C 6 J 1 L C K 0 X 0 3 H H C T B 6 H H 0 H a p T e j I H
A . K apaeaee
HcTopiiqecKoe peiueHue cpeßpajibCKoro FljieHyMa
UK BKO(6)
npe.q,- CTaBJiaeT co6oh pa3BëpHyxyro nporpaMMy n o jtë M a cejibCKoro xobhíí- CTBa b roÄH nocjieBoenHOñ cxajniHCKoñ iththjigtkh. n^enÿ.M BbiflBHHyji Kai<caMyio HeoTjioJKHyio 3a/iaqy «oöecneqHXb xhkoh riOÄteM cejibCKoro x03HH- CTBa, KOTOpblñ ri()3BOJIH.n 6bl B KpaTqaHLUHH CpOK C’03ÆaTb OÖHJIHe npOflOBOJlb-
ctbhí! /uiH Harnero nacejieHHH, cbipba ajih jiërKofi npoMbimjieHHoexn h HaKon- JI€HHe HeoßXOAHMblX I'OCyüapCTBeHHblX HpO/lOBOJÍbCTBeHHblX H CbipbeBblX pe- 3epBOB». PemeHHe stoh 3anaqH HBJiaexcH HeoöxofltiMbiMi ycjiOBHeM «ycneui- Horo pa3BHTna scero Hapo^Horo xo3hhctb3 CCCP h oöecneqeHna aajibHeñ- rnero yjiyqmeHHa MaxepnajibHoro öjiarococToaHHa Hapo^a».
M rorH 1947 ro.ua Harjia/iHO noKasbiBaioT ycneuiHoe npexBopeBne b
>KH3Hb dajiHHCKOH nporpaMMbi nocjießoeHHoro nojTbëMa Harnero cejibCKoro X03HHCTB3. HecMoxpa na HCKjHoqHTejibHO THXvëjiyio 3acyxy 1946 roaa, cou,Haji«CTHqecKoe cejibCKpe xo3hhctbo CMorjio b 1947 r o ^ y oaejiaxb or-poM- Hbiii mar Bnepem Bajioßaa npo^yKUHa cejibcxoro xo3añeTBa Bbipoejia 3a roa Ha 32%, a BajioBoñ cöop xjießa ysejiHqHJica na 58%. ypoaoñHocTb 3epHOBbix KyjibTyp ÄOCTHraa flOBoeHHoro ypoBHa, h rocyaapciBO 3aroxoBHjiO' xjieöa npHMepHo CTOjibKo »ce, CKOjibKO b jiyqiiiHe flOBoeHHbie ro/ibi.
3th ycnexii cxajra bosmojkhmmh noxoMy, qxo coBeTCKoe rocyaapcTBO OKa3ajio orpoMHyro MaxepHajibHo-TexHuqecKyio noMomb cou,HajiHCTHqecKOMy aeMJjeaejiííK). M T C h coBX03bi nojiyqiuni aecnxxH Tbicaq nepBOKjiaccHMX TpaKXOpoB, KOMÖaHHOB H ÆpyrHX Cej]bCK0X03HHCTBeHHbIX MBIIIBH. MaiHHHHO- TpaKxopHbie CTanm-iH BbinojiHium æjih kojixobob na 29% öojibine TpanxopHbix paôoT, qeM b 1946 ro jiy .
IlapTHH no^HHjia Maccbi kojixoshoxo i<pecxbhhctba Ha 6opb6y 3a Bbico-
khh y p o x o ii. CouHajiHcxHqecKoe copeBHOBaHHe oxBaxHjio Bce kojixosh, cob- xo3bi h M TC . TpyxreHHKH couHajiHCTuqecKoro seMjieAejrasr b3hjih Ha ceöa KOHKpeTHbie 06H3aTejIbCTBa H nO-ÖOJIbUIGBHCTCKH HX BbinOJIHHJIH.
ITapxHHHbie opranH3auHH npoÆejiajm oHaqHTejibHyio paßoxy no /lajib- HefmieMy opra«H3aHHO!H»o-xo3HHCxBeHHOMy yrcperuieHHio kojixo3ob, jm kbh- flapHH «apymeHHfi y c ra s a cejibCK0X03HHCTBeHhToß apxejin, no yicpenneHmo HHCUHnjIHHK K0JIX03H0r0 Tpyßa H yCHJieHHK) MaCCOBO-nOJIHXHqeCKOH paÖOTbl B flepeBHe.
KpynHeihuyto pojib b 6opb6e 3a BbinojmeHHe ncxopnqecKHx peuie-Hiifi cjjeBpajibCKoro IIJiexiyMa U,K B K ri(6) cbirpajin yxa sb i FIpe3HflnyMa Bepxoß- Horo Coßexa Coio3a CCP o npHCBoeHHH 3B3hhh PepoH CouHajiHCTHqecKoro T p yiia h HarpaxifleHHH opnenaMH h MenajiHM« nepe^oBUKOB ce^bcxoro xo- 3HHCTBa 3a nojiyqeHHe bmcokhx ypoxiaeE 3ep«0Bbix u xexHHqecxHX xyjibxyp
h 3a BbicoKne n¡0Ka3axejiH b pa3B'HxiHn >KHBOTHOBO;i;cxBa. Ha 3a6oxy napxHH u npaBHTejibcxBa, BejiHKoro CTajiHHa o pa3BnxHH cotinaji»CTHqecKoro ceJib- CKOrO X03HHCTBa, 0 HyjKAaX K0JIX03HOr0 KpeCXbHHCXBa MIHprOMHJJJIHOBHbie Maccbi XpyxreHHKOB cejibCKoro X03HHCXBa OXBBXHJIH POCTOM TpyiJOBOH aKTHB- HocTH h xBopqecKOH HHHUHaxHBbi b 6opb6e 3a nojiyqeHHe bhcokhx ypo*aeB CeJIbCK0X03HHCTBeHHbIX KyjIbXyp H 3a BbICOKyK) npOflyKXHBHOCXb K0^X03H0r0 /KHBOXHOBOACXBa.
O P A P L H E n llT E M yiCPEIUTEHUH CEPbCKOXOM ftCTBEHHOft APTEJIH 29
'Htoth p,')3HHi!i;i cejibCKoro xo3afłcnBa b 1947 r o p y bhobb npopeMOH- CTpiłpoBajiH Henpeodopinviyio ca py coLU iapncriiH ecKord 3eMpepepiiH, ero npeBocxoflCTBo Hap: chctcmoh 3eMpepe,PHH KanHTapHCTimecKHx CTpaH. TojibKo COBeTCKOe KpeCTbHHCTBO, OCBOÖOJKpeHHOe OT BCHKOH 3KCnP0aTaiiHH, pa3Bep- Hyß M oryqee couHapHCTimecKoe copeBHOBaHne, CMorpo nop pyKOBopcxBOM Be- Jihkoh napxHH Jlem m a— <CTap«Ha poÖHTbcsi t3kh x BbipaioipHXCH ¡ycnexoB b nocpeBOeHHOM BOCCTaHOBPeHHH H paaBHTHH CepbCKOrO X03HHCTBa.
BbinojiHeHHe npoMbimjieHHOCTbio npaHa nepßbix pßyx per nocpeßoeH- Hofi CTaPHHCKOH IIHTHPeTKH H BHCOKHH ypOJKafi 3epHOBbIX H TeXHHPeCKHX KyPbTyp b 1947 ro p y ho3bojihph Hamei! d p a n e ocymecxBHXb peHexiHyto pecj)opMy h OTMeHHXb KapxoHHyio OHcxeMy, nepeüxH k pa3BepHyTofi coßex- CKoi! xoproBJie de3 Kapxone« Ha ocHose nopHopeHHoro coßexcKoro pyöpn 15 e p u H b ix rocypapcxßeHHbix uch. yxpenpeHHe coBexcKoro pyöji« h pacinn- pßHHe xoBapooöopoxa M e *p y ropopoM h pepeBHeß Bbi3BaPH k >kh3hh HOBbie CXHMyPbl PPH pocxa PpOH3BOpHXePbHOCTH Tpypa B npoMbimpeHHOCTH h cepb-
ckom xo3hhcxb€, pp« paptHeßiuero nopneiwa npoH3BopHxePbHbix chp copna-
■iiHSMa u co3paniiH O'Öhphh npepMexoB noxpeöpeHiia.
CoBexoKHü «apop aKXHBpo ßopexcH 3a BbinoPHeHixe h nepeßbinoPHeHHe npaHa 1948 ropa. B npOMbmipeHHocTH Bapoßaa npopyxpHH Bbipocpa 3a nep-
ebih KBapTa.li 1948 ro p a na 32% no cpaBiHemno c nepsbiM KBapTapoM 1947 ropa. B cejibCKOM xo3HÖcTBe noproTOBKa k BeceHHHM nopeBbiM padoTaM npoB-epena b TexyipeM ro p y pa dopee b h c o ko m ypoBHe, neM b 1947 ro p y.
B Kopxo3ax b nepBOM KBapTape öbuiii nopnocTbio 3acbmaHbi ceMeHa ppn BeceHHero ceßa b cooTBexexBHH c npaHOM paemßpeHHH noceBHbix npomapefi.
ZlocTHrnyTbie b ' npompoM ro p y ycnexH b cepbCKOM xo3HHCTBe h bo3- pocmaa TexHHpecKaH 6a3a M T C paror B03M0>KH0CTb 3HaHHTepbH0 pacumpHTb oßbeM cePbC:Koxo3HÖCTseHHoro npoH3BopcTBa B 1948 ro p y — pemaioipeM r opy nocpeBoeHHofi naTiipeTKU.
FIo Cpa BHeHHIO C npOPIJIblM TOPOM noceßbl CePbCK0X03HHCT3eHHblX KypbTyp b Kopxo3ax b TexyipeM r o p y popxiH bi dbiTb pacmupeHbi na 15,6%.
B pape pecnyöPHK h odpacTeß npae naiviepaeT pocTHKemre poßoeriH oro ypoBHH noceBHbix n pom apefi. rioceB bi 3epH0Bbix KypbTyp HaMeneno yßepir-
^HTb Ha 11%, a noceßbi HpoBofi nm em m bi — na 35% . 3HaqiiTepbHO yBepn-
^htch h np0H3B0pcTB0 TexHiniecKHx KypbTyp. O pom apb nop caxapH ofi CBei<- J1° il H ypO/KaflHOOTb 3T0H KyPbTypbl npeBbICHT pOBOeHHblß ypOBCHb. n p o - Jßapb HO'ceBa KapTocfiePH b Kopxo3ax no npaHy dypeT yBepimena na 47% , KopMOBbix KypbTyp — na 64% no cpaBeumo c 1947 ropoM. Ha ocnoBe ycne-
x°bb odpacTH 3epHOBoro xo3HßcTBa, pocxurH yTbix b npomnoM ro p y, kojixo3H c.MoryT dbiCTpo pBHHyxb ßnepep k h b o t h o b o p c t b o h y>K© k Konuy 1948 ro p a npeBbicHTb poBoeHHbiß ypoBeub noropoB bfl Kpynnoro p o r a io r o ckoth, a Tax-
>Ke oßen h ko3.
K0PX03bI HMeiOT BCe B 0 3 M.O >K HO CT II He TOPbKO BblHOPHHTb, HO H nepe- BbinopHHib npan 1948 ropa. MauiiiHHO-TpaKTOpHbie CTaHunn, corpacHO npaHy, BBinoPHHT B 9TOM ro p y XpaKTOpHblX padoT Ha 31 MHPPHOH rcKTapoB dOPbUie, Beivi b 1947 ro p y. OdneM TpaKTopHbix pador no- nopneMy h KypbTHBapHH napoß h pymeHHio CTepHH npeBbieiiT ypoBOHb 1940 ropa. " •
■ Ba>KHefimeß 3apanefl b 1948 ro p y hbph€tch paphnefimee noBbimeHne ypO/KaßllOCTH 3epHOBbIX, TeXHHHeCKHX H PpyrHX C6P bC K OXO 3HHCTB€HHbIX KypbTyp. KoPX03H HaKOHHPH ÖOPblllOH OnblT BbipaiHHBaHHH BbICOKHX ypO>KaeB, IICnOPb30BaHHH BHyTpeHHHX pe3epB0B npOH3BOPCTBa. 0 6 stom
*OBoppT npaKTHKa MHoronHcpeHHbix nepepoBbix kopxo30b, 3aMenaTepbHb!e ycnexH MacTepoB b h c o k iix ypo>naeB. B npompoiM ro p y pcchtrh thchh kop-
°3o b, dipnrap h 3BenbeB nopyxHPH BbicoKne yponraH aepnoBbix u TexHune-
khx KypbTyp. Cothhm nepepobhkob cepbCKoro xo3HflcrBa npucBoeHo noneT- 0e 3aaHHe PepoH ComiaPHCTHnecKoro Tpypa, MHorne thchhii kopxo3 hiikob
Harpa>KpeHbi oppeeaMH h MepapHM« CoBeTCicorO' Coio3a.
Ha ocHOße caMoro rnnpoKoro pacnpocxpaneHHn nepepoBoro onbiTa, ero
30 A . K A P A B A E B t
ocBoeHHH BceMH KOJixo3aMH, ôpHraflaivm h 3BeHb}îMH ÄOcriirnyrbiH ypoBeHb ypOíKañHoCTii MOîKer h flOJl/KéH 6bixb b 1948 ro fly 3H aw rejibno npeB3oflflëH.
B umpoKo pa3BepHyßmeMCH b 3xom ro fly , no HHi-mnaTHBe paôoxmiKOB ceAb- CKoro xo3HHCTBa ÄAxaficKoro «pan, couHaAffcXHAeckoiM copeBHOBaHnii sxa 3aflaqa noCTaBAena bo Becb pocx. Tpy>KeHHKn donnajmcTi-mecKoro 3eMAefle- jiHB flaioT o6H3aïejibCTBa BeAnkoMy CxaAimy oßecnennTb flajibneninHn noflfc- ëM KyjibTypbi counajiHCTiniecKOfo aeiviAeAeAnfl, floônxbCH hobmx ycnexoB b
ôopbèe 3a ypojkafi, pacnpocxpamrrb onbix nepeflOEHKOB Ha bo o Maccy kojixo- 30B. nepeflOBbie K0AX03bi h M T C B3hah Ha ceÔH 6ojiee BbicoKHe oßaaaxeAb- CTEa no opaBHeHHîo c noKa3afejiHMH 1947 ro fla h ycneuiHO1 B eflyr 6opb6y 3a BbinojiHeHHe sthx oßn3axeAbcxB.
M orynuM CTHMVJioM fljiH ßopbßbi sa BbicoKHe ypoxian cejibCKoxoaHH- CTBeHHbix KyjibTyp hbjihctch He/xaBHo onyßAHKOBauHbiH YKa3 ripe3HAByMa BepxoBHoro CoBexa Coi03a CCP, KoxopbiM onpefleAeHbi HOBue noKa3axejni npncy>K^;eHHH SBaHHH Pepón CouHâAHcxHHeCKOt'o Tpyfla h narpa>KfleHHfl opfleHaMH h MeflaAJiMH sa nojiyaenne bbic o kiix ypo/KaeB cejibCKoxo3HiicTBeH- Hbix KyjibTyp. 3xot YKa3 co3flaëx caMbie mnpoKHe bq3m o>khocxh a a h m o6h- ,XH3aiI,HH TBOpqeCKOH HHHPHaTHBbI MaCC Ha 6opb6y 3a BblCOKHH ypo>Kañ.
Ba>KHeHUIHM OXJIHHH6M 3XOrO YkaBa HBAHeTCH XO, LIXO OH flH(|)epeHLI,HpOBaH-
ho noflxoflUT K caMOMy onpefleAeHiuo ycAOBHH nojiyneHHH 3B3hhh repon CouHajiHcxHHecKoro Tpyfla h Harpafl,— b saBHcmviocxii ox ocoßeHHocxeH Kâ>KAoro paaoHa Hamen CTpaHbi.
BbiflBiiHyxan TOBapHipeM CxajiHHbiMi k b k efliracxBeHHo npaBHABHan na AaHHOM o ra n e apxejibnaa tjropMa KOflxo3Horo flBHżKeHHH floKa3ajia cbojo
>KH3HeHHOCXb H CHJiy. CeAbCK0 X035WCXBeHHaH apxejlb HBIlAaCb xeM r.XaBHblM 3BeHOM, yxBaxHBmucb 3a Koxopoe napxrin peim uia npoôjieM y KojuieKXHBH3a- UHH, npoôjieM y counajiHcximecKOH nepecxpofiKii caM oii oßum pHofi h >KH3HeH- HO H e O'ß X 0 fl H M©H OÔJiaCXH HapOflHOrO X'OSHHCXBa. Ha OCHOBe CeAbCKOX03HÍÍ- cxBeHHoñ a p xe jlii Ro6efln,x h OKpen koaxoshhh cxpoñ b CCCP. B roflbi flo - BoeHHbix cxajiHHCKHx nHXHJiexoK ß jia ro fla p n p ocxy hyKpenjieHHio oßmecxBeH- Horo xo3HHcxBa apxefln 6w jm ycneiHHO pa3pemeHbi 3epHOBan npoôjieMa, npoô- fleMa XeXHHHeCKHX KyjIbXyp, flBHHyXO BXtepëfl >KHBOXHOBOflCXBO. B COBeXCKOiî flepeBHe HaBcerfla yiiHqxo>KeHbi HHipeTa Mace h KyjiauK an K aôajia. R o boh- Hbl OCHOBH3H MaCCa K0JIX03HHK0B ßflaTOflapH pocxy K0AX03H0X0 npOH3BOfl- cxBa >KHjia 3a>iiHxoHHo h KyjibxypHo. B ro flb i BejiHKoñ OxenecxBenHofl boh- Hbl K0JIX03HMH CXpOH C HeCXblO BblflepHOfl Bce HcnbixaiiHH. B nocjieBoeHHbiH nepHOfl Ha 6a3e apxejm ô bicrpo BoccxaHaBjniBaioxcH couHajmcTunecKoe 3eM- fleflejiH e h >KHB0XH0B0flcxB0, noBbimaeTCH MaTepnajibHbifi h KyjibxypHbiñ y p o BeHb >KH3HH K0JIX03HHK0B. ApTeflb HBJIHeXCH XOH (j)OpMOH K0JIX03a, KOXOpaH oôecneHHBaeT fla jib H e nu rnii pacpBex npoH3BOflHxeflbHbix cha cejibCKoro xo- 3HHCTB3, C03flaHHe B CXpaHe H30ÖHAHH npOflyKXOB riHXaHlIH H npeflMeTOB rnnpoKoro n o tp e ß jie H M , HeoöxoflHMbiX ajih nocTeneHHoro nepexofla ox co- IJ,HaJIH3Ma K KOMMyHH3My.
OflHHM h3 peuiaromiix h KopeHHbix ycAosnii ycnem noro BbinofliieHUM nocjieBoenHbix 3aflaq ceAbCKoro xo3flñcxBa hbahcxcb, k b k yKa3ano b noCxa- HOBjieHHH cpeBpaAbOKoro njieHyMa Ü,K B K n (6 ), flaAbHeñiuee oprann3 au,HoH-H0-X03HlkXB©HH0e yKpenAßHHe CeJIbOKOX03HHCXBeHHOH apîeAH h yMHO>KeHHe OßmeCTBCHHOH COÖCTBeHHOCXH KOJIX030B. CeHHaC 3TO rJiaBH3H 3aflafla B KOfl- X03H0M CXpOHXeflbCXBe.
OCHOBHHM 33KOHOM pa3BHTHH KaHiflOrO KOflX03a K3K KpynHOrO KOfl- JieKXHBHOXO COflHaflHCTHHeCKOrO X03BHCXBa HBJIHeXCH CXajlHHCKlHH ycxaB ceflbCKoxo3HHcxBeHHoñ apxejm. B ycxaBe BonAOipenbi a en un c ko- CTajiHHCKHe npHiHflHinbi nepecxpOHKH MeAKOro KpecTbHHOKoro xo3Hñcxea «a copHaAHcxH- HeOKOH OCHOBe. CxaAHHCKHH ycxaB Ce A bCK OX O 3 H HC XBCH HO H apxeAH HBAHeXCfl nporpaMMOH npeBpameHHH Bcex koaxo30b b ôoAbmeBucxcKne KpenocTH b
fle-O A A J Ib H E fim E M y K P E IIA E H H H C E AbCKfle-O Xfle-O SH H fle-O TBEHH fle-O fi A P T E A H 31
p e a He, & c e x k o a x oSh h k o b — b 3 8 >k h t o h h h x 11 B breo ko K V A b T y p H b ix jn o n e ñ , c o 3 H a r e jib H b ix T p y x e H H K O B K O M M y H H C T H H e c K o ro oömecTBa.
C T a J1HIH C KlH ¿í Y c T a B CejIbCK0X03HHCTBeHH0M apTeAH nOKOHTCH H a rp a -khthöh ocHOBe HayHtioro KoMMynHaMfl. B YcTáBe onpe^ejieHM npuHniinbi opraHH3an,HH KOAxo3Horo Tpyna H ero onAaTbi, n y ra yKpenjieHHH koaxobob, HeMOKpaTimecKiie ochobm ynpaBjiemiH a ejiaM ii apTeAH. ŸcTaB a p te jn i ctoht Ha C T paxe HHTepecoB k o a x o30b, koaxoshhkob h HHTepecoB roeyAäpCTBa.
OhHanpaBjien n p o n iB Tex, kto noApbiBaer ycTOH KoAxo3hoh >kh3hh, kto Top- M03HT pa3BHTHO oGmeCTBCHHOrO X03HHCTBa apTCAH. B OCHOBy Y c ia B a n ojlo- HíeHo npaBHJibiioe coneTaliHe ahhhhx h oGmecTBeHHbix HHTepecoB ko axo3- hh ko b.
B cejibCKOxo35iHCTBeHHoñ apTeAH coneTaHHe a h h h h x HHTepecoB ko a x o3- hhkob c hx oGmecTBenubiMH HHTepecaMH ocymecTBAHeTca b cootbctctbhh c oco&eHHOCTHMH 3T0H tpopMbi couHajiHCTHHecKoro xo3HiïcTBa. B apTeAH HapHAy C OÖmeCTBeHHblM X03HHCTB0M, KOTOpOe HBAH6TCH OCHOBHbIM H rjlHBHblM AAH KajKAoro HjieHa aprejiH , rjiaBHbiM hctohhhkom pocTa ero MaTepnajibHoro SjiarococTOHHHH, AonycKaeTCH H aju w iie b nojib30BaHHH KaiKAoro koaxo b- Horo ABopa u e ö o xb u io ro AHHHoro xo3HHCTBa, KoTopoe hocht noAcoÓHwfi xapaKTcp. C oxpaHeiine b ahhhom noAbSOBaHHH koaxöshhkob HeGöAbuioro xo- 3HHCTBa, HMeroipero noAcoÖHbm xapaKTep, BU3BaHo HeoGxoAHMOCTbro Bce- MepHo ynecTb im-repecH io ik a o h ko axo3Ho íi ceMbH, noAHee yao b,het b0phTb eë öbiTOBbie 3anpocbi. 3to HeoGxoAHMo nocTOAbicy, nocKOAhKy oöipecTBeHHoe X03HHCTB0 eiHÖ HeAOCTaTOHHO paaBHTO H He B COCTOHHHH nOAHOCTblO yAOB- ACTBOpHTb BCe nOTpeGllOCTH KÖAX03HHK0B.
Ha X V II cBesAe BKn{6) TOBapnw GrajniH roBopHA: «Tenepb Bee npH- 3HaiOT, HTO apTeAb HBAHeTCH HpH HbIHeiHHHX yCAOBHHX eAHHCTBeHHO npaBHAb- HOft CjlOpMOfi K0AXO3H0rO ABHIKeHHH. H 3T0 BnOAHC nOHHTHO: a) apTeAb npaBiuibiio coneTaeT AHHHbie, GbrroBbje HHTepecbi koaxoshhkoB c hx oGme- CTBeHHbiMH HHTepecaMH, 6) apTeAb yAanno npHcnocoÖAHeT AHHHbie, GbiTOBbie HHTepecbi — K oßmecTBeHHbiM HHTepecaM, oß.TorqnH TeM cawbiM BOCHHTaHHe BHepaUJHHX eAHHOAHHHHKOB B Ayxe KOAAeKTHBH3Ma» («BoilpOCbl AeHHHH3Ma», CTp. 468. 11-e
H3A-)-n p a B H A b H o e c o q e T a H iie a h h h h x h o ö m e c T B e H H b ix H H T e p e c o B b k o a x o- 3 a x T p e ó y e T n e y K A O H H o ro p a c u iH p e e H H o 6 u j,e c T B e H H o ro x o 3 HHCTBa.
C e A b C K 0 X 0 3 HHCTBeHHaH a p T C A b — 3 T 0 K p y n H O e o S u ie C T B e H H O e COUHaAH- CTHqeCKOe X 0 3 HHCTB0 , OCHOBOH p a 3BHTHH KOTOpOTO HBAHeTCH O Ö IIie C T B eH H aH coG cTB eH H O C Tb Ha c p e A C T B a h o p y A H H n p 0h3 boac tba h K O A A e K T H B H a n o p ra - HH3 au.HH T p y A a . B CeAbCKO X0 3 H »C TBeH H 0 H a p T e A H H a rm HO BCe yCAO BHH ÄAH H eyK A O H H O rO pO CTa n p O H 3 BOAHTeAbHOCTH T p V A a B CeAbCKOM X0 3 HHCTB6 H B c e o ö m e r o n o A T -e M a stoh >KH3 H e iiH o H e o G x o A H M o ñ o ö A a c T H H a p o A H o r o x o - SHHCTBa. n o B b im e m ie M a T e p iia A b n o r o h K y A b T y p H o r o y p o B H H >k h3hh ko a x o3- H b ix M a c c B C eueA O saB H C H T OT TOTO, K a K K a iK A b lH K 0 AX O 3 HHK y n a C T B y e T cbohm T p y A O M b o ö m e c T B e H H a M i n p o H 3 BO ACTBe a p r e A ii.
npaKTHKa KO A X 03 H O r 0 CTpOHTCAbCTBa n0Ka3bIBaeT Ha MHOJKeCTBe npH- Mepoß, HTO b Tex apTeAHX, rA e oöuiecTBeHHoe x o3höctbo GbiCTpo pacTër H3 roA a b t o a, a o x o a w ko a x o3hhkob ot oömecTBeHHoro xo3HficTBa HeyKAOH- Ho noBbimaiOTCH h — cooTBercTBemio — n aA aer iiHTepec ko axo3hhkob k a h h- HOMiy xo3HHCTBy. ÜDAynaH ot oömecTBeHHoro xo3HHCTBa Bcë ôoAbuie npo- flyKTOB h AeHer 11a TpyAOACHb, ko a x o3hhkh Bcë a«THBHee yqacTByroT b k o a- ackthbho m f p y A e , Bcë ö o A b m e 3 a öoTH T C H 0 6 y K p e n A e H H H x o 3 HHCTBa a p T e A H .
B ceAbCK0X03HHCTBemi0H apTeAH HMeexcH Bcë neoGxoAHMoe, htoöw CTpoHTb HanöoAee papnonaAbnoe h BbicoKonpoAyKTHBHoe coHnaAHCTHHecKoe X03HHCTB0; UIHpOKO H IipOH3BOÄHTeAbHO HCH0Ab30BaTb COBpeMeHHyK) TeXHHKy;
npHMeHHTb yAOÖpeHHH, BHeAPHTb b aeMAeAeAiie h jkhbothoboactbo ao c th- HcemiH nepeAOBoii ceAbCK0xo3HHCTBeHHoñ nayK ii 11 npaKTHKii h Ha stoh ocHOBe noBbimaTb KyAbxypy copnaAnCTHHecKoro ceAbCKoro xo3hhctb3, AßiiraTb ceAb- CK0X03HHCTBeHH0e np0H3B0ACTB0 HeyKAOHHO BHepëA, yBCAHHHBaTb
AOXOA-32 A . K A P A B A E B
HOCTb H TOBapHOCTb KażKAOTO KOAX033, nOAHHMaTb MaTepHajibHbifi II KyjibTyp- HblH ypOBeHb >KH3HH BCeX K0AX03HHK0B.
ycnexH coLU-iajiHCTHqecKOH HHflycTpHa.Ji.H3amm crpaHbi ho3boahah bo- opyjKHTb ceJibCKoe xo3hhctbo hoboh tcxhhkoh. HanöoAee VAaqHoft, c toakh
3peHHH HHTepeCOB K0.HX030B H COUHaAHCTHHeCKOTO rOCyAapCTBa, (|)OpMOII fioopy*enHH KOJiJieKTHBHoro 3€MJieAejiHa Tpa«TOpaMH, kom6 ahham h h apy- THMH COBepmeHHblMH MaiUHHaMH »BJIHIOTCH MatUHHHO-TpaKTOpHbie CraHUHH.
Co3^aHHe M T C ho3boahao HeHSMepHMO noAHHTb MaTepHajibHo-TexHHqe- CKyio 6a3y ceAbCKoxo3HHCTBeHHoro npoH3BOACTBa, b orpoMHOH CTeneHH no- BblCHTb npOH3BOflHTejIbHOCTb Tpyfl3 B CejIbCKOM X03HHCTBe. BoopyXieHHe KOJi- X03OB hoboh nepeAOBoß MauiHHHOH xexHHKOH cjivJKHT OCHOBOH aah npcBpa- LUeHHH CeJIbCKOXO3HHCTBeHHor0 TpyAa B pa3HOBHAHOCTb TpyAa HHAyCTpHajIb- Horo h oahhm h3 pemarouiHx ¡ycjioBHH couHajiHcnwecKoro nepeBocnuTaHHH KOAX03HHKOB.
Tot cJiaKT, h t o cejibCKOX03aHCTBeHHaa apiejib HMeeT bcö HeoöxoAHMoe AAH OÖeOneqeHHH Bbl-CÖKHX XeMnOB p33BHTHH npOH3BOAHTeAbHbIX CHJI CejIbCKO- TO X03HHCTB3 H AJIH HCyKAOHHOTO HOABeiMa >KH3HeHHOTO ypOBHH KOAX03HOTO KpecTbHHCTBa h ero coHHajiiiCTHHecKOH nepeaejiKH, öjiecTame AOK333H onbi- TOM nepeAOBbIX K0AX030B, HHCJIO KOTOpbIX ÖbICTpO B03paCTaeT,
OAHaKo b CTpaHe emë HMeeTCH hhcmbao OTCTaiomHx koaxo30b. Bo mho-
tux K0JIX03ax H3-3a KpynHbIX HeAOCTaTKOB B pyKOBOACTBe OÖUXeCTBeHHblM X03HHCTB0M, H3-33 HH3KOM TpyAOBOH AHCUHnJIHHbl CAaÖO HCHOAb3yiOT€i[ B03- (MOJKHOCTH pOCTa 0 6lH,6CTBeHH0T0 X03HHCTBa. TaKHC K0AX03H AaACKO HC BCC- TAa BbmoAHHKDT CBOH o6H3aT:eAb*CTBa nepoA rocyAapcTBOM h mbao bmabiot
K0AX03HHK3M HpOAyKTOB H A6H6T Ha TpyAOAHH; CpCAH K0AX03HHK0B SAOCb emë CHAbHbl HHAHBHAyaAHCTHHeCKHe HA'CTpOCHHH H MC AK 0 COÖ CTBC H H H HOC K H e TeHACHHHH, MHOTHC KOAX03HHKH HC npHHHMAIOT 3KTHBHOTO yqaCTHH B KOA- jieKTHBHOM TpyAC, q a c m He BbipaöaTbiBaiOT Aa>xe oösmaTeAbHoro MHHHMyMa TpyAOAHcñ; b Taioix KOAXoaax rpyöö HapymaeTca YcTaB ccAbCKOX03sm- CTBeHHOH apTeAH, AHHHOe X03HHCTB0 H3 riOACOÖHOrO qaCTO npCBpamaeTCH B OCHOBHOH HCTOqHHK AOXOAOB K0AX03HHK3. BmCCTO npaBHAbHOTO COHeTaHHH AHHHblX H OÖmeCTBCHHblX HHTepeCOB K0AX03HHK0B nOAyqaeTCH HX npOTHBO- riocTaBAeHHe. Bee sto HaHOCHT orpoMHbiif BpeA ofimecTBeHHOMy xo3HMCTBy apTeAH, Been Macce AoöpocoBecTHUx. koaxo3hhkob, couHaAHCTHqecKOMy ro- cyAapcTBy. HaAHqHe 3HaqHTeAbnoro KOAimecTBa OTcraiomHx koaxosob b h- TeKaeT M3 He ycTpaHëHHbix emë. HeAOCTaTKOB b pyKOBOACTBe pa3BHTHe.M koa- X030B co CTopoHbi napTHHHbix opraHH3aumï. Hmchho Ha 3TO BcerAa yKa3M- BaA TOBapnm Cthahh, bo Bccb pocT CTaBa 3aAaqn KopeHHoro yAyquieHHa pyKOBOACTBa K0AX033MH H BOCHHTaHHH K0AX03HHK0B B Ayxe qeCTHOTO OTHO- mcHHH K xpyAy h k oómecTBenHoñ coöcxBeHHOCTH.
HarAHAHbiM npHMepoM MoryT CAymHTb ÁBa no coceACTBy papnoAomeH- Hbie K0AX03a JIbroBCKoro pañoHa, KypCKoñ oÖAacTii. Oa«h h3 hhx, koa- xo3 «Bopböa», öbicTpo BbixoAHT b nepcAOBbie, a Apyroñ, koaxo3 « Koaoc», CBHAeTeAbCTByeT o tom, K qeMy npuBOAHT HeyMeAoe pyKOBOACTBO h Henpa- BHAbHOe OTHOmeHHe K0AX03HHK0B K TpVAy. YcAOBUH pa3BHTHH OÖOHX K0AX030B COBepmeHHO OAHHaKOBbie, OÖOHM KGAX033M npHXOAHTCH 3aH0B0 BOCCTaHaBAHBaXb CBOë X03HHCTB0 HOCAe HeMéUKOH OKKynaUHH. H o m o k a y
hhmh cymecTByex ôoAbman pa 3H xm a b TeMnax BoccTaHOBAeHHH h pa3BHTHH oömecTBeHHoro xoanncxBa.
ApTCAb «Bopböa» ÖbICTpO BOCCTaHaBAHBaeT H VKpCnAHeT Cßoe OÖme- CTBeHHoe X03HÍÍCTB0. Ecah b 1945 roAy apTCAb coönpaAa c Ka>KAoro rcKTapa no 12,3 ueHTHepa 3epHOBbix KyAbxyp, to b 1947 roAy oHa coöpaAa y>Ke no 17,3 ueHTHepa, a caxapnoH CBëKAH— no 236 ueHTHepoB c rekTapa npoTHB 72 ueHTHepoB b 1945 to av. Bc-ero 3epHOBtqx b 1947 roAy öhao coöpaHO Ha Tbicaqy ueHTHepoB öoAbuje, hcm b 1945 toav, a bbaoboh cöop caxapHOÜ cBÖKAbi öbiA B 3 pa3a Bbime. H rocyAapCTBy koaxo3 casa caxapHoñ CBÖKAbi
b 3 pasa öoAbuie. Koaxo3 xBëpAO bctüa H'a nyTb RcecTopcHfiero pa3BHTiiH
0 flA J IB H E Ö IH E M y K P E IM B H H H C E Æ B C K 0X 03H Ô C T B E H H 0ft A P T E JIH 33
CBoero xo3HHCTBa. Bjienbi apTejiH Ha xaníAbig TpyuofleHL nojiynujiH b 1945 ro- Æy no 1,8 KHjiorpaMMa, a b 1947 r o f ly — no 2,7 XHjiorpaMiMa xjieôa h xpo.ve Toro öojibiue aener h apyrwx npoayxTOB. Kojixo3hhkh cMorjra 3jiexTpH(pHij,n- posaTb h pa^HotpHUHpoBaTb CBOÖ K0JIX03. OóoflpeHHbie flO'CTHrHyTbiMH ycne- xaivrïi, OHH yBepeHHo cmotpht Bnepëfl, Be/iyT óopbóy 3a flajibHeñinee pacuin- peHne oömecTBeHHoro xo3HHCTBa.
Cobcom He thk iujih aejia b coceflHeñ apTejin «Kojioc»: TaM kojixo3- Hhkh coópajm b 1945 ro fly c xancfloro rexTapa TOJibKo no 8 ueHTHepoB 3epH0Bbix, a b 1947 ro fly — h Toro MeHbine, no 5 ueHTHepoB, h cflajm rocy- AapcTBy B ,TBa pa3a MeHbiue xjieöa, neM b 1945 ¡rofly. 14 b 1945 h b 1947 ro- í a x KOJIX03HHKH BOJiyHHJIH Ha TpVflOfleHb TOJIbKÓnO 350 rpaMMOB XJie- 5a. rioHHTHO, HTO >KHByT OHH xyaa xynce, neM kojixo3hhkh b apTejm «Bopb- 6a». Xoth K0JIX03 « Kojioc» HMeeT BflBoe öojibine 3eMjin, hcm kojixos «Bopb- 6a», ero o6iu,hh flenencHbrä flo x o fl b 1947 ro fly 6biji b 2y2 pa3a Hroxe, Hem b K0Jixo3e «Bopböa». B neM flejio? /le jío npencfle Bcero b pa3HOMi otho- ílieHHH X0JIXO3HHK0B K Tpyfly H B 0praHH33HHH npOH3BOfl'CTBa. B apTejin
«Bopböa» K0JIX03HHKH, b pesyjibTaTe óojibiiiOH bo en h Ta t en bhoh h opraH«3a- TOpCKOH paÖOTbl KOMMVHHCTOB H npaBMJIbHOTO XO 3 HHC TB e H HOTO pVKO'BOflCTBa K0JIX030M, Bce cHJibi oraaioT yKpenjieHHio oömecTBeHHoro xo3HHCTBa, He- yCTaHHO 3aÖOTHTCH O nOBblHieHHH ypOHíaíÍHOCTH 3epH0BbíX H TeXHHieC'KHX KyjibTvp, o noflBeMe JKHBOTHOBOflCTBa. B apręjiH « Kojioc», rfle OTcyTCTByeT HacTOHin.ee pyxoBoflCTBo x,o3hhctbom h HCKjnoHHTejibHo cjiaôo seflëTCH nap- THHHO-nojiHTHnecKaa paöoTa, MHorne kojixo3hhkh ct3bhjih HHTepecbi kojixo- 3a na BTopoK njiaH, Májio yqacTBOBajin b kojuicktubhom Tpyae, YcTaB cejib- CKoxo3HÍiCTBeHHon apTęjiii rpyöo HapyuiajiCH.
Ecjih e a piejiH «Bopböa» cpeflHHH roflOBan BbipaöoTxa na xojixo3HHxa b 1947 r o fly no cpasHe-HHio c 1945 rofloiMi yBejiHHHJiacb Ha 110 TpyflOflHeił, to b « K ojio ce» OHa ne tojibixo h« Bbipocjia, ho y n a jia , He npeBbiman 200 Tpy- AonneS. 3HaqHTejibHaa qacTb qjieHOB a p re jn i « Kojioc» ne BbipaöoTajia flance oÖHaaTejibHoro MHHUMyMa TpyfloflH en, a MHorne we npHHHMajiH H uxaxoro ynaCTHH B KOJIJieKTHBHOM X03HHCTBe. B XQJIX036 He öblJIO nopHflKa, flHCHH- 'njiHHbi, npaBHJibHOH opraHH3auHH T pyfla. PyxoBoflCTBo b kojixo3© mhoto pa3 MeHHjiocb. H3-3a nJioxoH opraHHsauHH Tpyfla h hh3koh TpyflOBOH flHCUHnjm- HŁI c e Jib cko X o 3 hhctb e hh bie paöoTbi BbinojiHHjnicb h ecB o e¿ pe M€hho h nexa- HecTEeHHo. Bcë sto npHBejio k ho błinojihenuio imhothx HeoöxoflHMibix p aö or, a OTCIOfla — HH3K3H ypO>Kai”lHOCTb, HeBbinOJIHeHHe KOJIX030M CBOHX OÖH3a- TejibCTB nepefl rocyflapcTBOM, hh3K3h Bbiflana na TpyfloaeHb.
T a x >xe, xax h b xojixose «Kojioc», oöctoht fle jio bo mhothx flpy- fHx OTCTaromux xojixo3ax.
B
tom nee JlbroBCKOM pañoHe HMeeica uejibiń pafl TaxHx X0J1X030B. B 1947 ro fly okojio 3 tuchh TpyflocnocoÖHbix kojixo3hhkob,hjiii öojiee 15% x oömeMy nncjiy TpyflocnocoÖHbix kojixo3hhkob b pafloHe, Be BbipaöoTajiH oÖH3aTejibHoro MHHHwyMa TpyfloflHen. Tojibxo no stoh rpyn- He KOJIX03HHXOB HeflöHonojib30B3HHe TpyflOBbix pecypcoB b xojixo3ax panoHa (no cpaBHeHHio co cpeflHeii BbipaöoTKOH TpyfloflHen b panone) cocTaBjineT 3a flOfl HeCKOJIbKO COT TblCHH paÖOHHX flueíL
^TOÖ'bl IIOflTHHyTb OTCTaiOmH© K0JIX03W flO ypOBHH nepeflOBbIX, Heoöxo- -5HMO npenefle Bcero noflHHTb TpyflOByio flHCunnjiHHy b OTCTaiomHx xojixo- 3ax, flOÖHTbCH TOFO, HTOÖbl BC6 K0JIX03HHKH flOÖpOCOBeCTHO paÖOraJIH B KOJI-
^°3e. Ot 3Toro b 3HanHTejibHOH CTeneHH 33bhcht Bceoöinnö nofl-bëM xojixo3- H°rO npOH3BOflCTBa H POCT JKH3IieHHOrO ypOBHH X0JIX03HHK0B. B 3T0M KpOBIIO sanHTepecoBaHbi floôpocoBecTHO paôoTaiomiie kojixoshiikh, xoxopbie cocTaB- JlHIOT 3HaqHTeJIbHOe ÔOJIbUIHHCTBO B K0JIX03aX.
C HCKJHOHHTeJIbHOH CHJIOH BbIpa3HflH H3HHHH qeCTHblX X0JIX03HHX0B yxp a- nncxHe xjieöopoöbi b cboćm micbMe TOBapumy CîajiHHy:
«noqe.My cTpana nojiynaeT xjieôa h flp y rn x cejibCK0X03añCTBeHHbix
npo-34 A . K A P A B A E B
AyicroB 3H3HHTejibHo M€«buie, tom Moraa 6bi nojiyqHTb o r ha me ił n ao aopoa- hoh K0JIX03H0H 3eMjiH? M b i noHHM.aeM: 3To noayqaercH n oroM y, mro b paae K0JIX030B n jio x o opraHH30B3H Tpya, paôoTbi npOBoamrcH necBoeBpeMeHHo h HTO HCKOTOpHH qaCTb KOAX03HHXOB e iltë n o CHX nop njIOXO paÔOTafiT b xo axo - 3e, HeAoôpocoBecTHO othochtch k cbohm o6a3aHHocTHM, HapyuiaeT Y cra B cejibCKOxo3HHCTBeHHoił appeau, ne B b ipaôaibiB aer aam e MHHHMyMa Tpyao- AHen, a npaBjieHHH axnx kojixc)30b npoxoanT m h m o HapyninTeaem xpyaoBoâ aHCUimJIHHbl, JlOflbipeft, JDKeK0JIX03H»K0B, KOTOpbie TOJIbKO II flyMarciT o TOM, k3k 6bi noôojibuie ypBaTb c xoaxo3a aa no>xHBHTbca 3a ctot Tpyaa mepeao-
■BblX, TOCTHHX K0AX03HHX0B. H aflO npHMO, CO BCefi OT K p 0 B e H HOC Tb K) npH3HaTb, n o m h q a c io npoxoniiM im iim o t3khx (jiaKTOB, ne BeflëM eipë nacToameft 6opb6bi c OTCxajibiMH nacTpoeiiHHMH y q a c m ko a x o3hhko b, c a o a h p h m h, HapyniHTeJiHMH TpyaoBOii AHcm raam ibi. B pe3yj]bT aie noayqaeTCH Tax, n jo n aoxaa pa6oTa neKOTopbix «q^xo3hhkob ry ô n x x o po m yio paôoTy nepeflOBH- kob h Bcero xoaxo3a b neaOM.
P a3Be mbi iiMeeM ripaBo 0 6 stom: yiMaamiBaTb? P a3Be m h He MomeM no- TpeôofiaTb h aoÔHTbCH xopomefi paôoTbi o t Bcex xex, kto Momex h aoameH xopomo paÓOTSTb, BbinOAHHTb MHHHMyM TpyAOA«eH H HOpMbl BbipaSoXKH?
M bi M O JK eM H AOAJKHH 3T0 CfleJiaTb, Mbi AOAIKHbl II 6yAeiM> CopOTbCH 33 xopomyio opraHimaumo Tpyaa b ka mao ił 6piiraae h sbchc, xoaxo3e, cBoe- speMieiiHo BbinoanHTb Bce pa6oTbi no xam aoii xyabType Ha npoTHmennn ceab- CKOxo3aficTBeHHoro rojia. BaKopenejibix me aoabip-eii h nporyabmuKOB, napy- miiTeaen xoaxo3Horo YcTaBa, m h 6yaeM ocTpo KpHTHxoBaTb, a ecan sto ae noMomex, ôyaeM co Bcefj cxoporocTbio iipuMenHib « hhm opraHH3an.H0HHbie
M bi M O JK eM H AOAJKHH 3T0 CfleJiaTb, Mbi AOAIKHbl II 6yAeiM> CopOTbCH 33 xopomyio opraHimaumo Tpyaa b ka mao ił 6piiraae h sbchc, xoaxo3e, cBoe- speMieiiHo BbinoanHTb Bce pa6oTbi no xam aoii xyabType Ha npoTHmennn ceab- CKOxo3aficTBeHHoro rojia. BaKopenejibix me aoabip-eii h nporyabmuKOB, napy- miiTeaen xoaxo3Horo YcTaBa, m h 6yaeM ocTpo KpHTHxoBaTb, a ecan sto ae noMomex, ôyaeM co Bcefj cxoporocTbio iipuMenHib « hhm opraHH3an.H0HHbie