Materials, substances and the structure The structure of the paper mill is not uniform. It is built

predominantly of wood, natural stone and ceram-ic brceram-ick. Foundations and external walls are made of masonry material and ceramic bricks. Mortar applied in foundations and in the lower ground floor is com-posed of sand and clay, and lime respectively. Longer walls of the second floor have beam construction and are filled with ceramic bricks joined by lime mortar.

Internal walls on the ground floor are made of crushed rock gravel held by lime mortar (original) and brick held by cement and lime mortar (contemporary). Rooms with thick stone walls have barrel vault with lunettes and cross vault. The ceiling of the main room in the paper laying area has beam construction. Above the lower ground floor, the internal wooden load bearing structure is of frame type and consists of pillars and binding joists. The internal frame structure of the up-per floors is filled with brick, partly covered with wood-en boards and slaps. The roof framework is woodwood-en, its structure consists of collars and purlins, and it involves three queen posts. The collars are the beams of the ceiling of the third and fourth floor. This type of con-struction followed from functional reasons. It allowed for sectioning off multi-storey attics used for draining paper. Wooden dowels (original) and nails (non-orig-inal) join individual elements of the roof framework.

Some original elements of the structure are preserved, including inscriptions and fixing marks. Other ele-ments include parts and pieces either fixed in different periods or attached contemporarily.

PAPER MILL IN DUSZNIKI-ZDRÓJ – VALUE ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT PLAN / PART 1

Photo 54. Flaps for regulating air flow Photo by A. Fortuna-Marek

Photo 55 Paper laying equipment – the ‘Dutchman’

Photo by A. Fortuna-Marek

Photo 56. Paper laying equipment – the press Photo by A. Fortuna-Marek

R. Eysymontt supposes that the vault of the low-er ground floor in the paplow-er mill was built in the 17^th century. What is worth noticing is the sharp cross vault, which continues the style of the gothic rib vault. Presum-ably, it replaced wooden ceilings. Although these vaults may be of different age, when compared to closely lo-cated correlative examples, they may be dated at 17^th century. ⁴² Barrel vaults with sharply framed lunettes in the lower ground floor are dated at the same period.

What makes the paper mill distinctive is the varied structure of each floor and the variety of materials hav-ing been applied. Original elements and materials are preserved, as is the richness of accumulated historical heritage. One can also see changes in which contem-porary conservation and preservation works resulted – both to the construction itself and to the materials ap-plied, e.g. strengthening the construction on the lower ground floor level with binders and steel pillars, modi-fications to the roof structure made in 1960s and pres-ent-time works.

The original material dated not only at the period of erecting the paper mill premises but also at sub-sequent periods in which further richness of histori-cal heritage was accumulated, has been confirmed by dendrochronology dating.

In certain rooms, elements of the cross-joist construc-tion have been preserved uncovered in order to show the original structure of the walls:

north-facing wall in the hall on the second floor – beam construction with straight brackets,

beam construction of the walls in two other rooms on the second floor,

What has been preserved on the third floor, be-tween the second and third room housing tempo-rary exhibitions, is not only the wall of cross-joist construction with uncovered part of the filling but also queen posts of the truce provided with straight brackets.

42 R. Eysymontt, “Przemiany architektoniczne młyna…,” Rocznik Muzeum Papiernictwa, vol. 10, Duszniki-Zdrój 2016, p. 19

ANALYSIS OF THE VALUES OF THE PROPERTY

Photo 60. Alleged portraits of the Wiehrs Photo by A. Fortuna-Marek Photo 58. Portrait of Joseph

Ossendorf.

Museum of Papermaking Archive

Photo 59. Portrait of Anna Francesca Heller.

Museum of Papermaking Archive

Photo 57. Portraits of the papermakers of Duszniki displayed in the hall in the museum. Museum of Papermaking Archive

Vaults and ceilings:

barrel vault with lunettes and cross vault in the lower ground floor

barrel vault in the room facing south-west, located on the second floor,

in the paper laying room on the lower ground floor – wooden beam ceiling supported by wooden lon-gitudinal binder and walls.

Stairs:

half landing staircase, stairs made from reinforced concrete, running from the lower ground floor to the second floor,

wooden stairs of winder type, running from the second to other floors, supported by walls and a central post with a date engraved in its upper part, “1721”,

two quarter landing stairs made from reinforced concrete, adjacent to recently built elevator in the extension.

The drying house is made of wood and has frame con-struction. The foundations are made of brick, stone, and reinforced concrete (foundations of the east-facing wall were replaced after flood in 1998). The load-bear-ing frame construction consists of pillars and binders seated on wooden sill plates. In the lower ground floor, the construction is reinforced with wooden columns.

The oldest and most interesting element is a part of the lower ground floor featuring log cabin structure dating at the late 16^th century. All floors have wood-beamed ceilings provided with binders. The roof framework is wooden, its structure consists of collars and purlins, and it involves triple queen post.

Between the lower ground and the second floor, there is a contemporarily-built half landing staircase made from reinforced concrete. Other floors are connected with straight wooden stairs.

All buildings are shingle-roofed. Windows are wooden, non-original and feature sections known from nine-teenth- and early twentieth-century iconography.

PAPER MILL IN DUSZNIKI-ZDRÓJ – VALUE ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT PLAN / PART 1

2.1.7 Paper mill equipment – original