D ie P ro d u ktio n sb ed in g u n g e n und A b s ab o erh ältn iss e der S ch w ein eh altu n g in P o le n
V o n d e r T e c h n is c h e n H o c h s c h u le d e r F r e ie n S ta d t D a n z ig z u r E r la n g u n g d e r W ü r d e e in e s D o k to r s d e r te c h n is c h e n W is s e n s c h a fte n
g e n e h m ig te D is s e r ta tio n
V o r g e le g t v o n
HEINZ ERXLEBEN
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D ie P ro d u ktio n sb ed in g u n g e n und A b s ab o erh ältn iss e der S ch w ein eh altu n g in P o le n
V o n d e r T e c h n is c h e n H o c h s c h u le d e r F r e ie n S ta d t D a n z ig z u r E r la n g u n g d e r W ü r d e e in e s D o k to r s d e r te c h n is c h e n W is s e n s c h a fte n
g e n e h m ig te D is s e r t a tio n
V o r g e le g t v o n
HEINZ ERXLEBEN
D i p l o m la n d w i r t
R e fe r e n t: P r o f . D r . W o e r m a n n K o r r e fe r e n t: P r o f. D r . H e r b s t
T a g d e r P r o m o t io n : 2 4 . J a n u a r 1 9 3 3
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A . E in le it u n g : D i e p o ln is c h e H a n d e ls b ila n z u n d d e r A n t e i l des S c h w e in e
e x p o rte s in d e r p o ln is c h e n H a n d e l s b i l a n z ... 5
B . D i e E n t w ic k lu n g u n d V e r t e ilu n g des S c h w e in e b e s ta n d e s ... 6
I . D i e E n t w ic k lu n g des S c h w e in e b e s ta n d d s n a c h d e n E rg e b n is s e n d e r V i e h z ä h l u n g e n ... ... 6
I I . D e r S c h w e in e b e s ta n d in d e n e in z e ln e n T e i l g e b i e t e n ... 8
C . F o r m e n d e r S c h w e in e p r o d u k t io n u n d ih r e R a n ta b ilitä ts b e d in g u n g e n 13 I . F o r m e n d e r S c h w e in e p r o d u k t io n ... .. ... 13
a ) A r t e n d e r S c h w e i n e h a l t u n g ... 13
b ) F o r m e n d e r S c h w e in e p r o d u k t io n ... 14
1. E in f lu ß d e r F u t t e r g r u n d la g e . . . 14
2 . E in f lu ß des S c h w e in e -F u tte r -P r e is v e r h ä ltn is s e s - ... 15
c ) D i e S c h w e in e r a s s e n . ... .. ... ... 18
I I . R e n ta b ilitä ts b e d in g u n g e n u n d R e n t a b ilit ä t s v e r h ä lt n is s e ... 19
D . D i e A b s a tz v e r h ä ltn is s e ... 2 5 I . In la n d s k o n s u m ... ... 2 5 I I . E x p o r t ... ... .. ... .. ... 31
a ) ö s t e r r e ic h is c h e r M a r k t ... 3 3
b ) T s c h e c h is c h e r M a r k t ... ... 3 8 c ) D e u ts c h e r M a r k t . ... .. ... 4 0 d ) E n g lis c h e r M a r k t ... .. ... ... 4 0 I I I . Z u s a m m e n fa s s u n g d e r G e s a m ts c h w e in e p r o d u k tio n ... 5 6 a E . Z u s a m m e n fa s s u n g . ... ... .. ... .. ... 5 9
A . Einleitung.
Die polnische Handelsbilanz und der Anteil des Schweine
exportes in der polnischen Handelsbilanz.
In fo lg e d e r W ir ts c h a fts k r is e , d ie s ic h h a n d e ls p o litis c h s c h n e lle r in v e r s c h u ld e te n S ta a te n a u s w ir k e n m u ß t e , h a t d ie L a n d w ir t s c h a f t w ä h r e n d d e r le tz te n J a h re in z w e i v ö llig k o n t r ä r lie g e n d e n F ä lle n e in e e r h ö h te B e d e u tu n g
e r h a lte n . &
E in m a l s a h e n s ic h In d u s tr ie s ta a te n g e z w u n g e n , in fo lg e f in a n z ie lle r V e r s c h u ld u n g a n das A u s la n d , als a u c h d u r c h s in k e n d e A u s f u h r ih r e r In d u s t r ie e rz e u g n is s e , d ie E in f u h r , d a r u n t e r d ie d e r L e b e n s m itt e l m ö g lic h s t e in z u s c h ra n k e n . D u r c h S c h u tz z ö lle a u f A g r a r p r o d u k t e , s o w ie in n e r p o litis c h e M a ß n a h m e n e rs tre b e n d ie s e L ä n d e r e in e F ö r d e r u n g ih r e r e ig e n e n A g r a r p r o d u k t io n g e g e b e n e n fa lls so s ta r k , d a ß sie d ie S e lb s tv e r s o rg u n g in N a h r u n g s m it t e ln e r r e ic h e n .
E in e n ä h n lic h e n D r a n g z u r E r h ö h u n g d e r A g r a r p r o d u k t io n b e o b a c h te n w i r z u m a n d e r n b e i d e n a u s g e s p ro c h e n e n A g r a r s ta a te n . M e i s t a u c h u n t e r d e m D r u c k e e in e r r re rn d v e r s c h u ld u n g u n d n ie d r ig e r W e lt m a r k t p r e is e v e rs u c h e n s ie , u r c h g e w a ltig e A u s fu h r s te ig e r u n g ih r e H a n d e ls b ila n z a u s z u g le ic h e n , b z w . a k t iv z u g e s ta lte n .
D ie s e a n ta g o n is tis c h e n B e s tre b u n g e n m u ß t e n z w a n g s lä u fig in n e r - s o w ie a u ß e n p o litis c h e S p a n n u n g e n a u s lö s e n u n d h a b e n t e ilw e is e b e d e u te n d e S t r u k t u r v e r ä n d e r u n g e n in d e r W e lt w ir t s c h a f t b e w ir k t .
A u c h P o le n k o n n te s ic h d e m Z w a n g d ie s e r E in flü s s e n ic h t e n t z ie h e n . P o le n is t in s ta rk e m M a ß e a u f M e h r e i n f u h r v o n In d u s t r ie a r t ik e ln a n g e w ie s e n , d e r e n B e z a h lu n g n u r d u r c h e in e n s ta rk g e fö r d e r te n A g r a r e x p o r tü b e r s c h u ß g e s ic h e rt w e r d e n k a n n .
D ie s e r A u s g le ic h g e la n g P o le n z u m T e i l d u r c h s ta rk g e d ro s s e lte E in f u h r A n d e r e r s e its k o n n te n a b e r Z w e ig e des A g r a r e x p o r te s e r h e b lic h g e h o b e n w e r d e n .
Polens Außenhandel.
1 9 2 6 1 9 2 7 1 9 2 8 1 9 2 9 1 9 3 0 1931 1 9 3 2
G e s a m te H a n d e ls b ila n z in 1 0 0 0 z l
A g r a r p r o d u k t e u n d d e r e n in d u s t r ie lle V e r a r b e it u n g s p r o d u k te (o h n e H o lz )
in 1 0 0 0 z l E in f u h r A u s f u h r S a ld o E in f u h r A u s f u h r
% des G e s a m t
exportes S a ld o
1 5 3 8 9 0 9 2 8 9 1 9 7 2 3 3 6 2 1 6 4 3 1 1 0 9 8 2 2 2 4 5 9 7 3 1 4 6 2 2 4 3 861 981
2 2 4 6 3 0 9 2 5 1 4 7 4 0 2 5 0 7 9 9 0 2 8 1 3 3 6 0 2 4 3 3 2 4 4 1 8 7 8 7 3 2 1 0 8 3 8 0 1
+ 7 0 7 4 0 0 - 3 7 7 2 3 2
— 8 5 4 1 7 4 - 2 9 7 6 2 2 + 1 8 7 2 7 1 + 4 1 6 4 8 9 + 2 2 1 8 2 0
2 3 5 4 0 8 6 8 8 2 2 0 641 8 7 3 521 7 3 8 3 8 6 9 0 1 251 5 9 6 175 7 3 5
8 4 9 7 4 7 9 0 7 6 9 5 9 4 9 9 4 9 1 1 6 7 0 8 9 1 0 3 6 2 5 1
7 2 3 9 3 3 431 7 8 2
3 7 .8 3 6 ,1 3 7 .9 4 1 .5 4 2 .6 3 8 ,5 3 9 .9
+ 6 1 4 3 3 9 + 2 1 9 4 7 5 + 3 0 8 0 7 6 + 6 4 5 3 5 0 + 6 4 9 3 5 0 + 4 7 2 3 3 7 + 2 5 6 0 4 7
5
Struktur des polnischen Agrar-Exportes (in Prozent).
1 9 2 9 1 9 3 0 1931 1 9 3 2 1 9 2 9 1 9 3 0 1931 1 9 3 2
L a n d w .in d .
E r z e u g n . 1 8 ,2 2 0 ,3 1 6 ,6 1 3 ,6
S c h w e in e -
p r o d . . . . 4 3 ,3 4 2 ,7 4 4 ,1 5 0 ,2 B . P fla n z lic h e
P r o d u k t e 2 8 ,2 2 5 ,0 2 0 ,3 3 3 ,3 E i e r ... 2 2 ,7 2 3 ,8 2 1 ,4 ? T ie r is c h e
P r o d u k te 5 3 ,6 5 4 ,7 6 3 ,1 53,1 i B u t t e r . . . 1 4 ,0 1 0 ,4 1 2 ,3 ? (S o n s tig e s . 2 0 ,0 2 3 ,1 2 2 ,2 ?
A b g e s e h e n v o n d e r s e it 1 9 2 8 e in g e tr e te n e n w e r t m ä ß ig e n V e r r in g e r u n g des A u ß e n h a n d e ls , is t e in la n g s a m e s r e la tiv e s A n s te ig e n des A g r a r a n te ils (o h n e H o l z ) in d e r G e s a m ta u s fu h r z u e r k e n n e n . V o n g rö ß e r e r B e d e u tu n g is t je d o c h d e r S a ld o des A u ß e n h a n d e ls m i t la n d w ir t s c h a f tlic h e n E rz e u g n is s e n . In fo lg e s ta r k s c h r u m p fe n d e r A g r a r e in f u h r k o n n t e s ic h d e r A g r a r s a ld o s tä n d ig e rh ö h e n , in d e n d r e i le t z te n J a h re n s o g a r d ie in d u s t r ie lle M e h r e i n f u h r a u s g le ic h e n u n d d ie H a n d e ls b ila n z a k t iv g e s ta lte n .
B e s o n d e rs a u f fa lle n d t r i t t in P o le n s A g r a r a u s f u h r d e r s te ig e n d e A n t e i l t ie r is c h e r P r o d u k t e in E r s c h e in u n g . N e b e n d e n w ic h tig e n P o s itio n e n v o n B u t te r u n d E ie r n h a t in d ie s e r G r u p p e v o r a lle m d e r E x p o r t v o n S c h w e in e n u n d d e r e n P r o d u k t e n e in e h e r v o r r a g e n d e B e d e u tu n g e r h a lte n . E r n a h m a lle J a h re ,
1 9 3 2 s o g a r m i t 5 0 , 2 % — w e ita u s d ie e rs te S te lle e in .
A u f d e r P a s s iv s e ite f ä ll t n e b e n d e r a u s g e s p ro c h e n e n D ro s s e lu n g s te n d e n z f ü r A g ra r e r z e u g n is s e d ie i m J a h re 1931 g ä n z lic h u n t e r b lie b e n e E in f u h r v o n S c h w e in e p r o d u k t e n a u f . E s h a tte s ic h h ie r b e i fa s t a u s s c h lie ß lic h u m S c h w e in e f e tt e g e h a n d e lt, d e r e n Im p o r t d u r c h Z o llm a ß n a h m e n im S e p te m b e r 1 9 3 0 v o l l
s tä n d ig u n t e r b u n d e n w u r d e .
D a g e ra d e in d e n H a n d e ls b e z ie h u n g e n u n d V e r h a n d lu n g e n P o le n s m i t s e in e n N a c h b a r lä n d e r n d e r S c h w e in e h a n d e l s tä rk s te G e g e n s ä tz e h e r v o r g e r u fe n u n d a u c h m it z u r V e ra n la s s u n g des d e u ts c h -p o ln is c h e n Z o llk r ie g e s b e ig e tra g e n h a t , is t es w ic h tig , ü b e r d ie L a g e d e r S c h w e in e h a ltu n g in P o le n , d e r e n P r o d u k - tio n s b e d in g u n g e n u n d A b s a tz v e r h ä ltn is s e n ä h e r u n t e r r ic h t e t z u s e in .
B. D ie Entwicklung und Verteilung des Schweinebestandes.
I. Die Entwicklung des Schweinebestandes nach den Ergebnissen der Viehzählungen.
I n P o le n w u r d e d ie e rs te Z ä h lu n g d e r H a u s tie r e im J a h re 1921 v o r g e n o m m e n . F ü r d ie B e u r t e ilu n g d e r E n t w ic k lu n g d e r S c h w e in e h a lt u n g h a t e in V e r g le ic h d ie s e r Z a h le n m i t d e n V o r k r ie g s b e s tä n d e n n u r g e rin g e B e d e u tu n g , d a s e lb s t v o n a m tlic h e r S e ite d ie G e n a u ig k e it d ie s e r Z a h le n b e z w e if e lt w i r d .
D i e z w e ite Z ä h lu n g e r fo lg te im N o v e m b e r 1 9 2 7 , u n d e rs t s e it 1 9 2 9 w e r d e n r e g e lm ä ß ig a m 3 0 . J u n i je d e n J a h re s V ie h z ä h lu n g e n d u r c h g e f ü h r t , d e r e n E rg e b n is s e s c h o n w e r t v o lle A u fs c h lü s s e ü b e r d ie Ä n d e r u n g e n u n d E n t w ic k lu n g s te n d e n z e n d e r S c h w e in e h a ltu n g in P o le n g e b e n .
D a in d e n e in z e ln e n T e ilg e b ie t e n d ie d u r c h J a h r h u n d e r te w ir k s a m e n f r e m d e n E in flü s s e s ta rk u n te r s c h ie d lic h e la n d w ir ts c h a ftlic h e B e tr ie b s v e r h ä lt n is s e h e ra u s g e b ild e t h a b e n , w e r d e n f ü r d ie s ta tis tis c h e B e a r b e it u n g des M a t e r ia l s d ie W o je w o d s c h a fte n n a c h ih r e r e h e m a lig e n s ta a tlic h e n Z u g e h ö r ig k e it in v ie r W o je w o d s c h a fts g r u p p e n g e g lie d e r t. U n d z w a r s in d z u u n t e r s c h e id e n : d ie b e id e n e h e m a ls ru s s is c h e n T e ilg e b ie t e — Z e n t r a lp o le n u n d O s t p o le n — , das e h e m a ls d e u ts c h e u n d das e h e m a ls ö s te r re ic h is c h e T e i lg e b i e t . F ü r d ie s e T e ilg e b ie t e e r g e b e n s ic h fo lg e n d e Z ä h lu n g s e rg e b n is s e :
Entwicklung der Schweinehaltung von 1921 bis 1931.
1 9 0 7 — 10 1921 1 9 2 7 1 9 2 9 1 9 3 0 1931
P o le n ... 5 1 9 1 2 3 3 * ) 5 1 7 0 6 1 2 6 3 3 3 4 5 6 4 8 2 8 6 4 1 6 0 4 7 2 5 0 7 3 2 0 8 9 8 Z e n t r a lp o le n . . . 8 2 0 7 2 5 1 8 1 0 8 2 7 2 1 0 7 0 8 9 1 6 0 3 9 9 7 2 1 7 8 7 8 4 2 7 3 2 3 5 7 O s tp o le n ... 8 9 1 2 1 8 9 6 4 9 9 9 1 1 1 6 7 3 7 1 1 2 8 5 8 6 1 2 6 7 2 2 6 1 6 0 9 4 7 2 W e s t p o l e n ... 1 6 3 9 6 8 4 * ) 1 4 4 8 3 4 7 1 6 6 6 1 3 3 1 1 3 1 2 4 0 1 3 9 9 6 9 5 1 6 1 4 5 0 9 S ü d p o l e n ... 1 8 3 9 6 0 6 9 4 6 4 3 9 1 4 4 3 4 9 7 9 6 4 8 1 8 1 2 0 1 5 4 5 1 3 6 4 5 6 0
* ) oh n e O b ers ch le sie n .
D i e Z a h le n z e ig e n , d a ß P o le n im J a h re 1921 in s g e s a m t e in e n e tw a g le ic h g r o ß e n S c h w e in e b e s ta n d w ie v o r d e m K r ie g e a u fw ie s . In n e r h a lb d e r T e i l g e b ie te e rg a b e n s ic h je d o c h w e s e n tlic h e V e r s c h ie b u n g e n . W ä h r e n d d ie O s t p r o v in z e n n u r g e r in g e A b w e ic h u n g e n g e g e n ü b e r d e m V o r k r ie g s b e s ta n d a u f w ie s e n , w a r im p r e u ß is c h e n T e i lg e b i e t in fo lg e d e r d u r c h d ie A b t r e n n u n g v o m R e ic h v e r u rs a c h te n R e n ta b ilitä ts v e r s c h le c h te r u n g d e r U m f a n g d e r S c h w e in e h a ltu n g s ta rk z u rü c k g e g a n g e n . D ie s e A b n a h m e z e ig t n o c h d e u t lic h e r e in V e r g le ic h m it d e n B e s ta n d s z iffe r n v o m 2 . V I . 1 9 1 4 in d e n P r o v in z e n P o s e n u n d W e s tp r e u ß e n (o h n e S c h le s ie n ) m it 2 4 6 3 8 2 2 S c h w e in e n . Z e n t r a lp o le n h a tte d a g e g e n e in e fa s t 1 2 0 p r o z e n tig e Z u n a h m e sein es S c h w e in e b e s ta n d e s z u v e r z e ic h n e n . D ie s e v e r d a n k te es e in e r s y s te m a tis c h e n F ö r d e r u n g d u r c h d ie d e u ts c h e G o u v e r n e m e n t s v e r w a lt u n g z u m Z w e c k e d e r F le is c h v e r s o r g u n g d e r z e n tr a le n H e e r e . N a c h t e ilig h a tte n s ic h d a g e g e n d ie e r b it t e r t e n u n d la n g e n K ä m p f e im e h e m a lig e n G a liz ie n a u s g e w ir k t, des s e n S c h w e in e b e s tä n d e n a h e z u h a l b ie r t w o r d e n w a r e n .
S e it 1 9 2 1 , d e r R ü c k k e h r n o r m a le r w ir ts c h a f t lic h e r V e r h ä lt n is s e , lä ß t s ic h , -a b g e s e h e n v o n e in ig e n S c h w a n k u n g e n , e in A n s te ig e n d e r S c h w e in e b e s tä n d e fe s ts te lle n ; je d o c h e rg e b e n s ic h in d e n e in z e ln e n T e ilg e b ie t e n g r ö ß e re U n t e r s c h ie d e . D e n g r ö ß te n Z u w a c h s w e is e n d ie e h e m a ls ru s s is c h e n T e ilg e b ie t e a u f . I n d ie s e n G e b ie te n g e s ta lte te n s ic h d ie S c h w e in e p re is e n a c h K o n s o lid ie r u n g d e r p o ln is c h e n R e p u b lik im V e r h ä lt n is z u r V o r k r ie g s z e it b e s o n d e rs g ü n s tig . D a g e g e n h a t s ic h d e r S c h w e in e b e s ta n d im p re u ß is c h e n T e i lg e b i e t u n d in G a l iz ie n k a u m g e ä n d e r t, d a d ie n a t ü r lic h e n A b s a tz g e b ie te d ie s e r P r o v in z e n d u r c h d ie E r r ic h t u n g d e r n e u e n L a n d e s g r e n z e n v e r lo re n g e g a n g e n u n d d e m e n ts p r e c h e n d a u c h d ie P re is v e rh ä ltn is s e u n g ü n s tig e r g e w o rd e n w a r e n .
7
II. Der Schweinebestand in den einzelnen Teilgebieten.
D er Schweinebestand nach Wojewodschaften.
W o je w o d s c h a ft
B e s ta n d
W o je w o d s c h a ft
B e s ta n d
i n s g e s a m t j e k m 2 i n s g e s a m t j e k m 2
S ta d t W a r s z a w a . . . . 1 3 5 3 1 0 , 8 W o j . W o ły ń ... 5 9 5 5 2 7 1 6 , 7
W o j . W a r s z a w a . . . . 6 5 8 1 2 2 2 2 , 4 ,, P o z n a ń ... 9 9 2 2 0 0 3 7 , 4
„ Ł ó d ź ... 4 0 6 1 6 1 2 1 , 3 ,, P o m o r z e ... 5 1 5 1 5 6 3 1 , 4
,, K i e l c e ... 3 9 0 0 0 4 1 5 , 2 ,, Ś lą s k ... 1 0 7 1 5 3 2 5 , 3
,, L u b l i n ... 7 8 3 5 8 0 2 5 , 2 ,, K r a k ó w ... 2 9 5 2 1 2 1 6 , 9
,, B ia ły s to k . . . . 4 9 3 1 3 7 1 5 , 4 ,, L w ó w ... 4 7 1 7 5 3 1 6 , 6
,, W il n o ... 3 6 0 1 5 8 1 2 , 4 ,, S ta n is ła w ó w . . 2 1 4 1 6 2 1 2 , 7
., N o w o g r ó d e k . 3 3 6 4 6 2 1 4 , 5 ,, T a r n o p o l ... 3 8 3 4 3 3 2 3 , 5
,, P o le s ie ... 3 1 7 3 2 5 8 , 6 P o le n ... 7 3 2 0 8 9 8 1 8 , 8 5
20° 22° 2i° ^28°
D i e Ü b e r s ic h t e n lassen in s b e s o n d e re d ie s ta rk e n U n t e r s c h ie d e in d e n e in - z e n e n 1 e ilg e b ie te n e r k e n n e n , in d e n e n s ic h d ie E in flü s s e d e r e h e m a lig e n 1 e ilu n g s m ä c h te h e u te n o c h w e itg e h e n d g e lte n d m a c h e n . D i e g r ö ß te D ic h t e des b c h w e in e b e s ta n d e s v e r z e ic h n e n d ie e h e m a ls p re u ß is c h e n T e ilg e b ie t e , d ie ü b e r d e in d o p p e lte n L a n d e s d u r c h s c h n itt lie g t. N o c h h e u te n a c h v ie r z e h n jä h r ig e r S e lb s tä n d ig k e it des p o ln is c h e n S ta a te s b ild e t d ie f r ü h e r e d e u ts c h ru s s is c h e G r e n z e e in e n s c h a rfe n S c h n it t in d e r B e s ta n d s d ic h te . A n s c h lie ß e n d in s ü d ö s tlic h e r R ic h t u n g z ie h t s ic h d a n n q u e r d u r c h g a n z P o le n ü b e r d ie W o je w o d s c h a fte n W a r s c h a u - L o d z , L u b l i n n a c h T a r n o p o l e in b r e it e r G e b ie ts s tr e ife n m i t e in e m g le ic h fa lls v e r h ä ltn is m ä ß ig d ic h te n B e s ta n d v o n 2 0 b is 2 5 T ie r e n a u t d e n k m . A u s d ie s e r T a ts a c h e s in d d ie e n g e n B e z ie h u n g e n z w is c h e n o c h w e in e b e s ta n d u n d B o d e n e r tr a g s fä h ig k e it e r s ic h tlic h , w o r a u f s p ä te r n o c h n a h e r e in g e g a n g e n w i r d . N ö r d l ic h u n d s ü d lic h dieses S tr e ife n s s tu ft s ic h d ie rS e s ta n d s d ic h te z u s e h e n d s a b .
9
F ü r d ie B e u r t e ilu n g d e r S c h w e in e h a ltu n g s in d in b e t r ie b s w ir t s c h a ft lic h e r H in s ic h t d ie B e z ie h u n g e n z w is c h e n d e r A c k e r n u t z u n g u n d d e m U m f a n g d e r S c h w e in e h a ltu n g b e s o n d e rs a u fs c h lu ß r e ic h . I n d e r p o ln is c h e n L i t e r a t u r w i r d h ä u f ig d e r S c h w e in e b e s ta n d in R e la t io n z u r „ la n d w ir t s c h a ft lic h g e n u tz te n F lä c h e “ d a r g e s te llt. D ie s e V e r g le ic h s m e th o d e is t je d o c h u n z w e c k m ä ß ig , d a das G r ü n la n d f ü r d ie E r n ä h r u n g d e r S c h w e in e , n a m e n t lic h f ü r d ie S c h w e in e m a s t n u r g e rin g e B e d e u tu n g h a t . D a g e g e n e r g e b e n s ic h e in d e u tig e B e z ie h u n g e n z w is c h e n d e m U m f a n g d e r S c h w e in e h a lt u n g e in e rs e its u n d d e m U m f a n g des F u t t e r g e t r e id e - u n d H a c k fr u c h tb a u e s a n d e r e r s e its . A u c h d ie H ö h e d e r E r n t e e r tr ä g e je F lä c h e n e in h e it b e e in f lu ß t d e n U m f a n g d e r S c h w e in e h a ltu n g . Ackerlandanteil und Hektarerträge in den einzelnen Wojewodschaften.
1931:
A c k e r la n d m % d e r G e s a m tf l.
E r tr ä g e in d z je h a f ü r G e r s te R o g g e n K a r t o f f e ln P o l e n ... 4 8 ,9 1 1 ,6 9 ,9 1 1 4
W o j . W a r s z a w a ... 6 4 ,3 1 4 ,3 1 1 ,2 1 1 6
,, Ł ó d ź ... 6 0 ,2 1 3 ,9 1 1 ,9 1 3 9
,, K ie lc e ... 3 6 ,6 1 1 ,8 1 1 ,3 1 1 8
,, L u b l i n ... 3 5 ,8 1 2 ,0 9 ,8 121
,, B i a ł y s t o k ... 4 6 ,2 8 ,8 8 ,2 103
,, W il n o ... 3 9 ,2 8,1 4 ,8 91
,, N o w o g r ó d e k ... 4 2 ,5 1 0 ,2 7 ,3 9 9
,, P o l e s i e ... 2 2 ,8 8,1 7,1 8 4
,, W o ły ń ... 4 3 ,5 1 1 ,4 7 ,6 9 5
,, P o z n a ń ... 6 3 ,1 1 6 ,5 1 3 ,6 1 4 4
,, P o m o r z e ... 5 4 ,3 1 7 ,0 12,1 1 1 6
,, Ś lą s k ... 4 2 ,3 1 5 ,3 1 2 ,8 1 2 6
,, K r a k ó w ... 5 2 ,2 9 ,9 10,1 107
,, L w ó w ... 5 0 ,2 9 ,0 8 ,6 9 9
,, S ta n is ła w ó w ... 3 4 ,1 1 0 ,5 9,1 1 1 4
,, T a r n o p o l ... 6 6 ,8 1 0 ,4 7 ,7 1 1 8
V o r s te h e n d e Z a h le n s o w ie d a s K a r t e n b ild z e ig e n e in d e u t ig das A b h ä n g ig k e its v e r h ä ltn is d e r S c h w e in e h a lt u n g v o n d e r H ö h e d e r K a r t o f f e l - u n d G e t r e id e p r o d u k t io n . D a b e i is t n o c h h e r v o r z u h e b e n , d a ß in P o le n d ie g e w e rb lic h e S c h w e in e m a s t in fo lg e d e r u n g ü n s tig e n V e r k e h r s - u n d A b s a tz v e r h ä ltn is s e (h o h e E iw e iß f u t t e r m it t e lp r e is e ) z u r Z e i t n o c h k e in e n E in g a n g g e fu n d e n h a t . I n P o le n g ib t es k e in G e b ie t , d a ß e in e so h o h e S tu f e d e r V e r e d lu n g s W ir ts c h a ft e r r e ic h t, w ie b e is p ie ls w e is e d ie S c h w e m e m a s tg e b ie te in W e s td e u ts c h la n d . D a r a u s e r k lä r t s ic h , d a ß e in m a l in d e n G e b ie te n , w o d e r A n t e i l des A c k e r la n d e s a n d e r N u t z flä c h e g e r in g is t, a u c h d e r S c h w e in e b e s ta n d n u r s c h w a c h is t, w ä h r e n d u m g e k e h r t in G e b ie te n m i t h o h e m p r o z e n tu a le n A c k e r a n te il d e r S c h w e in e b e s ta n d s tä rk e r h e r v o r t r it t .
V e r s t ä r k e n d t r i t t h ie r z u n o c h d e r U n t e r s c h ie d in d e r E r tr a g s f ä h ig k e it d e r B ö d e n , w ie o b e n s te h e n d e Ü b e r s ic h t z e ig t. S o e r r e ic h e n d ie H e k ta r e r t r ä g e f ü r G e t r e id e im p r e u ß is c h e n T e i lg e b i e t d ie z w e i- b is d re ifa c h e H ö h e w ie in d e n
ö s tlic h e n G e b ie te n . A u c h d ie K a r to ff e le r t r ä g e lie g e n in W e s tp o le n 5 0 % h ö h e r als in O s tp o le n .
E s b lie b e n o c h das B e tr ie b s g r ö ß e n v e r h ä ltn is u n d d e s s e n B e d e u t u n g f ü r d ie S c h w e in e h a ltu n g z u e r ö r t e r n . A ls U n t e r la g e n d ie n e n d ie V e r ö ff e n t lic h u n g e n des S ta tis tis c h e n H a u p t a m t e s aus d e m J a h r e 1 9 2 9 .
1929: G e s a m tflä c h e
h a
A c k e r la n d ha
P r o z . A n t e i l des A c k e rla n d e s
G r u n d b e s it z 3 7 0 1 5 2 0 5 1 8 1 2 7 5 8 1 4 9
A ü b e r 5 0 ha 1 0 7 1 7 3 7 1 3 4 3 0 4 4 5 3 2
B u n t e r 5 ü ha 21 5 4 6 6 2 3 1 4 3 5 2 3 0 1 6 6 ,6
C * ) 4 7 5 1 2 1 1 3 4 4 8 3 5 7 ,3
* ) B es itz ö ffe n tlic h re c h tlic h e r V e rb ä n d e .
G r u p p e C k a n n b e i e in e r B e tr a c h t u n g a u s g e s c h a lte t w e r d e n , w e n n m a n b e rü c k s ic h tig t, d a ß d e r v e r h ä ltn is m ä ß ig g e r in g e A n t e i l d ie s e r G r u p p e s ic h a u f b e id e G r ö ß e n k la s s e n v e r t e ilt , als d a ß a u c h m i t W e g e n , B a h n e n u s w . v ie l la n d w ir ts c h a f t lic h n ic h t g e n u tz te F lä c h e n d a r u n t e r a u f g e f ü h r t s in d . F ü r d ie e in z e ln e n W o je w o d s c h a fts g r u p p e n e r g ib t s ic h d a b e i fo lg e n d e s V e r h ä lt n is des K l e i n b e s itz e s z u m G r o ß g r u n d b e s itz :
Prozentualer Anteil der Besitzgrößengruppen an der Gesamtfläche.
ü b e r 5 0 h a u n t e r 5 0 h a P o le n ... 3 3 , 2 % 6 6 , 8 % Z e n t r a lp o le n . . . 2 3 , 8 % 7 6 , 2 % O s tp o le n ... 3 9 , 4 % 6 0 , 6 % W e s t p o l e n ... 4 8 , 0 % 5 2 , 0 % S ü d p o l e n ... 3 1 , 5 % 6 8 , 5 %
D i e Ü b e r s ic h t z e ig t, d a ß d e r p r o z e n tu a le A n t e i l d e s G r o ß g r u n d b e s itz e s in P o le n f lä c h e n m ä ß ig n u r 3 3 , 2 % b e tr ä g t. In n e r h a lb d e r e in z e ln e n T e ilg e b ie t e e rg e b e n s ic h g rö ß e r e U n t e r s c h ie d e , u n d z w a r is t d e r A n t e i l d e s G r o ß g r u n d b e s itz e s in d e n W e s tg e b ie te n b e d e u te n d g r ö ß e r ( 4 8 , 0 % ) als in d e n O s tg e b ie te n . Prozentuale Verteilung des Ackerlandes in den Besitzgrößengruppen.
ü b e r 5 0 h a u n t e r 5 0 h a P o le n ... 3 2 , 0 % 6 6 , 6 % Z e n t r a lp o le n . . . 4 2 , 7 % 6 9 , 3 % O s tp o le n ... .. 1 4 ,5 % 5 7 , 7 % W e s t p o l e n ... 5 8 ,3 % 7 4 ,3 % S ü d p o l e n ... 2 7 , 2 % 6 9 , 6 %
B e i d e r B e d e u tu n g , d ie d e r A n t e i l des A c k e r la n d e s a n d e r la n d w ir t s c h a f t lic h e n N u t z f lä c h e f ü r d e n U m f a n g d e r S c h w e in e h a ltu n g b e s itz t, is t es v o n b e s o n d e re m In te r e s s e , n u n m e h r fe s tz u s te lle n , w ie d e r A n t e i l des A c k e r la n d e s a n d e r G e s a m tflä c h e s ic h a u f d ie v e r s c h ie d e n e n B e tr ie b s g r ö ß e n v e r t e ilt . D i e U n te r s u c h u n g e rg a b , d a ß b e im K le in b e s it z d e r A c k e r la n d a n te il e rh e b lic h g r ö ß e r is t als b e im G r o ß b e s it z ( v g l. S . 1 1 ).
D a d ie S c h w e in e z ä h lu n g e n s e it 1 9 2 9 g e s o n d e rt f ü r B e tr ie b s g r ö ß e n ü b e r u n d u n t e r 5 0 h a d u r c h g e fü h r t w e r d e n , lä ß t s ic h a n H a n d d ie s e r Z a h le n s o w ie d e r b e re its a u f g e fü h r te n A c k e r flä c h e n z a h le n e in V e r g le ic h d e r B e s ta n d s d ic h te f ü r b e id e G r ö ß e n g r u p p e n d u r c h f ü h r e n . I m J a h re 1931 v e r h ie lt s ic h d ie S c h w e in e a n z a h l des G r o ß g r u n d b e s itz e s z u d e r des K le in g r u n d b e s itz e s w ie f o lg t :
P r o z . S c h w e in e b e s ta n d in B e tr ie b s g rö ß e n ü b e r 5 0 h a u n t e r 5 0 h a P o le n ... 7 , 8 3 % 9 2 ,1 7 %
Z e n t r a l p o l e n ... 5 , 6 % 9 4 ,4 %
O s tp o le n ... 4 , 1 % 9 5 ,9 %
W e s t p o l e n ... 1 9 ,5 % 8 0 ,5 %
S ü d p o l e n ... 3 , 2 % 9 6 ,8 %
S e t z t m a n d ie s e Z a h le n m B e z ie h u n g z u d e r h e u te r e g is tr ie r te n r e in e n A c k e r flä c h e v o n 18 551 3 0 7 h a , so e r g ib t s ic h f ü r d ie e in z e ln e n W o je w o d s c h a fte n fo lg e n d e B e s ta n d s d ic h te a u f 1 0 0 h a A c k e r la n d :
S c h w e in e b e s ta n d a u f 1 0 0 h a A c k e r la n d b . G r o ß g r u n d b e s . b . K le in g r u n d b e s . im D u r c h s c h n it t P o l e n ... 15,41 S tü c k 4 3 ,3 2 S tü c k 3 7 ,9 4 S tü c k
W o j . W a r s z a w a . . . 1 3 ,3 3 5 ,9 „ 3 4 ,4
,, Ł ó d ź ... 11,1 3 8 ,8 „ 3 4 ,7 „
,, K i e l c e ... 1 0 ,6 3 2 ,8 „ 2 6 ,0 „
,, L u b l in ... 1 9 ,0 7 4 ,1 4 4 ,8
,, B ia ły s to k . . . 1 2 ,4 » » 3 4 ,7 „ 3 2 ,6 „
„ W i l n o ... 1 3 ,0 3 7 ,7 3 3 ,3
,, N o w o g r ó d e k 12,1 4 1 ,1 3 6 ,8
,. P o le s ie ... 8 ,9 4 3 ,6 „ 3 8 ,3 „
,, W o ł y ń ... 7 ,9 », 6 1 ,6 „ ■ 3 9 ,1 „
,, P o z n a ń ... 2 5 ,0 7 7 ,5 5 6 ,2 „
,, P o m o r z e . . . . 2 8 ,5 7 1 ,2 „ 5 5 ,5
,, Ś l ą s k ... 9 ,0 > » 7 2 ,9 „ 5 5 ,8 „
,, K r a k ó w . . . . 7, 7 3 3 ,1 „ 3 1 ,0 „
,, L w ó w ... 6 ,9 3 5 ,2 3 1 ,8 „
,, S ta n is ła w ó w . 8 ,5 3 9 ,1 „ 3 4 ,8
,, T a r n o p o l . . . 5 ,7 » » 4 1 ,0 „ 3 3 ,2 „
D ie s e Z a h le n g e b e n d e n b e s te n A u f s c h lu ß ü b e r d ie S t r u k t u r d e r S c h w e in e - h a itu n g in P o le n S ie lassen d ie b e s o n d e re B e d e u tu n g des K le in g r u n d b e s itz e s t u r d ie ¡S c h w e in e h a ltu n g e r k e n n e n .
C. Formen der Schweineproduktion und ihre Rentabilitätsbedingungen.
I. Formen der Schweineproduktion, a) Arten der Schweinehaltung.
E n ts p r e c h e n d d e r F u t t e r g r u n d la g e , a u f d e r s ic h d ie S c h w e i n e h a l t u n g a u tb a u e n k a n n , w i r d b e k a n n t l i c h z w is c h e n e in e r h a u s w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e n e in e r l a n d w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e n u n d e in e r g e w e r b l i c h e n S c h w e in e p r o d u k t io n u n te r s c h ie d e n .
I n P o le n f in d e n s ic h n u r d ie b e id e n e rs tg e n a n n te n P r o d u k t io n s a r t e n , n ä m lic h d le h a u s w irts c h a ftllie h e u n d d ie la n d w ir ts c h a ftlic h e S c h w e in e h a ltu n g .
E in e g e w e r b l i c h e S c h w e in e h a ltu n g b e s te h t in P o le n z u r Z e i t n o d i n ic h t L » a tu r f e h le n d ie V o ra u s s e tz u n g e n , w ie sie z . B . in N o r d w e s td e u ts c h la n d d u r c h d ie E i n f u h r m it g e r in g e m Z o l l b e le g te r b illig e r a u s lä n d is c h e r F u t t e r g e rs te g e g e b e n w a r e n . D a d u r c h k o n n te n in d e r N ä h e d e r E in f u h r h ä f e n g e w e r b lic h e S c h w e in e m ä s te r e ie n e n ts te h e n , d ie in fo lg e des b illig e n F u t t e r s in e in e r b e g re n z te n F r a c h t e n t fe r n u n g m i t d e r la n d w ir t s c h a f tlic h e n S c h w e in e h a ltu n g k o n k u r r e n z f ä h ig b lie b e n .
D i e h a u s w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e S c h w e in e h a ltu n g is t in P o le n v o r n e h m lic h in d e n ö s tlic h e n B e z ir k e n m it v o r w ie g e n d e m K le in b e s it z h e im is c h . D o r t d ie n t d ie b c h w e in e n a ltu n g fa s t a u s s c h lie ß lic h d e r D e c k u n g des E ig e n b e d a r fs
I m ü b r ig e n S ta a ts g e b ie t, a ls o W e s t - , Z e n t r a l- u n d S ü d p o le n h e r rs c h t d ie a n d w i r t s c h a i t l i c h e S c h w e in e h a ltu n g in ih r e n v e rs c h ie d e n e n F o r m e n v o r .
a i r u f t e r b a s is t r i t t v o n O s te n n a c h W e s te n fo r ts c h r e ite n d e in v e r s tä r k te r A n t e i m a r k tf ä h ig e r F u t t e r s to f f e h e r v o r , w ä h r e n d in d e m s e lb e n M a ß e d e r A n t e i l des a b s o lu te n S c h w e in e fu tte r s s in k t. D a r a u s e r k lä r t s ic h , d a ß d e r U m f a n g d e r S c h w e in e h a ltu n g je n a c h d e m A n t e i l m a r k tf ä h ig e r F u t t e r s to f f e a n d e r O e s a m tm a s t d u r c h d e re n P re is v e r h ä ltn is s e v e r s c h ie d e n s ta rk b e e in f lu ß t w i r d B e s o n d e rs a b h ä n g ig z e ig e n s ic h d ie s e B e z ie h u n g e n in P o s e n -P o m m e r e lle n , w o in e rh e b lic h e m M a ß e m a r k tfä h ig e s G e t r e id e a ls F u t t e r V e r w e n d u n g f in d e t . D a n e b e n k o m m e n in v ie le n w e s tp o ln is c h e n B e tr ie b e n n e b e n d e n w ir ts c h a f t s e ig e n e n r u t t e r m it t e ln a u c h n o c h k ä u flic h e , v o r a lle m e iw e iß r e ic h e F u t t e r s to ffe z u r V e r w e n d u n g .
B e s o n d e re B e d e u tu n g als F u t t e r g r u n d la g e b e s itz t je d o c h in P o le n d ie K a r t o f f e l. D a in P o le n d e r K a r t o f f e lb a u e in e n g ro ß e n U m f a n g e in n im m t ( 1 4 , 6 % ) v e ru rs a c h t d ie K a r t o f f e lv e r w e r t u n g , b e s o n d e rs in K le in b e t r ie b e n , o f t g ro ß e S c h w ie r ig k e it e n . S o w o h l d e m S p e is e k a r to ffe lv e r k a u f als a u c h d e r M ö g lic h k e it te c h n is c h e r V e r a r b e it u n g d e r K a r t o f f e ln s in d in P o le n e n g e G r e n z e n g e z o g e n , n a m e n tlic h d u r c h das s ta rk e in g e s c h rä n k te B r e n n r e c h t . I n v ie le n F ä lle n s te llt d a h e r d ie S c h w e in e m a s t d ie e in z ig e V e r w e r tu n g s m ö g lic h k e it ü b e rs c h ü s s ig e r K a r to ff e lm e n g e n d a r . D a m i t e r f ü ll t d ie S c h w e in e h a ltu n g e in e ä h n lic h e A u fg a b e w ie d ie B r e n n e r e i, n ä m lic h e in e V e r e d lu n g u n d U m w a n d lu n g in le ic h te r e
1 r a n s p o r tfä h ig k e it d e r K a r t o f f e ln .
13
b) Formen der Schweineproduktion.
1. E i n f l u ß d e r F u t t e r g r u n d l a g e .
W ä h r e n d d ie A r t e n d e r S c h w e in e h a ltu n g in e r s te r L i n ie d u r c h d ie F u t t e r g r u n d la g e b e s t im m t w e r d e n , w e r d e n d ie F o r m e n d e r S c h w e in e p r o d u k t io n d u r c h das P r e is v e r h ä ltn is z w is c h e n F e t t - u n d F le is c h s c h w e in e n u n d d e m A b s ta n d d ie s e r P re is e z u d e n F u t t e r m i t t e l n b e s t im m t. A lle r d in g s s p ie le n a u c h d ie F u t te r v e r h ä ltn is s e e in e R o lle , w e il b e i d e r F e t ts c h w e in p r o d u k t io n b e i d e r V o r m a s tp e r io d e b illig e b a lla s tr e ic h e F u t t e r s to f f e w ie W e id e u n d G r ü n f u t t e r V e r w e n d u n g f in d e n . D a g e g e n e r f o r d e r t das F le is c h s c h w e in k o n z e n t r ie r t e e iw e iß r e ic h e F u t t e r m i t t e l .
Z u r V e r a n s c h a u lic h u n g d e r h e u tig e n V e r b r e it u n g d e r h a u p ts ä c h lic h s te n P r o d u k tio n s fo r m e n in P o le n s o ll das S c h a u b ild d ie n e n , das d e r A r b e it ,,S t a n h o d o w la ś w iń v o n C ie m n o ło ń s k i e n t n o m m e n is t.
W ie d ie Ü b e r s ic h t z e ig t, t r i t t v o r a lle m das g e s c h lo s s e n e G e b ie t d e r P r o d u k t io n v o n F e t t- F le is c h s c h w e in e n in P o s e n u n d S c h le s ie n h e r v o r . I n P o m m e r e lle n ü b e r w ie g t d ie P r o d u k t io n v o n le ic h te n F le is c h s c h w e in e n . Ä h n lic h e P r o d u k t io n s r ic h t u n g e n h e rr s c h e n im n ö r d lic h e n Z e n t r a l- u n d S ü d p o le n . I n d e n z e n tr a l g e le g e n e n W o je w o d s c h a fte n w e r d e n d a g e g e n d ie S c h w e in e d u r c h s c h n itt lic h e r h e b lic h s c h w e r e r g e s c h la c h te t u n d n ä h e r n s ic h d a d u r c h m e h r d e m S p e c k -F le is c h t y p . D i e O s tw o je w o d s c h a fte n s te lle n e n d lic h d e n B e z ir k e x te n s iv e r P r o d u k t io n v o n S p e c k - u n d D a u e r w a r e d a r .
D e r Ü b e r g a n g v o n d e r F le is c h s c h w e in p r o d u k tio n z u r r e in e n F e t ts c h w e in p r o d u k tio n v o n W e s te n n a c h O s te n f o lg t d e n n a t ü r lic h e n u n d w ir ts c h a f t lic h e n B e d in g u n g e n d e r F u t t e r b e s c h a f fu n g . Je u n g ü n s tig e r d ie w ir ts c h a f t lic h e n V e r h ä ltn is s e w e r d e n , je w e r t v o lle r a ls o d ie k o n z e n t r ie r t e n F u t t e r m i t t e l g e g e n ü b e r d e n je n ig e n m it g e r in g e r e r K o n z e n tr a t io n w e r d e n , d e s to m e h r w i r d v e r s u c h t, e in e n T e i l des Z u w a c h s e s d e r S c h w e in e d u r c h W e id e g a n g z u e r re ic h e n .
D ie s e E r n ä h r u n g s w e is e v e r z ö g e r t z w a r d ie S c h la c h tr e ife b e d e u te n d u n d f ü h r t S o’ i i ' t R°n F .e tt.le rit f 1’] v e r b illig t a b e r w e s e n tlic h d ie P r o d u k tio n s k o s te n .
“ , ” ? { n W !e S c h lu ß a b s a tz e in e B e r e c h n u n g e r g ib t, in d e n W o je w o d s c h a fte n B ia ły s to k , N o w o g r o d e k u n d P o le s ie d ie S c h w e in e e rs t im A lt e r v o n ü b e r z w e i J a h re n d ie S c h la c h tr e ife .
h e g e i! d ' e B e d ' ^ u n g e n in d e n W e s tg e b ie te n u n d G a liz ie n , w o d ie M a s t a u f k o n z e n t r 'e r t e r e n F u t t e r s to f f e n - d . h . n e b e n K a r t o f f e ln in s tä r k e re m w C d 7 ^ s i e r t w ä h r e n d d e r W e id e g a n g m ö g lic h s t e in g e s c h rä n k t w ü .u h ’ d a ß d le . S c h w e in e s c h o n w ä h r e n d des W a c h s tu m s g e m ä s te t w e r d e n , s e tz e n sie v o r w ie g e n d F le is c h a n u n d lie f e r n a ls E n d p r o d u k t e in e H e is c h q u a h ta t d ie n u r w e n ig m it F e t t d u r c h s e tz t is t. In fo lg e d e r in te n s iv e n h u t t e r u n g m it k o n z e n t r ie r t e n F u t t e r s to f f e n w ir d g le ic h z e itig d ie S c h la c h tr e ife
ruhM e [ relC V u n d . d le S c h n e llig k e it des U m s a tz e s b e d e u te n d b e s c h le u n ig t.
F n a l # E m f lu ß d e r n a t ü r lic h e n u n d w ir ts c h a f t lic h e n B e d in g u n g e n d e r F u tte r b e s c h a ffu n g a u f d ie F o r m e n d e r S c h w e in e p r o d u k t io n s p ie le n a u c h d ie s o n s t,g e n b e tr ie b s w ir ts c h a ftlic h e n V e r h ä ltn is s e e in e R o lle . Is t d o c h d ie p r im it iv e W ir ts c h a fts w e is e in O s tp o le n a u c h in h o h e m M a ß e a u f d e n k u ltu r e lle n T i e f s ta n d d e r o s tp o lm s c h e n B e v ö lk e r u n g z u r ü c k z u fü h r e n , d ie ü b e r m o d e r n e F ü t t e r u n g s te c h n ik n u r w e n ig a u f g e k lä r t is t.
2 . E i n f l u ß d e s S c h w e i n e - F u t t e r - P r e i s v e r h ä l t n i s s e s .
I m a llg e m e in e n b e s t im m t, n e b e n d e n n a t ü r lic h e n P r o d u k tio n s b e d in g u n g e n a u c h das P r e is v e r h ä ltn is z w is c h e n F e t t - u n d F le is c h s c h w e in e n u n d d e r A b s ta n d d ie s e r P re is e z u d e n F u t t e r m i t t e l n d ie P r o d u k t io n s f o r m . I n P o le n lassen sich d o c h d ie s e P re is e in flu s s e a u f d ie N u t z u n g s r ic h t u n g n ic h t in d e m M a ß e w ie
dem M ü h a ^ festst£ le n -. W a h r e n d in D e u ts c h la n d d e r K o n s u m in w a c h s e n d e m M a ß e fe tta rm e s F le is c h v e r la n g t u n d d e m e n ts p r e c h e n d d ie F le is c h s c h w e in - p r o d u k tio n in d e n V o r d e r g r u n d t r i t t , b e v o r z u g t d e r P o le e in e m it F e t t d u r c h s e tz te r le is c h q u a h tä t.
F ü r d e n In la n d s a b s a tz k o m m e n d a h e r in e r s te r L i n ie s c h w e re D a u e r w a r e n - u n d r e t t s c h w e i n e in B e tr a c h t .
• ü b < £ d e n B in n e n l< o n su rn h in a u s p r o d u z ie r t je d o c h P o le n z u r V e r w e r t u n g s e m e r K a r t o f f e ln n o c h in b e d e u te n d e m U m f a n g e S c h w e in e f ü r d e n E x p o r t h u r d e n E x p o r t k o m m e n d a g e g e n fa s t n u r F l e i s c h s c h w e i n e in B e tr a c h t.
U , e in fo lg e d e s s e n v o n d e n A u s la n d s m ä r k te n a b h ä n g ig e n F le is c h s c h w e in e p re is e b e e in flu s s e n d u r c h das S c h w e in e u b e r a n g e b o t a m In la n d s m a r k t a u c h d ie P re is e h i r r e t t s c h w e in e . B e id e F o r m e n d e r S c h w e in e p r o d u k t io n k o m m e n d a h e r n e b e n e in a n d e r v o r .
D a in G a liz ie n u n d W e s tp o le n s c h o n s e it d e r V o r k r ie g s z e it f r ü h r e if e F le is c h ra s s e n v o r h e r r s c h te n e r k lä r t s ic h ih r h o h e r S c h w e in e e x p o r ta n t e il. S o w e r d e n P , uC! r e ln Z u m ß a c o n e x p o r t n ic h t n u r in d e n v e rk e h rs n a h e n Z o n e n d e r Im p o r t h a f e n D a n z ig u n d G d in g e n e r z e u g t, s o n d e rn s e lb s t das ö s tlic h e G a liz ie n is t a n d e r B a c o n fa b r ik a tio n b e t e ilig t .
K o n g r e ß p o le n d a g e g e n das g r ö ß te n te ils s p ä tr e ife S c h w e in e ra s s e n b e s itz t w a r n u r aus q u a lita tiv e n G r ü n d e n b is h e r n ic h t in d e r L a g e , in e r h e b lic h e m U m la n g e o c h w e m e f ü r d e n B a c o n e x p o r t z u lie fe r n .
des E i g e n l ^ d a T F s T 0 ^ hC " ^ k t n ^ S c ß w e in e P r o d u k t io n a u f d ie D e c k u n g
F ^ s e ie n n u n m e h r in e in e r T a b e l le d ie P r e is v e r h ä ltn is s e z w is c h e n F e t t - u n d r le is c h s c h w e in e n a u f d e n b e id e n w ic h tig s te n p o ln is c h e n S c h w e in e m ä r k te n r o s e n u n d M y s ło w ic e (O b e r s c h le s ie n ) d a rg e s te llt.
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W i e d ie N o t ie r u n g e n z e ig e n , b e s te h t in S c h le s ie n e in e g r ö ß e re r e la tiv e D if f e r e n z z w is c h e n F e t t - u n d F le is c h s c h w e in p r e is e n als in P o s e n . D i e U r s a c h e le g t in d e r g rö ß e re n N a c h fr a g e des d ic h t b e v ö lk e r te n In d u s tr ie g e b ie te s n a c h s c h w e r e n S c h w e in e n b e g r ü n d e t D ie s e w e r d e n a u s K o n g r e ß p o le n u n d P o s e n a n g e lie fe r t. T r o t z d e r g ro ß e n P r e is d iff e r e n z p r o d u z ie r t je d o c h a u c h S c h le s ie n
b e id e r | t W e F ie z u r B a c o n f a b n k a t io n . W ä h r e n d in P o s e n d e r P re is u n te rs c h ie d b e id e r S c h w e m e k la s s e n in d e n J a h re n 1 9 2 9 b is S e p te m b e r 1 9 3 0 1 0 % k a u m a ,d r £ ’ egń h Sn h T - i C ra U i d c r* i etZit e n - b e ld e n J a h re d ie E la t iv e D if f e r e n z a u f das D o p p e lt e e r h ö h t u n d in M y s ło w ic e 3 0 % ü b e r s c h r itte n
D i e E r w e it e r u n g d e r r e la tiv e n P r e is d iff e r e n z z w is c h e n F le is c h - u n d F e t t - s c h w e in e n is t e in m a l a u f d e n R ü c k g a n g d e r E x p o r tp r e is e f ü r B a c o n , n o c h v e r - s ta r k t d u r c h d ie P fu n d e n tw e r tu n g u n d z u m a n d e r n a u f d ie E r h ö h u n g d e r z u f ü h r e n ° e ^ S c h m a lz ’ d le d le F e t t e in f u h r v ö llig u n t e r b u n d e n h a t ? z u ? ü c k -
M ? V r . S ic h e r s te llu n g des n o t w e n d ig e n E e ttb e d a r fs w a r in d e n e rs te n N a c h k r ie g s ja h r e n d ie Z u f u h r a u s lä n d is c h e r F e t t e m i t e in e m g e rin g e n Z o lls a t z v o n n u r 3 Z ł o t y ,e 0 0 k g b e le g t. D i e F o lg e w a r e in g e w a ltig e s s te ig e n d e r E i n f u h r v o r a lle m b illig e n a m e r ik a n is c h e n S c h m a lz e s u n d v o n S p e c k , d ie z . B im J a h re 9 2 8 b e i S c h m a lz 2 0 2 3 0 9 d z f ü r 51 M ü l . Z l o t y u n d b e i S p e c k 5 6 3 0 9 d z f ü r 13 M i l l . Z l o t y e r r e ic h te . In fo lg e s e in e r B illig k e it u n d S ta n d a r d q u a lit ä t u n t e r b a n d das f r e m d e A n g e b o t S » A b » ; < ;g L ™ k K r un<1 f , n d b e io n d e r s in d e n
Z u m S c h u tz e d e r E ig e n e r z e u g u n g e r h ö h te d ie p o ln is c h e R e g ie r u n g d a h e r e r s tm a lig a m 1. S e p te m b e r 1 9 2 8 d e n Z o l l a u f 5 0 Z l o t y f ü r S c h m a lz ! w i l l m i riS C T n ,Unq g e s a ' zc,n e n u n d 6 0 Z l o t y f ü r g e r ä u c h e rte n
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M i t d e m 1. S e p te m b e r 1 9 3 0 w u r d e d a h e r d e r S c h w e in e f e t tz o ll f ü r a lle ö P o s itio n e n n o c h m a ls v e r d o p p e lt . D a g e g e n g e s ta tte te g le ic h z e itig e in e z w e ite V e r f ü g u n g d ,e E in f u h r u n r a f f in ie r t e n r o h e n S c h m a lz e s z u m e r m ä ß ig te n Z o lls a t z v o n 4 0 Z l o t y p r o 1 0 0 k g .
D ie s e V e r o r d n u n g e n b e z w e c k te n d ie E in r ic h t u n g u n d F ö r d e r u n g v o n S c h m a lz in d u s t n e n ( R a f f m e n e n ) in P o le n , u m a u f d ie s e m b is d a h in v ö llig v e rn a c h lä s s ig te n G e b ie t e in e in h e itlic h e s P r o d u k t z u s c h a ffe n , das m it d e m d u r c h Z o l l v e r te u e r te n a m e rik a n is c h e n S c h m a lz m it A u s s ic h t a u f E r f o lg k o n k u r r ie r e n s o llte . E in e A u s fü h r u n g s b e s tim m u n g z u d e m G esetz; b e s a g t w e ite r , d a ß je d e h e im is c h e S c h m a lz f a b r ik m o n a t lic h m in d e s te n s 0 T o n n e n S c h m a lz v e r a r b e ite n m ü s s e . D a s ic h d ie V e r a r b e it u n g v o n a u s lä n d is c h e n R o h f e tt e n (a m e rik a n is c h e s P r im e S te a m L a r d ) f ü r che F a b r ik e n r e n t a b le r s te llt s e tz t d ie R e g ie r u n g v o n Z e i t z u Z e i t das je w e ilig e B e im is c h u n g s v e r h ä ltn is fe s t u n d k o n t r o llie r t es.
D i e le tz te ' V e r o r d n u n g u n t e r b a n d d ie Z u f u h r v o n a u s lä n d is c h e m S c h m a lz u n d S p e c k v o lls tä n d ig , ja s e it E n d e 1 9 3 0 b e s te h t b e i S p e c k s o g a r e in m in im a e r E x p o r t . T r o t z d e m w u r d e - a u s g e n o m m e n R o h s c h m a lz (S t e a m L a r d ) — m it d e m 4 . N o v e m b e r 1931 d e r Z o l l e in z w e ite s M a l v e r d o p p e lt u n d b e tr ä g t h e u te 2 0 0 .— z ł f ü r S c h m a lz , 1 6 0 . - z l f ü r fris c h e n u n d 2 4 0 . — z l f ü r g e r ä u c h e r te n S p e c k .
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B e k a n n t lic h f a lle n b e i Ü b e r a n g e b o t d ie le t z te n Q u a lit ä t e n r e la t iv s tä r k e r als d ie g e fra g te n Q u a lit ä t e n . D a h e r h a t s ic h a u f d e m In la n d s m a r k t das P r e is v e r h ä ltn is z u U n g u n s t e n d e r F le is c h s c h w e in e v e r s c h o b e n . E s is t das e in e a n a lo g e E r s c h e in u n g z u d e r in E n g la n d , w o s ic h z u g le ic h e r Z e i t d ie P re is e f ü r p o ln is c h e s B a c o n t r o t z Q u a litä ts v e r b e s s e r u n g r e la t iv s c h le c h te r g e s ta lte te n als d ie d ä n is c h e n B a c o n p r e is e . I n O b e r s c h le s ie n is t b e i d e r e r w e ite r t e n P re is d iff e r e n z n o c h z u b e r ü c k s ic h tig e n , d a ß t r o t z fa lle n d e r b c h w e in e p r e is e d ie F r a c h t k o s t e n f ü r F e tts c h w e in e u n v e r ä n d e r t b lie b e n .
c) D ie Schweinetassen in Polen.
D i e U n t e r s c h ie d e in d e r F o r m d e r S c h w e in e h a ltu n g w e r d e n a u c h d u r c h d ie S c h w e in e ra s s e n g e k e n n z e ic h n e t. U n t e r d e m E i n f l u ß d e s f r ü h e r e n d e u ts c h e n M a r k t e s , d e r v o r d e m K r ie g e e in ju n g e s F e t t - F le is c h t ie r i m G e w ic h t e v o n 1 0 0 k g v e r la n g te , h a t te s ic h in d e n P r o v in z e n P o s e n , W e s tp r e u ß e n u n d S c h le s ie n d e r g e n a n n te T y p d u r c h g e s e tz t. E r w u r d e d u r c h Z u c h t u n d H a lt u n g des v e r e d e lte n d e u ts c h e n L a n d s c h w e in e s s o w ie ses d e u ts c h e n E d e ls c h w e m e s e r r e ic h t . D a b e id e R a s s e n d e n h e u tig e n F o r d e r u n g e n des B a c o n ty p s n ic h t v o ll e n t s p re c h e n , is t m a n in P o m m e r e lle n d a z u ü b e rg e g a n g e n , in g r o ß e m U m r a n g e B lu t a u f fr is c h u n g e n m i t d e r g r o ß e n e n g lis c h e n R a s s e v o r z u n e h m e n .
I n G a l iz ie n ü b e r w ie g t , a n g e p a ß t a n d e n W ie n e r u n d P r a g e r M a r k t , e in F le is c h t y p , d e r s ic h aus K r e u z u n g e n e n g lis c h e r R a s s e n m it d e m b o d e n s tä m m ig e n L a n d s c h w e in e n t w ic k e lt e .
D i e S c h w e in e h a ltu n g K o n g r e ß p o le n s z e ic h n e t s ic h d a g e g e n d u r c h e in U h a o s in d e r R a s s e n fra g e a u s . Z ie llo s u n d o f t u n t e r fa ls c h e n V o r a u s s e tz u n g e n w u r d e n i m L a u f e d e r le t z te n J a h r z e h n te d ie v e rs c h ie d e n s te n R a s s e n d u r c h e in a n d e r g e k r e u z t, d e r e n E r g e b n is s e lte n e in e n Z u c h t - n o c h e in e n G e b r a u c h s w e r t e r g a b .
A ls G r u n d la g e f ü r d ie s e K r e u z u n g e n d ie n te n d a b e i d ie a lte n L a n d s c h w e in ra s s e n , s o w o h l das „ g r o ß e p o ln is c h e L a n g o h r “ als a u c h das „ k le in e p o ln is c h e p p i t z o h r . Z u r E in k r e u z u n g w u r d e n h a u p ts ä c h lic h d ie w e iß e e n g lis c h e R a s s e , in g e r in g e m M a ß e das d e u ts c h e E d e ls c h w e in , das B e r k s h ir e - , das C o r n w a ll- u n d das W e s tfa lis c h e S c h w e in v e r w a n d t .
T r o t z d ie s e r M a ß n a h m e n b lie b das G e p r ä g e d e r S c h w e in e h a ltu n g Z e n t r a l
p o le n s u n v e r ä n d e r t b e s te h e n , d a d ie e r f o r d e r lic h e n H a ltu n g s b e d in g u n g e n d e n v e r e d e lte n R a s s e n n ic h t a n g e p a ß t w u r d e n , u n d sie in fo lg e d e s s e n w ie d e r e n t a r t e te n . A ls N u t z u n g s r ic h t u n g b lie b d a h e r d ie P r o d u k t io n s c h w e r e r T i e r e v o r h e r r s c h e n d .
G r u n d s ä tz lic h k a n n fe s tg e s te llt w e r d e n , d a ß d ie P r o d u k t io n s f o r m d e r S c h w e in e z u c h t in P o le n je w e ils e in e n ty p is c h e n A u s d r u c k d e r P r o d u k t io n s b e d in g u n g e n d a r s te llt. E in e ä h n lic h e A b h ä n g ig k e it w u r d e b e re its b e i d e r ( K a r t o f f e l n u n d G e r s t e ) v e r E d f ^ p r ° P ° r t io n a l Z u r H a u p t f u t t e r g r u n d la g e E s e r g ib t s ic h d a h e r das B il d , d a ß d ie G e b ie te m i t s c h w a c h e m S c h w e in e b e s ta n d , d ie fa s t m i r z u m E ig e n b e d a r f p r o d u z ie r e n , e in e e x te n s iv e S c h w e in e h a ltu n g b e tr e ib e n . D a g e g e n v e r s tä r k t s ic h m i t b e s s e re n P r o d u k tio n s g r u n d la g e n n ic h t n u r d e r B e s ta n d , s o n d e rn a u c h d ie M a s t e r f ä h r t e in e In te n s iv ie r u n g , w o d u r c h g le ic h z e itig e in e B e s c h le u n ig u n g des U m s a tz e s e in t r i t t .
II. Rentabilitätsbedingungen und Rentabilitätsverhältnisse.
N e b e n d e n n a t ü r lic h e n P r o d u k tio n s b e d in g u n g e n b e e in flu s s e n in s e h r e r h e b lic h e m M a ß e d ie R e n ta b ih tä ts v e r h ä ltn is s e d ie m a r k tw ir t s c h a ft lic h e S c h w e in e m a s t. E s is t d a h e r w ic h t ig , d ie R e n ta b ilitä ts b e d in g u n g e n z u k e n n e n
R e n ta b e l is t d ie M a s t , w e n n d e r E r lö s des v e r k a u fte n S c h w e in e s d ie E r z e u g u n g s k o s te n d e c k t. B e i e in e r K a lk u la t io n m ü s s e n d a h e r d ie E r z e u g u n g s k o s te n in ih r e e in z e ln e n A u f w e n d u n g e n a u f g e t e ilt u n d b e s o n d e rs b e re c h n e t w e r d e n .
1 j - e i i Z e r ^ c!] w e l" ‘~ m a s t s in d fo lg e n d e A u f w e n d u n g e n z u u n te r s c h e id e n : M u i ° S ten T ; S M a s t f u t t e r s , 2 . d ie K o s te n d e r F e r k e lb e s c h a ffu n g , 3 . d ie N e b e n k o s te n D i e N e b e n k o s te n s e tz e n s ic h d a b e i aus W a r t u n g , S ta llm ie t e , K is ik o a u s g le ic h , F u tte r z u b e r e itu n g s k o s te n u n d T i e r a r z t z u s a m m e n .
D e n g r ö ß te n A n t e i l a n d e n A u f w e n d u n g e n h a b e n d ie F u t t e r k o s te n ; sie b e tra g e n b e i d e r M a s t e tw a 8 0 b is 9 0 % des g e s a m te n A u f w a n d e s . D a s V e r - a ltm s d e r F u t t e r m itt e lp r e is e z u d e n e n d e r S c h w e in e p re is e , d ie s o g e n a n n te S c h w e in e - F u t t e r - P r e is r e la t io n , b e e in f lu ß t d a h e r d e n U m f a n g d e r S c h w e in e - p r o d u k ü o n a m s tä rk s te n . D e r V e r l a u f d e r P r e is r e la tio n is t w e it e r e in w ic h tig e r M a ß s t a b b e i d e r P re is p ro g n o s e f ü r S c h la c h ts c h w e in e , d ie f ü r D e u ts c h la n d e rs t
m a lig v o n H a n a u d u r c h g e fü h r t w u r d e .
I m fo lg e n d e n s o lle n z u n ä c h s t d ie P re is e f ü r d ie w ic h tig s te n M a s t f u t t e r m it t e l s o w ie t u r F le is c h s c h w e in e in W e s tp o le n d a r g e s te llt w e r d e n ( v g l. S 2 0 )
D i e H a u p t f u t t e r m i t t e l , K a r t o f f e ln , G e r s te u n d F is c h m e h l w ie s e n in d e n le tz te n d r e i J a h r e n - e in e s ta rk r ü c k g ä n g ig e T e n d e n z a u f u n d la g e n u m e tw a o u n t e r d e n P re is e n v o n 1 9 2 7 u n d 1 9 2 8 . D i e S c h w e in e p r e is e d a g e g e n e r r e ic h te n 1 9 2 9 /3 0 ih r e n H ö h e p u n k t u n d f ie le n e r s t s e it 1 9 3 0 s c h a r f a b
In fo lg e d e r u n te r s c h ie d lic h e n P r e is v e rh ä ltn is s e d e r H a u p t f u t t e r m i t t e l g e g e n ü b e r d e n S c h w e in e p r e is e n e rg a b e n s ic h im V e r l a u f d e r le t z te n J a h re s ta rk s c h w a n k e n d e P r e is r e la tio n e n , w ie das fo lg e n d e S c h a u b ild z e ig t ( V g l S 2 0 ) D i e B e d e u tu n g d e r P re is e d e r H a u p t f u t t e r m i t t e l a u f d ie R e n t a b ilit ä t d e r S c h w e in e m a s t la ß t s ic h a u s d e m V e r l a u f d e r K u r v e n e rs e h e n . S o f ie l z B in n e r h a lb e in e s J a h re s v o n M ä r z 1 9 3 0 b is M a i 1931 d e r T a u s c h w e r t eines’
