K MToraM AMCKyccMM no KHkire

5. M . KeApoBa «3Hrenbc m ecTecTB03HaHne»

K n u ra B. M . Ke^pcm a «S H rejibc h ecTecTBosnamie», B ti3BaBuiaii HHTepec b niupoKHx K p y ra x coBeTCKoñ HHTCJiJiHreniiHn, HBHjiacb npeAMeTOM ^ojkhbjish- HOH AHCKyOCHH B HflCTHTyTe (|)HJIOCO(|)MH AlKaßeMHiH HayK CGCP B HHBape Te K ym e ro ro /ia . 3to t HHTepec, kohchho, ne c jiyq a e n ; m h inepe>KHBaeM ceñqac B,peMH, K o r^a HHTepec k BonpocaM 4>hjiococJ>hh ocoSchho B03poc, Koraa

Hayna aaëT oßnjibHoe noaTBepxcfleHHe hcthhhocth anajieKTHnecKoro M aie- pH3JlH3Ma, HHTepec eCTeCTBeHHHKOB K MapKCHCTCKO-JieHHHCKOH Cj)HJIOCO(j)HH BnoJiHe noHHieH. C oæhoh CTopOHbi, b Harne BpeMH m o xího HaöjiioaaTb HOBbiH 3Tan öypH oro n porpecca ecTecTBeHHbix Hayn, ,b oooöeHHOCTH cj)H3HKH H XHMHH, npOHHKIIIHX B TJiyÖb aTOMHOFO HÄpa H CBOHMM OTKpblTHHIMH flaiO- IHHX SoraTbiH MaTepnaji ÄJifl (JiHJiocoiJjcKoro oßoömenHH. C a p y ro n cTopoHbi, MHorne 3apy6e>KHbre aBTopbi HaeajracTHqecKHx TeopHen nbiTaiOTCH Hcnojib30- B3Tb B CBO'HX UeJIHX HeKOTOpbie HOBeHIIIHe OTKpbITHfl C¡)H3HqeCKOH Hay'\H, H3Bpatu;aH cymecTBo sthx o t k p h t h h, TOJiKya hx b peaKij,H0»H0M, naeajiHCTH- qecKOM fly x e .

B STOß oöcTaHOBKe H3M h6o6xoähmo npe>Kae Bcero em,ë öojibine oSteaH-HHTb yCHJIHH HaniHX (flHJIOCOCjlOB H eCTeCTBeHHHKOB ÄJIH pa3pa6oTKH ^.HaJieK- THnecKoro MaTepHajiH3Ma h AajibneH inero pa3BHTHH ecTecTB03HaHHH na ocho- Be MapKCHCTCKOH ^HaJieKTHKH. HaM HeOÖXOÄHMO He TOJIbKO OTÖHBaTb aTaKH KfleaJIHCTOB Bcex COpTOB Ha eCT€CTB03HaHHe, HO C3MHM nOCTOHiHHO h peiiJHTejibHO HacTynaTb Ha HaeajiH3M, h3toh5I5i e ro h3 nocaea- HHx yô exiH in , paaoßjiaqaTb h rpoMHTb e ro . Tob. A. A. >KaaHoe na (Jniao- coc|)ckoh ÆHCKyccHH b 1947 r o a y yK3 3biBaji: «Koiwy >ne, na« He iiaM — e rp a ne noèeAHBinero MapKCH3Ma h eë (pH jioco^aM , — bo3tjiaBHTb 6opb6y n po uiB pacTJieHHOiï h raycHOH 6yp>xya3HOH n a e o a o m i, ko My, KaK ne h hm, Hano- CHTb eñ coKpym atoipHe y a a p w !» M u aojUKHbi BceMepuo pa3BHBaTb mbpkch- CTCKO-JieHHHCKyHD cjlHJIOCOCjtliiO. eCTeCTB03HaHHH, nOMII51, HTO MaTepnajIH3My

«npHXOÂHTCH npHHHM3Tb HOBblH BHÄ C K3>KflbIM HOBbIMi BeJIHKHM OTKpWTHeM», HTO MapKCHCTCKaH c})Hjioco<jDCKa5i Hayxa ÂOJiJKHa nenpepbiBHO pa3BHBarbC5i, coBepmeHCTBOBaTbCH, oßoram aT bca h o b łim h noJio>KeHHpMH.

B coKpOiBiHinHimy Ma pKc H3M a - JieH hhH3 ma ßouiJiH Tpyflbi SH reabca no cf)II- JIOCOtj)HH ecTeCTB03H3KH51, COÔpaHH'bie rJiaBHblM OÔpaaOM B «AlHTiH-Zl,IOpH«re»

h b «XÍHajieKTHKe npHpOÂH». PaapaôoTaiiHue SurenbcoM nonoxceima MapK- CHCTCKoro ^naJieKTHqecKOro Meroaa, cofleparamnecsí bs th x paôoTax, 5ib j i5Iio t- cîi h no cen fleHb ocTpbiM opyxíHeM nojiHTHqecKoñ h c})hjiocoi})ckoíí 6 o p b 6 b i

npOTHB BcnqecKOH i-iAeojiorHqecKoñ peàKUHH. O ic io /ia BaxiHOCTb n pa B iu itH o ro H3jio>KeHHH h pa3"b5icHeHH5i B3rjiHflOB SHrejibca no aK’ryajibHbiM npoßneiMaM (JjHJIOCOCjlHH eCTeCTB03HaHH5I.

B KHure tob. B. M . KeapoBa hmciotch qerwpe pa3^ejia. B nepisoM1,

bbo^hom pa3^ejie, «SHreJibc h ecTecTB03HaHne X IX — X X bckob», H3jiaraioT- C5I ocHO‘BHbie BsrjiHflbi 3'Hrejibca Ha ecTecTB03HaHne, b qacTuocTH, pac- ciMaTpHBaeTCH yi<a3aHHbin hm pa3pbiB ecTecTBeHHbix Hayi< X IX Bena c nepe- ÄOBOH (|)HJioco(f)HeH. Bo BTOpOM pa3nejie, «SHrejibC h 3ai<OH coxpaHeHHft

h npeBpameHH5i anepruH», paccMOTpeH, kpoMe HCTopmi OTKpbmw h aHa.nii3a a ro ro 3aKOHa, npirnunn HeonpefleJiëHHOCTH h npoôJieMa no3HaHHH MHKpo- MHpa. TperKH pasaeji, «SHrejibc h OTKpbiTHH BejiHKHx xhmhkob», nocBHiuëH

KP H TH K A H EHBJUiO TPAiW îa 67

3Hajin3y OTKpbiTHH JTaBya3be, X[ajibTOHa, M ee/iejieeB a, a TaiOK-e paôoT x h- MHKa-MapKCHCTa UIopjieM Mepa. B qeTBëpTonvr pa3fle jie , « S ffre jib c ^h' Kjiaccu- tpHKauHH ecTecTBeHHbix H ayx», aBTOp aHajni3HpyeT pa3jinqHbie Bapna«™

KJiaccHcj3KKaixHH Hayx, 4aHHoS SH rejibcoM , a 3aTeM H3JiaraeT cboh cy>K4e- hhh no STOMy Bonpocy.

KaK yiKaabiBajioeb b x o4e ÆnCKyccHH, neKOTopbie rjia e b i khihth to b. Ke,a- POBa npeflCTaBjiHioT c o ô o fi yflaqH bift KOMMCHTapHH k rp y^a M i SH rejibca. FIo- nyjmpH3HpyH B3rjiH4bi SHreJibca Ha (})H40C^oc})^hio ecTecTBoauaHHn ^{h hjijijo}- CTpupyn hx HOBbiMH npHMepaMH, s ia KHnra noMoraeT a nraT e iiio oTqëTjiHBee y acHHTb ce6e Bb^aiom H ecH 3 a c jiy rn ^ p n z tp n x a S H rcjib ca b paspaôoTK©

MapKCHCTCKOli $H40e0(})HH, BOnpOCOB (J)HJIOCO(})HH H eCTeCTB03HaHHfl. B pH4e nyHKTOB aBTOpy y4ajiocb noKa3aTb aKTyajibHocTb ochobhmx nojioJKSHUÜ

^ H re jib c a »e TOJibKo p,m nayKH BTopon nojiOBHHbi X IX Bexa, ho h 4 4 4 nocjie- -Ayiom ero pa3BHTHH eciecTB03HaHna.

PaapaóaTbiBaH ^h ôjiecTHme npiHMCHHH MapKCHCTCKHH 4Ha4CKTHqecKHH M ero^, SH rejibc BCKpbiBaer 3HaqeHHe T a x iix OTKpbiTHÎi, KaK flapsuHOBCKaa TeopHH npOHCXOBifleHHH BHflOB, KJieTOHHaa TCOpHfl OpraHH3MOB, 3 3K0H coxpa- wchhh h npeBpamenHH 3HeprHH. ÎIpuMeHeHHe MapKCHCTCKoro 4Ha4eKTHqe- CKoro MeTo^a 4a.n0 B03M0>KH0CTb S H rejibcy n p e flyra fla T b bo mhothx otho- Uichhh x 4aj]bHefimHe nyTH pa3BHTHH n a y io i.

K H nra to b. KeTtposa Ha mhothx npniMepax noi<a3biBaeT 3HaneHire Bep- HOrO nOHHMaHHH 33KOHOB MapKCHCTCKOÎi flHajieKTHKH 4 4H aHa4H3a CJIO/KHblX H 3anyTa«Hbix ciHTyanHH b cc toctb03H a hhh , BajKiiocTb 4 4 4 paapaôoTKH

npo-JieM e C TC C TB 0 3 H a HH H T4KHX n0407KeHHH M aipKCIH C TC K 0 H (J)H40CO(J)-HH, KaK yTBepKfl-eHHe o6 oô-beKTHBHOM cymecTBOBaHHH M«pa BHe Ham ero c o3HanH4 H ° B03MOWHOCTH eTO nOJIHOTO n03HaHH4; O eAHHCTBe MHpa H B3 3HMH0H CBH3H HBJieHHH; O ÔeCKOrfeHHOCTH BCeJieHHOH BO BpeMeHH H npOCTpaHCTBe,

«HcnepnaeiMOCTH sjieKipoH a h Bcex A p y ru x qacTHU BeujecTBa; o npH3HaHHH smchhhbocth h pa3BHTHH Bcex qacTeft npnpozibi; h, HaKonen, o nepexo^e KojîHqecxBeHHbix H3M&HeHHH b KaqecTBeHHbie h o 3HaqeHHH npoTHBopeqnH 8 Pa3BHTHH.

K H nra to b. Ke^poBa Ha 4ncKyccHH ôbijia no4BeprHyxa ÆeTajibHoiwy 0 6-

^y^ae H H io. B flHCKyccHH npHHHJia yqaCTHe S o jitu ia n rp y n n a (JjhjiococJjckhx PaOOTHHKOB, a T3K>K6 $H3HKOB, XHMHKOB, ÔHOJIOTOB. I l o KHHTe TOB. Ke/ipOBa

^bl^T yoajjj^ TT. A. MaKCHMOB, B. K y3HeuoB, B. O pu^M aH , ü . Bjioxhhhpb t-ropiHHH B. TyrapHHOB. 3. BejieuKHH, M . MapKOB, T. B a c e m a iii, T. Me- HpeB, r . A46KCaH4pOB, C. Bajie3HH. C 3aKJIIOqHT64bHbIM CJIOBOM BbICTynHJI

a8TOp KHHTH. x 3

B X04e 4HCKyCCHH ÔOJIblIIHHCTBO BbICTynaBLUHX TOBapHmeS, npH3HaB3H HJIH 4pyrHe 40CTOHHCTB3 KHHTH, BIMÊCTO C T6M OCTpO KpHTHKOBaJIH HMetO- uiecH b neft cepbë3HefimHe He^ocTaTKH.

i/iû ^ 0Tii 8 flHCKyCCHH ÔblJIH nOCTaBJieiHbl MHOTHe BOnpOCbl HCTOpHH H COBpe-

0 HHOi'° C0CT0HHH3 eCTeCTB03HaiHHH, TJiaBHblIM OCTaBajICH BCë >Ke Bonpoc 3Ha ' OKOfi BHy TPeHHeft CB33H flHajieKTHqeCKOTO MaTepH3JIH3Ma H eCTOCTBO-

|,H HH!I’ 0 P33pa6oTK6 npO'ôjieM c|)hjioco(})hh h ecTecTB03HaHHa. K co>Kajie-

hoh ’ B KHIIre T0B- Ke^poBa qacTo 4eTajin 3acjiOH»joT npHHpHnHajibHoe b h- Te2 HHe H BCeCTOP,OHHe'6 0CBemeHHe'9T0TQ BaKHenmero Bonpoca. A Me>i<4y fj ,ZÏ',IH Ka*Æoro hcho, qTO BejiHKaq CHjia MapKCHCTCKoS (PhjiocoiJjhh b tom

C L0Ct°HJ, 1TO OHa CTpOHT CBOH BblBOflbl H3 TpaHHTHOM (JjyHflaMeHTÇ H3yKH.

Hbïn Pyr0H CT0P0HbI> COBpeMCHHOe eCTeCTB03HaHH6 OKa3bIBaCTCH ÔeenpMOm-

s a rp ’ t3ax0'ilHT B nfleaJiHCTHqecKHH Tynn.K, ^{ccjih oho} ne ^{ctpoht cbohx} aoïca- Corhr,ÎIOCTJT H BbIB0-Zl!0B Ha npOqHHX OCHOBa.X MapKCHCTCKO-JieHHHCKOH (pHJIO- nnprHit' -ZÏHCKy cCHH n0Ka3aJia> KaKoe orpoMHoe 3HaqenHe h cero^HH hm ero t

£OTTPaCHDle CJI0Ba '^ e'HHlHa 0 CBH3H (f’ H./IOeOcjjHH iH €CT6CTIB03HaHHH. «...M bl j k h b i nOHHTb, n n c a ji JIc h h h, — qxo 6e3 cojih4 hoto (Jjhjioco^ckoto oôoç-Bbln HHH HHKaK!ie e CT€CTBeHHbïe HayKH, HHKaKOH M3TCpHajIH3M H’S MOK6T 3Tv r P>KaJ b 6°P b6bI npOTHB H3THCK3 6yp>Kya3HbIX H4efi... blT0 6bI BbI4ep>KaTb 3 0 0Pboy h npoBecTH eë 4 0 KOHpa c no4HbiiMi ycnexoM , ecTecTBeHHHK 4 0 4

-68 KPHTHTCA H B H B J fH O rP A ® H H

JKeH ÓbITb C0Bp6M6HHbIM MATepHaAHCTOM, C03HaT€JlbHbIM¡ CTOpOHHHKOM TOrO MaTepnajIH3Ma, KOTOpblH IipeflCTaBJieH MapKCOM, TO-eCTb AOAJKeH SblTb-flHa- jieKTHnecKHM MaTepiiaAHCTOM» (Coa. T. X X V II , CTp. 187).

CepbéanbiH HeflocTaTOK KHHni B. M . KeApoBa 3ai<AiOHaeTCH b «ajiéTe

^orM aTH3Ma ripn p a ccM orpe iim i (¡hiaococJic k h x h ocodeHHo ecTecTBeHHO-Haya- Hbix BonpocoB, b jiphbc p>kenhocth airrop a k dyKBe BbicKa3biB3HHH SHreAbca b ym epd TBopaecKOMy A y x y ibkjiococ})uti Anajigkthaeck o ro MaTepnajiH3Ma.

'CoBepmeiiHo HanpacHO ^{to b}. KeapoB ribiTaerca BTHCHyTb ^b HeKOTopbie ya<e ycT apejibie (JiopMyAiipoBKH (iianpiiM ep, od scjinpe, TeitiAOTe, srieprHH h Mepax ABHJK6HHH) Bcé AaJibHeííiuee pa3Birrtie ecTecT.B03iiaiiHH, fla jie x o oriepeflUBiue- ro caMbie ciMeAbie rip o rn o3bi X IX Bt'Ka. 3tot ochobhoh neAOCTaTOK xaK hjih im ane CKa3biBaexcn na Bcex p a 3 /iejiax n rjia B a x kh h p h.

To b. K e flp o B He y a é ji T o ro , o to xeMa « S u re jib c h e ct b c t b o3haHne» mookct

dblTb nOJIHOCTblO pa3BHTa AHUIb B CBeTe n03flHeHLIIHX TpyflOB KJiaCCHKOB IMap- KCH3Ma-JieHHHII3Ma — 6-eCCMepTHOÍÍ JICHHHCKOH KHHPH «MaTepHajIH3M¡ H 3MIHH- piiOKpHXHUH3M» ii xpyflO B TOBapHiu,a C x a jiiiiia .

H o ii x a p a K T e p H3yH « ,Hha jie K T H K y n p iip o flb i» , t o b. K e A p o B s a j i e x o ne n o jiH O B 0 c c 0 3 fla ,ii aTM O C(j>epy s n o x n , b K O T op on >k i i a h fle ñ c T B O B a ji S H re A b C , K a p x H H y c o u H a jib H o r o , K jia c c o B o r o h T ex H H K O -S K O H O M H a e c K o ro 6 a 3 H c a H a y a n 'T o ro B p e M e H ii. Y a a c T H H K H flH C K y c cH H , b a a c r u o c T i i t o b. A . M a i< c n M O B . o c x p o KpHTHKO BajIH aB TO pa KHHPH 3 a TO, HTO OH T e M y «3'HPeAbC H eCTeCTBO-

3H 3 H H € » n o .fla jl HeCKOAbKO H 3 O AH pO'B 3 HIIO OT BCeíí peBOJIIOHHOHiHOH f le a T e jlb - h o c t h S H r e J ib c a . B p e 3 y jib x a T e s t o p o K H iir a t o b. K e n p o s a o K a 3 a jia c b b 3 H a - a H T e jib iio H M e p e a n o ju iT iia iio ñ ,. B n e ñ He n o x a s a iia AOA>KHbiM: o 6 p a 3 0 M ó o p b d a S H r e J ib c a c pa3JiHai-ibiMín p e a K iu iO H « b iM H TeaeH H H M H T o r o B p eM e n H n o B o n p o - c a M (jjHJiocoiJiHH e c T e c T B 0 3 iia H H H . M .em jxy t c m i i i a c h S H r e jib c a , BbiCKa3a iiH b re B X O fle 3TOH Ó O pbdbl, COXpaHHIOT CBOIO CHJiy II HJIH H aiH H X A H e ft. OhH flOJOKHbl CJiy>KHTb u e jiH M H a u ie ii d o p b d b i n p o xH B c o B p e M e n H o ii 6 y p > K y a 3 H O ii H fle o jio r H H . B xoAe a,HCKyccHii t o b. Ke/ipoBa KpirrHKOBaAH h 3a t o, a t o oh ho cyMeA pa3BHTb b nocTaxoaHOH Mepe B3rjiHAbi 3HreJibca n pn men uto JibHo k nayaHbiM 'npodjieiMaM « a in iix flueñ.

OaHHMI H3 KpyriHeíiuIHX He^OCiaTKOB KHHPH TOB. Ke/ipOBa HBJIHeTCH c jia d o e ocBem,eiiHe b h6 h flo c x ii/K e iin ñ pyccKoñ nayK ii. HanpHMep, padoTbi JIoMOHoeoBa no 3ai<ony coxpaHeHHH BemecxBa ^hjih Maccbi ^{t o b}. KeapOB, KaK npaBHjio, ynoMHHaeT jim u b b npHMeaaHHHX nexHTOM (cxp. 222, 227). CcbiJina

«a ^{t o}, a ro S u re jib c y , ^{m o jí}, ^btih padoxbi ne 6 hjsh h3 bc c th m, iKo«e,inio, muca«

t o b. KeapoBa ne onpaBTbiBaeT. H a flHCKycciiH upoijieccop C. A . Bajieann 'npaBiijibHo o tm o tíiji, hto x o flíi'ic e M iiem ie o n o jin o ii iienSBecTHOCTH oTKpbiTiiH JIoMOHoeoBa b e ro BpeMH, 6e3ycjioB no, neaepHO. J Iomohocob iiaxo an acH ^b O/KHBJiéixHOM o6iu,eHHH c SfljiepoM , o a hoh H3 u.enTpajibiibix (Jiiiryp eBponeíí- cko ií HayKH X V I I I Bei<a. TpyAbi FleTepdyprcKOH aKaACMim iiayic, khk h mho- rHe nncbMa SíiJiepa, d bijin H3BecTHbi n p a kthh ec k11 sceM yaeiibiiM paaHbix cxpaH toh anoxH. H ea aB iio c x a jia H3BecTHoii o fliia n eM em on aHccepTamia ro ro Bpe- M¡eHH, IIOJieMH3HpyiOmaH C JIOMOHOCOBblM'. Bcé-3TO BeCbMa AHJieKO OT IipeA"

CTaBjieHiiH o nojiHOM nayiHOM oAHHoqecTBe JIoMOHoeoBa. ne noAHO o t m c t iia t o b. KeApOB xaKHie BbiAaiomyiocH pojib ByT.nepoBa b n o c ip o e n n ii opraHHHecKoii x h m h h h Aa>ne lie BbiflciiHJi cKOJibKO-HHdyAb h o apoSho 3«aHe"

hhh nepiioA iinecK oro 3aK0Ha MenAeAeeBa ajih Bcero eciecTBoanannfl n a^ 51 nocA eA yiom ero pa3BimiH 3^{toimhoh h} HAcpiioíi ^cJ^{h is h k h}.

H a CTpaHHue 230 cBoeíi k iih it i to b. KeApoB BbicKa3biBaeT coBepiueHHO HenpaBHAbHoe cyjKACHue, hto Boupocbi npuopirreTa SyATO 6bi He cymecTBen- Hbi ^a^^iíi HCTOpHH HayKH. B a cíícTB^hTeJibuocT^h Boupocbi npiiopiiTexa BcerA^

nrpaAH Ba>Kiiyio pojib b nayKe. Bopbda BOKpyr npiropirreTa b o d jia c T ii xex HAH HHblX liayHHblX OTKpblTHH BCCrAa HBAHJiaeb OTpalfeeHHeM Óopbfíbl odure- CTBeHHbix c h a. B c aMOMi AeJie, pa3Be íienpeKpamaioiHHecH nonbiTKH HeMeuK.iX HIOBHHHCTOB C KOHUa X I X BeK3 BnAOTb AO H3UIHX AlH6H B ÁHU,6 3()MMepífieAb Aa, re H3e«6epra h BaAbAeHa npHcoeAHHHTb JloTapa M eñepa k MeHAeAeesy

K P H T H K A H E H B 3 H 0 rP A 4 > H fl t>9

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E ip e Ba>KHee Bonpoc o npiiopHTexe cosexcKHx yqenbix, paöoxbi KOTopbix aiMajiHHBaioxcH qacxbro 6yp>Kya3Hbix yqeHbix no nojinxaiecKH M , peaKixiioH- biM co'OßpaiKeHHHM. Ecah coaHaxejibHoe yMajieHHe pyccKOH u coßexcKOH a>KH He ßpearyiOT npoBOAHTb Aa>Ke HeKoxopbie coBpeMennbie nporpeccHBHue y^enbie, to qero k e xvAaxb ox Boe«H3HpoBaHMbix eneuoB xana awepHKaH-

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kcohckhx CTpan cnocoöHbi 6hah oxKpwTb Bce ooBpeiweHHbie npeActaBjie- H o cxpoeHHH aroM a, a xo M H o ro «apa h H Aepnux p e a ia uia x.

II°3TOMy B yTBepJKAeiiHH TOB. KOAipO'BblM «MajIOBaXvHOCTH» BOnpoaOB Ej~ JopHTera HeAb3H ne BHAßTb cepbe3H0H o ih h ö kh. M^m a o a jk h u BoccxanoBHTb Beex npaBax npnopHTeT naimix BejiHKHx npeAKOB b HayKe, Hawuaa c OMo-Hoeoea, /IoöaqeBcW o, MeßbimeiBa, MenaejieeBa, oÖH3aHbi TmarejibHO ßcecTopOHHe HccjieaoBaTb HcropHqecKoe paaBimie pyccxoii HayKH, nepe- HnßTPeTfa ,BCe.y lIeßHwe -nOCOÖHH, By30'BCKHe KypCbl H H3A3HHH Texymefi HaVH- AHTepaTypbi c 3toh tohkh apeHna. B ocoöeHHocTH mm aojd kh m öopoTbCH Hht PH0PHTeT cob6tckoh HayKH, cjTy>Kameß k p o b h m m HHxepecaM HapoAa, epecaM caMoro nepeAOBoro b MHpe, couHaAHcxHqecKoro rocyAapcTaa.

g M e}KW TeM TOB- Keapoß B OTHOUI6HHH COBeTCKOH HayKH OrpaHHAHACH P^IblMiH y 170MHHaHHHMH OÖ OTAeAbHbJX COBeTCKHX yqeHMX."

3 _ B KHHre. TÖB- KeapoBa cosepmeHHo He ynoMHHaeTeH o coBexcKOH d)H3H«e.

JIC ' ceptesHoe ynymenHe. y HiHTaxeAH-HecnemiajiHCTa m o k c t co3aaTbcn avHoe Bneqaxjie«He 0 6 OTcyxcTBHM y Hac b axoß o6 a 3 cth paßoT npuHuHiiK- JIbHoro 3HaqeHHH.

b ÄeHcrBHTejibHocxH >Ke coBcxcKHe yqeHbie BHecjin cymecTBeHHbiö BKAaA

^ paapaGomy bajkihchuhhx npoßAeM coBpeMeiH«oö $;H3 k k h. HanpiHMep, npo- rH u A °Py A ; A ' y ^ a jio c b yiCTpaiHHrb HeAoexaTKH n p e *H H x kocmojio -MK n rHino’re3 H HaÖTH iHO'Bbie, lH3MeHH IO Ui. HCp ^{R C O} Bip9Me»e!M CTpyKTypb!

CRjfi3’ ® n POTiiilBOn0lJ10>KHOC'rt> npejKAe HSBeCXHbUM «33ICTbI,B 1U‘HM», «CTaTHHe- B a ° 0TbI ^ e x c K H x yqenbix rio cxpoenHio aTOMHbix HAep T a K *e eo- B bTB0Ba™ PS3BHTHIO COBpeMeHHOrO noHHMaHHH cxpoeHHH BemecTBa.

AocbCTlHOC1H’ B Pa ^o ra x E. iaiMMa h n a iu n x c A . A . Co ko a o bm m b m h c h h- CBoVa1110 BCeB03MO>KHbIe BBaHMOAeHCTBHH B ripiipOAe HHKOIIM 0Öp330M H6 1CM’ K3K ClIHTajI0Cb PaHbUie, K OAHHM 3JIeK'lpHqeCKHM H MarHHTHbIM H^orm1! ’ HJIH CHJiaMI TaroTeuHH. C ym e crß yio T napaAy c ^{hhm h} eme coBepiueHHO nDo„ B <<a«€PHwe» CHJibi o oo öo ro THna. 3xh hobmo cham ocoßeirHo otbStahbo

Tew ! J151K)TCK B aT0MHblx HflPax- r a e 0HH CAep>KHBaiOT npoTOHbi h HefiTponbi.

H noKa3aHa yaocTb, ynpomenHocTb KaK bhcto m€xah iic t hqeck0 h xaK H aqrnl ° v v eKTp0M^ rHHTH0fi KaPTI1Hb! cxpoeHHH BemecTBa, ahhhoh b X IX h

TaTP i A X BeKa- 0 o ° BcgM 3T0M y TOB- KeAPOBa Her hh cjioBa; b peayjib- HemPf4.fn nonbIrKa peaioMHpoßaxb coßpeMeHHbie npeAcraBAeHHH 0 cxpoeHHH yCnexoBa H flaTl> K'naccH(J)HKauHK3 Bcex ecrecTBeuHbix nayx ae yBenqaAacb

llHCJIy HeAOCTaXKOB KHHXH TOB. KeApOBa OTHOCHTCH T3K/Ke HeTOHHaH BeeTUHr iflafl TPaKT0BKa PH^ a Bonpocoß, HanpHMep Bonpoca 06 3<pupe. Hs- 0 Kaifn’ qT° BCC nPe>KHHe PPe:ACTaBAeHHH OÖ 9AeKTpOMarHHTHOM 3(j)npe K3K

^ n n n ü ' TO ocoö°m ßemecTBe OKasajiHCb HesepHbiiMH. CoBpeMeHHaa tf)H3HKa T 0h P,,EeP>KHMO AOKa3aAa, hto HHKaKoro 3AeKTpoMarHHT«oro 3d)«pa Hex.

CApoB HeoAHOKpaTHo yno.MHHaeT b CBoeö KHiire 06 stäupe, ho nnrae

70 K P H T H K A H E H E ,T H O rP A <M IH

He roiBopHT o tom, hto b coBpeMeHHOH KapiHHe MHpa 3<J)Hp OTcyTCTByer.

Bcé 3T0 MOJKeT BBeCTH HHTBTeJIH b 3a6jiy>KfleHHe.

* * *

OciaHOBHMca Tenepb kopotko Ha Bonpoce o no3HaBaeMOCTii aTOMHoro MBKpOMHpa, KOTOpblIÍ p 30 C M 3Tp'HBae TCH B rna'BaX TpeTbeÜ H HeTBepiOH BTCpO"

ro pa3jxejia khhfh to b. KeApoBa, rjiaBHbiM o^paaoM b cbh3H c «nphh ii,hho Heonpe^ejiéHHOCTH». npe>KAe Bcero cjiea yeT cxasaTb, hto sto t npnHUHn p,o t n x nop He noayHHji b Hayxe OKOHnaTeAbHoñ hht e pn p e í a u hh . 3tot npHHHHn, ycTaHOBaeHHbiñ Ha ocHOBe co^bpeiM ehho^h KBaHTOBofi TeopHH, x a x H3BecTHO,

€OAep?KHT yTBepxífleHue o neB 03moíkhocth OAHOBpeMeHHoro tohhoto H3Me- peHHH MeCTOnOJIO>KeHHH H CKOpOCTH 3JI€KTpOHa H ApyrHX HaCTHH,. 3T0 OOCTO- HTejibCTBo fla jio noBOfl 4)H3HKaM-HfleajiHCTaM cneKyaHpoBaTb Ha ren3eHÓep_

roBCKOM «np®Hn,Hne HeonpeAe/iéttHoeTH» a a h a r h oe th ne ckhx h aa»ce pejiHrii- 03Hbix BbiiBOAiOB: mHKpoMBp- Ae HeooBHaeaeM; aíieKTpoH-Ae o6naAaeT cbooo- AOh bojih ih nponee. 3 thm TeHAeHniHHM c jie A y e r ñipo thbo no c t a bit Tb MaTepa- ajiHCTHHecKoe nojioxceHHe o bo3m o xíh o c th no3HaHHH Bceñ npHpoAbi b npo- necce SecKOHeHHoro pa3BHTHH Haumx 3HaHHH.

To b. KeApoB :b oichqbihom npaiBiHjrbHO hbjiojkhji Bonpoc o:5 HSMepHMocTH^ h

no3Ha:Baemocth aTOMHoro iMHKpoMHpa, ho sto H3Jio*eHHe crpaAaeT Bcé

ABiyMH HeAOCTaTBaMH. __ 1

npeíKAe Bcero, t o b. KjeApOB He AaéT hchoto npeACTaBAeHHH o pa3AHH' HblX c|)HAOCO'(})CKHX HanpaBJieHHHX CpeflH 3apy6e>KHbIX d)H3HKOB, HTO, KOHeHHO,

3aTpyAHHer 6opb6y c nonbiTKaMH HAeaAHCTHnecKoro TOAKOBaHHH npoSjieMbi n o3HaBaeMOCTH MHKpoMMpa. CpeAH 3anaAHbix ynéHbix cjieayeT, Eo-nepBbix, BbiAeAHTb inpeACTaBHTejieñ Tax Ha3biBaeMOH « k on e n r a r en ck o ñ » iuro jim bo rjia B e c BopoM h reH3e»6eproM , 6a h3kh x k MaxH3My. K hhm npHMMK'aeT M op^aH c e ro iom hctc kh m h B3rjiaflaMH. 3th ynéHbie a a io r npHHunny Heonpe- AejiéHHOCTH b pHAe nyHKTOB HAeajincTHHecKoe TojikoBaHHe. OaHOBHCb na nyTb CBoero poaa «npHSopHoro naeaj!H3Ma», ohh yTBep>KAaiOT, hto 6 yato 6h\ no3HaHHe 9AeKTpoHa h A p y rn x oóneRTOB MHKpoMHpa oóycAOBAeHo bochob- HOM CBOHCTB3MH npn6opOB, T6M HAH HHbIMI 06pa30M «nOArOHBHOmHX ÜOA CBOé yCTpOHOTBO pesyAbTaTbl HaÓAIOAOHíIH», IHTO AKOÓbl HHKOrAa He AAOT B03MO/KHOCTH TI03HaTb peaAbHblH aTOMHblñ MHp.

. Ctojib jx e aHTHHayHHyio n03npHK) 3aHHiMaroT npeACTaBHTeAH «6noAorHHe- CKoro» HAeaAH3Ma (cBoeo6pa3Horo HeoicaHTHaHCTBa). Ohh yTBepKAaiOT, hto HeAOB0K eeTb JIHiLUb HeKHH «MaiKpOinpHÓOp», H ©TO M3'KpOCKOHHHCCKH€ CBOHCT.B3 6yATO 6bi pa3 HaBcerAa c t3Bht rpaHHUbi no3HaHHK> aTOMHbix o6 t>€KTOB.

B AeHCTBHTeAbHOCTH >K€ H e J IO B e K He HBJIHeTCfl «TOAbKO'’ MaKpOnpn6opOM»- HecnocofínbiM hko6 h naóAioAaTb aTOMHbie npoueccbi. y>xe Tenepb AOKa3ano, HTO aaanTHpOBaiHHbiñ rjia 3 cnocoSen b oenp hhhm a Tb Aax<e Becbwa HS3HanHj TeabHoe hhcjio aTOMOB hah KB3HT CBeTa, Kan noxasaA ii onbiTbi AaSopaTOPOH C. H . BaBHAOBa h k. MaABHKa. BypacyasHoe >xe, HAeaAHCTHHecKoe, no cy- mecTBy arHocTHnecKoe HainpaBAeHHe boSahcth c¡)h3hkh nbrraeTCH HeKOTopbi6 BpeMeHHbie CTyneHH n03H3HHH npnpOAbl oSBHBHTb BeHHblMH, H e n p e A O J K H b i mh rpa.HHixaMH.

C Apyroñ cTopoHbi, CJieayer noanepKHyTb, hto yw e ceSnac m o r u e

sanaAHbie (})H3hkh npHAaror HecpaBHeHHo 6oAee cKpoMHoe 3HaneHHe npna nnny neonpeAeAéHHOCTH h ne corAainaroTca c BbiBOAaMH o h3ahhhh 3AeC K3KHX-TO HeinpeAOHÍHbTX rpaHHU n03H3HHH npHpOAbl.

B KHHre tob. KeAposa He AaéTCH xonnoro npeACTaBAeHHH o f y t in o c o c p - ckhx rpynnHpoBKax cpeAH 3anaA«bix ynéHbix, a bto BecbMa b3>kho Kai< Aj l ^ nOHHMaHHH COBpeiMeHHOrO COCTOHHHH 4>H3HKH H SopbQbl npOTHB HAeaAHClI!^

HeCKHX TeHAeHH,HH B Heñ, T3K H AAH BblHBAeHHH BO3Ml0>KHbIX SyAyUíHX C0I03

HHKOB H nOnyTHHKOB MaTepñaAHCTHHeCKOH 4)HAOCo4)HH.

B KanecTBe A pyro ro ynpéKa t o b. KeApoBy ripn H3AO*eHHH hmi npHHUH HeonpeAeAéHHOCTH CAeAyeT nocTaBHTb HeyAanHoe ynoTpeÓAeHHe TepMHH

«rpaHHUbl n03HaHHH», OT KOTOpOrO OH CaM BnOCAeACTBHH OTK33aACH H KOT

K P H T H K A H B H B J IH O rP A O H a 71

P un /jaBa.n noBon k cnpaBe/yiiiBbiMi HapeKanHHM b noTBOpcTBe a rH o c x iiiiH3My.

r i e p e f w ë M k iio c jie n H e iv iy p a3 .a e .n y khhth to b. K e a p o ß a , n o c B H iiië H H O M y ß o n p o c y kji a cc h (J>^hka i i hh H a y K , a tsikjkô n o n b iri< e p esiO M srp oB aT b c o o p e M ö H - H tie H a y q u b ie n p e a c T a fijie iH U fl o C TyneiHHx p a3B H T iia n p a p o a u .

3aMeTHM, bto nocTpoeHH© KaKoft-nußo KjiaccwjiHKanHH ecTecTBenHbix ßayK, apH KOTopofl oflHa Hayna HenocpeacTBenHO BbiTeKajia 6bi M3 a p y ro ft hjih

0 o öipa jia a p yryio , nBJiaeTca nejiioM Kpaftue TpyaHbiM. KpoMe T oro hctophh nosnaHHH npiïpoAbi He cooTBeTCTByer peajibHbiM cTyneHHM pa3BHTiia caMoft npHpo.Hbi. KJiacciîcfiHKaLUiH 3aTpyaHena t b io k© xeM, hto iwe>Kay ochobhmm h AlICpunJIHHaMH eCT6CTB03HaHH3 — tjDH3HKOH, XHMHeft, ÔHOJIOrPiefl, aCTpOHO- Mneii B03HHK uejibiS pHfl npoMe>KyToqHbix HayK: cjn-isnaecKaH x h m h h, acrpo- VHSHKa, reOXHMHH, ÖHOXHMHH H T. fl. HapOXiflaiOTCH TaiOKe HOBbie OÔJiaCTH ßcjieaoBaHHH, «anpiiM ep 6no(j)H3HKa, KOTopaa to b. KeapoBbiM, k c t s t h■ cxa- 3aTb, h© ynoMHHyTa.

C j i e a y e T y i< a3a T b , a r o x o t h t o b. K e a p o B h o T M e q a e r H e a o c r a T K H c x e M b i J ia ccH tjiH K auH H H a y x C e H -C H M O H a h K o n T a , B cë >;<e K ^ a c c in jiH K a m ia , a a H - a a aB TopoiM p e u ,e H 3 H p y e M o ft k h h t h b c b o c m i «p© 3iO M iipO B aH H O M » B iia e , M a n o - M O T jiH aaeTC H o t C T ap o ft c x e M b i n a y « . r p o M a a n o e aocT H > K eH H e S u r e j i b c a , O A a e p K H y B u ie ro npH p ein e H H H h m B o n p o c o B K J ia c c H (j)H K a iiiiH Hayi< m o m c h t P 33BHTHH, n e p e x o a a H a y x a p y r b a p y r a h o ô p a 3 0 B a H n e n p o M O K y T O H H b ix

^ ß c p u n jiH H , HeH36e>KHo. T e p a e T C H b n o a o ô H O M c x o t o m p e3K)M6.

BojIbUIHM HeaOCTaTKOIMi KJiaCCHtjlHKailHH eCTeCTßei-IHblX HayK B KHHre

to b. Keapoßa a B jia e ic a oxcyTCTBHe k3khx 6bi to hh 6 hjio y noM h Ha Hilft Haynax, H3yqaiomHX npoßneMbi npocTpancTBa h BpeivieHH, TaroTeHna, koc- OWOni'H, 6e3 KOTOpblX HHKaKOe nOHHMaHHe n p llp o /lb l lie MOlKeT 6bITb CKOabKO- HH6yHb nojiiibiM.

M ^ p a s f te jie M € X 3h h k h H€t y n o M u n a H iia o T aK H a 3 M B a e M o ft penuTHBHCTCKoft X aH H K e, O nHiCHiBaiOIIieft H B H *e ¡H H H C ÔOJIblIIOft CKOpOCTbJO. 3 TO OÖCTOHTOJlb- B o , a T3KJK© pe3K O e o6o C o6jie H H € TOB. KeÆ pO BblM iMGXaHHKH OT cj)HiSiHiKH i3 b iB a e T o c o ô b ie B 03pa>KeHHH. H a n p a c H o to b. K © a p O B n o n a r a e T , hto M e x a - Ka c e ftq a c o n H C b iB a e r tojibko « a B H a c e H H e » T e jí. K s a H T O B a a M e x a H H K a h

a JlHTHBHCTCKaH MoxaHHKa H3yqaioT Tax>Ke B3aH(MOfl€ftCTBHe, o6pa30BaHiie o^^{îh h x} CHCTOM, p a 3 H O o 6 p a 3 H b ie n p e B p a m e H H H q a c T H ii a p y r b^ p y r a h hbjih-

‘ Ch c n e u H a jib H b iM H O T n e jia M H c})H3h k h. B n o n b iT K © o T p w B a M iexaHHKH ot

^ MbI b h/u im i 3 a n o 3 fla J io e B jin a H iie M ex a H H C T H q e c K H x B 0 3 3 p e H in ï

On3HKa, H3yqaiouia3 ocHOBHbie CBoftoTBa BeipecTBa, b Harne Bpewa V3K3“ JIa'Cb BeAyui'e! ecTecTB03Ha:HH3. B saiweHe cpaBHHTejibHO (bw„0H K;TaccHqecK0ft HbiOTOHOiBOKoft MexaiinKH coBpeMeHHoft paaBeTBjiëHftoft L HK0" cjieayeT ycMOTpexb 3HaqHTejibHoe pacmiipeHHe 6a3iica

ecTecTB03Ha-3a nocjien'Hue 50 jieT.

B 1 aKHM o6pa30M, HaœiqHe HeToqHocTeft h OTcyTCTBHe b KHHre to b. K e a p o - mhothx coBpeMeHHbix p a3flejioB ecTecTBeHHbix HayK ne no3BojiHioT cbh- eCTe cyCneiHHOft nonblTKy aBTOpa pe3IOMHpOBaTb A0CTH>KeHHH coBpeMeHHoro

(hurt C jIe^ y 'eT oTMieTHTb nojioiKHTejibHoe 3Haq©HHe nposenëHHoft Hhcthtvtom ctr OCOcP™ Ak3H€mhh HayK C C C P ^HCKyccHH no KHiire «S H rejibc h ecTe-

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o-U1MH OOBMeCTHO H3H MapKCHCTCKOH (JlHJIOCOCpHeft eÇT€CTB03HaHHa.

Ä-

hbahehko

K

h m t m

, p a 3 o 6 n a H a K ) L L ^ M e p o n b M O H O n O J Ik lM B n O A fO T O B K e B T O pO M

M M p O B O k I B O k lH b i

B cBoeß CTaTbe «3aMeTicn no Bonpocy o 3aAauax namefl aejierauHH

b Paare» J I^chhh nucaA o HeoßxoÄH-MocTH «oö-bflCHHTb ^akjahm peajibnyK) oödaHOBKy toto, KaK seAHKa Taö'Ha, b KOTopoß boh h3 poxiAaeTCH... HaA°

oß-bHCHHTb JMOflHM CO B C e fi KOHKpeTHOCTblO eiU,e H eine pa3, K3K OÖCTOH- jio Äejio bo BpeMH nocjieÄHefi b o h h h h noueM y oho He Mor.no oßcTOHTb HHaae» (Cou. T. XXVII, exp. 372).

Oß'bHCHHTb TaÖHy pOJKAeHHH BTOpoft MIipOBOÖ BOHHbl, TO 6'CTb paCKpblTb h pa3o6jianHTb Te TeMHbie chjim, KOTopue B O i m y roTOBHT, 3H3HHT aaTb Ha- poAaM Momnoe o pya ne b 6opb6e 3a MHp, npoTHB noAXiiiraTeAeir hoboö

BOHHbl. nOAJIHHHbie CTOpOHHIIKH MHpa II AeMOKpaTHH CTpeMHTCH npaBAHBO,

BOHHbl. nOAJIHHHbie CTOpOHHIIKH MHpa II AeMOKpaTHH CTpeMHTCH npaBAHBO,

W dokumencie Bol'ševik : teoretičeskij i političeskij žurnal CK VKP (b), 1948.04.30 nr 8 (Stron 67-82)