJUDSKL- FDOZKROH2VFDU3HVFKHO±WKHIRXQGHURISK\VLFDOJHRJUDSK\)ULH- GULFK5DW]HO±WKHFODVVLFDQWKURSRORJLVWWKHFUHDWRURIWKHFRQFHSWRI
/HEHQVUDXPLHWKHOLYLQJVSDFH3DXO9LGDOGHOD%ODFKH±ZKRSDLG
DWWHQWLRQWRODQGVFDSHDHVWKHWLFVWKHIRXQGHURIUHJLRQDOWUHQGVLQFRQWHPSRUDU\
JHRJUDSK\:LOOLDP0RUULV'DYLV±WKHDXWKRURIWKHWKHRU\RIDJHR- PRUSKRORJLFDOF\FOH:DFáDZ1DáNRZVNL±ZKRSUHVHQWHGFRPPRQ
JHRJUDSK\LQDUHDVRQDEOHDQGGHPRQVWUDWLYHZD\$OEUHFKW3HQFN±
RQH RI WKH IRXQGHUV RI FRPPRQ JHRJUDSK\$OIUHG +HWWQHU ± ZKR
tried to integrate physical and anthropogenic trends in geography by a chronologi- FDODSSURDFK)&6DXHU±ZKRFDPHWRDFRQFOXVLRQWKDWDOOWKHKX- PDQWUDFHVOHIWLQWKHODQGVFDSHUHIHUWRFXOWXUHKLVWRU\DQGQHHGVRPHHFRORJLFDO
24 3DZHá:RMWDQRZLF]
LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ-HDQ%UXQKHV±ZKRORRNHGIRUDVRFLRSV\FKRORJLFDO
EDVLVIRUWKHFRPPXQLW\FDOOHGQDWLRQRU(XJHQLXV]5RPHU±ZKR
WULHG WR SUHVHQW UHODWLRQDO DQG KROLVWLF IHDWXUHV RI KLV DWODVHV:H GR QRW NQRZ
KRZHYHU LI DQ LVRODWHG SHUVSHFWLYH IDFLOLWDWHV RU QRW D EHWWHU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI
JHRJUDSK\LWVVLJQL¿FDQFHUROHDQG¿QGLQJRQH¶VRZQSODFHLQWKHJHRJUDSKLFDO ZRUOG ,W VKRXOG EH KLJKOLJKWHG WKDW LQ ¿QGLQJ RQH¶V RZQ SODFH RQH VKRXOG EH
UHVSRQVLEOH E\ DGDSWLQJ D ³IRU´ DSSURDFK 3DUDSKUD]LQJ ) %ODFKQLFNL¶V ZRUGV
³SRVVHVVLQJRQHVHOILQJLYLQJRQHVHOI´ZHFRXOGDGDSWDQHZPRWWRRIDKROLVWLF
JHRJUDSKLFDOGHYHORSPHQWZKLFKFRXOGUHDG³GHYHORS\RXUVSHFLDOL]DWLRQVRWKDW
\RXFRXOGHQULFKRWKHUVSHFLDOL]DWLRQVLQXQLW\´
REFERENCES
'XV]\ĔVND()UDQFXVNLHSRJOąG\QDLVWRWĊJHRJUD¿L*HRJUD¿DZ6]NROHQR±
)OLV-2SLV\NUDMREUD]yZ*HRJUD¿DZV]NROHQR±
*U]\ERZVNL - (QYLURQPHQWDOL]P L MHJR HZROXFMD Z NLHUXQNX ]DJDGQLHĔ HW\F]Q\FK >LQ@
.'UDPRZLF]HG*HRJUD¿DD¿OR]R¿D±Z\EUDQH]DJDGQLHQLDPHWRGRORJLF]QH3U]HJOąG
=DJUDQLF]QHM/LWHUDWXU\*HRJUD¿F]QHM±3$1,*L3=:DUV]DZD±
.DF]PDUHN-3RQDGJHRJUD¿ąKXPDQLVW\F]Qą±NXUHJLRQRPP\ĞOHQLD>LQ@(2UáRZVND
-.OHPHQWRZVNLHG.XOWXURZ\DVSHNWEDGDĔJHRJUD¿F]Q\FK37*,*L558:U:URFáDZ
±
/LVRZVNL$*HRJUD¿DLQDXNLVSRáHF]QHZQDXFHWUDQVG\VF\SOLQDUQHM>LQ@.0DUFLQLDN
HW DO HGV .RQFHSFMH L SUREOHP\ EDGDZF]H JHRJUD¿L :\GDZQLFWZR 8F]HOQLDQH :\ĪV]HM
6]NRá\*RVSRGDUNL%\GJRV]F]±
0DQQ7&]DURG]LHMVNDJyUD&]\WHOQLNWKHG:DUV]DZD
1DáNRZVNL:*HRJUD¿D¿]\F]QD:\G$UFWD:DUV]DZD
3RO:5]XWRNDQDXPLHMĊWQRĞüJHRJUD¿L]HVWDQRZLVNDXQLZHUV\WHFNLHJRZ\NáDGX5RF]QLN
1DXNRZ\.UDNRZVNLHJR7RZDU]\VWZD1DXNRZHJR.UDNyZ±
3XOLQRZD0=5HJLRQ±SRGVWDZRZHSRMĊFLHZRSLVLH]MDZLVNSU]HVWU]HQQ\FKQD=LHPL>LQ@
0 5]ĊWDáD HG ,QWHUDNFMD F]áRZLHN ± ĞURGRZLVNR Z EDGDQLDFK JHRJUD¿F]Q\FK 2EFKRG\
;;9OHFLDG]LDáDOQRĞFL6.1*8ĝ:\G]LDá1DXNR=LHPL8ĝ6RVQRZLHF±
5HPERZVND..XOWXUDZEDGDQLDFKJHRJUD¿F]Q\FK>LQ@(2UáRZVNDHG.XOWXUDMDNR
SU]HGPLRWEDGDĔJHRJUD¿F]Q\FK37*8:U:URFáDZ±
:RMWDQRZLF]-:DUWRĞFLJHRJUD¿L:\GDZQLFWZR80&6/XEOLQ
:XWWNH*:DFáDZ1DáNRZNL'\GDNW\NDJHRJUD¿L:\EyUSLVP3=:6:DUV]DZD
=LHUKRIIHU$(XJHQLXV]5RPHU2JHRJUD¿LUR]ZDĪDQLDKLVWRU\F]QHLPHWRGRORJLF]QH3UDFH
:URFáDZVNLHJR7RZDU]\VWZD1DXNRZHJR6HULD%3:1:URFáDZ
*HRJUDSKLFDO'1$ 25 675(6=&=(1,(
Ä: U]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL GRNáDGQH RJUDQLF]HQLH SROD EDGDĔ JHRJUD-
¿F]Q\FK MHVW SU]HGVLĊZ]LĊFLHP ]áXGQ\P 1DXND WD VW\ND VLĊ ]H
]E\W ZLHORPD QDXNDPL L MHVW ]E\W ]DLQWHUHVRZDQD SR]RVWDZDQLX
ZVW\F]QRĞFL]QLPLE\PyFQDZHWSUDJQąüWHJRRJUDQLF]HQLD´
Emmanuel de Mortonne
1LQLHMV]HRSUDFRZDQLHVWDQRZLSUyEĊZHMU]HQLDZKLVWRULĊP\ĞOLJHRJUD¿F]QHM]SXQNWXZL- G]HQLD ÄHOHPHQWyZ´ VFDODMąF\FK SRV]F]HJyOQH Z\NUHRZDQH Z F]DVLH G\VF\SOLQ\ JHRJUD¿F]QH
(OHPHQW\WHVWDQRZLąLVWRWQHPLHMVFHZVWUXNWXU]HP\ĞOLJHRJUD¿F]QHMQD]ZDQHMSU]H]DXWRUDPR- GHOHPJHRJUD¿F]QHJR'1$
:FHOXJUD¿F]QHJRSU]HGVWDZLHQLDUR]ZRMXQDXNJHRJUD¿F]Q\FK]HVWDZLRQRGZLHRELHJDMą- FHVLĊZ]DMHPQLHV]DUI\ZNV]WDáFLHVSLUDO-HGQD]QLFKV\PEROL]XMąFĞURGRZLVNRSU]\URGQLF]HUH- SUH]HQWXMHJHRJUD¿Ċ¿]\F]Qą'UXJDQDWRPLDVWREUD]XMąFĞURGRZLVNRDQWURSRJHQLF]QH±JHRJUD-
¿ĊVSRáHF]QRJRVSRGDUF]ą'ODLFKZHUW\NDOQHMVWDELOQRĞFLPRGHO]DRSDWU]RQRZSLRQW]ZNUĊJR- VáXSQDXNJHRJUD¿F]Q\FKNWyU\PMHVWNDUWRJUD¿D=ZUyFLüQDOHĪ\XZDJĊQDWRĪHURVQąFDZVFKH- PDFLHJUXERĞüWU]HFKZVSRPQLDQ\FKZ\ĪHMZLVWRFLHIXQGDPHQWDOQ\FKHOHPHQWyZJHRJUD¿F]QHJR
'1$ZXMĊFLXZHUW\NDOQ\PRGSRZLDGDSU]\URVWRZLLORĞFLRZHPXG\VF\SOLQJHRJUD¿F]Q\FKDW\P
VDP\PHZROXF\MQHPXUR]SU]HVWU]HQLDQLXVLĊLFK]DNUHVXEDGDZF]HJR
'ODZ\MDĞQLHQLDUR]ZRMXV\VWHPXQDXNJHRJUD¿F]Q\FKZVFKHPDFLHXZ]JOĊGQLRQRWDNĪHGZD
Z\PLDU\F]DVXZ\PLDUOLQHDUQ\LZSOHFLRQ\ZHĔZ\PLDUF\NOLF]Q\3RQDGWRSDPLĊWDMąFRQLH- PRĪOLZRĞFLUR]ZDĪDQLDRJHRJUD¿LEH]MHMGZX]ZURWQ\FK]ZLą]NyZ]LQQ\PLQDXNDPLPRGHO]D- RSDWU]RQRZPDáHVSLUDOHNWyUHV\PEROL]RZDüPDMąNRUHODFMHZĞZLHFLHQDXNL
:\NUHRZDQH GZD ĞZLDW\ EDGDZF]H JHRJUD¿D ¿]\F]QD RUD] JHRJUD¿D VSRáHF]QRJRVSRGDU- F]DG\QDPLF]QLHUR]ZLMDMąFVLĊZREUĊELHVZRLFKJUDQLFUyZQRF]HĞQLHWZRU]\á\]HVREąEDUG]LHM
OXEPQLHMVLOQH]ZLą]NL=F]DVHPZWRNXNRPXQLNRZDQLDVLĊSRPLĊG]\VREąZ\PDJDMąFHJRPLQ
ĞZLDGRPHJRVNXSLHQLDVLĊQDW\PFRZVSyOQHZ\NUHRZDQH]RVWDá\SáDV]F]\]Q\VFDOHĔ=EXGRZD- QRFRĞF]HJRĪDGHQ]SDUWQHUyZQLHVWZRU]\áE\VDP(ZROXFMDQLHNWyU\FKSáDV]F]\]QGRSURZDG]L- áDGRWDNLHJRVWDGLXPUR]ZRMXVWUXNWXU\JHRJUD¿F]QHJR'1$ZNWyU\PZ\WZRU]\á\VLĊRU\JLQDO- QHLQWHUG\VF\SOLQDUQHIRUP\'RQLFK]DOLF]\üQDOHĪ\NROHMQRJHRPRUIRORJLĊJHRJUD¿ĊUHJLRQDOQą
HNRORJLĊJHRJUD¿ĊKXPDQLVW\F]QąRUD]JHRJUD¿ĊNXOWXURZą,ZáDĞQLHRZHIRUP\]GDQLHPDXWRUD
QLQLHMV]HJRRSUDFRZDQLDVWDQRZLąLVWRWĊMHGQRĞFLJHRJUD¿L
6áRZDNOXF]RZHJHRJUD¿DKLVWRULDP\ĞOLJHRJUD¿F]QHMSRG]LDáQDXNJHRJUD¿F]Q\FKMHG- QRĞüJHRJUD¿L