N e b e n d e n n a t ü r lic h e n P r o d u k tio n s b e d in g u n g e n b e e in flu s s e n in s e h r e r h e b lic h e m M a ß e d ie R e n ta b ih tä ts v e r h ä ltn is s e d ie m a r k tw ir t s c h a ft lic h e S c h w e in e m a s t. E s is t d a h e r w ic h t ig , d ie R e n ta b ilitä ts b e d in g u n g e n z u k e n n e n
R e n ta b e l is t d ie M a s t , w e n n d e r E r lö s des v e r k a u fte n S c h w e in e s d ie E r z e u g u n g s k o s te n d e c k t. B e i e in e r K a lk u la t io n m ü s s e n d a h e r d ie E r z e u g u n g s k o s te n in ih r e e in z e ln e n A u f w e n d u n g e n a u f g e t e ilt u n d b e s o n d e rs b e re c h n e t w e r d e n .
1 j - e i i Z e r ^ c!] w e l" ‘~ m a s t s in d fo lg e n d e A u f w e n d u n g e n z u u n te r s c h e id e n : M u i ° S ten T ; S M a s t f u t t e r s , 2 . d ie K o s te n d e r F e r k e lb e s c h a ffu n g , 3 . d ie N e b e n k o s te n D i e N e b e n k o s te n s e tz e n s ic h d a b e i aus W a r t u n g , S ta llm ie t e , K is ik o a u s g le ic h , F u tte r z u b e r e itu n g s k o s te n u n d T i e r a r z t z u s a m m e n .
D e n g r ö ß te n A n t e i l a n d e n A u f w e n d u n g e n h a b e n d ie F u t t e r k o s te n ; sie b e tra g e n b e i d e r M a s t e tw a 8 0 b is 9 0 % des g e s a m te n A u f w a n d e s . D a s V e r - a ltm s d e r F u t t e r m itt e lp r e is e z u d e n e n d e r S c h w e in e p re is e , d ie s o g e n a n n te S c h w e in e - F u t t e r - P r e is r e la t io n , b e e in f lu ß t d a h e r d e n U m f a n g d e r S c h w e in e - p r o d u k ü o n a m s tä rk s te n . D e r V e r l a u f d e r P r e is r e la tio n is t w e it e r e in w ic h tig e r M a ß s t a b b e i d e r P re is p ro g n o s e f ü r S c h la c h ts c h w e in e , d ie f ü r D e u ts c h la n d e rs t
m a lig v o n H a n a u d u r c h g e fü h r t w u r d e .
I m fo lg e n d e n s o lle n z u n ä c h s t d ie P re is e f ü r d ie w ic h tig s te n M a s t f u t t e r m it t e l s o w ie t u r F le is c h s c h w e in e in W e s tp o le n d a r g e s te llt w e r d e n ( v g l. S 2 0 )
D i e H a u p t f u t t e r m i t t e l , K a r t o f f e ln , G e r s te u n d F is c h m e h l w ie s e n in d e n le tz te n d r e i J a h r e n - e in e s ta rk r ü c k g ä n g ig e T e n d e n z a u f u n d la g e n u m e tw a o u n t e r d e n P re is e n v o n 1 9 2 7 u n d 1 9 2 8 . D i e S c h w e in e p r e is e d a g e g e n e r r e ic h te n 1 9 2 9 /3 0 ih r e n H ö h e p u n k t u n d f ie le n e r s t s e it 1 9 3 0 s c h a r f a b
In fo lg e d e r u n te r s c h ie d lic h e n P r e is v e rh ä ltn is s e d e r H a u p t f u t t e r m i t t e l g e g e n ü b e r d e n S c h w e in e p r e is e n e rg a b e n s ic h im V e r l a u f d e r le t z te n J a h re s ta rk s c h w a n k e n d e P r e is r e la tio n e n , w ie das fo lg e n d e S c h a u b ild z e ig t ( V g l S 2 0 ) D i e B e d e u tu n g d e r P re is e d e r H a u p t f u t t e r m i t t e l a u f d ie R e n t a b ilit ä t d e r S c h w e in e m a s t la ß t s ic h a u s d e m V e r l a u f d e r K u r v e n e rs e h e n . S o f ie l z B in n e r h a lb e in e s J a h re s v o n M ä r z 1 9 3 0 b is M a i 1931 d e r T a u s c h w e r t eines’
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D o p p e lz e n t n e r s S c h w e in e le b e n d g e w ic h t g e g e n ü b e r G e r s te v o n fa s t 13 a u f 3 .3 d z . F ü r K a r t o f f e ln lie g e n d ie s e B e z ie h u n g e n n o c h k ra s s e r. W ä h r e n d m a n E n d e 1 9 3 0 in W e s tp o le n f ü r 1 d z S c h w e in n o c h 7 6 d z K a r t o f f e ln k a u fe n k o n n te , lie ß e n s ic h 7 M o n a t e s p ä te r b e im V e r k a u f n u r n o c h 1 5 ,5 d z K a r t o f f e ln e r z ie le n .
Schweine- u. Futtermittelpreise in Westpolen
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N u n m e h r s o ll d ie R e la t io n des S c h w e in e p re is e s z u d e n G e s a m te r z e u g u n g s k o s te n a u f g e s te llt w e r d e n .
B e i d e r B e s p r e c h u n g is t z u n ä c h s t z u k lä r e n , w e lc h e F u t t e r a u fw e n d u n g e n j e 1 0 0 k g L e b e n d g e w ic h t z u n a h m e z u g r u n d e z u le g e n s in d . D a K a r to ff e lm a s t a llg e m e in ü b lic h is t, m ü ß t e n n a c h d e n L e h m a n n s c h e n M a s t b e is p ie le n z u r
E r z e u g u n g v o n 1 0 0 k g Z u n a h m e 9 d z K a r t o f f e ln , 1 ,2 d z G e r s te u n d 0 ,4 5 d z F is c h m e h l a u s re ic h e n .
D i e L e h m a n n s c h e M a s t n o r m , d ie u n t e r g ü n s tig e n V e r h ä ltn is s e n m i t k r ä ftig e n g e s u n d e n T i e r e n u n d b e i g e w is s e n h a fte r W a r t u n g e r z ie lt w u r d e , g e n ü g t je d o c h im D u r c h s c h n it t d e r w e s tp o ln is c h e n B e tr ie b e n ic h t . I n P o le n f in d e n in fo lg e r e la t iv h o h e r P re is e E iw e i ß f u t t e r m it t e l n u r in g e r in g e m U m f a n g e b e i d e r M a s t Y e r w e n d u n g . D e r y e r b r a u c h d e r s tä r k e r e ic h e n F u t t e r m i t t e l je 1 0 0 k g Z u n a h m e lie g t d a h e r w e s e n tlic h h ö h e r als b e i d e n L e h m a n n s c h e n M a s t n o r m e n . F ü r W e s tp o le n w u r d e , g e s tü tz t a u f E r h e b u n g e n in e in e r A n z a h l v o n B e tr ie b e n fo lg e n d e r d u r c h s c h n it t lic h e r F u t t e r a u f w a n d je 1 0 0 k g L e b e n d g e w ic h tz u n a h m e fe s tg e s te llt: 12 d z K a r t o f f e ln , 1 ,8 d z G e r s te u n d 0 ,2 d z E iw e i ß f u t t e r o d e r e n t s p re c h e n d e M e n g e n M a g e r m ilc h .
Z u d e n F ü tte r u n g s k o s te n k o m m e n n o c h d ie F e r k e lm e h r - u n d s o n s tig e n N e b e n k o s te n . D i e F e r k e lm e h r k o s te n e rg e b e n s ic h a u s d e r D if f e r e n z z w is c h e n F e r k e l - u n d S c h la c h ts c h w e in p r e is . S ie b e tr ä g t in W e s tp o le n d u r c h s c h n it t lic h 2 0 G r o s c h e n je k g ; je 2 0 k g - F e r k e l d e m n a c h 4 Z l o t y . B e i B e r e c h n u n g des A rb e its lo h n e s w u r d e a n g e n o m m e n , d a ß e in A r b e it e r n e b e n d e n d a z u g e h ö r ig e n S a u e n d ie A u f z u c h t u n d M a s t v o n 1 5 0 S c h w e in e n b e s o r g t. D a im V e r l a u f d e r
G e s a m tlo h n ein e s 1 9 2 7 /2 8 1 9 2 8 /2 9 1 9 2 9 /3 0 1 9 3 0 /3 1 1 9 3 1 /3 2 1 9 3 2 /3 3 p o le n in Z l o t y 1 7 3 5 . - 1 7 3 5 . - 1 4 8 2 . - 1 2 6 2 . - 1 2 6 2 . - 1 2 6 2 .—
le tz te n J a h re d ie A r b e its lö h n e g e s u n k e n s in d , w ir k e n sie s ic h a u c h in s in k e n d e n L o h n a u fw e n d u n g e n b e i d e r S c h w e in e m a s t a u s .
In s g e s a m t e rg a b e n s ic h b e i E r z e u g u n g e in e s 1 0 0 k g -S c h w e m e s fo lg e n d e N e b e n k o s te n :
Aufstellung der Nebenkosten.
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G e s a m tn e b e n k o s te n 2 7 .7 5 2 7 .0 5 2 6 .3 5 2 3 .8 0 2 1 .4 0 2 0 .9 0 I n d e r Ü b e r s ic h t ( v g l. S . 2 2 ) s in d n u n m e h r a u ß e r d e r P r e is k u r v e f ü r S c h la c h t
s c h w e in e d e r K la s s e c ( lo k o - H o f - P r e is ) in W e s tp o le n d ie fe s te n K o s te n u n d d ie je w e ilig e n F u t t e r k o s te n e in g e tr a g e n .
D i e K u r v e n g e b e n e in k la re s B ild ü b e r d ie R e n ta b ilitä ts v e r h ä ltn is s e d e r S c h w e in e m a s t in W e s tp o le n w ä h r e n d d e r le tz te n J a h re . W ä h r e n d s ic h in d e n J a h re n 1 9 2 9 u n d 1 9 3 0 n ie d r ig e F u t t e r p r e is e b e i h o h e n S c h w e in e n o tie r u n g e n ü b e ra u s g ü n s tig a u f d ie S c h w e in e m a s t a u s w ir k te n , s te llte sie s ic h 1 9 2 7 , 1 9 2 8 ,
21
1931 u n d 1 9 3 2 u n r e n t a b e l d a r . Z w a r g e s ta tte n d ie S c h w e in e p re is e a u c h in d e n u n r e n ta b le n J a h re n z u B e g in n d e r E r n t e u n d d e m d a d u r c h v e r u r s a c h te n P r e is rü c k g a n g d e r la n d w ir t s c h a f tlic h e n F e ld fr ü c h te s o w ie d e r s a is o n m ä ß ig b e d in g te n S c h w e in e p r e is s te ig e r u n g n o c h m a ls e in e s c h m a le R e n t e . D ie s e g ü n s tig e n P r e is v e r h ä ltn is s e w ä h r t e n je d o c h stets n u r w e n ig e M o n a t e .
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in z t je 100 kg in West polen
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E s f r a g t s ic h n u n , w e lc h e U r s a c h e n f ü r d ie s e s c h w a n k e n d e n P r e is r e la tio n e n v e r a n t w o r t lic h s in d , o b sie im A n g e b o t o d e r in d e r N a c h fr a g e b e g r ü n d e t lie g e n . W i e e in s p ä te r e r A b s c h n it t z e ig t, e r f u h r im J a h re 1931 d e r in lä n d is c h e S c h w e in e fle is c h k o n s u m e in e e r h e b lic h e E r w e it e r u n g , so d a ß v o n S e ite n d e r In la n d s n a c h fra g e e in g ü n s tig e r E i n f l u ß h ä tte a u s g e ü b t w e r d e n m ü s s e n . A u c h d e r E in w a n d d e r a llg e m e in e n G e ld v e r k n a p p u n g u n d V e r a r m u n g d e r B e v ö lk e r u n g is t n ic h t s tic h h a ltig , d a sie e in e g le ic h m ä ß ig e P r e is s e n k u n g a u c h d e r F u t t e r m i t t e l h ä tte v e r u r s a c h e n m ü s s e n .
W o h l a b e r la s s e n s ic h b e i K e n n t n is d e r S c h w e in e p r e is b e w e g u n g B e z ie h u n g e n z w is c h e n d e r S c h w e in e - F u t t e r - P r e is r e la t io n u n d d e m S c h w e in e p r e is s o w ie d e r
S c h w e in e e x p o r tm e n g e fe s ts te lle n . ( V g l . S . 2 3 .)
E in V e r g le ic h d e r K u r v e n z e ig t d ie v o n D r . H a n a u b e w ie s e n e G e s e t z m ä ß ig k e it d e r S c h w e in e p r e is g e s ta ltu n g . N e b e n e in e r b e s t im m te n S a is o n m ä ß ig k e it, d ie d u r c h e r h ö h te n K o n s u m w ä h r e n d d e r k a lt e n J a h re s z e it in d e r N a c h fr a g e b e g r ü n d e t lie g t , t r e te n z y k lis c h e S c h w a n k u n g e n a u f , d ie v o m A n g e b o t a u s g e h e n . B e i g e r in g e m S c h w e in e b e s ta n d (in fo lg e d e s s e n g e rin g e s A n g e b o t ) s te ig e n d ie P re is e u n d b e s s e rt s ic h d ie R e la t io n z w is c h e n F u t t e r - u n d S c h w e in e p r e is e n , d ie d e n L a n d w i r t z u r E r w e it e r u n g s e in e r S c h w e in e h a lt u n g v e ra n la s s e n . In fo lg e e in e s s ic h d a d u r c h e n t w ic k e ln d e n Ü b e r a n g e b o ts f a lle n d a n n s p ä te r re g e lm ä ß ig d ie S c h w e in e p r e is e , w o d u r c h s ic h d ie R e n t a b ilit ä t d e r M a s t w ie d e r v e r s c h le c h te r t D a s b e w i r k t w ie d e r u m das G e g e n t e il in e in e r E in s c h r ä n k u n g d e r S c h w e in e h a ltu n g .
D ie s e Z u s a m m e n h ä n g e la s s e n a u c h d ie S c h a u b ild e r e r k e n n e n . I m J a h re 19 2 8 b is z u m F r ü h j a h r 1 9 2 9 s te llte s ic h d ie S c h w e in e m a s t in fo lg e Ü b e r a n g e b o ts v e r lu s tb r in g e n d . D i e d a d u r c h v e r u r s a c h te E in s c h r ä n k u n g d e r S c h w e in e h a lt u n g , w ie a n d e r g e s u n k e n e n A u s f u h r in d e n J a h re n 1 9 2 9 u n d 1 9 3 0 z u e rs e h e n is t,
b e w i r k t e in d ie s e r Z e i t w ie d e r u m e in A n s te ig e n d e r S c h w e in e p re is e u n d v e r s c h a ffte d e m L a n d w ir t g ü n s tig e S c h w e in e - F u t t e r - P r e is r e la t io n e n . D i e F o lg e d ie s e r g ü n s tig e n K o n ju n k t u r w a r , d a ß d ie S c h w e in e h a ltu n g a llg e m e in g e w a ltig a u s g e d e h n t w u r d e , w ie d ie e r h ö h te n E x p o r t z i f f e r n v o n E n d e 1 9 3 0 b is A p r i l / M a i 1 9 3 2 b e w e is e n . U n t e r d e m D r u c k des e in s e tz e n d e n Ü b e r a n g e b o te s s a n k e n d ie S c h w e in e p r e is e e r n e u t b is w e it u n t e r d ie R e n ta b ilit ä ts g r e n z e .
In 1000 Stück
I m F e b r u a r 1 9 3 2 s c h e in t d e r tie fs te S ta n d d e r z y k lis c h e n S c h w a n k u n g ü b e r s c h r itte n w o r d e n z u s e in u n d d ie H a u s s e des n e u e n S c h w e in e z y k lu s z u b e g in n e n . S e it h e r is t n ic h t n u r e in s tä n d ig e s a llm ä h lic h e s A n z ie h e n d e r S c h w e in e n o tie r u n g fe s tz u s te lle n , s o n d e rn s e it J u n i m a c h t s ic h d e r s c h w ä c h e re S c h w e in e b e s ta n d a u c h s c h o n im s in k e n d e n E x p o r t b e m e r k b a r . S e it S e p t e m b e r ü b e rs te ig e n b e r e its a u c h w ie d e r d ie e r z ie lb a r e n S c h w e in e p r e is e d ie K o s te n d e r E r z e u g u n g .
T r o t z d ie s e r u n e r f r e u lic h e n P r e is e n t w ic k lu n g w i r d es s ic h d e r L a n d w ir t o f t s e h r ü b e r le g e n , o b e r b e i u n r e n ta b le n P re is v e rh ä ltn is s e n d ie S c h w e in e m a s t a u fg e b e n s o ll; b e d e u te t d o c h in v ie le n F ä lle n d ie M a s t d ie e in z ig e V e r w e r t u n g s m ö g lic h k e it d e r K a r t o f f e ln , d e r e n A n b a u a u s a c k e r b a u te c h n is c h e n G r ü n d e n s e h r e r w ü n s c h t is t. D i e S c h w e in e h a ltu n g e r f ü ll t d a b e i e in e ä h n lic h e A u fg a b e w ie d ie B r e n n e r e i, n ä m lic h e in e V e r e d e lu n g u n d d a m it U m w a n d lu n g in le ic h te r e T r a n s p o r t f ä h ig k e it d e r K a r t o f f e ln . A u c h m u ß b e a c h te t w e r d e n , d a ß in B e tr ie b e n , d ie a u s g e le s e n e S p e is e k a r to ffe ln v e r k a u f e n , e in h o h e r P ro z e n ts a tz k le in e r K a r t o f f e ln z u r ü c k b le ib t , d e r n ic h t m e h r m a r k t f ä h ig is t, d a b e i n o c h g lä n z e n d d u r c h das S c h w e in v e r a r b e ite t w e r d e n k a n n .
Einflüsse der Auslandsmärkte.
N e b e n d e n g e s c h ild e rte n Z u s a m m e n h ä n g e n d ü r f e n je d o c h d ie b e d e u te n d e n E in flü s s e d e r A u s la n d s m ä r k te a u f d ie R e n t a b ilit ä t d e r S c h w e in e m a s t n ic h t u n t e r s c h ä tz t w e r d e n . D i e s tä rk s te B e e in flu s s u n g des S c h w e in e p r e is e s in P o le n g e h t h e u te v o m L o n d o n e r M a r k t a u s . W e n n t r o t z d e m z u v o r d ie S c h w a n k u n g e n
23
des P re is z y k lu s in P o le n B e z ie h u n g e n z u r P r o d u k t io n e rk e n n e n lie ß e n , so e r k lä r t es s ic h d a ra u s , d a ß s ic h d ie p o ln is c h e n S c h w e in e p re is e d u r c h d ie 1 9 2 9 v e r s tä r k t e in s e tz e n d e B a c o n a u s fu h r n a c h E n g la n d v o llk o m m e n d e m e n g lis c h e n S c h w e in e p re is z y k lu s a n g e g lic h e n h a b e n , d a sie v o n ih m b e s tim m e n d b e e in flu ß t w e r d e n . ( V o r 1 9 2 9 v e r lie f in P ö le n d ie S c h w e in e p r e is k u r v e a n d e rs als d ie e n g lis c h e u n d w ie s e in e K o n g r u e n z m i t d e r ts c h e c h is c h e n u n d ö s te rre ic h is c h e n a u f .)
D ie s e A b h ä n g ig k e it is t v e r s tä n d lic h , w e n n m a n b e d e n k t , d a ß in P o le n v o n 3 b is 3 ,5 M i ll io n e n S c h w e in e n B in n e n k o n s u m h ö c h s te n s 3 0 % , a ls o 1 M i l l . T i e r e , in d e n H a n d e l k o m m e n , d e r s ic h d a z u n o c h ü b e r das g a n z e S ta a ts g e b ie t e r s tre c k t.
D a g e g e n w u r d e n im J a h re 1931 a lle in f ü r e n g lis c h e R e c h n u n g 1 3 0 3 0 0 0 S c h w e in e v e r a r b e ite t , d ie n u r a u s e in e m b e g r e n z te n G e b ie t , h a u p ts ä c h lic h W e s t - u n d K le in p o le n , a n g e lie fe r t w u r d e n . D a b e i m u ß b e a c h te t w e r d e n , d a ß P o le n t r o t z a u ß e r g e w ö h n lic h g e s te ig e rte r A u s f u h r a u f d e n e n g lis c h e n B a c o n p re is e in flu ß lo s b lie b , b e t r u g d o c h im J a h re 1931 s e in A n t e i l a m g e s a m te n e n g lis c h e n B a c o n im p o r t n u r 9 , 7 % .
Schweinepreiskurven der Auslandsmärkte.
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In fo lg e d ie s e r w ir ts c h a f t lic h e n A b h ä n g ig k e it b e k a m P o le n d e n 1 9 2 9 e in s e tz e n d e n k a ta s tr o p h a le n P r e is s tu r z a u f d e m e n g lis c h e n B a c o n m a r k t im g le ic h e n M a ß e a u f d e m in lä n d is c h e n S c h w e in e m a r k t z u s p ü re n . W ä h r e n d v o n A p r i l 1 9 2 9 b is J u n i 1931 d ie p o ln is c h e n B a c o n b e i e in e m S t u r z v o n 1 10 a u f 3 7 ,5 sh r u n d V 3 a n W e r t e in b ü ß t e n , u n d im D e z e m b e r 1931 n u r 3 8 ,5 sh k o s te te n , d ie n a c h d e r 2 5 p r o z e n tig e n P f u n d e n t w e r t u n g k a u m 3 0 G o ld s c h illin g o d e r g e ra d e 2 7 % des 1 9 2 9 e r z ie lte n P re is e s d a r s te llte n , g l it t d e r p o ln is c h e In la n d s p r e is in g le ic h g e r ic h te te m K u r v e n v e r la u f a b . E r f ie l in P o s e n b e i B a c o n s c h w e in e n v o n 2 2 8 z l / d z im N o v e m b e r 1 9 2 9 a u f 7 0 z l / d z im F e b r u a r 1 9 3 2 o d e r u m 6 9 % . U n t e r d ie s e m E i n f l u ß f ie le n im g le ic h e n V e r h ä lt n is a u c h d ie a n d e re n S c h w e in e k la s s e n im In la n d e .
In f o lg e d e r d u r c h Z ö l le g e s c h ü tz te n M ä r k t e (d ie T s c h e c h o s lo w a k e i is t a b 1 5 . 1 2 . 1 9 3 0 d u r c h H o c h s c h u t z z o ll fa s t a b g e s c h lo s s e n ) w ir k t e s ic h d e r S c h w e in e
p r e is v e r fa ll in Ö s te r r e ic h u n d d e r T s c h e c h o s lo w a k e i in v e r m in d e r t e r S tä r k e a u s . B is h e r w a r v o n F le is c h s c h w e in e n d ie R e d e . D i e P r e is g e s ta ltu n g f ü r F e t t - s c h w e in e u n te r s c h e id e t s ic h in P o le n g e g e n ü b e r d e r je n ig e n d e r b e n a c h b a r te n A u s la n d s m ä r k te . Z w is c h e n F le is c h - u n d F e tts c h w e in e n h ä n g t in W ie n u n d P r a g d ie P re is s p a n n e n u r v o m A u f tr ie b s v e r h ä lt n is a b . B e i g r ö ß e r e r N a c h fr a g e n a c h d e r z u s c h w a c h v e r tr e te n e n K la s s e w i r d d ie s e h ö h e r als d ie a n d e r e K la s s e b e z a h lt; d o c h w i r d e in fle is c h ig e s T i e r b e v o r z u g t , das g ru n d s ä tz lic h a u c h t e u r e r is t. Ä h n lic h e V e r h ä ltn is s e g e lte n f ü r D e u ts c h la n d .
A u f d e n p o ln is c h e n M ä r k t e n f in d e t s ic h d a g e g e n — w ie b e re its b e s p ro c h e n — k e in U b e r s c h n e id e n d e r P r e is k u r v e n v o n F e t t - u n d F le is c h t ie r e n . ( V g l . S . 1 6 .)
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P ra g e r u. W ie n e r Schweinenotierungen
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