ASPINALL’S MARITIME LAW CASES. 7 1

New Liverpool Eastham Ferryand Hotel Co. v. Ocean Accidentand Guarantee Corp. engine stores, i f o w ne d b y th e assured.”

[Scrutto n, L . J . — Is th e q u e s tio n here one o f fa c t o r o f la w ?] A q u e s tio n o f la w is in v o lv e d

>n th is a p pe al. W r ig h t, J . re lie d o n sect. 18 (3) (6) o f th e M a rin e In s u ra n c e A c t 1906, w h ic h p ro v id e d t h a t “ I n th e absence o f in q u ir y th e fo llo w in g circu m sta n ce s need n o t be disclosed, n a m e ly : (b) a n y c irc u m s ta n c e w h ic h is k n o w n pre sum e d t o be k n o w n t o th e in s u re r. T h e in s u re r is pre sum e d t o k n o w m a tte rs o f co m m o n n o to r ie ty o r k n o w le d g e a n d m a tte rs w h ic h an in s u re r in th e o r d in a r y course o f h is business, as such, o u g h t t o k n o w .”

I t is n o t e n ou gh t o show t h a t th e in s u re r k n e w o f th e existe nce o f th e p e rm a n e n t g ro u n d m o o rin g s , i f th e in s u re r is t o be sad dled w it h th e ris k , th e y m u s t be c le a rly d e sig nate d in th e p o lic y . I n th is case th e m o o rin g s , i t is s u b m itte d , are n o t cove red b y th e p o lic y . T h e re is no evidence t h a t th e m o o rin g s in q u e s tio n are th e o r d in a r y fittin g s o f a special tra d e . T h e b u rd e n o f p r o o f is on th e in s u re d to show t h a t th e m o o rin g s in q u e s tio n are cove red b y th e p o lic y a n d th e y h a v e n o t d is ­ charged th e onus. T h is ba rg e can be ta k e n aw a y fo r re p a irs a n d n o t r e tu r n fo r m o n th s , and d u r in g h e r absence some o th e r ba rg e can ta k e h e r place. T h e m o o rin g s are q u ite m d e p e n d e n t o f a n y ba rge in p a r tic u la r .

R . E . G ething fo r th e re sp o n d e n ts.— T h e C o u n ty C o u rt ju d g e was r ig h t in h o ld in g t h a t th e u n d e rw rite rs are lia b le o n th e p o lic y o f m a rin e in s u ra n c e in t h is case. T h e s u b je c t- m a tte r o f th e in s u ra n c e is a m o o re d barge, t h e p e rm a n e n t m o o rin g s in q u e s tio n are o r d in a r y fittin g s w h ic h are re q u is ite fo r th e tra d e in w h ic h th e ba rg e w as engaged. T h e W ord “ f u r n itu r e ” in a m a rin e in sura nce p o lic y has a w id e m e a n in g a n d covers a n y necessary P a rt o f th e o u t f it : (see B ro u g h v . W hitm ore , 1791, 4 T e rm R e p . 206). T h e q u e s tio n is one

? t fa c t, a n d th e re is evidence t o s u p p o rt th e ju d g m e n t o f th e C o u n ty C o u rt ju d g e .

Scrutton, L . J . — I n t h is case a n a c tio n was b ro u g h t in th e L iv e r p o o l C o u n ty C o u rt b y th e N ew L iv e r p o o l E a s th a m F e r r y a n d H o te l C o m pa ny L im ite d , w h o o w n a b lo c k o f m ix e d P rop ertie s in th e n e ig h b o u rh o o d o f E a s th a m C ock, in c lu d in g f e r r y b o ats, f e r r y p ie r, a n d a c° a l h u lk . I n th e a c tio n th e p la in tiffs c la im e d u n d e r a p o lic y o f in s u ra n c e o n th e coa l barge, lack D ia m o n d , f o r dam age t o c e rta in p e rm a n e n t m oo ring s o f th e barge. T h e C o u n ty C o u rt Judge h e ld t h a t th e p la in tiffs succeeded.

C*u ap pe al th e D iv is io n a l C o u rt d iffe re d in u p m io n , W r ig h t, J ., ta k in g th e v ie w t h a t th e o u n ty C o u rt ju d g e was r ig h t a n d T a lb o t, J . a k in g th e v ie w t h a t he was w ro n g . T h e Jud gm e nt o f th e C o u n ty C o u rt ju d g e th e re fo re

°o d , a n d th e in s u ra n c e c o m p a n y n o w appeals 0 th is c o u rt.

ci'« a m b o u n d t o say, as appears fr o m th e ' ference o f o p in io n in th e D iv is io n a l C o u rt, a t th e m a tte r is one o f con sid erab le d iff ic u lt y ,

^ u d m y m in d has flu c tu a te d c o n s id e ra b ly in th e urse o f th e case a n d is n o t a t th e p re se n t

m o m e n t in a c o n d itio n o f v e r y sta b le e q u ilib r iu m . T h e m a tte r is m ade a l i t t l e a r t if ic ia l b y tw o circu m sta nce s : fir s t, t h a t so f a r as th e q u e s tio n is one o f fa c t th e re is no a p p e a l fr o m th e C o u n ty C o u rt, a n d i f th e re is a n y evidence on w h ic h th e C o u n ty C o u rt ju d g e c o u ld com e to th e c o n clu sio n t o w h ic h he d id com e, t h a t c o n clu sio n b in d s us, a lth o u g h I m ig h t ha ve reached a d iffe re n t c o n c lu s io n o n th e fa c ts m y s e lf. A n d seco nd ly, fo r some reason w h ic h I d o n o t u n d e rs ta n d , th e p a rtie s in th e c o u rt b e lo w agreed t h a t i f these m o o rin g s cam e w it h in th e p o lic y a c e rta in sum w as re co ve ra b le as dam ages, a lth o u g h w ith o u t t h a t agree m ent, I s h o u ld h a v e t h o u g h t t h a t i t was c le a r t h a t some o f th e ite m s c la im e d d id n o t com e w ith in th e p o lic y . C o nse que ntly, I a m in th e u n ­ fo r tu n a te p o s itio n o f h a v in g t o g iv e a ju d g m e n t w h ic h I p ro b a b ly s h o u ld n o t g iv e i f I was h e a rin g t h is case as a ju d g e in th e C o m m e rc ia l C o u rt.

T h e m a tte r arises in t h is w a y : th e B la c k D ia m o n d spends h e r life in th e s u m m e r in c o a lin g th e fe r r y steam ers w h ic h b r in g pleasure seekers t o th e stage b e lo n g in g to th e p la in tiffs . She lies lo ad ed w it h coa l a n d m o o re d a t one end t o th e stage a n d a t th e o th e r end t o th e b a n k . H e r m o o rin g s t o th e stage are o f th e o r d in a r y ba rge c h a ra c te r, a n d w h e n she goes, as she o c c a s io n a lly does, t o o b ta in m o re coal, she p u lls h e r stage m o o rin g s on b o a rd a n d proceeds w it h th e m . T h e m o o rin g s a t h e r o th e r end are o f a v e r y d iffe re n t c h a ra c te r.

T h e y are th re e h e a v y anchors a n d chains, a n d w h e n she goes to f i l l u p w it h coa l o r to be re p a ire d she leaves tho se m o o rin g s b e h in d h e r.

T h e ends o f th e cha in s a re tie d t o th e stage a n d th e re she leaves th e m . A p p a r e n tly , w h e n she w as b o u g h t m a n y years ago, she was b o u g h t w it h tw o anchors a n d 100 fa th o m s o f c h a in . She n o w has a t t h a t end o f h e r m o o rin g s th re e an cho rs a n d 200 fa th o m s o f c h a in , a n d th e e x a c t n a tu re o f h e r m o o rin g s is r a th e r obscure.

I do n o t k n o w w h e th e r th e q u e s tio n has arisen in th e M ersey, b u t in th e T ham es th e re has been a q u e s tio n w it h re g a rd t o th e le g a l c h a ra c te r o f these p e rm a n e n t o r g ro u n d m o o rin g s . W h e n th e re are s u b s ta n tia l m o o rin g s o f a coal h u lk , w h ic h th e h u lk w o u ld n e v e r ta k e o n b o a rd as a s h ip ta ke s a n o r d in a r y a n c h o r o n b o a rd , b u t w h ic h she, w h e n m o v e d , w o u ld leave b e h in d h e r as p e rm a n e n t m o o rin g s in th e r iv e r , th e q u e s tio n has arise n w h e th e r th e m o o rin g s c o n s titu te an o c c u p a tio n o f la n d in th e r iv e r bed, so as t o le ad th e m t o be ra te d . O f course, t h a t is n o t th e q u e s tio n in th is case, b u t th e a u th o r itie s show t h a t th e c h a ra c te r o f a p a r ­ t ic u la r m o o rin g tu r n s o n th e p a r tic u la r fa cts.

I n C o ry v . Greenwich Churchwardens (1872, 27 L . T . R e p . 150 ; L . R e p . 7 C. P . 499), m o o rin g s w ere h e ld n o t ra te a b le . Some o f th e m o o rin g s w e re stones w it h ropes t ie d to th e m , a n d i t was fo u n d as a fa c t t h a t th e y c o u ld be h a u le d o n b o a rd b y th e d e r r ic k ’ s o w n m a c h in e ry i f she w as m ove d, a n d W ills , J . h e ld t h a t th e re w as n o t en ou gh o c c u p a tio n o f th e r iv e r bed to m ake th e ow ners o f th e d e rric k lia b le t o be ra te d . A n o th e r case— C ory v . B ris to w (1877, 36 L . T .

New Liverpool Eastham Ferryand Hotel Co. v. Ocean Accidentand Guarantee Corp.

R e p . 5 9 4 ; 2 A p p . Cas. 262)— de cid ed s h o r tly a fte rw a rd s , h a d a d iffe re n t re s u lt. I t w as fo u n d t h a t t h e m o o rin g s w e re as f ir m as i t w as possible t o place th e m in th e b e d o f th e r iv e r a n d each d e r r ic k w as a tta c h e d t o these m o o rin g s . T h e d e rric k s c o u ld n o t w e ig h th e m o o rin g s as ships w e ig h an cho rs, b u t c o u ld o n ly m o v e fr o m th e m b y c a s tin g o ff th e cables a n d le a v in g th e anchors a n d stones b e h in d ; a n d i t w as h e ld t h a t th e re was ra te a b le o c c u p a tio n . O b v io u s ly , th e re fo re , th e q u e s tio n o f th e n a tu re o f these p e r­

m a n e n t o r g ro u n d m o o rin g s is a q u e s tio n o f degree.

W h e n th e re is a fin d in g w h ic h is a q u e s tio n o f degree, is i t a fin d in g o f fa c t o r a fin d in g o f la w . T h e la ng uag e t o be c o n s tru e d in th is p o lic y is : “ W h ils t ly in g m o o re d a t E a s th a m F e r r y Stage o r elsewhere, w it h lib e r t y to be to w e d t o a n y d o c k o r place t o lo a d coa l u p o n th e s h ip o r vessel th e steel b a rg e B la c k D ia m o n d ,''’

a n d th e in s u ra n c e is o n “ th e b o d y ta c k le a p p a re l ord n a n ce m u n itio n a r t ille r y b o a t a n d o th e r f u r n itu r e ” o f th e B la c k D ia m o n d . So th e q u e s tio n is w h e th e r these th re e h e a v y a n ch o rs a n d cha in s w h ic h are used t o m o o r th e B la c k D ia m o n d in a p a r tic u la r place , a n d w h ic h she leaves b e h in d h e r w h e n she goes t o ta k e in m o re coa l, are th e “ ta c k le a p p a re l a n d f u r n itu r e ” o f th e B la c k D ia m o n d . I t m a y also be a q u e s tio n w h e th e r these m o o rin g s are

“ m a te ria ls o r o u t f it ” o f th e B la c k D ia m o n d , o r o r d in a r y f it tin g s re q u is ite fo r th e tra d e o f a c o a l h u lk , w it h in th e m e a n in g o f ru le 15 fo r th e c o n s tru c tio n o f a p o lic y c o n ta in e d in th e M a rin e In s u ra n c e A c t 1906, w h ic h says t h a t th e te r m “ s h ip ” in c lu d e s th e h u ll, m a te ria ls , a n d o u t fit, a n d , in th e case o f vessels engaged in a spe cia l tra d e , th e o r d in a r y f it tin g s re q u is ite f o r th e tra d e .

T h e re is som e vagueness a b o u t th e p o s itio n o f the se an cho rs, a n d so fa r as I u n d e rs ta n d th e evide nce th e f ir s t appears, a n d th e o th e r tw o d o n o t ap p e a r, t o h a v e been b u rie d in th e soil.

T h e C o u n ty C o u rt ju d g e has fo u n d t h a t these an cho rs a n d cha in s are p a r t o f th e o u t fit a n d ta c k le o f th e ba rg e a n d are p a r t o f h e r o r d in a r y f it tin g s in h e r tra d e as a h u lk . Is t h a t a fin d in g o f fa c t o r o f la w ? I t seems to m e t h a t th e a n sw e r to t h a t q u e s tio n is a q u e s tio n o f degree. A t a c e rta in p o in t a n a n c h o r a n d c h a in are o b v io u s ly p a r t o f th e ta c k le o f a s h ip . A t a n o th e r p o in t th e a n c h o r a n d ch a in , lik e a b o lla r d o n a q u a y , becom e a fix e d a n d p e rm a n e n t th in g , t o w h ic h th e ship m oors h e rs e lf b u t w h ic h is no m o re p a r t o f th e ship th a n th e b o lla r d a n d q u a y are p a r t o f th e s h ip , o r th e stage t o w h ic h th e B la c k D ia m o n d is m o o re d is p a r t o f th e s h ip . T h e n be tw een th o se tw o p o in ts th e re m a y be a v e r y d iff ic u lt set o f in te rm e d ia te fa c ts , a n d d iffe re n t m in d s m a y d ra w d iffe re n t con clu sion s w it h re g a rd to w h e th e r a n a n c h o r a n d c h a in are p a r t o f th e ta c k le o r are a p e rm a n e n t m o o rin g place n o t p a r t o f a s h ip . I h a v e several tim e s expressed m y o w n o p in io n t h a t a q u e s tio n o f degree o f t h a t s o rt is a q u e s tio n o f fa c t. I exp ressly s a id so in D u c k e r v . Rees R oturbo Developm ent S yndicate (138 L . T . R e p . 598 ; (1928) A . C.

132), a n d th e H o use o f L o rd s a d o p te d th e same v ie w .

T h a t case w as concerned w i t h a fin d in g o f C om m issioners o f In c o m e T a x , a n d fr o m th e m th e re is n o a p p e a l on questio ns o f fa c t ju s t as th e re is n o ap pe al on fa c t fr o m th e C o u n ty C o u rt ju d g e . A m a n s e llin g one p ic tu re is n o t c a r r y in g on a tra d e , b u t a m a n s e llin g 100 p ic tu re s a y e a r is p r o b a b ly c a r r y in g o n a tra d e as a p ic tu r e d e aler. A m a n w h o lends m o n e y once a y e a r is n o t a m o n e y le n d e r, b u t i f he lends m o n e y t o 100 people in th e y e a r he is p r o b a b ly a m o n e y le n d e r. A t some p o in t i t becomes a q u e s tio n w h e th e r th e m a n is o r is n o t a p ic tu r e de a le r o r a m o n e y le n d e r ; i t is a q u e s tio n o f degree, a n d , in m y o p in io n , a q u e s tio n o f fa c t.

N o w w h e th e r these anchors a n d cha in s d id o r d id n o t pass fr o m b e in g fittin g s o f th e s h ip t o b e in g p e rm a n e n t m o o rin g s w h ic h are n o t p a r t o f th e s h ip is a q u e s tio n o f degree a n d , in m y v ie w , a q u e s tio n o f fa c t. T h e C o u n ty C o u rt ju d g e h a d th e re fo re , th e r ig h t t o decide i t , as th e re was some evidence on w h ic h he c o u ld com e t o h is c o n c lu s io n , a n d th o u g h I a m n o t sure t h a t I w o u ld ha ve com e t o th e same c o n c lu s io n m y s e lf, w e are b o u n d b y h is fin d in g .

T h e p a rtie s h a v e agreed t h a t, i f th e p la in t if f can re co ve r, th e a m o u n t o f th e dam ages is 87?. o d d . T h a t sum appears t o m e to in c lu d e some m a tte rs t h a t c o u ld n o t p o s s ib ly be reco vere d u n d e r th e p o lic y . I c a n n o t conceive t h a t i f a s h ip drags h e r a n c h o r y o u can re c o v e r u n d e r a p o lic y o f m a rin e in s u ra n c e o n th e s h ip th e cost o f b r in g in g h e r b a c k to th e place fr o m w h ic h she dra g g e d o r th e cost o f ta k in g u p th e a n c h o r a n d e x a m in in g i t . I o n ly m e n tio n th is because I do n o t w is h th is de cisio n t o be ta k e n as a de cision o f th e C o u rt o f A p p e a l t h a t u n d e r a p o lic y lik e t h is m a tte rs such as th e p a rtie s here h a v e agreed u p o n can be recovered.

F o r these reasons, th e q u e s tio n o f fa c t a n d th e a g re e m e n t w i t h re g a rd t o th e dam age s>

I fee l t h a t m y ju d g m e n t is a v e r y a r t if ic ia l one a n d is n o t one w h ic h I s h o u ld p ro b a b ly h a v e d e liv e re d i f s it t in g as a ju d g e in th e C o m m e rc ia l C o u rt. B u t as I a m s it t in g here t o decide an ap pe al fr o m a C o u n ty C o u rt ju d g e , w h o is suprem e o n fa c t i f th e re is a n y evidence on w h ic h he can com e t o a c o n clu sio n o f fa c t, a n d th e p a rtie s ha ve agreed th e a m o u n t o f th e dam ages, I ha ve com e to th e c o n clu sio n t h a t th e ap pe al m u s t be dism issed.

Gr e e r, L . J . — I agree t h a t th e ap pe al fa ils , a n d I t h in k I go a l i t t l e f u r t h e r th a n S e ru tto n , L . J . in th e v ie w t h a t I ta k e o f th e ju d g m e n ts o f th e C o u n ty C o u rt ju d g e a n d o f W r ig h t, J ., fo r I t h in k t h a t tho se ju d g m e n ts , on th e fa c ts as I u n d e rs ta n d th e m , w ere r ig h t w h e th e r th e y w e re con clu sion s o f fa c t o r conclusions o f la w . I t r e a t i t as agreed be tw ee n th e p a rtie s t h a t i f a n y sum is due u n d e r th e p o lic y , th e p ro p e r a m o u n t t o be p a id is 871. 18s. 10d., a n d I th e re fo re c on fine m y s e lf t o c o n s id e rin g w h e th e r th e dam age was o r was n o t cove red b y th e p o lic y .

ASPINALL’S MARITIME LAW CASES.

T h e p o lic y is o n a m o o re d barge, a n d one has to con sid er th e h is to r y o f th e ba rge ; w h a t

! t was a n d w h a t i t w as o b ta in e d fo r ; w h a t

" ’as its o u t fit a n d w h a t th e pu rpose fo r w h ic h as th e in s u ra n c e c o m p a n y k n e w , i t w as in te n d e d to be used. I t w as b o u g h t fr o m Messrs.

G rayson b y th e resp on den ts fo r 800/., a n d th e c o n tra c t s p e c ific a lly p ro v id e d t h a t “ m o o rin g a n d to w in g b o lla rd s are to be s u p p lie d an d f it te d a n d m o o rin g gear in th e shape o f tw o s u ita b le anchors a n d a b o u t 100 fa th o m s o f cable.” T h e n , a fte r r e fe rrin g t o w o o d fenders

" n t h h a lf-ro u n d fa c in g iro n s , th e c o n tra c t says : “ N o o th e r o u t f it o r e q u ip m e n t t o be Placed o n b o a rd b y th e sellers.”

I t does n o t, o f course, con clu de th e m a tte r , c u t i t is n o t w ith o u t sig nifica nce t h a t tw o o f these anchors a n d p a r t o f th e cable w h ic h

" ras u ltim a t e ly used w e re b o u g h t as p a r t o f th e o u t fit o r e q u ip m e n t o f th is ba rge w h ic h was to be sued as a m o o re d b a rge . W h e n th e a c c id e n t w h ic h le d t o th is a c tio n ha ppened th e ba rg e was m o o re d t o th e stage a t h e r s te rn and was m o o re d a t h e r b o w t o cables a n d th re e anchors, one o f 20 c w t. on each side a n d one

° f 12 c w t. be tw ee n th e m . T h e cables a n d anchors a t th e b o w w e re m o o re d t o th e th re e b o lla rd s re fe rre d t o in th e c o n tra c t, a n d I c a n n o t h e lp t h in k in g t h a t fr o m th e s t a r t i t

"'a s in te n d e d t h a t th e re s h o u ld be th re e anchors as p a r t o f th e o u t f it o r e q u ip m e n t o f

|h is m o o re d ba rge , a n d t h a t w h ile th e tw o J^rger ones w e re pu rcha sed fr o m Messrs,

•'ra y s o n s w it h th e ba rg e th e o th e r e ith e r belonged to th e resp on den ts a t th e tim e o r w as a c q u ire d b y th e m a fte rw a rd s t o co m p le te W hat I m a y c a ll th e m o o rin g o u t f it o f th e barge.

B e fo re re fe rrin g t o th e p o lic y I m a y re fe r t° th e evidence, w h ic h shows t h a t th e ba rge Was pu rcha sed o n th e 1 4 th M a rc h 1913, a n d

*ays t h a t th e m o o rin g s s u p p lie d w ere used r ° m t h a t tim e u n d e r s im ila r c o n d itio n s . I suppose t h a t m eans t h a t th e c o n d itio n s w ere ne same th r o u g h o u t, t h a t th e re w e re these hree m o o rin g s a t th e b o w , a n d t h a t th e nroorings, th e cha in s a n d anchors w h ic h ow ned p a r t o f th e o u t f it o f th e vessel, w ere sed fr o m th e s ta r t fo r m o o rin g h e r. T h e n

;,n;: fin d s in th e correspondence le tte rs w r itt e n etore th e d a te o f t h e p o lic y w h ic h seem t o m e lrnportant.

A f te r re fe rrin g t o th e correspondence, his

° rd s h ip c o n tin u e d : I t h in k w e are e n title d c ta k e in to c o n s id e ra tio n these fa c ts w h ic h ere k n o w n t o b o th p a rtie s , w h e n w e are Voiding w h e th e r these anchors a n d chains t , e.re p a r t o f th e o u t fit, ta c k le , o r fu r n itu r e o f

*s m o o re d ba rge w it h in th e m e a n in g o f th e f, u c y , a n d w e m ust re m e m b e r t h a t th e w o rd

^ ° u t f i t ” is in c lu d e d in th e w o rd “ s h ip ” th IU ^e ' b ° f tb e ru le s fo r in te r p r e ta tio n in e schedule t o th e M a rin e In s u ra n c e A c t 1906.

sj !' ;ire e n title d t o ta k e tho se fa c ts in to con- a erat io n w h e n in te r p r e tin g w o rd s w h ic h P P ly to a vessel o f th is s o rt w h ic h , w h ile

t'kc d ’ was f i° m g h e r w o r k as a vessel.

rn fie n w it h re g a rd t o th e p o lic y . T h e s u b je c t- t t e r o f th e in s u ra n c e is d e scrib ed as “ th e

Vo l, X V I I I . , N . S.

b o d y , ta c k le , a p p a re l, ordnance m u n itio n , a r t ille r y , b o a t, a n d o th e r f u r n itu r e o f a n d in th e good s h ip o r vessel c a lle d th e steel barge B la c k D ia m o n d w h ile ly in g m o o re d a t E a s th a m F e r r y Stage o r elsewhere, w it h lib e r t y to be to w e d t o a n y d o c k o r place n o t b e y o n d th e R o c k L ig h t t o lo a d coal, fo r re p a irs , a n d fo r o v e rh a u l, w h ile th e re a n d u n t il b a c k ag a in a t h e r m o o rin g s , w it h lib e r t y to m o o r in th e M a n c h e s te r S h ip C anal w h ile th e o p e ra tio n s fo r de epening th e E a s th a m C anal are in progress.

F o r a n d d u rin g th e space o f tw e lv e ca le n d a r m o n th s com m e n cin g a t n o o n on th e 2 7 th A p r il 1926, a n d e n d in g a t no on o n th e 2 7 th A p r il 1927. ”

I re a d t h a t as m e a n in g t h a t th e s u b je c t- m a tte r o f th e in s u ra n c e is a ba rg e whose m a in o c c u p a tio n d u rin g th e p e rio d o f th e in sura nce is t o lie m o o re d a t E a s th a m F e r r y Stage.

She has lib e r t y to d e p a rt o n c e rta in occasions fr o m th o se m o o rin g s a n d t o m o o r elsewhere, b u t to th e k n o w le d g e o f in s u re rs a n d in s u re d she w i ll as a ge ne ral ru le be m o o re d a t th e E a s th a m stage. She is in s u re d as a m oo red vessel, w ith , p o s s ib ly , occasional t r ip s a w ay.

M o s t vessels do n o t lie a t a n c h o r fo r v e r y lo n g . T h e y h a v e anchors w h ic h are s u ite d fo r th e m o o rin g w h ic h th e y re q u ire . T h is vessel has t o be m o o re d fo r a lo n g p e rio d ; she has t o s ta n d con sid erab le s tra in s o n h e r m o o r­

in gs, a n d i t is im p o r t a n t fo r h e r w o r k as a c o a lin g ba rg e t h a t she s h o u ld be s te a d y a t h e r m o o rin g s . A c c o rd in g ly , she m u s t have anchors o f g re a te r h o ld in g p o w e r th a n she w o u ld ha ve re q u ire d i f she h a d been a ba rge s a ilin g a b o u t th e M erse y w it h loads o f v a rio u s k in d s ; an d I t h in k t h a t th e p o lic y s ho uld be in te rp re te d , as W r ig h t, J . in te rp re te d i t , as c o v e rin g t h a t w h ic h is th e f u r n itu r e o f a m o o re d barge, t h a t w h ic h is, in th e w o rd s o f th e schedule, p a r t o f th e o u t fit o f a m o o re d barge, th e ba rge b e in g m o o re d in a w a y , a n d fo r a purpose, w h ic h was k n o w n to b o th p a rtie s .

I f th e a n c h o r h a d n o t been pu rcha sed in c o n n e c tio n w it h th e vessel, i f i t h a d been s u p p lie d in th e r iv e r b y some person o th e r th a n th e o w n e r o f th e barge, i t w o u ld c le a rly n o t ha ve been p a r t o f th e fu r n itu r e , fittin g s o r o u t fit o f th e v e s s e l; a n d i f i t h a d been p u r ­ chased b y th e resp on den ts, o r used b y th e m , in d e p e n d e n tly o f th is barge, a n d th is ba rge h a d fo u n d i t th e re w h e n i t w e n t to th e m o o rin g s , i t w o u ld n o t h a v e been p a r t o f th e f u r n itu r e f it tin g s o r o u t f it o f th is barge.

I agree w it h W r ig h t, J ., a n d w it h th e C o u n ty C o u rt ju d g e , t h a t th e m o o rin g s w ere p a r t o f th e fu r n itu r e , ta c k le o r o u tfit, o f th e barge w it h in th e m e a n in g o f th e p o lic y , a n d I t h in k , th e re fo re , t h a t as th e re was a diffe re n ce o f o p in io n in th e D iv is io n a l C o u rt, th e ju d g m e n t o f th e C o u n ty C o u rt ju d g e m u s t s ta n d .

Ru s se ll, L . J . — T h is case c e r ta in ly presents con sid erab le d iffic u lty , b u t th e v ie w w h ic h I h a v e fo rm e d coincides w it h t h a t o f T a lb o t, J . A lth o u g h th e c r a f t w it h w h ic h we are c on­

cerned here is a coa l ba rge m o o re d in th e M ersey, th e m a tte r is a sea farin g m a tte r , a n d

L

Ct. of App.] Silverandanotherv. Ocean Steamship Company Limited. [Ct. of App.

in such a m a tte r I need h a r d ly say t h a t I d iffe r fro m S c ru tto n , L . J . a n d G reer, L . J . a n d W r ig h t, J . w it h g re a t d iffid e n c e ; b u t since I h a v e fo rm e d a v ie w , I t h in k t h a t I o u g h t to s ta te i t .

I w is h t o m a k e tw o p r e lim in a r y o b s e rv a tio n s . F ir s t , I can f in d n o fa c ts fo u n d b y th e C o u n ty C o u rt ju d g e w h ic h w o u ld w a r r a n t us in a t t r i ­ b u tin g t o th e w o rd s o f th e p o lic y a n y o th e r th a n t h e ir n a tu r a l m e a n in g . A n d , second, th e fa c t t h a t th e resp on den ts, w h e n th e y purchased th is ba rge s ix te e n years ago pu rc h a s e d w it h i t c e rta in m o o rin g gear is an ir r e le v a n t a n d im p ro p e r m a tte r t o ta k e in to c o n s id e ra tio n in c o n s tru in g th e p o lic y .

W it h tho se tw o o b s e rv a tio n s I t u r n t o th e q u e s tio n w h ic h arises fo r decision. T h e barge is m o o re d in th is w a y : a t th e b o w she is m o o re d b y th re e cables, each a tta c h e d t o an a n c h o r, tw o o f th e an cho rs w e ig h in g a to n a n d th e m id d le one w e ig h in g 1 2 c w t. A t th e s te rn she is m o o re d b y tw o cables a tta c h in g h e r to b o lla rd s o n E a s th a m F e r r y Stage, a n d i f a n d w h e n she leaves h e r m o o rin g s fo r a n y purpose a n d goes a w a y she does n o t ta k e w it h h e r th e an cho rs o r a n y p a r t o f th e cables, b u t th e b o w an cho rs a n d cables are le f t in th e r iv e r a n d th e s te rn cables are h a u le d u p on to th e stage a n d a re le f t th e re . T h e ba rg e n e v e r ta ke s th is m o o rin g gear on b o a rd a t a ll. W h e n she comes b a c k she p ic k s i t u p ag a in a n d re-m o ors in th e same s p o t, a n d th e q u e s tio n is w h e th e r those cables a n d an cho rs are p a r t o f th e s u b je c t- m a tte r in s u re d b y th e p o lic y .

I t h in k i t is p u r e ly a m a tte r o f c o n s tru c tio n .

I t h in k i t is p u r e ly a m a tte r o f c o n s tru c tio n .