I. Inlandskonsum.
B e i B e h a n d lu n g d e r A b s a tz v e r h ä ltn is s e is t d e r In la n d s a b s a tz v o m E x p o r t z u t r e n n e n .
D e r In la n d s k o n s u m lä ß t s ic h aus d e r S c h la c h tu n g s s ta tis tik e r r e c h n e n , d ie d r e i A r t e n v o n B e r ic h t e r s t a tt u n g v o r s ie h t:
1. M o n a t lic h e B e r ic h t e r s t a tt u n g f ü r b e s c h a u te S c h la c h tu n g e n in ö f f e n t lic h e n u n d p r iv a te n S c h la c h th ä u s e r n .
2 . M o n a t lic h e B e r ic h t e r s t a tt u n g f ü r b e s c h a u te S c h la c h tu n g e n a u ß e r h a lb d ie s e r In s t i t u t e .
3 . V ie r t e ljä h r lic h e B e r ic h t e r s t a tt u n g f ü r u n b e s c h a u te S c h la c h tu n g e n . B e re its d ie s e U n te r s c h ie d e n a c h F le is c h b e s c h a u z e ig e n in d e n e in z e ln e n W o je w o d s c h a fte n g r ö ß te G e g e n s ä tz e , d ie s ic h aus d e n in d e n e in z e ln e n T e i l g e b ie te n g e lte n d e n D u r c h f ü h r u n g s b e s tim m u n g e n ü b e r d ie B e s c h a u p flic h t e r g e b e n u n d s ic h in d e n J a h re n 1 9 3 0 u n d 1931 fo lg e n d e r m a ß e n v e r h ie lt e n :
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Prozentuales Verhältnis der Schlachtungen.
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D i e G e w ic h te in d e n e in z e ln e n W o je w o d s c h a f te n s c h w a n k e n e r h e b lic h . D i e S tä d te W a r s c h a u u n d N o w o g r o d e k s in d m i t d e n s c h w e rs te n e tw a 1 % d z w ie g e n d e n T i e r e n a n g e g e b e n . A u c h P o le s ie h a t im le tz te n J a h re d ie T i e r e m i t w e s e n t
lic h h ö h e r e m G e w ic h t e g e s c h la c h te t als 1 9 3 0 . D i e b e id e n a n d e r e n O s t w o je w o d s c h a fte n W i l n a u n d W o lh y n ie n u n te r s c h e id e n s ic h d a g e g e n n ic h t w e s e n tlic h v o n d e n le ic h te n L e b e n d g e w ic h t e n G a liz ie n s , w a s in d e n O s tg e b ie te n a u f d ie p r im i t i v e n H a ltu n g s v e r h ä ltn is s e z u r ü c k z u fü h r e n is t. E i n D u r c h s c h n itt s g e w ic h t v o n ü b e r 1 3 0 k g in Z e n t r a lp o le n d ü r f t e d a g e g e n als n o r m a l f ü r e x te n s iv e W i r t s c h a fts b e tr ie b e b e z e ic h n e t w e r d e n .
I m E x p o r t g e s c h la c h te te r, u n v e r a r b e it e te r T i e r e n i m m t das e h e m a ls p r e u ß is c h e T e ilg e b ie t d ie e rs te S te lle e in . E s is t a n d e r G e s a m ta u s f u h r g e s c h la c h te te r T i e r e m i t 6 7 % ( 1 9 3 0 m i t 8 0 % ) b e t e ilig t .
A u c h d ie S c h in k e n - u n d B a c o n p r o d u k tio n k o n z e n t r ie r t e s ic h in d e n J a h re n 1 9 3 0 u n d 1931 m i t 7 8 ,5 u n d 7 0 % a u f W e s tp o le n .
D i e a u ffä llig s te n u n d in ih r e r W ir k u n g e in s c h n e id e n d s te n U n t e r s c h ie d e f in d e n s ic h je d o c h b e im A b s a tz u n d K o n s u m im In la n d e s e lb s t, w o s ic h G e g e n s ä tze im V e r b r a u c h z . B . z w is c h e n P o s e n u n d S ta n is la u v o n 5 :1 e rg e b e n . D i e d r e i W e s tp r o v in z e n s te h e n m i t 2 3 .7 5 k g ü b e r d e m d o p p e lte n L a n d e s m it t e l, das v o n W a r s c h a u u n d L o d z g e ra d e ü b e r s c h r itte n w i r d . G e r a d e z u e r s ta u n lic h w i r k t a b e r d e r g e rin g e S c h w e in e fle is c h k o n s u m in G a liz ie n v o n n u r 5 k g p r o K o p f .
D i e R ic h t ig k e it dieses E rg e b n is s e s b e s tä tig t d e r V e r g le ic h m i t d e m V o r ja h r e . I m J a h re 1 9 3 0 w u r d e n n o c h d ie im p o r t ie r t e n S c h w e in e fe ttm e n g e n b e r ü c k s ic h tig t, d ie im D u r c h s c h n it t 0 ,7 5 k g p r o K o p f d e r B e v ö lk e r u n g b e t r u g e n . S ie w u r d e n aus d e r E is e n b a h n tr a n s p o r ts ta tis tik d e r J a h re 1 9 2 9 u n d 1 9 3 0 e r r e c h n e t , u n d f ü r 1 9 3 0 das a r ith m e tis c h e M i t t e l b e id e r J a h re g e z o g e n , u m e in m ö g lic h s t g e n a u e s R e s u lta t z u e r z ie le n ; g e la n g t das F e t t d o c h n ic h t s o fo r t in d e n K o n s u m , w ä h r e n d d ie F e t t e i n f u h r d u r c h Z o llm a ß n a h m e n s c h o n im S e p te m b e r 1 9 3 0 u n t e r b u n d e n w u r d e .
I m le t z te n J a h re h a t d e r S c h w e in e fle is c h k o n s u m e in e Z u n a h m e u m 1 5 % e r f a h r e n , d ie d u r c h das U b e r - A n g e b o t b e i d a d u r c h g le ic h z e itig g e d r ü c k te n P re is e n b e g ü n s tig t w u r d e . E s is t d a b e i v e r s t ä n d lic h , d a ß im a llg e m e in e n G e b ie te m i t a b s o lu t n ie d r ig e m F le is c h v e r z e h r a m M e h r v e r b r a u c h r e la t iv g rö ß e re n A n t e i l n e h m e n . U n w a h r s c h e in lic h e r s c h e in t n u r d e r K o n s u m r ü c k g a n g in P o le s ie , d e r a u f s ta tis tis c h e n Q u e lle n f e h le r n b e r u h e n d ü r f t e . E s is t d ie e in z ig e P r o v in z , d ie s o w o h l in d e r G e s a m ts c h la c h tu n g s z a h l a ls a u c h , t r o t z des e r h ö h te n L e b e n d g e w ic h te s , in d e r e n d g ü ltig e n F le is c h m e n g e g e g e n ü b e r 1 9 3 0 k le in e r e Z i f f e r n a u f w e is t.
Z u m V e r g le ic h s o ll h ie r n o c h d e r F le is c h v e r b r a u c h je K o p f in a n d e r e n L ä n d e r n a n g e f ü h r t w e r d e n :
Verbrauch pro Kopf der Bevölkerung an Schweinefleisch und Schmalz im Jahre 1927 in kg (vgl. Prof. D r. K. R itter).
1. U . S . A ... 3 7 ,4 2 . K a n a d a ... 3 7 ,0 3 . D e u t s c h l a n d ... 3 2 ,7 4 . G r o ß - B r it a n n i e n ... 1 8 ,9 5 . F r a n k r e i c h ... 18,1 6 . D ä n e m a r k ... ( 1 9 2 2 ) 1 6 ,9 7 . N e u s e e l a n d ... 1 5 ,7 8 . B e l g i e n ... ( 1 9 2 6 ) 1 5 ,4 9 . T s c h e c h o s lo w a k e i ( 1 9 2 6 ) 1 1 ,7 ( 1 9 2 9 ) 1 2 ,2 ( 1 9 3 1 ) 1 3 ,7 1 0 . P o le n (1 9 2 8 ) 1 1 , 6 ( 1 9 2 9 ) 1 0 ,9 ( 1 9 3 0 ) 1 0 ,6 ( 1 9 3 1 ) 1 1 , 6
D e r V e r g le ic h des F le is c h v e r b ra u c h s p r o K o p f d e r B e v ö lk e r u n g in d e n e in z e ln e n S ta a te n lä ß t d ie B e d ü r fn is lo s ig k e it d e r p o ln is c h e n B e v ö lk e r u n g g e g e n - ü b e r d e m h o h e n L e b e n s s ta n d a r d d e r w e s te u ro p ä is c h e n V ö lk e r e r k e n n e n .
E s is t in te re s s a n t, im Z u s a m m e n h a n g m i t d e r F r a g e des In la n d k o n s u m s d ie M e i n u n g des P o le n O t f in o w s k i z u h ö r e n , d e r im J a h re 1 9 2 8 e in e b e s o n d e re A n a ly s e d e r L e b e n s h a ltu n g s v e r h ä ltn is s e in P o le n d u r c h f ü h r t e . „ 6 M i ll io n e n M e n s c h e n d e r p o ln is c h e n B e v ö lk e r u n g n ä h r t e n s ic h g e ra d e a u s re ic h e n d ( 3 0 0 0 K a lo r ie n tä g lic h ) , 16 M i l l i o n e n v e r z e h r te n e in e M e n g e , d ie k a u m z u m L e b e n a u s re ic h e ( 2 5 0 0 fC a lo rie n p r o T a g ) u n d 8 M i l l i o n e n M e n s c h e n b e g n ü g te n s ic h m it n u r 1 / 10 K a lo r ie n t ä g lic h , w a s e in e r H u n g e r n o r m e n ts p r ä c h e . D a r a u f s e ie n a u c h d ie g r o ß e n U n t e r s c h ie d e im F le is c h v e r b r a u c h in d e n e in z e ln e n W o je w o d s c h a fte n z u r ü c k z u f ü h r e n .“ N a c h s e in e r M e i n u n g g ib t es in K le in p o le n u n d d e n O s tw o je w o d s c h a fte n G e g e n d e n , in d e n e n d e r F le is c h k o n s u m k a u m
1 k g p r o K o p f d e r B e v ö lk e r u n g b e tr ä g t.
II. Export.
j . D e r z w e ite w ic h tig e A b s a tz b e s te h t in d e r A u s f u h r v o n S c h w e in e p r o d u k t e n , d ie in d e n le tz te n J a h re n in P o le n e in e g ro ß e B e d e u tu n g g e w o n n e n h a t.
N a c h W ie d e r e r la n g u n g d e r s ta a tlic h e n S e lb s ts tä n d ig k e it v e r g in g e n d ie e rs te n J a h re o h n e b e s o n d e rs b e to n te n S c h w e in e e x p o r t.
G r ö ß e r e n U m f a n g n a h m d e r S c h w e in e e x p o r t e rs t s e it d e m J a h r e 1 9 2 4 a n . L s b ild e te n s ic h z w a r n o c h k e in e e in h e itlic h e n E x p o r tb e s tr e b u n g e n . D i e p l ö t z lic h e u n d k ü n s tlic h e A u s e in a n d e r r r e iß u n g f r ü h e r e r g e s c h lo s s e n e r W ir t s c h a f t s g e b ie te k o n n te o h n e w e ite re s d ie a lte n W ir t s c h a f ts b in d u n g e n n ic h t u n t e r b re c h e n , u n d so b e lie fe r te n d ie a lt e n P r o d u k tio n s g e b ie te ih r e f r ü h e r e n M ä r k t e v o n n e u e m .
F ü r G a liz ie n d ie n te a ls A b s a tz m a r k t s e it je h e r W ie n u n d P r a g , w ä h r e n d P o s e n u n d P o m m e r e lle n w ie d e r O b e r s c h le s ie n , D a n z i g u n d D e u ts c h la n d b e lie f e r te n .
D ie s e r Z u s t a n d d a u e r te b is z u m 1 5 . J u n i 1 9 2 5 , d e m D a t u m , b is z u w e lc h e m D e u ts c h la n d a u f G r u n d des V e r tr a g e s v o n V e r s a ille s v e r p f lic h t e t w a r , a lle n S ta a te n M e is tb e g ü n s t ig u n g b e i g e r in g e n Z o lls ä t z e n z u g e w ä h re n . A ls das R e ic h m it A b la u f g e n a n n te r F r i s t w ir ts c h a f t lic h f r e ie H a n d b e k a m , w u r d e d e m D u m p in g b illig e n S c h w e in e im p o r te s d u r c h h o h e Z ö lle b e g e g n e t.
P o le n , das w ö c h e n tlic h e tw a 10 0 0 0 g e s c h la c h te te T i e r e n a c h D e u ts c h la n d e x p o r t ie r t h a tte , w a r g e z w u n g e n , s ic h n a c h n e u e m A b s a tz u m z u s e h e n . D a m i t e r h ie lt das A b s a tz p r o b le m g r ö ß e r e B e d e u t u n g u n d U n t e r s t ü t z u n g d u r c h d ie R e g ie r u n g s s te lle n . D i e F o r d e r u n g n a c h m e h r A u s la n d s a b s a tz f ü r S c h w e in e p r o d u k te w u r d e a u fg e s te llt. D o c h g e g e n ü b e r d e m D e u ts c h e n R e ic h is t es n u r b e i d e m W u n s c h e g e b lie b e n . M i t m e h r fa c h e n lä n g e r e n U n t e r b r e c h u n g e n w u r d e n b a ld m W a r s c h a u b a ld in B e r li n V e r h a n d lu n g e n ü b e r e in e n H a n d e ls v e r t r a g g e f ü h r t , d ie je d o c h e rg e b n is lo s v e r lie f e n . W ä h re n d d e s s e n u n t e r b a n d d e r d e u ts c h e S c h u tz z o ll v o m 2 . J u li 1 9 2 5 in H ö h e v o n 7 0 R M a u f 1 0 0 k g S c h w e in e fle is c h v ö llig d e n p o ln is c h e n I m p o r t .
N a c h f ü n f jä h r ig e m Z o llk r ie g k a m es a m 1 7 . M ä r z 1 9 3 0 z u r U n t e r z e ic h n u n g e in e s H a n d e ls a b k o m m e n s m i t D e u ts c h la n d , in d e m d e r S c h w e in e e x p o r t fe s t
g e le g t w a r .
D i e w e ite r e E n t w ic k lu n g lie ß je d o c h d e n H a n d e ls v e r t r a g u n b e r ü c k s ic h t ig t . D e u ts c h la n d , das a u f d e m G e b ie t d e r S c h w e in e fle is c h e rz e u g u n g 1 9 3 0 d ie S e lb s t v e r s o r g u n g e r r e ic h t h a t te , r a t if iz ie r t e d a s A b k o m m e n n ic h t , so d a ß d e r K a m p f
31
z u s ta n d in d e n d e u ts c h -p o ln is c h e n H a n d e ls b e z ie h u n g e n u n v e r ä n d e r t b e s te h e n b lie b u n d D e u ts c h la n d als S c h w e in e im p o r tla n d f ü r P o le n n ic h t in F r a g e k a m .
U n t e r d e m Z w a n g d ie s e r V e r h ä ltn is s e h a t P o le n n a c h 1 9 2 5 v e rs u c h t, f ü r S c h w e in e p r o d u k te a n d e r e A b s a tz g e b ie te z u e r s c h lie ß e n . I m In la n d e s e lb s t v o llz o g s ic h d a b e i e in e g e w is s e A r b e it s t e ilu n g z w is c h e n d e n e in z e ln e n p o ln is c h e n G e b ie ts t e ile n . G a liz ie n , das b e re its v o r d e m K r ie g e d e n ö s te r re ic h is c h e n u n d ts c h e c h is c h e n M a r k t b e lie fe r te u n d ü b e r e in e n e n ts p r e c h e n d e n H a n d e ls a p p a r a t v e r f ü g t e , lie fe r te in v e r s tä r k te m M a ß e n a c h w ie v o r le b e n d e S c h w e in e n a c h Ö s t e r r e ic h u n d d e r T s c h e c h o s lo w a k e i. A u c h d ie W e s tg e b ie te k o n n t e n e in e n T e i l ih re s Ü b e rs c h u s s e s d o r t h in a b s e tz e n . D e r E x p o r t v e r lu s t n a c h D e u t s c h la n d w u r d e in w a c h s e n d e m M a ß e d u r c h d ie A u s f u h r n a c h E n g la n d a u s g e g lic h e n . D o r t h i n w u r d e n s e it 1 9 2 6 in s te ig e n d e m M a ß e B a c o n - u n d S c h in k e n p r o d u k te a u s g e fü h r t. B e g ü n s tig t w u r d e d ie s e E n t w ic k lu n g d u r c h A u s g e s ta ltu n g a lt e r u n d E r r ic h t u n g n e u e r S c h la c h th ä u s e r im e h e m a ls p re u ß is c h e n T e i lg e b i e t . D i e S c h w e in e ra s s e n e n ts p r a c h e n z w a r n o c h n ic h t d e m v e r la n g te n F le is c h t y p z u r B a c o n p r o d u k tio n , so d a ß d ie p o ln is c h e W a r e a u f d e m L o n d o n e r M a r k t a n le t z te r S te lle n o t ie r t e . T r o t z d e m r e n t ie r t e s ic h das G e s c h ä ft, u n d e in ig e F a b r ik e n b e g a n n e n e n e rg is c h m i t d e m E x p o r t n a c h E n g la n d .
D a b e i w u r d e das P r in z ip d e r B illig k e it d e r f ü r d e n E x p o r t b e s t im m te n S c h w e in e p r o d u k te in d e n V o r d e r g r u n d g e s te llt o h n e R ü c k s ic h t d a r a u f , d a ß h ie r d u r c h d e r R u f d e r p o ln is c h e n W a r e s ta rk in M it le id e n s c h a f t g e z o g e n w u r d e .
D a s J a h r 1 9 2 9 w a r , w ie a u f fa s t a lle n G e b ie t e n d e r la n d w ir t s c h a f tlic h e n P r o d u k t io n , a u c h f ü r d ie S c h w e in e z u c h t u n d S c h w e in e a u s fu h r P o le n s b e s o n d e rs f ö r d e r lic h . D i e R e fo r m e n e r s tr e c k te n s ic h in s b e s o n d e re a u f d ie D u r c h f ü h r u n g d e r S ta n d a r d is ie r u n g d e r S c h w e in e p r o d u k te u n d a u f d ie H e b u n g d e r Q u a lit ä t d e r E x p o r tw a r e n m i t d e m Z i e l , n ic h t n u r d ie g e w o n n e n e n M ä r k t e z u b e h a u p te n , s o n d e rn a u c h in w e ite r e n e u ro p ä is c h e n S ta a te n fe s te n F u ß z u fa s s e n . Z u r E r r e c h n u n g dieses Z ie le s w a r e n d ie h a u p ts ä c h lic h s te n M i t t e l e in e s tra ffe r e O r g a n is a tio n d e r P r o d u k t io n , e in z e n tr a lis tis c h g e le ite te r A n - u n d V e r k a u f v o n S c h w e in e n d u r c h E r r ic h t u n g des E x p o r ts y n d ik a t s in W a r s c h a u , d ie G r ü n d u n g v o n S c h w e in e s c h lä c h te re ie n , d ie n a c h d e n n e u e s te n te c h n is c h e n E r r u n g e n s c h a fte n a r b e ite n s o llte n , u n d v o r a lle m d ie A n w e n d u n g des S y s te m s d e r Z o l l r ü c k e r s ta ttu n g . D i e A u s f u h r p r ä m ie , d ie im J a n u a r 1 9 2 9 a u f 15 z l p r o 1 0 0 k g a u s g e fü h r te r B a c o n p r o d u k te fe s tg e s e tz t w u r d e , w u r d e a m 1 8 . J u li 1 9 3 0 a u f 2 5 z l e r h ö h t . E in e z w e ite d ir e k te U n t e r s t ü t z u n g e r f u h r d ie V ie h a u s f u h r im M ä r z 1 9 3 0 n o c h d u r c h B e fr e iu n g v o n d e r U m s a t z s te u e r p f lic h t f ü r E x p o r t t r a n s - p o r te .
W e n n a u c h d e r G e s a m te x p o r t m e n g e n m ä ß ig s tä n d ig b is in d ie G e g e n w a r t im S te ig e n b e g r iff e n is t, so d o c h n u r in fo lg e d e r g ü n s tig e n E n t w ic k lu n g d e r B a c o n p r o d u k tio n u n d - A u s f u h r n a c h d e m e n g lis c h e n M a r k t . D a g e g e n b e r e ite te n d ie b is h e r ig e n H a u p t a b s a tz lä n d e r Ö s te r r e ic h s u n d d ie T s c h e c h o s lo w a k e i d e m S c h w e in e im p o r t w a c h s e n d e S c h w ie r ig k e it e n . D u r c h Z o lle r h ö h u n g e n u n d K o n t in g e n tie r u n g e n d e r E i n f u h r in d e n J a h re n 1 9 3 0 u n d 1931 h a b e n b e id e L ä n d e r d e n S c h w e in e im p o r t s ta rk g e d ro s s e lt u n d v e rs u c h e n d u r c h F ö r d e r u n g d e r h e im is c h e n P r o d u k t io n , s ic h m ö g lic h s t v o m A u s la n d e u n a b h ä n g ig z u m a c h e n .
A u c h P o le n s V e r s u c h e , s e in e F le is c h w a r e n a u f n e u e rs c h lo s s e n e n M ä r k t e n u n t e r z u b r in g e n , z e itig te n k e in e g ro ß e n E r fo lg e . E s is t n u r g e lu n g e n , u n e r h e b lic h e M e n g e n v o n W u r s t f a b r ik a t e n in It a l ie n , U n g a r n u n d F r a n k r e ic h a b z u s e tz e n , s o w ie g e r in g e M e n g e n S c h w e in e n a c h G r ie c h e n la n d z u e x p o r tie r e n . V o r e in e r Z u s a m m e n fa s s u n g des A u ß e n h a n d e ls is t es z u m b e s s e re n V e r s tä n d n is d e r E n t w ic k lu n g n o t w e n d ig , d ie S t r u k t u r d e r H a u p t a b s a tz m ä r k te Ö s t e r r e ic h , T s c h e c h o s lo w a k e i u n d E n g la n d n ä h e r z u b e h a n d e ln .
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I m a lte n Ö s te r r e ic h w u r d e d e r W ie n e r M a r k t s c h o n s e it a lte r s h e r m i t N a h r u n g s m it t e ln aus d e n e n t fe r n te n A g r a r p r o v in z e n v e r s o r g t. V o r a lle m n a h m e n d a b e i U n g a r n u n d G a liz ie n e in e h e r v o r r a g e n d e S te llu n g e in , d ie n e b e n V ie h u n d G e t r e id e fa s t a lle in d ie S c h w e in e z u f u h r n a c h d e r H a u p t s t a d t t ä tig t e n . D a b e i h a tte n s ic h b e r e its z w e i v e rs c h ie d e n e Q u a lit ä t s r ic h t u n g e n h e r a u s g e b ild e t;
w ä h r e n d U n g a r n a u s s c h lie ß lic h s c h w e re F e tts c h w e in e a n lie f e r te , s te llte G a liz ie n d e n P r o d u z e n te n f ü r F le is c h tie r e . E in ig e V o r k r ie g s z a h le n z e ig e n d a b e i d e n ü b e ra u s s ta rk e n A n t e i l v o n G a liz ie n in d e r V e r s o r g u n g des W ie n e r M a r k t e s m i t le b e n d e n S c h w e in e n :
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* ) S e it 1931 ist in d e r ö s te rr. H a n d e ls s ta tis tik eine U n t e r t e ilu n g nach G e w ic h te n n ic h t m e h r e n th a lte n .
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M i t d e r A u f lö s u n g d e r M o n a r c h ie v e r lo r Ö s te r r e ic h s e in e A g r a r ü b e r s c h u ß p r o v in z e n . D e r v e r b lie b e n e T e i l is t n ic h t m d e r L a g e , W ie n a u s re ic h e n d m it N a h r u n g s m it t e ln z u v e rs o rg e n . A ls d ie F e s s e ln f ie le n , d ie e in e n f r e ie n W a r e n - a u ?^a u s ^ h h in d e r t e n , ü b e r s c h w e m m te W ie n w ie d e r das S c h w e in e a n g e b o t d e r s e lb e n G e b ie t e , d ie v o r d e m K r ie g e d e n W ie n e r M a r k t b e h e r r s c h te n . Z u m V e r g le ic h s e ie n d ie Z a h le n d e r ö s te rre ic h is c h e n S t a t is t ik a n g e f ü h r t . ( V g l . S . 3 3 .)
D i e T a b e lle n z e ig e n d e n ü b e r r a g e n d e n A n t e i l des p o ln is c h e n Im p o r t e s , d e r b e s o n d e re B e d e u tu n g b e i F le is c h s c h w e in e n b e s itz t.
D i e H a n d e ls b e z ie h u n g e n z w is c h e n P o le n u n d Ö s te r r e ic h e n t w ic k e lte n s ic h m d e n e rs te n J a h r e n g ü n s tig u n d w u r d e n d u r c h d ie H a n d e ls k o n v e n tio n v o m
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• a u ^ ^ e m G e b ie te d e r F le is c h e in fu h r w a r e n in d e n H a n d e ls v e r tr ä g e n m i t a n d e r e n S ta a te n fe s tg e le g t, so v o r a lle m m it J u g o s la w ie n u n d U n g a r n , d ie in fo lg e d e r g e g e n s e itig e n M e is tb e g ü n s tig u n g a u c h P o le n v e r p f lic h t e te n .
M i t A b s c h lu ß d e r In fla tio n s z e it t r a t a m 5 . S e p te m b e r 1 9 2 4 d e r ö s te rre ic h is c h e Z o l l t a r i f in K r a f t . W i r f in d e n m ih m e in e a u s d rü c k lic h e T r e n n u n g d e r S c h w e in e t y p e n :
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. B.e i A u f z ä h lu n g d e r Z o llä n d e r u n g e n s e ie n n u r d ie je n ig e n T a r i f e b e r ü c k s ic h tig t, d ie a u c h f ü r P o le n V e r b in d lic h k e it e r la n g te n .
In d e n H a n d e ls v e r tr ä g e n , d ie Ö s te r r e ic h a m 3 . S e p te m b e r 1 9 2 5 m i t J u g o s la w ie n u n d a m 9 . A p r i l 1 9 2 6 m i t U n g a r n s c h lo ß , w u r d e n g e g e n ü b e r d e m G e n e r a ls a tz f ü r s c h w e re S c h w e in e E r le ic h te r u n g e n g e w ä h r t, so d a ß s ic h d ie Z ö lle f o lg e n d e r m a ß e n d a r s te llte n :
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S c h w e in e fle is c h ... — 1 2 .— 1 0 0 k g
je d o c h a u f ü b e r 9 0 k g S c h la c h tg e w ic h t v o m S tü c k n u r 6 K r . p r o 1 0 0 k g . Ih r e F o r ts e tz u n g fa n d d ie s e E n t w ic k lu n g in d e m Z u s a tz v e r tr ä g e m it J u g o - s la w ie n v o m J u li 1 9 2 8 , d e r f ü r F e tts c h w e in e d e n Z o l l v ö llig a u fh o b , w ä h r e n d e r f ü r F le is c h s c h w e in e im G e w ic h te v o n ,,4 0 b is 1 1 0 k g v o n 9 a u f 18 G o l d k r . u n d S c h w e in e fle is c h v o n 12 a u f 2 6 G o l d k r . p r o 1 0 0 k g h e ra u fg e s e tz t w u r d e . F ü r g e s c h la c h te te S c h w e in e ü b e r 9 0 k g S c h la c h tg e w ic h t b lie b d e r Z o l l v o n 6 K r o n e n b e s te h e n .
D ie s e Z o llä n d e r u n g e n z e ig e n d ie a u s g e s p ro c h e n u n te r s c h ie d lic h e B e h a n d lu n g b e i E i n f u h r d e r b e id e n S c h w e in e ty p e n u n d la ssen k e in e n Z w e i f e l , d a ß a u s s c h lie ß lic h P o le n b e n a c h te ilig t w e r d e n s o llte . D a f ü r w a re n v ie le G r ü n d e m a ß g e b e n d . D u r c h h ä u fig e s s y s te m lo s e s Ü b e r a n g e b o t p o ln is c h e r F le is c h s c h w e in e u n d d a d u r c h v e ru r s a c h te P re is rü c k g ä n g e g e s c h ä d ig t, d r ä n g te n d ie
ö s te rre ic h is c h e n A g r a r k r e is e a u f E r s c h w e r u n g d e r p o ln is c h e n S c h w e in e e in f u h r , z u m a l d a d u r c h g le ic h z e itig d ie h e im is c h e P r o d u k t io n u n t e r s t ü tz t w e r d e n k o n n te . D a g e g e n w u r d e d e r Im p o r t v o n F e tts c h w e in e n d e n s ü d lic h e n N a c h b a r n g e g e n ü b e r b e g ü n s tig t.
U n t e r d e m D r u c k d e r ö s te r r e ic h is c h e n A g r a r k r e is e , d ie K ü n d ig u n g des ö s te r r e ic h is c h -p o ln is c h e n H a n d e ls v e r tr a g e s b z w . K o n t in g e n t ie r u n g d e r p o ln i
s c h e n S c h w e in e e in f u h r f o r d e r t e n , m a c h te P o le n d e n V o r s c h la g e in e r f r e iw illig e n B e g r e n z u n g u n d r e g e lm ä ß ig e n B e s c h ic k u n g des W ie n e r M a r k t e s m it S c h w e in e n .
Z u r D u r c h f ü h r u n g dieses P la n e s w u r d e im N o v e m b e r 1 9 2 8 das „ P o ln is c h e S c h w e in e - u n d H o r n v ie h e x p o r t s y n d ik a t G . m . b . H . “ g e g r ü n d e t, das d e n k o m m is s io n s w e is e n V e r k a u f v o n S c h w e in e n u n d V ie h a u f R e c h n u n g d e r G e s e ll
s c h a fte r tä tig e n s o llte . W e it e r h i n f ü h r t e m a n a m 1. F e b r u a r 1 9 2 9 d u r c h e in e m in is te r ie lle V e r o r d n u n g e in e n P r o h ib it io n s a u s f u h r z o ll v o n 3 0 z l p r o S c h w e in b z w . 15 z l f ü r e in e H ä lf t e , s o w ie 5 0 z l a u f 1 0 0 k g S c h w e in e fle is c h e in m it d e r B e s tim m u n g , d a ß B e s c h e in ig u n g e n m i t d e m R e c h t d e r z o llfr e ie n A u s f u h r v o n S c h w e in e n u n d F le is c h n a c h e in e m a u fg e s te llte n E x p o r t p la n d u r c h das E x p o r t s y n d ik a t v e rg e b e n w e r d e n k ö n n te n .
M i t d ie s e r O r g a n is a tio n u n d d e n ih r g e w ä h r te n R e c h te n k o n n te P o le n d e n F le is c h e x p o r th a n d e l e in e r e in h e it lic h e n W ir t s c h a f t s p o lit ik u n t e r w e r f e n . T r o t z d e m lie ß e n s ic h d ie w ir ts c h a f t lic h e n S p a n n u n g e n z w is c h e n Ö s t e r r e ic h u n d P o le n n ic h t b e h e b e n .
U m d e r G e f a h r e in e r V e r s c h ä r fu n g d e r w ir ts c h a f t lic h e n L a g e a u s z u w e ic h e n , s c h lo ß d a h e r im A p r i l 1 9 2 9 das E x p o r ts y n d ik a t m i t d e n W ie n e r V ie h k o m m is s io n ä re n e in A b k o m m e n , d e m z u fo lg e e in E in f u h r k o n t in g e n t f ü r p o ln is c h e S c h w e in e in H ö h e v o n 5 6 6 0 0 0 S tü c k jä h r lic h b e w illig t w u r d e .
T r o t z d e m g e la n g es P o le n n ic h t, d ie ih m (e in s c h l. F le is c h ) z u g e s ta n d e n e E in f u h r q u o t e z u e r r e ic h e n . G e g e n ü b e r e in e r A u s f u h r v o n 6 5 5 0 0 0 S c h w e in e n im J a h re 1 9 2 8 s a n k 1 9 2 9 d e r E x p o r t a u f 5 2 8 0 0 0 S tü c k u n d 1 9 3 0 w e it e r a u f 4 3 9 0 0 0 , b lie b a ls o w e it h in t e r E r f ü l lu n g des b e w illig t e n K o n tin g e n te s z u r ü c k .
I m L a u f e des J a h re s 1931 m a c h te n w ie in g a n z E u r o p a a u c h in Ö s te r r e ic h d ie p r o te k tio n is tis c h e n B e s tr e b u n g e n w e ite r e F o r t s c h r it t e . U n t e r d e m E i n f l u ß d e r s ta rk fa lle n d e n S c h w e in e p r e is e u n d d e r d a d u r c h v e r u r s a c h te n U n r e n t a b il it ä t d e r S c h w e in e m a s t f ü h r t e d ie ö s te rre ic h is c h e R e g ie r u n g a m 1 2 . A p r i l 1931 e in e P r ä m ie f ü r In la n d s s c h w e in e a u f d e m W ie n e r M a r k t e in . M i t H i l f e d ie s e r P r ä m ie in H ö h e v o n 1 5 % des je w e ilig e n M a r k t p r e is e s g e la n g es d e m ö s te r r e ic h is c h e n A n g e b o t e in s c h lie ß lic h d e r g e s c h la c h te te n T i e r e in d e n M o n a t e n A p r i l b is J u n i d ie p o ln is c h e n A u f t r ie b e z u ü b e r f lü g e ln u n d m e n g e n m ä ß ig a n e r s te r S t e l le z u r a n g ie r e n . D o c h w u r d e n ic h t das b e a b s ic h tig te Z i e l e r r e ic h t, d a in f o lg e d e r d a d u r c h e r h ö h te n Z u f u h r e n d ie f a lle n d e P r e is te n d e n z a n h ie lt .
E r s t d ie fo lg e n d e n R e g ie r u n g s m a ß n a h m e n k o n n te n d e r ö s te r re ic h is c h e n L a n d w ir t s c h a ft e in e w ir k lic h e U n t e r s t ü t z u n g b r in g e n . Z u m 1 5 . J u li k ü n d ig t e Ö s te r r e ic h d ie H a n d e ls v e r tr ä g e m it U n g a r n u n d J u g o s la w ie n w o m it a u c h f ü r P o le n d ie b is h e r w ir k s a m e n Z o lls ä tz e ih r e G ü l t i g k e it v e r lo r e n .
A m 1 5 . J u li t r a te n n e u e ö s te rre ic h is c h -u n g a ris c h e u n d ö s t e r r e ic h is c h - ju g o s la w is c h e H a n d e ls v e r t r ä g e in K r a f t .
D i e A r t ih r e r R e g e lu n g is t o ffe n s ic h tlic h g e g e n d ie p o ln is c h e E i n f u h r g e r ic h te t, w a s e in m a l in e in e r K ü r z u n g d e r K o n t in g e n te g e la n g , z u m a n d e r n a n d e r u n te r s c h ie d lic h e n B e h a n d lu n g d e r S c h w e in e ty p e n z u e rk e n n e n i s t .
F ü r U n g a r n u n d J u g o s la w ie n e rg a b e n s ic h b e i S c h w e m e p r o d u k t e n g e g e n ü b e r f r ü h e r e n J a h re n k e in e g ro ß e n U n t e r s c h ie d e . S ie d ü r f e n e tw a in g le ic h e m U m f a n g e z u d e n a lte n Z o lls ä t z e n ih r e S c h w e in e w e ite r n a c h Ö s t e r r e ic h e in f ü h r e n . E in e Ä n d e r u n g e r f u h r d a g e g e n d ie F o r m d e r V e r t r ä g e , d ie s ic h g e g e n
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ü b e r d r it t e n S ta a te n im M e is tb e g ü n s tig u n g s v e r h ä ltn is m it b is h e r g r ö ß e r e r r le is c h a u s fu h r u n g ü n s tig a u s w ir k e n s o llte .
i m ju g o s la w is c h e n V e r t r a g e s in d b e s tim m te K o n t in g e n t e f ü r le b e n d e u n d g e s c h la c h te te S c h w e in e z u e r m ä ß ig t e m Z o lls a t z fe s tg e s e tz t u n d z w a r :
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• D a n a c h ü b e r t r e f fe n d ie K o n t in g e n te d ie Z u f u h r m e n g e des J a h re s 1 9 3 0 in a lle n r o s it io n e n s o g a r e in w e n ig .
A n d e r s is t d a g e g e n m i t U n g a r n d e r S c h w e in e im p o r t g e re g e lt w o r d e n ; es e r h ie lt z u m e r m ä ß ig te n Z o lls a t z d ie H ä lf t e s e in e r v o r jä h r ig e n E in f u h r im
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„ 4 0 u n d 1 5 0 k g d e m a lte n Z o l l v o n 18 G o l d k r . u n t e r lie g e n , s o w ie d ie h a lb e M e n g e S c h w e in e fle is c h z u m Z o l l v o n 2 6 G o l d k r . z u g e s ic h e r t. In fo lg e des M e is tb e g u n s tig u n g s v e r h a ltm s s e s m i t Ö s te r r e ic h p r o f it i e r t U n g a r n a u c h aus d e n J u g o s la w ie n g e w ä h r te n K o n t in g e n te n , d ie s ic h h ö h e r als d ie e ig e n e h a lb e u s f u h r 1 9 3 0 b e z if f e r n . D i e M ö g lic h k e it e n s e in es E x p o r te s s te lle n s ic h d a h e r g e n a u so w ie d e r ju g o s la w is c h e m i t d e n s e lb e n Z o lls ä t z e n d a r .
Ü b e r s c h r e itu n g e n d ie s e r K o n t in g e n te u n t e r lie g e n d e n a u to n o m e n Z o l l -4 0 Zei \ n n i H ° h ! l V° n ^7n G o ld k r o n e n je 1 0 0 k g f ü r S c h w e in e im G e w ic h t v o n 4 U - I 5 0 k § u n d v o n 7 0 G o ld k r o n e n je 1 0 0 k g f ü r S c h w e in e fle is c h . D a g e g e n g e m e l.e n ü b e r 5 0 k g s c h w e re L e b e n d s c h w e in e s o w ie T i e r e d e r M a n g a lic a - rasse im G e w ic h t v o n b e re its ü b e r 125 k g z o llfr e ie E i n f u h r n a c h Ö s t e r r e ic h .
D i e B e s tim m u n g e n d ie s e r V e r t r ä g e s in d a u s s c h lie ß lic h g e g e n P o le n g e r ic h te t . J u g o s la w ie n u n d U n g a r n als d ie H a u p t e x p o r t lä n d e r v o n s c h w e re n F e tts c h w e in e n J ß j S n F le is c h s c h w e in e n u n d g e s c h la c h te te r W a r e n u r w e n ig in te r e s s ie r t, so d a o d ie K o n t in g e n tie r u n g d ie s e r G r u p p e n , d e r e n Q u o t e n e b e n b e i in d e r le t z t - ja h n g e n Z u r u h r h ö h e e r h a lte n b lie b , f ü r sie k e in e n N a c h t e i l b e d e u te t.
U n g ü n s t ig w ir k t e n s ic h a b e r d ie g e ä n d e rte n V e r t r ä g e in fo lg e des M e i s t - b e g u n s tig u n g s v e rh ä ltm s s e s f ü r P o le n a u s .
D i e J u g o s la w ie n b e w illig t e M e n g e k a m f ü r P o le n w e g e n ih r e r g ro ß e n B e s c h rä n k u n g n ic h t m F r a g e , so d a ß es s ic h n u r a u f d e n u n g a r is c h e n V e r t r a g s tu tz e n k o n n te , d e r d ie E i n f u h r in h a lb e r H ö h e des V o r ja h r e s g e s ta tte t. F ü r B o le n b e d e u te te das e in z o lle r m ä ß ig te s K o n t in g e n t v o n 8 4 7 6 7 S tü c k z w is c h e n 4 0 u n d 1 5 0 k g m it e in e m D u r c h s c h n itt s g e w ic h t v o n 81 k g , a ls o e in e r G e s a m t s u m m e v o n 6 8 6 6 ! d z L e b e n d s c h w e in e n s o w ie 2 9 7 7 9 d z g e s c h la c h te te r W a r e . S c h o n d ie H e r a u fs e t z u n g d e r z o llfr e ie n G r e n z e v o n 1 1 0 a u f 1 5 0 k g b e d e u te te e in e n N a c h t e i l f ü r P o le n , das z u m Z w e c k e d e r Z o lle r s p a r n is b is h e r d e n g rö ß e re n . im G e w ic h t e v o n ü b e r 1 1 0 k g g e lie fe r t h a tte . D a s ic h das je tz ig e K o n - t in g e n t je d o c h n u r aus d e r A n z a h l d e r F le is c h s c h w e in e im G e w ic h t v o n 4 0 — 1 1 0
K ilo g r a m m e r re c h n e te , b e w ir k te d ie A n w e n d u n g dieses V e rtra g s s y s te m s f ü r
™ e n e in e V e r r in g e r u n g a u f V 4 des V o r ja h r s e x p o r te s z u m V o r z u g s z o lls a tz . D i e o ffe n s ic h tlic h s te B e n a c h te ilig u n g P o le n s s te llt a b e r d ie B e g ü n s tig u n g d e r M a n g a h c a ra s s e d a r d ie s c h o n im G e w ic h t v o n 1 2 5 k g z o llf r e i n a c h S t . M a r x e in g e fü h r t w e r d e n d a r f ; a n d ie s e m S o n d e r r e c h t k a n n P o le n n ic h t te ilh a b e n w e il es die s e K a s s e n ic h t b e s itz t.
T r o t z d e r g r o ß e n B e s c h rä n k u n g des S c h w e in e im p o r te s g e s ta lte te s ic h in d e r e rs te n J a h re s h ä lfte 1 9 3 2 f ü r P o le n d e r H a n d e l m it Ö s te r r e ic h im m e r s c h w ie r ig e r . O b w o h l a u f G r u n d d e r V e r t r ä g e P o le n e in a b s o lu te s K o n t in g e n t z u s ta n d s p e rrte d ie W ie n e r V ie h v e r k e h r s k o m m is s io n “ o f t m e h r e r e W o c h e n d e n M a r k t f ü r g e s c h la c h te te p o ln is c h e T i e r e , u n d b e h ie lt s ic h a u c h f ü r L e b e n d - s c h w e in e das R e c h t d e r Z u f u h r r e g e lu n g v o r .
A ll e d ie s e F r a g e n f ü h r t e n z u S o n d e r v e r h a n d lu n g e n z w is c h e n d e n p o ln is c h e n u n d ö s te rre ic h is c h e n In te re s s e n te n k re is e n , d ie A n f a n g F e b r u a r 1 9 3 2 in e in e m P r o v is o r iu m ih r e K lä r u n g f a n d e n , das P o le n e r h e b lic h e V e r g ü n s tig u n g e n b r a c h te . S t a t t d e r b e s te h e n d e n w ö c h e n tlic h e n E in f u h r v o n 1 6 3 0 T i e r e n e in ig te m a n s ic h a u f e in e E r h ö h u n g u m 2 0 0 S tü c k u n d lie ß d e r e n fe s tg e s e tz te s D u r c h s c h n itts g e w ic h t v o n 81 k g f a lle n ; das H ö c h s t g e w ic h t s o llte je d o c h 1 5 0 k g n ic h t ü b e r s c h r e ite n . P r a k tis c h b e d e u te te das e in e V e r d o p p e lu n g d e r L e b e n d g e w ic h t - e in f u h r ; d e n n s ta tt d e r 1 6 3 0 S tü c k z u 81 k g = 1 3 2 0 d z w u r d e n fo r t a n 1 8 3 0 S c h w e in e b is z u 1 5 0 k g G e w ic h t = 2 7 4 5 d z z u m e r m ä ß ig te n Z o lls a t z f ü r d e n w o c h e n th c h e n Im p o r t z u g e s ta n d e n . D a g e g e n k ü r z te Ö s te r r e ic h d ie b e w illig t e n b / Z d z g e s c h la c h te te W a r e , d ie in Z u k u n f t W ö c h e n tlic h h ö c h s te n s 3 0 0 T i e r e u rriia s s e n s o llte , d a f ü r a b e r e in e r G e w ic h ts b e g r e n z u n g n ic h t u n te r la g e n .
V o m ö s te rre ic h is c h e n S t a n d p u n k t aus g e s e h e n , h a b e n d ie g e s a m te n M a ß n a h m e n z u r K o n s o lid ie r u n g d e r S c h w e in e z u f u h r e n das e r fr e u lic h e E r g e b n is m Ä u naC r e in e r ^ w a n k e n d e n E n t w ic k lu n g d e r Z u f u h r e n in d e r z w e ite n H ä lf t e i9 3 1 s e it J a n u a r ¡ 9 3 2 d ie A u f t r ie b e in S t . M a r x e in e g e w is s e S te t ig k e it e r f u h r e n .
S e it J u li 1 9 3 2 h a b e n s ic h d ie Z u f u h r v e r h ä lt n is s e in W ie n f ü r p o ln is c h e r le is c h s c n w e in e w ie d e r g e b e s s e rt. Ö s te r r e ic h is t n ic h t in d e r L a g e g e w e s e n , d ie S te t ig k e it e ig e n e n g e n ü g e n d e n S c h w e in e a n g e b o ts a u f d e m W ie n e r M a r k t z u b e h a u p te n . D i e ö s te r r e ic h is c h e n w ö c h e n tlic h e n A u f t r i e b e s a n k e n im L a u f e d e r le tz te n M o n a t e v o n 5 - 6 0 0 0 a u f 2 - 3 0 0 0 S tü c k h e r a b . U m e in a u s re ic h e n d e s b c h w e in e a n g e b o t u n d d a d u r c h e in n o r m a le s S c h w e m e p r e is n iv e a u z u h a lte n , s ie h t s ic h Ö s te r r e ic h d a h e r s e it J u li 1 9 3 2 g e z w u n g e n , P o le n w ö c h e n tlic h e Z u s a t z k o n tin g e n te z u g e w ä h r e n , u m d e n R ü c k g a n g e ig e n e n S c h w e in e a n g e b o te s a u s - z u g e ic h e n P o le n is t d a h e r g e g e n w ä r tig m i t r u n d 5 0 0 0 S c h w e in e n A u f t r i e b in d e r W o c h e w ie d e r u m d e r g r ö ß te L ie f e r a n t des W ie n e r M a r k t e s g e w o rd e n .
D i e z o lle r m ä ß ig te n Z u s a t z k o n t in g e n t e b e r u h e n d a b e i a u f K o m p e n s a tio n s v e r tr ä g e n . P o le n is t v e r p f lic h t e t , f ü r d e n g le ic h e n G e ld w e r t sein es z u s ä tz lic h g e w a h r te n S c h w e m e e x p o r te s W a r e n a u s Ö s te r r e ic h z u b e z ie h e n .
• p k s ^ e ic ^ g a n z e E n t w ic k lu n g in d e r w ir ts c h a f t lic h e n B e d rä n g n is Ö s t e r re ic h s b e g r ü n d e t lie g t, e n t h ä lt sie d o c h e in e a u s g e s p ro c h e n e S p it z e g e g e n P o le n , das in fo lg e s e in e r b e h e rrs c h e n d e n S t e llu n g im ö s te rre ic h is c h e n H a n d e ls v e r k e h r k e in e w ir k s a m e n M i t t e l d e r G e g e n w e h r b e s itz t.
T r o t z d e m s in d f ü r P o le n d ie A u s s ic h te n a u f d e m W ie n e r M a r k t d u rc h a u s n ic h t so p e s s im is tis c h z u b e u r t e ile n , d a Ö s te r r e ic h t r o t z S tü t z u n g d e r L a n d w ir ts c h a f t a u c h in Z u k u n f t k a u m in d e r L a g e s e in d ü r f t e , d e n B e d a r f a n F le is c h s c h w e in e n a lle in z u d e c k e n .
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b) Tschechischer M arkt.
E in e V e r g ü n s tig u n g w a r v o re rs t n u r f ü r le ic h te Q u a litä ts s c h w e in e z u r S c h in k e n p r o d u k t io n im G e w ic h t v o n 5 0 — 8 0 k g b e s te h e n g e b lie b e n , d ie im L a u f e d e r Z e i t la n g s a m a u fg e h o b e n w e r d e n s o llte . F ü r sie b e t r u g d e r V o r z u g s z o ll p r o S tü c k v o m 3 1 . M a i 1 9 2 7 b is 3 0 . J u n i 1 9 2 7 ts c h e c h . K r . 4 8 .— , v o m 1. J u li 1 9 2 7 b is 3 0 . J u n i 1 9 2 8 ts c h e c h . K r . 6 0 .— , v o m 1. J u li 1 9 2 8 b is 3 0 . J u n i 2 9 ts c h e c h . K r . 7 2 .— u n d v o n d e m T e r m i n a n w ie b e i d e n ü b r ig e n S c h w e in e n ts c h . K r . 8 4 .— . D ie s e le t z te r w ä h n te n E r z ie h u n g s z ö lle s in d e in e r B e a c h tu n g w e r t , b e z w e c k te n sie d o c h e in e s c h o n d a m a ls b e a b s ic h tig te F ö r d e r u n g d e r h e im is c h e n P r o d u k t io n .
D a d e r Z o l l b e i L e b e n d tie r e n v o m S tü c k e r h o b e n w u r d e , is t es v e r s tä n d lic h , d a ß P o le n s S p e z ia litä t — le ic h te S c h w e in e — i m V e r h ä lt n is s tä r k e r b e la s te t w a r e n als s c h w e re T i e i e .
In fo lg e d e r n ic h t u n g ü n s tig e n Z o llb e d in g u n g e n k o n n te s ic h d e r E x p o r t n a c h d e r T s c h e c h o s lo w a k e i im L a u f e d e r fo lg e n d e n J a h re w e ite r a u s b a u e n u n d n a h m , w ie d ie Z i f f e r n z e ig te n , e in e n b e d e u te n d e n U m f a n g a n . D ie s e r Z u s t a n d lie ß s ic h a u f d ie D a u e r m it d e n ts c h e c h is c h e n A g r a r w ü n s c h e n u n d e ig e n e r s te ig e n d e r P r o d u k t io n n ic h t v e r e in b a r e n . U n t e r d e m D r u c k p r o t e k tio n is tis c h e r B e s tr e b u n g e n w u r d e d a h e r a m 1 3 . J u n i 1 9 3 0 d e r a u to n o m e Z o l l t a r i f e r h ö h t , s o w ie a m 1 5 . J u n i 1 9 3 0 d e r H a n d e ls v e r t r a g m it U n g a r n z u m
1 5 . D e z e m b e r g e k ü n d ig t . B e s o n d e rs e m p f in d lic h m u ß t e d ie s e Ä n d e r u n g P o le n t r e f f e n , dessen A u s f u h r n a c h d e r T s c h e c h o s lo w a k e i z u 4 3 % u n t e r d ie N u t z n ie ß u n g d e r im u n g a ris c h e n V e r t r a g e fe s tg e le g te n V o r z u g s z ö lle f ie l.
D a d e r V e r t r a g m i t U n g a r n n ic h t e r n e u e r t w u r d e , t r a t a m 1 5 . D e z e m b e r 1 9 3 0 d e r a u to n o m e Z o l lt a r if v o m 1 3 . J u n i in K r a f t . E r f ü h r t e e in e n G e w ic h ts z o ll f ü r L e b e n d tie r e e in , d e r s ic h aus e in e m fe s te n u n d e in e m b e w e g lic h e n T e i l z u s a m m e n s e tz te . D e r fe s te Z o lls a t z b e tr ä g t d a n a c h f ü r S c h w e in e b is 1 2 0 k g G e w ic h t 3 0 0 ts c h . K r o n e n ( G e n e r a ls a t z ) u n d m in d e s te n s 1 2 0 K r . ( K o n v e n tio n s z o ll) je 1 0 0 k g . D e r b e w e g lic h e T e i l d a g e g e n r ic h te t s ic h n a c h d e r H ö h e d e r P r a g e r N o t ie r u n g e n . F ä l l t im g e g e b e n e n M o n a t d e r P re is f ü r 1 k g L e b e n d g e w ic h t u n t e r 1 0 ,6 0 K r . , — das s o llte d ie R e n ta b ilitä ts g r e n z e d e r ts c h e c h is c h e n S c h w e in e m a s t d a r s te lle n — so t r i t t a u to m a tis c h im m e r a m 1 0 . des M o n a t s e in Z u s a tz z o ll h in z u , de s s e n H ö h e a u s d e r D if f e r e n z d e r g e g e n w ä r tig e n N o t ie r u n g u n d d e m S ta n d a r d p r e is v o m F i n a n z - u n d L a n d w ir t s c h a ft s m in is t e r b e s t im m t u n d v e r ö f fe n tlic h t w i r d . A n d e r e r s e its s o ll b e i e in e r M a r k t n o t ie r u n g v o n 1 1 ,7 0 K r . d e r Z u s a t z z o ll f o r t f a lle n , b e i e in e r Ü b e r s c h r e it u n g des P re is e s v o n 1 2 ,5 0 K r . s o g a r d e r fe s te S a tz e in e R e d u z ie r u n g e r fa h r e n .
W e n ig e r h a r t w u r d e d ie E in f u h r g e s c h la c h te te r W a r e b e t r o f f e n , d ie e in e m K o n v e n t io n s z o ll v o n 3 2 0 .— K r . je 1 0 0 k g u n te r la g .
S c h w e r e S c h w e in e im G e w ic h t v o n ü b e r 1 2 0 k g , d ie im Z o l l t a r i f v o m 1 3 . J u n i 1 9 3 0 n ic h t e r w ä h n t s in d , f a n d e n d a g e g e n a u s s c h lie ß lic h im n e u e n ru m ä n is c h e n H a n d e ls v e r t r a g v o m 2 7 . J u n i 1 9 3 0 ih r e R e g e lu n g . S ie e r f u h r e n e in e Z o lle r m ä ß ig u n g a u f 8 0 K r . je 1 0 0 k g , d ie s ic h je d o c h a u to m a tis c h u m 4 0 K r . b e i e in e m S in k e n des P re is e s u n t e r 1 0 ,6 0 K r . / k g , s o w ie u m w e ite r e 2 0 K r . b e i n o c h n ie d r ig e r e m P r e is als 9 ,8 0 K r . / k g e r h ö h e n . W ä h r e n d a ls o d ie E in f u h r s c h w e re r S c h w e in e b e i g u te n P re is e n s o g a r n o c h e in e E r le ic h t e r u n g v o r s ie h t, t r i f f t d ie g e s a m te ü b r ig e Z o llr e g e lu n g a m s tä rk s te n P o le n m i t s e in e m F le is c h s c h w e in e e x p o r t .
In fo lg e d e r k a ta s tr o p h a le n P r e is e n t w ic k lu n g a u f d e m P r a g e r M a r k t ( v g l.
P r a g e r S c h w e in e n o tie r u n g e n a u f S . 2 5 ) , m u ß t e s ic h d e r d a d u r c h s te ig e n d e Z u s a t z z o ll als v ö llig e in fu h r s p e r r e n d a u s w ir k e n . A m 1 0 . D e z e m b e r 1 9 3 0 b e tr u g d e r b e w e g lic h e Z o l l 2 6 7 K r . , v o m 1 0 . J a n u a r 1931 2 8 4 K r . , v o m 1 0 . M a i 3 0 8 K r . , v o m 1 0 . J u n i 3 2 7 K r . u n d v o m 1 0 . J u li 1931 ts c h . K r . 3 3 7 .— , so d a ß z u s a m m e n
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m i t d e m fe s te n S a tz d e r g e s a m te Z o l l f ü r 1 0 0 k g v o n 3 8 7 .— a u f 4 0 4 .— , 4 2 8 .— „ 4 4 7 . b is a u f 4 5 7 .— K r . a n s tie g . In fo lg e des e ig e n e n Ü b e r a n g e b o ts g e la n g es d e r R e g ie r u n g n ic h t , d e r L a n d w ir t s c h a f t e in e n a n g e m e s s e n e n P re is z u s ic h e rn . E s is t e in B e w e is d a f ü r , d a ß s ic h d ie T s c h e c h o s lo w a k e i m i t ih r e m h e u tig e n S c h w e in e b e s ta n d v o n 2 ,7 M i l l i o n e n S tü c k in d e r L a g e b e f in d e t , d ie e ig e n e N a c h fr a g e z u b e f r ie d ig e n . I m G e g e n s a tz z u Ö s t e r r e ic h lie g e n in d e r T s c h e c h o s lo w a k e i d ie n a t ü r lic h e n P r o d u k tio n s b e d in g u n g e n ja a u c h u n g le ic h g ü n s tig e r , so d a ß v o n p o ln is c h e r S e ite d e r ts c h e c h is c h e M a r k t f ü r g rö ß e re n S c h w e in e e x p o r t w o h l a u c h f ü r d ie Z u k u n f t w i r d a u fg e g e b e n w e r d e n m ü s s e n .
c) Deutscher M arkt.
O b w o h l v o r d e m K r ie g e d ie a b g e tr e te n e n P r o v in z e n P o s e n , W e s tp r e u ß e n u n d O b e rs c h le s ie n S c h w e in e ü b e r s c h u ß g e b ie te d a r s te llte n , u n d jä h r lic h ü b e r 1 M i l l i o n S c h w e in e (1 9 1 3 z . B . 1 3 6 7 0 0 0 S c h w e in e ) m s R e ic h lie f e r te n , h a b e n s ic h d ie s e V e r h ä ltn is s e h e u te g ä n z lic h g e ä n d e rt.
N a c h d e m im J u n i 1 9 2 5 D e u ts c h la n d w ir ts c h a f t lic h f r e ie H a n d b e k o m m e n u n d S c h u tz z ö lle e in g e fü h r t h a tte , w u r d e z w a r in d e n fo lg e n d e n V e r h a n d lu n g s - p e r io d e n v ie l ü b e r S c h w e in e k o n tm g e n te m i t H in w e is a u f d ie V o r k r ie g s b e z ie h u n g e n v e r h a n d e lt u n d s c h lie ß lic h n a c h 5 J a h re n b e s tim m te K o n t in g e n te b e w illig t . D e r V e r t r a g w a r je d o c h s c h o n b e i s e in e m A b s c h lu ß ü b e r h o lt , g e la n g es d o c h in d e r Z w is c h e n z e it D e u ts c h la n d , d ie e ig e n e S c h w e in e p r o d u k t io n so
N a c h d e m im J u n i 1 9 2 5 D e u ts c h la n d w ir ts c h a f t lic h f r e ie H a n d b e k o m m e n u n d S c h u tz z ö lle e in g e fü h r t h a tte , w u r d e z w a r in d e n fo lg e n d e n V e r h a n d lu n g s - p e r io d e n v ie l ü b e r S c h w e in e k o n tm g e n te m i t H in w e is a u f d ie V o r k r ie g s b e z ie h u n g e n v e r h a n d e lt u n d s c h lie ß lic h n a c h 5 J a h re n b e s tim m te K o n t in g e n te b e w illig t . D e r V e r t r a g w a r je d o c h s c h o n b e i s e in e m A b s c h lu ß ü b e r h o lt , g e la n g es d o c h in d e r Z w is c h e n z e it D e u ts c h la n d , d ie e ig e n e S c h w e in e p r o d u k t io n so