Bezpieczeństwo egzystencjalne i specyfika jego wybranych noetycznych zagrożeń

Zbigniew Danielewicz1

%(=3,(&=(ē67:2(*=<67(1&-$/1(,63(&<),.$

-(*2:<%5$1<&+12(7<&=1<&+=$*52ĩ(ē

Ä«URĞQLHĞZLDGRPRĞüLQQHJR]DJURĪHQLDNWyUHEDUG]LHMMHV]F]HQLV]-F]\WRFRLVWRWRZROXG]NLHFRQDMĞFLĞOHM]ZLą]DQH]JRGQRĞFLąRVRE\]MHM ZHZQĊWU]Q\PSUDZHPGRSUDZG\LGRZROQRĞFL´ -DQ3DZHá,,Dives in misericordiaQU :VWĊS =DJURĪHQLDEH]SLHF]HĔVWZDZVSRVyERF]\ZLVW\WRZDU]\V]ąHJ]\VWHQFMLSU]HGVWDZLFLHOL QDV]HJRJDWXQNXRGVDPHJRMHJRSRF]ąWNXWMRNRáRW\VODW:LHOH]QLFKZ\ZRG]LáR VLĊ]HĞZLDWDQDWXU\LQQHQDWRPLDVWMXĪRG]DUDQLDF\ZLOL]DFMLE\á\HIHNWHPOXG]NLHJR G]LDáDQLD±FKRüE\RNRáRW\VZRMHQMDNLHVRELHQDZ]DMHPZ\WRF]\OLĞP\SU]H]SUD- ZLHW\VODW2ZHUR]OLF]QH]DJURĪHQLD]DZV]HE\á\SUREOHPHPQDWRPLDVWSUREOHPD-W\NąF]\OLWHRUHW\F]QąLFRUD]EDUG]LHMV\VWHPDW\F]QąQDGQLPLUHÀHNVMąVWDá\SyĨQLHM E\MXĪZVSyáF]HĞQLHQDQDV]\FKRF]DFKSU]\EUDüSRVWDüUR]EXGRZDQ\FKLQWHUG\VF\SOL-QDUQ\FKQDXNREH]SLHF]HĔVWZLH1LQLHMV]\WHNVWZUDPDFKWHJRV]HURNLHJRVSHFWUXP SR]QDZF]HJRV\WXXMHVLĊZSHUVSHNW\ZLH¿OR]R¿F]Q\FKVSRáHF]Q\FKLSRQLHNąGWHROR-JLF]Q\FKLQZHVW\JDFMLEH]SLHF]HĔVWZDRQDFK\OHQLXDQWURSRFHQWU\F]Q\PLSHUVSHNW\ZLH RGGROQHMWRMHVW]DLQWHUHVRZDQHMMHGQRVWNą:\FKRG]LP\RGVNUyWRZHJRSU]\EOLĪHQLD LGHLEH]SLHF]HĔVWZDMHGQRVWNLhuman securityDZMHJRUDPDFKEH]SLHF]HĔVWZDHJ]\-VWHQFMDOQHJR E\ QDVWĊSQLH VNXSLü VLĊ QD Z\EUDQ\FK VSHF\¿F]Q\FK MHJR G]LVLHMV]\FK ]DJURĪHQLDFKRFKDUDNWHU]HÄPLĊNNLP´LáDWZ\PGRSU]HRF]HQLDD]ZLą]DQ\FK]HVIHUą QRHW\F]QąWMXVHQVDZQLDMąFHJRUR]XPLHQLDU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL1LHR]DJURĪHQLDZRMQąNOĊ- VNDPLĪ\ZLRáRZ\PLF]\SDQGHPLąEĊG]LHZLĊFFKRG]LáRDOHRWRFRZVSyáF]HĞQLHLQIH-NXMHQLRVąFąZ\MDĞQLDQLHU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLOXG]NąQRRVIHUĊ=EDGDP\UyZQLHĪMDNVIHUD VHQVXZLąĪHVLĊLNRPSRQXMH]RWZDUWąQDWUDQVFHQGHQWQHGRSHáQLHQLHG]LHG]LQąZLDU\ 1 _{'UKDE=ELJQLHZ'DQLHOHZLF]SURI3.XUGUKDEQDXNWHRORJLF]Q\FKDQJOLVWD3URIHVRU3ROLWHFKQLNL} .RV]DOLĔVNLHMQD:\G]LDOH+XPDQLVW\F]Q\PDGUHVGRNRUHVSRQGHQFML±%LHVLHNLHU]6WDUH%LHOLFH% HPDLO]ELJQLHZGDQLHOHZLF]#WXNRV]DOLQSO 2016 nr 23 '2,VNN



%H]SLHF]HĔVWZRXSRGVWDZ

=DJDGQLHQLH EH]SLHF]HĔVWZD HJ]\VWHQFMDOQHJR ]QDMGXMHP\ Z MHJR UyĪQLH EU]PLąF\FK XMĊFLDFKVáRZQ\FK:LHOH]VXSRQRZDQ\FKSU]H]QLHWUHĞFLRGQDMG]LHP\Z3DXOD7LOOL-FKDNRQFHSFMLÄPĊVWZDE\FLD´courage to beÄSRGVWDZRZHJR]DXIDQLDEUDNX]DXIDQLD´ (basic trust/mistrust(ULND(ULNVRQD

F]\ÄEH]SLHF]HĔVWZDRQWRORJLF]QHJR´ontologi-cal security$QWKRQ\*LGGHQVDNWyUHMV]HU]HMVLĊSU]\MU]\P\1DMSLHUZMHGQDNPRĪHP\

UR]SDWU]\ü NZHVWLĊ EH]SLHF]HĔVWZD Z QLHFR V]HUV]\P NRQWHNĞFLH EH]SLHF]HĔVWZD MHG- QRVWNLEąGĨOXG]NLHJR±WHPDW\NLNWyUD]GXĪ\PG\QDPL]PHPMHVWREHFQLHHNVSOR-URZDQD%DGDQLDQDGEH]SLHF]HĔVWZHPMHGQRVWNLUR]ZLMDMąVLĊG\QDPLF]QLHRGODW PLĊG]\LQQ\PLSRGHJLGą21=RUD]ZQDXNDFKVSRáHF]Q\FK

6WDQRZLRQRMDNSRVWU]H-JDáWRMXĪUN Human Development Report]URNX5DSRUWRUR]ZRMXVSRáHF]Q\P

ONZWDNLZ\PLDUEH]SLHF]HĔVWZDZNWyU\PFKRG]LRJRGQRĞüMHGQRVWNLDQLH

MDNąĞEURĔ2WHMJRGQRĞFLVWDQRZLąG]LHFLNWyUHQLHXPDUá\FKRURE\QDNWyUHQLH]DFKR-URZDQRQDSLĊFLDHWQLF]QHNWyUHQLHUR]ZLQĊá\VLĊMDNUyZQLHĪRG\V\GHQWyZNWyU\FK QLH SR]EDZLRQR F]áRZLHF]HĔVWZD %H]SLHF]HĔVWZR MHGQRVWNL ZLąĪH VLĊ EDUG]LHM ] WUR- VNDPLĪ\FLDFRG]LHQQHJRL]QLFKZ\QLNDQLĪ]JOREDOQ\PLNDWDNOL]PDPLLSUDZGRSR-GREQLHMDNSU]HZLG\ZDOLSU]HGüZLHUüZLHF]HPDXWRU]\5DSRUWX]UHZROXFMRQL]XMHĪ\FLH VSRáHF]HĔVWZZ;;,ZLHNX'RVWU]HJDVLĊWXOHĪąF\XSRGVWDZSUREOHPDW\NLÄG\OHPDW EH]SLHF]HĔVWZD´F]\OLÄHJ]\VWHQFMDOQ\VWDQQLHSHZQRĞFL´MDNRZáDĞFLZ\GODZV]HONLFK PLĊG]\OXG]NLFKUHODFML6WDQyZPDFKDUDNWHUVWDáHMLZ]DVDG]LHQLHSU]H]Z\FLĊĪDOQHM SU]\SDGáRĞFLZHJ]\VWHQFMLQLHW\ONRMHGQRVWHNDOHLJUXSVSRáHF]Q\FK :SUDZG]LHG\VNXVMHQDGUR]XPLHQLHPSRMĊFLDEH]SLHF]HĔVWZDMHGQRVWNLWUZDMąQLH-XVWDQQLH PLPR XSá\ZX SUDZLH WU]HFK GHNDG RG Z\GDQLD UDSRUWX 21= Z  URNX LGRW\F]ąMHJRV]HURNLHJREąGĨZąVNLHJRXMĊFLDDQDZHWZRJyOHVWRVRZDQLDWHUPLQX ZG\VNXUVLHWRZ\GDMHVLĊRQRMHGQDNQLH]EĊGQH5

'RRNUHĞORQHLIXQNFMRQXMąFHZG\V-NXUVLH SXEOLF]Q\P SRMĊFLH RGQRVL VLĊ GR MHGQHM ] QDMEDUG]LHM IXQGDPHQWDOQ\FK SUR-EOHPDW\NĪ\FLDOXG]NLHJRLZRSDUFLXRRGSRZLHGQLDSDUDWMĊ]\NRZ\SUREOHPDW\NDWD ZLQQDE\üHNVSORURZDQDĝZLDGHFWZHPZDĪNRĞFLG\VSXW\MHVWZ\GDQ\GHNDGĊSyĨQLHM  _{$QWKRQ\ *LGGHQV 1RZRF]HVQRĞü L WRĪVDPRĞü Ä-D´ L VSRáHF]HĔVWZR Z HSRFH SyĨQHM QRZRF]HVQRĞFL SU]Há} $6]XOĪ\FND:DUV]DZD:13:1±  0RĪHP\Z\UyĪQLüWU]\GURJLLQWHUSUHWDFMLEH]SLHF]HĔVWZDMHGQRVWNLSRSLHUZV]HZQDZLą]DQLXGRSUDZQDWX- UDOQ\FKLU]ąGyZSUDZDSUDZRGRĪ\FLDZROQRĞFLLGąĪHQLDGRV]F]ĊĞFLDQDVWĊSQLHMDNRZLG]LDQHZSHUVSHNW\-ZLHKXPDQLWDUQHMPLĊG]\QDURGRZHVWDUDQLDGRW\F]ąFH]DSRELHJDQLXOXGREyMVWZXL]EURGQLRPZRMHQQ\PF]\ ZNRĔFXRGQRV]ąFHVLĊGRUyĪQRURGQ\FKSHUVSHNW\ZMHJR]DSHZQLDQLDZFHOX]DEH]SLHF]HQLDGREURVWDQXMHGQRVW-NLSRGW\PNąWHPEDGDQHVąJRVSRGDUNDHNRORJLDĪ\FLHVSRáHF]QH1HJDW\ZQLHPRĪQD]GH¿QLRZDüMDNREUDN ]DJURĪHĔGODSRGVWDZRZ\FKOXG]NLFKXSUDZQLHĔLZDUWRĞFLZW\PRF]\ZLĞFLHEH]SLHF]HĔVWZD¿]\F]QHJR)HQ 2+DPSVRQÄ%H]SLHF]HĔVWZRMHGQRVWNL´Z3DXO':LOOLDPVUHG6WXGLDEH]SLHF]HĔVWZDSU]Há:1RZLFNL .UDNyZ:\GDZQLFWZR8-±

 _{:SURZDG]HQLH GR &KDSWHU ,, GRVWĊS  KWWSKGUXQGSRUJVLWHVGHIDXOW¿OHVUHSRUWVKGUBB}

HQBFRPSOHWHBQRVWDWVSGI´3DXO':LOOLDPVÄ%DGDQLDEH]SLHF]HĔVWZD:SURZDG]HQLH´Z:LOOLDPVStudia

EH]SLHF]HĔVWZD

5 _{6KDKWEDQRX7DGMEDNKVK³,Q'HIHQFHRIWKH%URDG6HQVHRI+XPDQ6HFXULW\´ZRoutledge Handbook of Human}

 UyZQLHĪSRGDXVSLFMDPL1DURGyZ=MHGQRF]RQ\FKReport of the Commission on Human

Security]6

2LOHEH]SLHF]HĔVWZRMHGQRVWNLGRFHORZRSRVWU]HJDQHMDNRZROQRĞüRGOĊNXUR]ZL- MDQHMHVWZRGQLHVLHQLXGRZ\UDĨQLHZ\OLF]DOQ\FKW\SyZ]DJURĪHĔFKRURE\JáyGSU]H-ĞODGRZDQLDZ\NRU]HQLHQLHNXOWXURZHDOLHQDFMDVSRáHF]QDLWGLZLąĪHVLĊQDWXUDOQLH

] ]DJDGQLHQLDPL UR]ZRMX VSRáHF]QHJR RUD] SUDZ F]áRZLHND WR EH]SLHF]HĔVWZR HJ]\VWHQFMDOQH ]ZUDFD QDV]ą XZDJĊ NX LQQ\P EDUG]LHM PLĊNNLP L F]ĊVWR QLHáDWZR PLHU]DOQ\PZDUXQNRPGREURVWDQXQDV]HMHJ]\VWHQFML:VWRVRZDQ\PWXUR]XPLHQLXMHVW RQR EOLVNLHNRQFHSFMLÄEH]SLHF]HĔVWZDRQWRORJLF]QHJR´± WHUPLQ ZSURZDG]RQ\ SU]H] $QWKRQ\*LGGHQVD±NWyUHMHVWMHGQą]SRVWDFLSRF]XFLDEH]SLHF]HĔVWZDLÄRGQRVLVLĊGR XIQRĞFL]MDNąZLĊNV]RĞüLVWRWOXG]NLFKWUDNWXMHFLąJáRĞüZáDVQHMWRĪVDPRĞFLRUD]VWDáRĞü RWDF]DMąFHJRMHĞURGRZLVNDVSRáHF]QHJRLPDWHULDOQHJR3U]HNRQDQLHRZLDU\JRGQRĞFL RVyELU]HF]\WDNLVWRWQHGODSRMĊFLD]DXIDQLDMHVWSRGVWDZąSRF]XFLDRQWRORJLF]QHJR EH]SLHF]HĔVWZD ± RELH U]HF]\ Vą ]DWHP ]H VREą ĞFLĞOH SRZLą]DQH ] SV\FKRORJLF]QHJR SXQNWXZLG]HQLD´3RMĊFLHPyZLR ÄE\FLXZĞZLHFLH´LRNUHĞOD]MDZLVNRRQDWXU]HUDF]HM HPRFMRQDOQHML]DNRU]HQLRQHMZQLHĞZLDGRPRĞFLQLĪNRJQLW\ZQLHUR]SDWU\ZDQHM7DNLH EH]SLHF]HĔVWZREXGXMHVLĊZHZF]HVQ\PG]LHFLĔVWZLHJG\RWU]\PXMHP\RGSRZLHGQLą GDZNĊ]DXIDQLDXRGSDUQLDMąFHJRQDVQDVWDOHMXĪSyĨQLHMREHFQHZĪ\FLXHJ]\VWHQFMDOQH ]DJURĪHQLD$SOLNXMHVLĊQDPÄHPRFMRQDOQąV]F]HSLRQNĊNWyUDFKURQLSU]HGQLHSRNRMHP RQWRORJLF]Q\PQDNWyU\SRWHQFMDOQLHSRGDWQHVąZV]\VWNLHLVWRW\OXG]NLH´3RWHPMXĪ X GRURVáHJR F]áRZLHND QDVWĊSXMH ĞFLVáH SRZLą]DQLH ]DXIDQLD EH]SLHF]HĔVWZD RQWROR- JLF]QHJRRUD]SRF]XFLDFLąJáRĞFLU]HF]\LRVyE,VWQLHMąFHWXÄ]DXIDQLHGRZLDU\JRGQR-ĞFLRELHNWyZQLHEĊGąF\FKOXGĨPLRSLHUDVLĊQDQDMEDUG]LHMSLHUZRWQHMZLHU]HZWRĪH PRĪQDSROHJDüQDF]áRZLHNXNWyU\MHVWĪ\ZLFLHOHP´=DXIDQLHLUXW\QDVą]HVREąĞFLĞOH ]ZLą]DQH &DWDULQD.LQQYDOOLGąF]DP\ĞOą*LGGHQVDVNUyWRZRVWZLHUG]DĪHEH]SLH-F]HĔVWZRRQWRORJLF]QHSROHJDQDZLHU]HLĪ]Z\Ná\ELHJU]HF]\WRF]\VLĊSRZáDĞFLZ\FK LVROLGQ\FKWRUDFKRUD]ĪH]RSW\PL]PHPPRĪQDZ\JOąGDüZSU]\V]áRĞü 6 _{'RNXPHQWGRRNUHĞODWRĪVDPRĞüQRZHMG]LHG]LQ\EDGDZF]HMMDNRVNRQFHQWURZDQHMQDMHGQRVWFHLJUXSDFKDQLH} QDEH]SLHF]HĔVWZLHSDĔVWZD7HPDW\NDEH]SLHF]HĔVWZDMHGQRVWNLX]XSHáQLDWHPDW\NĊEH]SLHF]HĔVWZDSDĔVWZD UyZQLHĪSU]H]WRĪHGRVWU]HJD]DJURĪHQLDWDPJG]LH]SHUVSHNW\Z\EH]SLHF]HĔVWZDSDĔVWZDRQHQLHLVWQLHMą 3RGREQLHSRGPLRW\]DJURĪHĔVąWXVSHF\¿F]QLHLQQHLQRZH=DEH]SLHF]HQLHMHGQRVWNLWRQLHW\ONRXVWU]HĪHQLHMHM RG]DJURĪHĔDOHLZ\SRVDĪHQLHZSRWHQFMDáX]GDOQLDMąF\GRREURQ\1DWRPLDVWSRZRáDQLHRVREQHM.RPLVML21= GODVSUDZhuman security]DSURSRQRZDQRSRGF]DVV]F]\WXZURNXFRE\áRZ\UD]HPX]QDQLDMHMURVQąFHM GRQLRVáRĞFLDNROHMQHODWDW\ONRSRWZLHUG]Lá\VáXV]QRĞüWHMGHF\]MLReport of the Commission on Human

Secu-rity

LYYGRVWĊSKWWSZZZXQRUJKXPDQVHFXULW\VLWHVZZZXQRUJKXPDQVHFXULW\¿OHVFKVB¿-QDOBUHSRUWBBHQJOLVKSGI

 _{UN Human Development Report  GRVWĊS  KWWSKGUXQGSRUJVLWHVGHIDXOW¿OHVUHSRUWV}

KGUBBHQBFRPSOHWHBQRVWDWVSGI7DGMEDNKVKIn Defence of the Broad Sense

 _{$QWKRQ\*LGGHQV.RQVHNZHQFMHQRZRF]HVQRĞFLSU]Há(.OHNRW.UDNyZ:\GDZQLFWZR8-±}



 _{&DWDULQD.LQQYDOO*OREDOL]DWLRQDQG5HOLJLRXV1DWLRQDOLVPLQ,QGLDThe Search for Ontological Security}

(Lon- GRQ1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH&.LQQYDOOZ\UyĪQLDX*LGGHQVDF]WHU\SRGVWDZRZH]QDF]HQLHEH]SLHF]HĔ- VWZDRQWRORJLF]QHJRZROQHJRRGQLHSRNRMXHJ]\VWHQFMDOQHJR3RSLHUZV]HGRVWDUF]DQDPRQRRGSRZLHG]LQDIXQ-GDPHQWDOQHS\WDQLDHJ]\VWHQFMDOQHGRW\F]ąFHĪ\FLDLVHQVXMDNRWDNLFK']LHMHVLĊWRZFRG]LHQQ\FKVWUDWHJLDFK ]PDJDQLDVLĊ]ELHĪąF\PLZ\]ZDQLDPLD]QDF]ąFąUROąRGJU\ZDMąWXG]LHG]LF]QHWUDG\FMH3RGUXJLHRNUHĞODRQR UHODFMĊPLĊG]\MHGQRVWNRZ\PĪ\FLHPDĞZLDWHP]HZQĊWU]Q\P3RMDZLDMąFHVLĊWXS\WDQLDGRW\F]ąFHĪ\FLDĞPLHU-FLHZHQWXDOQHMNRQW\QXDFMLĪ\FLDSRĞPLHUFL]QDMGXMąZVSDUFLHZWUDG\FMDFKUHOLJLMQ\FK7U]HFLDNDWHJRULDZLąĪH



5LFKDUG 6HQQHWW QDWRPLDVW QDĞZLHWOD U]HF] RG GUXJLHM VWURQ\ L SU]\EOLĪD REUD] QLH-EH]SLHF]HĔVWZD RQWRORJLF]QHJR ontological insecurity ± MDNR ÄXSDGNX ]DXIDQLD GR GRĞZLDGF]HĔFRG]LHQQRĞFL´&]\QLWRZRGQLHVLHQLXGRDQDOL]\REVHVMLGRNRQDQHMSU]H] 0DNVD:HEHUDZMHJREDGDQLDFKQDGHW\NąSURWHVWDQFNąLGXFKHPNDSLWDOL]PX2EVHVMD Z\UyĪQLDVLĊSU]\PXVHPSRZWDU]DQLDSHUIHNFMRQL]PHPRUD]ZáDĞQLHSRF]XFLHP]DJUR- ĪHQLDRQWRORJLF]QHJRĩ\FLHMDZLVLĊWDNLHMRVRELHMDNRSROHPLQRZHSR]EDZLRQHSU]\-MHPQRĞFL L SHáQH ]DJURĪHĔ 1RZR QDSRWNDQH RVRE\ UR]SDWU\ZDQH Vą MDNR SRWHQFMDOQH ĨUyGáR]DJURĪHQLD7DNDRVREDQLHF]XMHVLĊZĞZLHFLHMDNGRPXDSUDFDVWDMHVLĊEURQLą SU]HFLZ]DJURĪHQLRPMDNLHLQQL]HVREąQLRVą_ 5RG]DMEH]SLHF]HĔVWZDRNWyU\PPyZLąSRZ\ĪVLDXWRU]\MHVWWDNJáĊERNR]DNRU]H- QLRQ\LMHGQRF]HĞQLHQLH]E\ZDOQ\GODĪ\FLDĪHQLHNLHG\GRZLDGXMHP\VLĊRMHJRSRWU]H-ELHGRSLHURJG\VWDMHVLĊ]DJURĪRQH-HVWRQRQLF]\PSRZLHWU]HQLHZLG]LDOQHEH]EDUZQH LEH]ZRQQHDGODĪ\FLDZVSRVyERF]\ZLVW\NRQLHF]QH0LHMVFHRZHJR]DNRU]HQLHQLDJáĊ-ERNRXSRF]ąWNXQDV]HJRUR]ZRMXRQWRJHQHW\F]QHJRSU]\EOLĪ\á(ULN(ULNVRQZUDPDFK NRQFHSFMLÄSRGVWDZRZHMXIQRĞFL´Ä>.@RPSRQHQW]GURZHMRVRERZRĞFLWRSRF]XFLH S R G -V W D Z R Z H M  X I Q R Ğ F L RNWyUHMP\ĞOąĪHMH-VWSR-VWDZąZREHF-VDPHJR-VLHELHLZREHF ĞZLDWD Z\ZRG]ąFą VLĊ ] GRĞZLDGF]HĔ SLHUZV]HJR URNX Ī\FLD´ 3U]H] XIQRĞü UR]XPLH ÄX]DVDGQLRQH ]DXIDQLH Z RGQLHVLHQLX GR VDPHJR VLHELH´ QDWRPLDVW RNUHĞODMąF Mą MDNR SRGVWDZRZąFKFHZVND]DüĪHWHQNRPSRQHQWQLHMHVWDQLZG]LHFLĔVWZLHDQLSyĨQLHM ĞZLDGRP\8SRĞOHG]HQLHWHJRSRF]XFLDVNXWNXMHÄSRGVWDZRZąQLHXIQRĞFLą´FHFKXMąFą MHGQRVWNLZ\FRIXMąFHVLĊZVLHELH8MPXMąFODNRQLF]QLHMHMUROĊ(ULNVRQPyZLĪHSRG-VWDZRZDXIQRĞüMHVWWRÄNDPLHĔZĊJLHOQ\]GURZHMRVRERZRĞFL´11

VLĊ ] HJ]\VWHQFMDOQ\PL S\WDQLDPL GRW\F]ąF\PL LQQ\FK RVyE *LGGHQV SU]\SRPLQD ĪH VXELHNW\ZQD WRĪVDPRĞü Z\ZRG]LVLĊ]SU]HĪ\FLDLQWHUVXELHNW\ZQRĞFL:W\PĞZLHWOHMDZLVLĊMDNRQLHE\ZDOHZDĪQHSRF]XFLH]DXIDQLD ZREHFLQQ\FKLSRNáDGDQLDZQLFKXIQRĞFLFRXPRĪOLZLDQDE\FLHGRĞZLDGF]HQLDVWDELOQRĞFL]HZQĊWU]QHJRĞZLDWD LVWDELOQHMWRĪVDPRĞFLLQG\ZLGXDOQHM&]ZDUW\SR]LRP]QDF]HQLRZ\GRW\F]\S\WDĔRZáDVQąWRĪVDPRĞüNWyUąQD-OHĪ\SRMPRZDüQLHW\ONRMDNRMDNąĞRVREQąFHFKĊF]\]HVWDZFHFKMHGQRVWNL&KRG]LWXUDF]HMRselfRGF]\W\ZDQH ZNRQWHNĞFLHZáDVQHMELRJUD¿LLWHJRMDNVLĊRQRXNV]WDáWRZDáR.LQQYDOOGlobalization and Religious

Nationa-lism in India±  &RZDĪQHGOD6HQQHWWDSLV]ąFHJRDSRORJLĊVSRáHF]Q\FKU\WXDáyZZVSyáSUDF\LE\FLDUD]HPLQQLNWyU\FK]QDMGXM-P\RERNVLHELH]GHF\GRZDQLHQLHVąSDUWQHUDPLGRZVSyáSUDF\6SHáQLDMąGH¿QLFMĊLQG\ZLGXDOLVWyZNWyUąSRGDá $GH7RFTXHYLOOHZÄ'HPRNUDFMLZ$PHU\FH´ZRGQLHVLHQLXGRRVyEZ\NV]WDáFRQ\FKZ;,;ZLHF]Q\PVSRáH- F]HĔVWZLHDZF]HĞQLHMSLVDáRQLFK-DQ.DOZLQZVND]XMąFQDGH¿QLW\ZQąGODWDNLHMJUXS\NDWHJRULĊDVFHW\F]-QHMVDPRWQRĞFL5LFKDUG6HQQHWW7RJHWKHU7KH5LWXDOV3OHDVXUHV 3ROLWLFVRI&RRSHUDWLRQ/RQGRQ3HQTXLQ %RRNV±± 11 _{(ULN+(ULNVRQ7RĪVDPRĞüDF\NOĪ\FLDSU]Há0ĩ\ZLFNL3R]QDĔ=\VNL6ND±8IQRĞütrust)} Z\UyĪQLDSHZQDQDLZQRĞüLZ]DMHPQRĞüW\SRZHGODG]LHFNDLW\PPRĪHUyĪQLüVLĊRG]DXIDQLDFRQ¿GHQFH NWyUHE\üPRĪHLPSOLNXMHEDUG]LHMĞZLDGRPąSRVWDZĊF]\VWUDWHJLĊ8IQRĞüWRÄSROHJDQLHQDQLH]PLHQQRĞFLLQLH-]DZRGQRĞFL]HZQĊWU]Q\FKRSLHNXQyZOHF]UyZQLHĪXIDQLHVDPHPXVRELHL]GROQRĞFLZáDVQHJRFLDáDGRERU\NDQLD VLĊ]SUDJQLHQLDPLR]QDF]DWRĪHMHVWVLĊ]GROQ\PXZDĪDüVLHELH]DZ\VWDUF]DMąFR]DVáXJXMąFHJRQDXIQRĞüE\ RSLHNXQRZLHQLHPXVLHOLE\üQDVWUDĪ\OXERGHMĞü´(ULNVRQ7RĪVDPRĞüDF\NOĪ\FLD1DWHPDWSRGVWDZRZHM XIQRĞFLLSRGVWDZRZHMQLHXIQRĞüX(ULNVRQD(ULN+(ULNVRQ']LHFLĔVWZRLVSRáHF]HĔVWZRSU]Há3+HMPHM3R-]QDĔ'RP:\GDZQLF]\5HELV±

 =DJURĪHQLDSRGVWDZRZHJREH]SLHF]HĔVWZD

/LVWD ]DJURĪHĔ MDNLH SU]\FKRG]ą QD P\ĞO Z NRQWHNĞFLH RFKURQ\ LQWHUHVXMąFHJR QDV Z\PLDUXEH]SLHF]HĔVWZDMHVWQLHERW\F]QD±sky is the limit3R]RVWDZLDMąFQDERNXQLH- UR]VWU]\JDOQH]DSHZQHS\WDQLHRWRF]\G]LĞMHVWLFKZLĊFHMQLĪQLHJG\ĞVSUyEXMP\Z\DU-W\NXáRZDüWHNWyUHZ\GDMąVLĊVSHF\¿F]QLHZVSyáF]HVQHLQDGZHUĊĪDMąOXG]NąSRWU]HEĊ VHQVX L UR]XPLHQLD U]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL -HĪHOL SRGVWDZRZH RQWRORJLF]QH EH]SLHF]HĔVWZR SROHJDQDF]ĊVWRQLHXĞZLDGDPLDQ\PSU]HF]XFLXĪHQLH]DEXU]RQ\SR]RVWDMH]Z\Ná\ELHJ U]HF]\LZV]\VWNRMHVWQDVZRLPPLHMVFXLZVZRLPF]DVLH$*LGGHQV&.LQQYDOO 5 6HQQHWW WR PyZLP\ WX LQQ\PL VáRZ\ R ]DFKRZDQLX W]Z ZLHONLFK QDUUDFML ZáD-ĞFLZ\FKGODNXOWXULVSRáHF]HĔVWZNWyUHRG]DZV]HRSRZLDGDá\LWáXPDF]\á\G]LHMąF\ VLĊ ĞZLDW :\GDMH VLĊ ĪH G]LĞ MHVWHĞP\ ĞZLDGNDPL V]\ENR ]DFKRG]ąFHM Z W\P ]DNUH-VLH]PLDQ\'RXJODV5XVKNRIIRSLVXMąFV]RNXMąF\REUD]QDV]HMWHUDĨQLHMV]RĞFLpresent shockZNWyUHMÄVSRáHF]HĔVWZRSU]HRULHQWRZDáRVLĊQDFKZLOĊREHFQą´LOLF]\VLĊW\ONR WRFRG]LHMHVLĊQDĪ\ZRZF]DVLHU]HF]\ZLVW\PFLąJOHMHVWÄRQ´SU]HNRQXMHĪHQLHPD MXĪZQLHMPLHMVFDQDÄZLHONLHQDUUDFMH´NWyUHQLHJG\ĞWáXPDF]\á\ĞZLDWLĪ\FLHVSyMQLH áąF]ąFZ\PLDU\F]DVXLSU]HVWU]HQLLZ\SHáQLDMąFHMHZ\GDU]HQLDÄ8SDGHNZLHONLFKQDU-UDFML´MDNRMHGQD]NRQVW\WXW\ZQ\FKFHFKQDV]HMZVSyáF]HVQRĞFLPDQLIHVWXMHVLĊQLHPDO ZNDĪG\PDVSHNFLHĪ\FLDF]áRZLHND=DFKRGX$XWRUSU]\WDF]DDSUREXMąFRRSLQLĊ8UVXOL /H*XLQÄ2SRZLDGDQLHKLVWRULLMHVWMHGQ\P]QDMZDĪQLHMV]\FKQDU]ĊG]LZ\WZRU]RQ\FK SU]H]QDV]ąF\ZLOL]DFMĊZSUDZG]LHLVWQLDá\ZSU]HV]áRĞFLF\ZLOL]DFMHNWyUHQLH]QDá\ NRáDDOHQLHE\áRWDNLHMZNWyUHMQLHRSRZLDGDQRE\KLVWRULL´']LĊNLRSRZLHĞFLRPSLVD-Q\PPyZLRQ\PLSU]HND]\ZDQ\PSU]H]SRNROHQLDWZRU]RQRL]DFKRZ\ZDQRWRĪVDPRĞü NXOWXURZąLRGF]\W\ZDQRVZRMHPLHMVFHZĞZLHFLHLG]LHMDFK,FKEUDNFRRGQRWRZDáMXĪ $U\VWRWHOHVSURZDG]LF\ZLOL]DFMĊGRXSDGNX

8SDGNRZL ZLHONLFK QDUUDFML ]GDQLHP 5XVKNRIID WRZDU]\V]ą LQQH SRZV]HFKQH ]MD- ZLVNDNWyUHMHGQRF]HĞQLHVąQDW\OHQRZHLVSHF\¿F]QLHZVSyáF]HVQHĪHGODLFKQD]ZD-QLDRGZRáXMHVLĊGRQHRORJL]PyZ'LJLSKUHQLD2YHUZLQGLQJ)UDFWDOQRLDF]\MHG\QLH ÄVZRMVNR´EU]PLąFHApocalypto :GXĪHMPLHU]HGRW\F]ąRQH]DJURĪHĔSá\QąF\FK]UR]-ZRMXLXSRZV]HFKQLHQLDVLĊWHFKQRORJLLLQIRUPDW\F]Q\FKLPHGLyZVSRáHF]QRĞFLRZ\FK ,FK LQWHQV\ZQRĞü Z\VWĊSRZDQLD MHVW WDN GXĪD ĪH SURZDG]L GR VZRLVW\FK F\IURZ\FK ]DEXU]HĔPDVRZHMĞZLDGRPRĞFLLSRVWU]HJDQLDF]DVXMDNR]DWU]\PDQHJRZÄUR]OHZDMą-FHM´VLĊQLHPDOEH]F]DVRZRFKZLOLREHFQHM6NXWNXMHWHĪSU]HFLąĪHQLHPSR]\VNLZDQ\PL GDQ\PLLSRGHMPRZDQ\PLG]LDáDQLDPLRUD]SRVWDZLHQLHPQDVSU]HGSHUVSHNW\ZąHU\ SRVWOXG]NLHM SROHJDMąFHM QD SU]HNURF]HQLX ELRORJLF]QHJR Z\PLDUX QDV]HJR LVWQLHQLD G]LĊNLWHFKQRORJLLLQIRUPDW\F]QHMLUR]ZRMRZLELRWHFKQRORJLL

,QQL ZQLNOLZL DQDOLW\F\ SU]HPLDQ SRQRZRF]HVQRĞFL L JOREDOL]DFML MDNR ÄJUDQG SUR-MHNWX´QDV]HMHSRNL]ZUDFDMąXZDJĊQDWUZRĪQHSHUVSHNW\Z\FRUD]V]\EV]HJRUR]ZRMX

 _{$XWRU Z\MDĞQLD SURFHV RGQDMGXMąF ZF]HĞQLHM SRF]\QLRQH SRGREQH REVHUZDFMH -RVHSKD &DPSEHOOD RGNU\FLD}

]G]LHG]LQ\QHXURORJLLVSRVWU]HĪHQLD$U\VWRWHOHVDF]\8UVXOL/H*XLQDWDNĪHDQDOL]XMHIXQNFMRQRZDQLHPHGLyZ SU]HGZV]\VWNLPWHOHZL]MLLĞZLDWDJLHUNRPSXWHURZ\FK'RXJODV5XVKNRII3UHVHQW6KRFN:KHQ(YHU\WKLQJ

Happens Now1HZ<RUN&XUUHQW3HQJXLQ*URXS±

 _{5XVKNRII3UHVHQW6KRFN:KHQ(YHU\WKLQJ+DSSHQV1RZ±:VSRPQLDQHQHRORJL]P\WZRU]ąW\WXá\}

 QLHPDOZV]\VWNLFKDVSHNWyZQDV]HJRĪ\FLDF]HPXWRZDU]\V]\QDVLOHQLHVLĊQLHW\OHVWUD-FKXNWyU\PD]D]Z\F]DMMDNLĞRNUHĞORQ\SU]HGPLRWLW\PVDP\PáDWZLHMPRĪQD]QLP ZDOF]\üFROĊNXRQLHRNUHĞORQ\PSU]HGPLRFLH7DNDSUĊGNRĞüSURFHVyZVNáDGDMąF\FK VLĊQDWRFRQD]\ZDP\JOREDOL]DFMąQLHFHFKXMHVLĊMHGQDNVSyMQRĞFLąDQLQLHXND]XMH Z\áDQLDMąFHJRVLĊVHQVXDOHUDF]HMMHJRG\VSHUVMĊ5\V]DUG.DSXĞFLĔVNLPyZLáÄ:\GDMH VLĊĪHĞZLDWWUDFLVZRMHVWUXNWXU\KLHUDUFKLF]QHLVWDMHVLĊĞZLDWHPUR]U]XFRQ\FKFHQWUyZ «XNáDGHPHOHPHQWyZZNWyU\PQLNQLHKLHUDUFKLDLSLUDPLG\:FKRG]LP\ZRJURPQą ZLHORĞü JG]LH QLH PD PLHMVFD GOD FHQWUDOQ\FK QDURGRZ\FK WUDG\F\MQ\FK ;,;ZLHF]-Q\FKVWUXNWXU«'RZRG]LWRIXQNFMRQRZDQLDZREHFQ\PĞZLHFLHÄJOREDOL]DFML]áD´_

.U]\V]WRI0LFKDOVNLZ\SRZLDGDMąFVLĊQDWHPDWWUZRJLZREHFSU]\V]áRĞFLZSRGREQ\P WRQLHVWZLHUG]DĪH Ä7DWUZRJDPXVLE\üFRUD]VLOQLHMV]DVNRURĪ\MHP\ZHSRFHZLHO-NLHJREDáDJDQXJĊVWQLHMąFHMSRMĊFLRZHMFKPXU]HSU]H]NWyUąQLHZLHOHZLGDü«QLHEH] UDFMLPyZLVLĊR]PLHU]FKXSDUDG\JPDWyZ´15:W\PNRQWHNĞFLHPRĪHP\WHĪRF]\ZLĞFLH

RGF]\WDüWZRU]RQąRGNLONXQDVWXODWNRQFHSFMĊ ÄSá\QQHMQRZRF]HVQRĞFL´liquid

moder-nity=\JPXQWD%DXPDQD±QLHWUDQVSDUHQWQDODELOQDLSá\QQDVWUXNWXUDQDV]HMREHFQHM

U]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLOHĪ\XĨUyGHáXSRZV]HFKQLDQLDVLĊOĊNX16

']LĞZLHOXEDGDZF]\VSRáHF]Q\FKSRGSLVXMHVLĊSRGVWZLHUG]HQLHPĪHÄRELHNW\ZQH SURFHV\ JOREDOL]DF\MQH SU]\F]\QLDMą VLĊ GR Z]URVWX SR]LRPX OĊNX ZH ZVSyáF]HVQ\FK VSRáHF]HĔVWZDFK´'UDPDW\]PQDV]HMHSRNLZ\QLND]SRZVWDQLDSROLW\NLRZ\PLDU]H JOREDOQ\PZF]DVLHJG\QLHMHVWHĞP\MHV]F]HQDQLąSU]\JRWRZDQLQDGDOP\ĞOąFWUD- G\F\MQLHZNDWHJRULDFKLQWHUHVyZQDURGRZ\FK7DUR]ELHĪQRĞüSRFLąJD]DVREąQLH]UR-]XPLHQLHSURFHVyZLQLH]QDMRPRĞüVWRMąF\FK]DQLPLRĞURGNyZGHF\]\MQ\FKFRURG]L SRF]XFLHEH]VLOQRĞFLLZ]PDJDOĊNRSU]\V]áRĞü0DMąFQDP\ĞOLREHFQ\JOREDOQ\ELHJ U]HF]\LWDNLHĪ]DJURĪHQLD=%DXPDQSRGVXPXMHFHOQLHÄ1LNWQLHVSUDZXMHNRQWUROL 6WąGZ\ZRG]LVLĊJáyZQHĨUyGáRQDV]\FKZVSyáF]HVQ\FKOĊNyZ´ -HGQDNQLHW\ONRVDPHSURFHV\JOREDOL]DF\MQHMDNRWDNLHSRPQDĪDMąLZ]PDFQLDMąOĊNL DOHWDNĪHÄG\VNXUVZUDPDFKNWyUHJRRNUHĞODQHVąZ]RU\LQWHUSUHWDFMLRWDF]DMąFHMU]HF]\-ZLVWRĞFL´6WRSLHĔVNRPSOLNRZDQLDVSUDZLDĪHMHGQRVWNDQLHMHVWZVWDQLHMHM]UR]XPLHü Z EH]SRĞUHGQLP ] QLą NRQWDNFLH .RQLHF]QH RND]XMH VLĊ SU]\ZRáDQLH Ä]HZQĊWU]Q\FK Z]RUyZLQWHUSUHWDF\MQ\FK´NWyUHSU]\RND]MLQLRVą]HVREąMDNLĞáDGXQHNHPRFMRQDOQ\ QDSU]\NáDGSRGNUHĞODMąF\REHFQRĞü]DJURĪHĔQLHSRNyMF]\OĊN -DNZ\ND]DáSU]HNRQ\- ZXMąFR8OULFK%HFN]DJURĪHQLDLU\]\NDZÄVSRáHF]HĔVWZLHĞZLDWRZHJRU\]\ND´]NWy-U\PPDP\nolens volensGRF]\QLHQLDMDNRMHJRQLHXVXZDOQDF]ĊĞüPDMąMXĪFKDUDNWHU  _{.DSXĞFLĔVNLQLHRJDUQLDPĞZLDWD=5\V]DUGHP.DSXĞFLĔVNLPVSRWNDMąVLĊ:LWROG%HUHĞL.U]\V]WRI%XUQHWNR} :DUV]DZDĝZLDW.VLąĪNL 15 _{-DFHNĩDNRZVNLTrwoga i nadzieja:DUV]DZD6LF±} 16 _{=\JPXQW%DXPDQ3á\QQDQRZRF]HVQRĞü SU]Há7.XQ].UDNyZ:\GDZQLFWZR/LWHUDFNLH}  )UDQFLV]HN&]HFK.RV]PDUQHVFHQDULXV]H6RFMRORJLF]QHVWXGLXPNRQVWUXRZDQLDOĊNXZG\VNXUVLHJOREDOL]DF\M-nym.UDNyZ:\GDZQLFWZR8-±  _{=\JPXQW%DXPDQ1RRQHLV,QFRQWURO7KDWLVWKHPDMRUVRXUFHRIRXUFRQWHPSRUDU\IHDUGRVWĊS} KWWSZZZJXDUGLDQFRXNFRPPHQWLVIUHHYLGHRVHS]\JPXQWEDXPDQWHUURULVPYLGHR",17&03 65&+ :LGHRNRPHQWDU]=%DXPDQDGODÄ7KH*XDUGLDQ´Z\JáRV]RQ\ZNRQWHNĞFLHWUZDMąFHMZRMQ\]WHUURU\]PHP  _{&]HFKKoszmarne scenariusze±}

 UH]\GXDOQ\LSR]RVWDQą]QDPLQDGREUH:V]HODNRSUyE\XVXQLĊFLDLFKÄQDVNUyW\´OXE ZVND]DQLDQDMDNLHĞXQLZHUVDOQHSDQDFHXPVą]ZRGQLF]H ,QQ\Z\PLDUSUREOHPXXNDĪHVLĊQDPJG\VSRMU]\P\QDĔRGVWURQ\]DXIDQLDDUDF]HM MHJRDWUR¿L3LRWU6]WRPSNDSRGGDMąFEDGDQLRPSRVWDZĊ]DXIDQLDVWZLHUG]DĪHÄSUR-FHVJOREDOL]DFMLSRGZDĪDOXERVáDELDZV]\VWNLHF]\QQLNLVSU]\MDMąFHZ\WZDU]DQLXVLĊ VLOQHJRLUR]SRZV]HFKQLRQHJR]DXIDQLDVSRáHF]QHJRXWUXGQLDNDONXODFMĊRFHQĊZLDU\- JRGQRĞFLRVyEUyOVSRáHF]Q\FKRUJDQL]DFMLLLQVW\WXFMLRUD]SU]HV]NDG]DZZ\WZDU]D-QLXVLĊ©NOLPDWX]DXIDQLDª©NXOWXU\]DXIDQLDª´7DNLFKF]\QQLNyZEXGXMąF\FKNXOWXUĊ ]DXIDQLD36]WRPSND]QDMGXMHZLHOHLQDOHĪąGRLFKPLĊG]\LQQ\PLÄSRF]XFLH]DGRPR-ZLHQLDZĞZLHFLHZNWyU\PĪ\MHP\´ÄVSRLVWRĞüQRUPDW\ZQDMDVQRĞüLQLHVSU]HF]QRĞü UHJXáRERZLą]XMąF\FKQDVLLQQ\FKZQDV]\PVSRáHF]HĔVWZLH´RUD]ÄVWDELOQRĞüV\WXDFML Ī\FLRZHMWUZDáRĞüLNRQW\QXDFMDZDUXQNyZQDV]HMHJ]\VWHQFML,QDF]HMPyZLąF>SRGVX-PXMHNUDNRZVNLVRFMRORJ@SRF]XFLHSHZQHM©QRUPDOQRĞFLªL©RF]\ZLVWRĞFLª´&]\QQLNL SRZ\ĪV]HZLĊFZVSyáEXGXMąÄ]DXIDQLHHJ]\VWHQFMDOQH´NWyUHDXWRUUR]XPLHÄMDNREH]-UHÀHNV\MQH]DáRĪHQLHSRU]ąGNXFLąJáRĞFLNRQVHNZHQFMLZG]LDáDQLDFKLQQ\FKRVyEOXE IXQNFMRQRZDQLXLQVW\WXFML´

Ä=DXIDQLH HJ]\VWHQFMDOQH´ ZVSyáJUD ] SU]\EOLĪRQą NRQFHSFMą EH]SLHF]HĔVWZD HJ]\- VWHQFMDOQHJRRUD]LQQ\PLMHJREOLVNR]QDF]Q\PLRNUHĞOHQLDPL3RWHQFMDOQ\]DQLNWZR-U]ąF\FKMHF]\QQLNyZSU]\ZRG]LQDP]QRZXQDP\ĞOXSDGHNZ\MDĞQLDMąF\FKQDUUDFML

NWyUHF]\QLąĞZLDW]UR]XPLDá\PLRF]\ZLVW\PDMHJRELHJXIQLHSU]HZLG\ZDOQ\P1DWR- _{ÏZ]PDUá\XELHJá\PURNXDSRFKRG]ąF\]H6áXSVNDĞZLDWRZHMVáDZ\VRFMRORJSLVDáÄ'\QDPLNDVSRáHF]HĔVWZD}

U\]\ND RSLHUD VLĊ QD SU]\MĊFLX LĪ G]LĞ L Z SU]\V]áRĞFL EĊG]LHP\ PXVLHOL Ī\ü QLH W\OH Z ĞZLHFLH QLH]QDQ\FK ZF]HĞQLHM ]DJURĪHĔ LOH Z ĞZLHFLH NWyU\ PXVL GHF\GRZDü R VZRMHM SU]\V]áRĞFL Z ZDUXQNDFK Z\WZRU]RQHM Z\ZRáDQHMSU]H]VLHELHQLHSHZQRĞFL:NRQVHNZHQFMLĞZLDWQLHSRWUD¿MXĪNRQWURORZDü]DJURĪHĔVWZDU]DQ\FK SU]H]QRZRF]HVQRĞüDĞFLĞOHMJDĞQLHZLDUDĪHZVSyáF]HVQHVSRáHF]HĔVWZR]GRáD]DSDQRZDüQDGZ\ZRáDQ\PL SU]H] VLHELH ]DJURĪHQLDPL ± QLH ] UDFML ]DQLHGEDĔ L QLHSRZRG]HĔ QRZRF]HVQRĞFL OHF] ] UDFML MHM ]Z\FLĊVWZ´ 8OULFK %HFN 6SRáHF]HĔVWZR ĞZLDWRZHJR U\]\ND : SRV]XNLZDQLX XWUDFRQHJR EH]SLHF]HĔVWZD :DUV]DZD:\-GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH6FKRODU



3U]\NáDGSUyE\UR]ZLą]DQLDSUREOHPyZJOREDOQ\FK]DJURĪHĔRFKDUDNWHU]HHJ]\VWHQFMDOQ\PPHWRGąPDFHGRĔ- VNLHJRZáDGF\GRVWU]HJD=%DXPDQZZ\SRZLHG]LDFK9LFWRUD2UEDQDQDWHPDWHPLJUDQWyZL]DJURĪHQLDWHU-URU\VW\F]QHJR)DNW\F]QLHQLHLVWQLHMHMDNLĞMHGHQZĊ]HáJRUG\MVNLNWyUHJRSU]HFLĊFLHRND]DáRE\VLĊSDQDFHXP QD ZV]\VWNLH EROąF]NL VSRáHF]QHM ZVSyáF]HVQRĞFL =\JPXQW %DXPDQ *G\E\ QLH E\áR WHUURU\VWyZ WU]HED E\

LFKE\áRZ\P\ĞOLü5R]PRZD6áDZRPLUD6LHUDNRZVNLHJRGOD:3 GRVWĊSKWWSZLDGRPRVFLZSSO

NDWWLWOH3URI=\JPXQW%DXPDQJG\E\QLHE\ORWHUURU\VWRZWU]HEDE\LFKE\ORZ\P\VOLFZLG ZLDGRPRVFKWPO



3LRWU6]WRPSND=DXIDQLH)XQGDPHQWVSRáHF]HĔVWZD.UDNyZ:\GDZQLFWZR=1$.:REHFQLHGR-VWDWHF]QHJRUR]ZLQLĊFLDVLĊÄNOLPDWX]DXIDQLD´F]\ÄNXOWXU\]DXIDQLD´PRĪQDRGQRWRZDüSRMDZLHQLHVLĊ LQQHJRÄNOLPDWX´LÄNXOWXU\´7HGZDU]HF]RZQLNLZLą]DQHF]ĊVWR]SRMĊFLHPÄOĊNX´VWDQRZLąnota bene nie-U]DGNLPRW\ZWHPDW\F]Q\XDXWRUyZVRFMRORJyZWZyUFyZNXOWXU\RVWDWQLFKGZXGHNDGFKFąF\FK]ZLĊĨOHRGGDü FKDUDNWHU\VW\NĊQRZHJRREOLF]DG]LVLHMV]HMNXOWXU\LNOLPDWXZMDNLPVLĊRQDUR]ZLMD:ROH6R\LQNDClimate of )HDU7KH4XHVWIRU'LJQLW\LQD'HKXPDQL]HG:RUOG5DQGRP+RXVH)UDQN)XUHGL&XOWXUHRI)HDU5LVN WDNLQJDQGWKH0RUDOLW\RI/RZ([SHFWDWLRQ/RQGRQ1HZ<RUN&RQWLQXXP0LPRĪHOĊNSR]RVWDMHQLHGR NRĔFDXFKZ\WQ\F]\ÄSá\QQ\´WRZW\PQXUFLHQD]HZQLF]\PLQQHXMĊFLDZ\GDMąVLĊMXĪ]DXZDĪDüXNRQNUHWQLRQą LQLHPDOSROLF]DOQąQDXNRZRSRVWDüOĊNX=\JPXQW%DXPDQ3á\QQ\OĊNSU]Há-0DUJDĔVNL.UDNyZ:\GDZ-QLFWZR/LWHUDFNLH'DQLHO*DUGQHU7KH6FLHQFHRI)HDUHow the Culture of fear Manipulates Your Brain 3OXPH3HQJXLQ*URXS

 _{6]WRPSNDZaufanie±}  _{6]WRPSNDZaufanie}



PLDVW XĞZLDGRPLHQLH VRELH EUDNX RZ\FK HNVSOLNDW\ZQ\FK RSRZLHĞFL RGVáDQLD OHĪąFą XSRGVWDZSRWU]HEĊVHQVXL]DFKRG]ąFąMHMIUXVWUDFMĊ 9LNWRU()UDQNOD]DJURĪHQLHVHQVX 3RWU]HEDVHQVXQLHWZRU]\ZĪ\FLXOXG]NLPMDNLHJRĞ]E\WHF]QHJROXNVXVX:SLUDPLG]LH SRWU]HEZVSRVyENODV\F]Q\RSUDFRZDQHMSU]H]$EUDKDPD0DVORZDPRĪHP\MąZLG]LHü MDNRQLHUR]áąF]QLH]ZLą]DQą]SRWU]HEąQDMZ\ĪV]ąZWHMKLHUDUFKLLWMSRWU]HEąVDPRUH- DOL]DFMLF]áRZLHND3RV]F]HJyOQH]QLFKRGSRGVWDZRZ\FK¿]MRORJLF]Q\FKEH]SLHF]HĔ-VWZDSU]H]W]ZSRWU]HE\E\WXPDMąWRGRVLHELHĪH]DVSRNRMHQLHNROHMQ\FKZ\ĪV]\FK ZDUXQNRZDQHMHVW]DVSRNRMHQLHPQLĪV]\FK*G\WRVLĊQLHG]LHMHURG]LVLĊIUXVWUDFMD LLQWHQV\¿NDFMDVWDUDĔLVWUDWHJLLGODLFK]UHDOL]RZDQLD0RĪQDGRPQLHP\ZDüZLĊFĪH QDMZ\ĪV]HOXG]NLHSRWU]HE\GRW\F]ąFHVDPRUHDOL]DFMLLNRQVHNZHQWQLHVHQVXJG\SRGOH-JDMąIUXVWUDFMLWRPRJąSRGREQLHZFLąJDüFDá\SRWHQFMDáMHGQRVWNL9()UDQNOWZyUFD ORJRWHUDSLL ± WU]HFLHM ZLHGHĔVNLHM V]NRá\ SV\FKRWHUDSHXW\F]QHM PRFQR DNFHQWXMH LVW-QLHQLH ÄIUXVWUDFML ZROL VHQVX´ HZHQWXDOQLH ÄIUXVWUDFML HJ]\VWHQFMDOQHM´_{ -HVW}

DXWR-UHPNWyU\SRWU]HEĊVHQVXĪ\FLDORJRVXF]\QLáRVQRZąVZRMHMWZyUF]RĞFLLGRNRQDáWHJR Z NRQWHNĞFLH PHU\WRU\F]QLH SRNUHZQ\P QLQLHMV]HPX VWXGLXP MDNLP MHVW EH]SLHF]HĔ-VWZRLMHJRZVSyáF]HVQH]DJURĪHQLD8SRGVWDZNRQFHSFML)UDQNODOHĪ\SU]HNRQDQLHĪH NDĪG\F]áRZLHNSRV]XNXMHVHQVX&]ĊVWRF\WXMH1LHW]VFKHJRPyZLąFHJRĪHÄ7HQNWR ZLHGODF]HJRĪ\MHQLHWURV]F]\VLĊRWRMDNĪ\MH´ 6HQVĪ\FLDNU\MHVLĊWXZSRMĊFLXFHOX Ī\FLDLQDELHUDFKDUDNWHUXQDGU]ĊGQHJRZREHFWHJRZV]\VWNLHJRFRSRGSRZLDGDQDP MDNĪ\ü /RJRWHUDSLDSU]\MPXMąFĪHlogosR]QDF]DVHQVÄVNXSLDVLĊQDVHQVLHOXG]NLHM HJ]\VWHQFMLMDNUyZQLHĪQDSRV]XNLZDQLXWHJRVHQVXSU]H]F]áRZLHND>QDWRPLDVW@GąĪH-QLHGR]QDOH]LHQLDZĪ\FLXVHQVXMHVWXF]áRZLHNDQDMSRWĊĪQLHMV]ąVLáąPRW\ZXMąFą´ 0DRQRFKDUDNWHUSRGVWDZRZ\LQLHMHVWZWyUQąUDFMRQDOL]DFMąSRSĊGyZLQVW\QNWRZ\FK =D(LQVWHLQHPSRZWDU]DĪHÄF]áRZLHNNWyU\XZDĪDVZRMHĪ\FLH]DSR]EDZLRQHVHQVX MHVWQLHW\ONR]Z\F]DMQLHQLHV]F]ĊĞOLZ\DOHLQLH]GROQ\GRĪ\FLD´3RV]XNLZDQ\SU]H] MHGQRVWNĊVHQVÄMHVWXQLNDWRZ\LZ\MąWNRZ\SRQLHZDĪF]áRZLHNVDPMHGHQW\ONRPRĪH LPXVLJRZ\SHáQLüMHG\QLHZWHQVSRVyE]RVWDQLH]UHDOL]RZDQDZRODVHQVX´3RQDGWR QDV]DHJ]\VWHQFMDPDLVWRWQ\Z\PLDUWUDQVFHQGHQWQ\SRQLHZDĪÄ%\üF]áRZLHNLHPWR E\üVNLHURZDQ\PQDFRĞLQQHJRSR]DVREą´  _{1LHVSHáQLRQHSRWU]HE\QS¿]MRORJLF]QHOXEEH]SLHF]HĔVWZDVWDMąVLĊSU]HZRGQLPLF]\QQLNDPLRUJDQL]XMąF\PL} OXG]NLH]DFKRZDQLHLPRJąZFLąJDüZVZRMąVáXĪEĊZV]\VWNLH]GROQRĞFLRUJDQL]PX$EUDKDP+0DVORZMoty-ZDFMDLRVRERZRĞüSU]Há36DZLFND:DUV]DZD,:3$;±

 _{9LNWRU ( )UDQNO &]áRZLHN Z SRV]XNLZDQLX VHQVX *áRV QDG]LHL ] RWFKáDQL +RODNDXVWX SU]Há $ :ROQLFND}

:DUV]DZD &]DUQD 2ZFD   9LNWRU ( )UDQNO Man’s search for Ultimate Meaning 1HZ<RUN %DUQHV 1REOH%RRNV

 _{)UDQNO&]áRZLHNZSRV]XNLZDQLXVHQVX/RJRWHUDSLDMDNRÄOHF]HQLHSU]H]VHQV´]DNáDGDĪHĪ\FLHOXG]NLH}

]DZV]HLZNDĪGHMV\WXDFMLPDVHQVNDĪG\F]áRZLHNĪ\ZLZROĊVHQVXRUD]PDZROQRĞüGRMHJRRGQDOH]LHQLD6WDQL-VáDZ*áD]Ä/RJRWHUDSLDLUHOLJLD´Z3RGVWDZRZH]DJDGQLHQLDSV\FKRORJLLUHOLJLLUHG6WDQLVáDZ*áD].UDNyZ :$0

 _{9LNWRU()UDQNO:ROD VHQVX=DáRĪHQLDL]DVWRVRZDQLHORJRWHUDSLLSU]Há$:ROQLFND :DUV]DZD &]DUQD2ZFD}

 :\UD]HP EUDNXVHQVXLIUXVWUDFMLMHJRSRWU]HE\MHVW ÄHJ]\VWHQFMDOQDSXVWND´LQDF]HM ÄGRĞZLDGF]HQLH RWFKáDQL´ ÄUR]SDF] HJ]\VWHQFMDOQD´ NWyUD Z RFHQLH )UDQNOD VWDáD VLĊ Z ;; ZLHNX ]MDZLVNLHP SRZV]HFKQ\P L VWDOH QDUDVWDáD -HM SRMDZLHQLH VLĊ ZLąĪH VLĊ ]SHZQąSRGZyMQąVWUDWą8SRF]ąWNyZQDV]HMKLVWRULLXWUDFLOLĞP\F]ĊĞü]ZLHU]ĊF\FK LQVW\QNWyZNWyUH ÄZSLVDQHVąZ]DFKRZDQLH]ZLHU]ĊFLDLJZDUDQWXMąPXEH]SLHF]HĔ-VWZR´ 7RSRF]XFLHEH]SLHF]HĔVWZD]RVWDáRQDPRGHEUDQHEH]SRZURWQLHL]PXVLáRGR GRNRQ\ZDQLDĪ\FLRZ\FKZ\ERUyZ3yĨQLHMQDWRPLDVWSRQLHĞOLĞP\MDNROXG]LHMHV]F]H MHGQąEROHVQąVWUDWĊEĊGąFąUH]XOWDWHP ÄJZDáWRZQHJR]DQLNDQLDWUDG\FML´ RNUHĞODMąF\FK FKDUDNWHUQDV]\FK]DFKRZDĔÄ1LHPRJąFOLF]\üDQLQDLQVW\QNWDQLQDWUDG\FMĊZNZH-VWLL VZRMHJR SRVWĊSRZDQLD F]áRZLHN F]ĊVWR VDP MXĪ QLH MHVW Z VWDQLH VWZLHUG]Lü MDN FKFLDáE\SRVWąSLü´ :\ELHUDP\ZWHG\PLĊG]\NRQIRUPL]PHPLQDĞODGRZDQLHPLQQ\FK OXEF]\QLP\WRFRLQQLQDPNDĪą3U]HMDZHPHJ]\VWHQFMDOQHMSXVWNLMHVWUyZQLHĪVWDQ SHUPDQHQWQHJR]QXG]HQLDGRW\NDMąF\GXĪąF]ĊĞüSRSXODFMLPáRGHJRSRNROHQLD:HGáXJ )UDQNOD ZLĊF SUREOHPHP SV\FKRWHUDSLL MHVW ZVSyáF]HĞQLH ÄQLH]DVSRNRMHQLH HJ]\VWHQ-FMDOQH´ IUXVWUDFMD ]DZyGZ]DNUHVLHGąĪHQLDGRVHQVX 7HPSRZVSyáF]HVQHJRĞZLDWD SRPDJD G]LVLHMV]HPX F]áRZLHNRZL Z Ä]DJáXV]DQLX IUXVWUDFML QLHQDV\FHQLD QLH]DVSR-NRMHQLDMHJRGąĪHQLDGRVHQVX´$OHQLHW\ONRWHPSRMHVWSU]HMDZHPÄFKRURE\ZLHNX´ ÄZLHNXQLHSRNRMX´-HVWQLPUyZQLHĪSHZLHQVSHF\¿F]Q\OĊNDPLDQRZLFLHÄOĊNSU]HG

QXGą´3U]\F]\QąNU\]\VyZRVRERZRĞFLRZ\FKLSUyEVDPREyMF]\FKZVSRáHF]HĔVWZDFK GRVWDWQLFKMHVWF]ĊVWRÄEH]JUDQLF]QDQXGDDZLĊFQLH]DVSRNRMHQLHOXG]NLHMWĊVNQRW\]D ZDUWRĞFLRZąWUHĞFLąĪ\FLD´ 3UyED ÄXFLHF]NLRGZHZQĊWU]QHMQXG\LSXVWNLZV]DOHĔF]\ ZLU]GDU]HĔLG]LDáDĔ´ VWDQRZLG]LĞSUyEĊVDPRU]XWQHMWHUDSLLF]\OLVDPR]DJáXV]HQLDVLĊ DW\PVDP\PVWDMHVLĊZ\UD]HPSRZV]HFKQHMSRVWDZ\IDWDOLVW\F]QHM_ =DNRĔF]HQLH 8SDGHNZLHONLFKQDUUDFMLLSRFKRGQDRGQLHJRIUXVWUDFMDSRWU]HE\VHQVXMDNRGZDRVLRZH LZVSyá]DOHĪQH]DJURĪHQLDEH]SLHF]HĔVWZDHJ]\VWHQFMDOQHJRZ\VWĊSXMą]Z\NOHZV]HU- V]\PSDNLHFLHNWyUHJR]DZDUWRĞüZQLQLHMV]\PWHNĞFLHE\áDW\ONRZ]PLDQNRZDQDWMV]D-OHĔF]HLSU]\VSLHV]DMąFHWHPSR]PLDQNRQFHQWUDFMDQDÄWHUD]´MDNE\QLHE\áRZF]RUDMDQL MXWUDRUD]UR]OHJá\NRQVXPSFMRQL]PLV]XNDQLHQRZ\FKZUDĪHĔMDNRIRUP\UHNRPSHQ- VDW\EUDNXVHQVX:\GDMHVLĊĪHGURJĊNXUHPHGLXPLXZROQLHQLXVLĊRGRSLVDQ\FK]DJUR-ĪHĔPRĪHP\RGQDOHĨüZSURJUDPLHWHUDSLLVHQVHP9LNWRUD()UDQNOD1LHRE\OHMDNL VHQVWXFKRG]LDOHRVHQVRVWDWHF]Q\MDNRĞFLRZRZLĊNV]\RGSR]RVWDá\FK=DW\PVHQVHP NU\MHVLĊRGSRZLHGQLRRVWDWHF]QD,VWRWDF]\OL%yJ:LDUDUHOLJLMQD]GDMHVLĊ]DZLHUDü Z\SHáQLHQLHWHJRFRQD]\ZDP\ZROąVHQVXRVWDWHF]QHJR7DSUDZGDZSHZQ\PVHQVLH SURVWDáDWZRMHGQDNPRĪHE\üSU]HRF]RQDVWąG)UDQNOSU]\SRPLQDNRQVWDWDFMHF]RáR- Z\FK;;ZLHF]Q\FKP\ĞOLFLHOLZ\UDĪDMąF\FKSU]HNRQDQLHĪHE\FLHF]áRZLHNLHPUHOLJLM-Q\PR]QDF]DZLVWRFLH]QDOH]LHQLHRGSRZLHG]LQDS\WDQLHRVHQVĪ\FLD$(LQVWHLQRUD]  _{)UDQNO:ROD sensu±9LNWRU()UDQNO3V\FKRWHUDSLDGODNDĪGHJR:DUV]DZD,:3$;GRVWĊS} KWWSSOERRN]]RUJERRNGEIWHNVWZIRUPDFLHGRFEH]SDJLQDFML)UDQNO:RODVHQVX ±



ĪHZLHU]\üZ%RJDWRZLHU]\üĪHĪ\FLHPDVHQV/:LWWJHQVWHLQ:LDUĊZRVWDWHF]Q\ VHQVPXVLSRSU]HG]DüZLDUDZRVWDWHF]Q\E\W

-HGQDN RGQDOH]LHQLH RVWDWHF]QHJR VHQVX QLH MHVW NZHVWLą P\ĞOHQLD QD FR SU]HFLHĪ

logos PyJáE\ ZVND]\ZDü DOH MXĪ VSUDZą ZLDU\ : SU]\SDGNX RVWDWHF]QHJR VHQVX

L RVWDWHF]QHJR %\WX MDNLP MHVW %yJ P\ĞOHQLH QLH Z\VWDUF]D ER QLH VLĊJD GRVWDWHF]-QLHGDOHNRLJáĊERNRÄVDPRP\ĞOHQLH>SU]\ZRáD)UDQNOMHV]F]HUD](LQVWHLQD@QLHPRĪH RGVáRQLüSU]HGQDPL]DP\VáyZ1DMZ\ĪV]HJR´,WXGRW\NDP\WHPDWXGHOLNDWQHMGLDOHN- W\F]QHMNRHJ]\VWHQFMLZLDU\LUR]XPXNWyUHM]QDNRPLWH]QDF]HQLHZLQQ\PQLHFRNRQ-WHNĞFLHZ\ZRá\ZDOLQDSRZLHU]FKQLĊG\VNXUVyZVZRMHMGRE\P\ĞOLFLHOHRG$XJXVW\QD GR$Q]HOPD-HGQRSRV]XNXMHGUXJLHJRMHGQRGUXJLHZVSLHUD$OHZSU]\SDGNXVHQVX RVWDWHF]QHJRQDWHZRG\NWyUHSURZDG]ąGR%RJDMDNRRVWDWHF]QHJRZ\MDĞQLHQLDU]H- F]\Z\Sá\QąüPRĪQDW\ONRSRGĪDJOHPZLDU\=DXZDĪDMąFZLĊF]QDF]ąFąNRPSDW\ELO-QRĞüORJRWHUDSLLLUHOLJLL)UDQNOXZDĪDĪHWDSLHUZV]DRWZLHUDGU]ZLGUXJLHM'HF\]MĊ R SU]HMĞFLX SU]H] QLH PXVL MHGQDN SRGMąü VDP NRQNUHWQ\ F]áRZLHN QĊNDQ\ IUXVWUDFMą VHQVX±F]áRZLHNV]XNDMąF\Z\MDĞQLDMąF\FKQDUUDFMLNWyUH]QRV]ąOĊNEXGXMąSRF]XFLH HJ]\VWHQFMDOQHJREH]SLHF]HĔVWZDRUD]SR]ZDODMąXZROQLüVLĊRG]ZRGQLF]\FKXFLHF]NR-Z\FKDXWRWHUDSLLRIHURZDQ\FKKRMQLHSU]H]NXOWXUĊPDVRZą

3U]\MĊWH ]D PRWWR DUW\NXáX VáRZD -DQD 3DZáD ,, ZVND]XMąFH QD SRZDĪQH ]DJURĪH-QLDMDNLHVWRMąSU]HGOXG]NRĞFLąZDUWHRF]\ZLĞFLHRVREQHJRLREV]HUQHJRNRPHQWDU]D RGQRV]ąVLĊGRĨUyGHáQLHSRNRMXF]áRZLHNDZĞZLHFLHZVSyáF]HVQ\P:W\PVDP\P IUDJPHQFLHSDSLHVNLHMHQF\NOLNL]QDMG]LHP\SRWHQFMDOQLHQDMV]HUV]\SODQGODRGF]\WDQLD QLHSRNRMyZL]DJURĪHĔZ\áDQLDMąF\FKVLĊSU]HGFDáąZVSyOQRWąOXG]Ną%RZLHPHJ]\-VWHQFMDOQ\QLHSRNyMF]áRZLHNDZVSyáF]HVQHJRWRÄQLHSRNyM]ZLą]DQ\]VDP\PVHQVHP LVWQLHQLDF]áRZLHNDLFDáHMOXG]NRĞFL±QLHSRNyMVLĊJDMąF\MDNLFKĞGHF\GXMąF\FKUR]VWU]\-JQLĊüNWyUH]GDMąVLĊVWDüSU]HGURG]DMHPOXG]NLP´3U]HáRPRZ\LNU\]\VRZ\PRPHQW G]LHMyZZNWyU\PSU]\V]áRQDPĪ\üRND]XMHVLĊPLHüVZyMQDMJáĊEV]HĨUyGáRQLHW\OH Z]QDQ\FK]DJURĪHQLDFKPLOLWDUQ\FKNOLPDW\F]Q\FKLLQQ\FKDOHZQDVVDP\FKDĞFLĞOHM ZQDV]\P]DJXELHQLXVHQVX %LEOLRJUD¿D

%DXPDQ =\JPXQW *G\E\ QLH E\áR WHUURU\VWyZ WU]HED E\ LFK E\áR Z\P\ĞOLü 5R]PRZD

6áDZRPLUD 6LHUDNRZVNLHJR GOD :3 'RVWĊS 

KWWSZLDGRPRVFLZSSONDW-WLWOH3URI=\JPXQW%DXPDQJG\E\QLHE\ORWHUURU\VWRZWU]HEDE\LFKE\OR Z\P\VOLFZLGZLDGRPRVFKWPO

%DXPDQ =\JPXQW 1R RQH LV LQ FRQWURO 7KDW LV WKH PDMRU VRXUFH RI FRQWHPSRUDU\ IHDU 'RVWĊS  KWWS ZZZJXDUGLDQFRXNFRPPHQWLVIUHHYLGHRVHS]\J-PXQWEDXPDQWHUURULVPYLGHR",17&03 65&+

%DXPDQ=\JPXQW3á\QQ\OĊNSU]Há-0DUJDĔVNL.UDNyZ:\GDZQLFWZR/LWHUDFNLH %HFN86SRáHF]HĔVWZRĞZLDWRZHJRU\]\ND:SRV]XNLZDQLXXWUDFRQHJREH]SLHF]HĔVWZD

:DUV]DZD:\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH6FKRODU

 _{)UDQNOMan’s search for Ultimate Meaning±)UDQNO:RODVHQVX±}  _{-DQ3DZHá,,(QF\NOLNDÄ'LYHVLQPLVHULFRUGLD´QU}



%RRW.HQ1LFKRODV-:KHHOHUÄ1LHSHZQRĞü´ SU]Há:1RZLFNL:6WXGLDEH]SLHF]HĔVWZD UHG3DXO':LOOLDPV±.UDNyZ:\GDZQLFWZR8-

&]HFK )UDQFLV]HN .RV]PDUQH VFHQDULXV]H 6RFMRORJLF]QH VWXGLXP NRQVWUXRZDQLD OĊNX

ZG\VNXUVLHJOREDOL]DF\MQ\P.UDNyZ:\GDZQLFWZR8- (ULNVRQ(ULF+7RĪVDPRĞüDF\NOĪ\FLDSU]Há0ĩ\ZLFNL3R]QDĔ=\VNL6ND (ULNVRQ(ULF+']LHFLĔVWZRLVSRáHF]HĔVWZRSU]Há3+HMPHM3R]QDĔ'RP:\GDZQLF]\ 5HELV )UDQNO9LNWRU(3V\FKRWHUDSLDGODNDĪGHJR :DUV]DZD,:3$;'RVWĊS KWWSSOERRN]]RUJERRNGEI )UDQNO9LNWRU(&]áRZLHNZSRV]XNLZDQLXVHQVX*áRVQDG]LHL]RWFKáDQL+RODNDXVWXSU]Há $:ROQLFND:DUV]DZD&]DUQD2ZFD

)UDQNO 9LNWRU ( 0DQ¶V VHDUFK IRU 8OWLPDWH 0HDQLQJ 1HZ <RUN %DUQHV 1REOH %RRNV 

)UDQNO9LNWRU(:RODVHQVX=DáRĪHQLDL]DVWRVRZDQLHORJRWHUDSLL SU]Há$:ROQLFND :DU-V]DZD&]DUQD2ZFD

)XUHGL)UDQN&XOWXUHRI)HDU5LVNWDNLQJDQGWKH0RUDOLW\RI/RZ([SHFWDWLRQ/RQGRQ 1HZ<RUN&RQWLQXXP

*DUGQHU 'DQLHO 7KH 6FLHQFH RI )HDU +RZ WKH &XOWXUH RI IHDU 0DQLSXODWHV <RXU %UDLQ 3OXPH3HQTXLQ*URXS *LGGHQV$QWKRQ\.RQVHNZHQFMHQRZRF]HVQRĞFLSU]Há(.OHNRW.UDNyZ:\GDZQLFWZR 8- *LGGHQV$QWKRQ\1RZRF]HVQRĞüLWRĪVDPRĞüÄ-D´LVSRáHF]HĔVWZRZHSRFHSyĨQHMQRZR-F]HVQRĞFLSU]Há$6]XOĪ\FND:DUV]DZD:13:1 *áD]6WDQLVáDZÄ/RJRWHUDSLDLUHOLJLD´:3RGVWDZRZH]DJDGQLHQLDSV\FKRORJLLUHOLJLLUHG 6WDQLVáDZ*áD]±.UDNyZ:$0 +DPSVRQ)HQ2Ä%H]SLHF]HĔVWZRMHGQRVWNL´::LOOLDPV6WXGLDEH]SLHF]HĔVWZD SU]Há :1RZLFNL±.UDNyZ:\GDZQLFWZR8- -DQ3DZHá,,(QF\NOLNDÄ'LYHVLQPLVHULFRUGLD´ .DSXĞFLĔVNLQLHRJDUQLDPĞZLDWD =5\V]DUGHP.DSXĞFLĔVNLPVSRWNDMąVLĊ:LWROG%HUHĞ i Krzysztof Burnetko:DUV]DZDĝZLDW.VLąĪNL

.LQQYDOO&DWDULQD*OREDOL]DWLRQDQG5HOLJLRXV1DWLRQDOLVPLQ,QGLD7KH6HDUFKIRU2QWR-ORJLFDO6HFXULW\/RQGRQ±1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH

0DVORZ$EUDKDP+0RW\ZDFMDLRVRERZRĞü3U]Há36DZLFND:DUV]DZD,:3$; 2ZHQ7D\ORU0DUWLQ0DU\Ä&RQFOXVLRQ´:Routledge Handbook of Human SecurityUHG

7D\ORU2ZHQ0DU\0DUWLQ±1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH

5HSRUWRIWKH&RPPLVVLRQRQ+XPDQ6HFXULW\'RVWĊSKWWSZZZXQRUJ KXPDQVHFXULW\VLWHVZZZXQRUJKXPDQVHFXULW\¿OHVFKVB¿QDOBUHSRUWBBHQJOLVKSGI

5XVKNRII'RXJODV3UHVHQW6KRFN:KHQ(YHU\WKLQJ+DSSHQV1RZ1HZ<RUN&XUUHQW3HQ-JXLQ*URXS

6HQQHWW 5LFKDUG 7RJHWKHU 7KH 5LWXDOV 3OHDVXUHV  3ROLWLFV RI &RRSHUDWLRQ /RQGRQ 3HQTXLQ%RRNV

6R\LQND:ROH&OLPDWHRI)HDU7KH4XHVWIRU'LJQLW\LQD'HKXPDQL]HG:RUOG 5DQGRP +RXVH



7DGMEDNKVK6KDKWEDQRXÄ,Q'HIHQFHRIWKH%URDG6HQVHRI+XPDQ6HFXULW\´:Routledge

Handbook of Human Security UHG 7D\ORU 2ZHQ 0DU\ 0DUWLQ ± 1HZ <RUN

5RXWOHGJH 7LOOLFK3DXO0ĊVWZRE\FLDSU]Há+%HGQDUHN3R]QDĔ5HELV 81+XPDQ'HYHORSPHQW5HSRUW'RVWĊSKWWSKGUXQGSRUJVLWHVGHIDXOW ¿OHVUHSRUWVKGUBBHQBFRPSOHWHBQRVWDWVSGI :LOOLDPV3DXO'Ä%DGDQLDEH]SLHF]HĔVWZD:SURZDG]HQLH´:3DXO':LOOLDPVUHGStu-GLDEH]SLHF]HĔVWZDSU]Há:1RZLFNL±.UDNyZ:\GDZQLFWZR8- ĩDNRZVNL-DFHNTrwoga i nadzieja:DUV]DZD6LF 6WUHV]F]HQLH

$XWRU SRGHMPXMH DQDOL]Ċ UR]XPLHQLD LGHL EH]SLHF]HĔVWZD MHGQRVWNL L Z MHM UDPDFK EH]SLH-F]HĔVWZDHJ]\VWHQFMDOQHJRDQDVWĊSQLHGRNáDGDVWDUDĔZFHOXXVWDOHQLDWRĪVDPRĞFL]DJURĪHĔ W\FKZ\PLDUyZEH]SLHF]HĔVWZD3U]\ELHUDMąRQHSRVWDü]DJURĪHĔÄPLĊNNLFK´DWDNXMąF\FK ZUDĪOLZąVIHUĊQRHW\F]QąF]áRZLHND]ZLą]DQą]SRMPRZDQLHPVHQVXĪ\FLDLWHJRMDNyZVHQV NV]WDáWXMHVLĊSRSU]H]ZLHONLHNXOWXURZHQDUUDFMH=DJURĪHQLRPW\PF]ĊVWRWRZDU]\V]\DSDWLD LOĊN3U]HMDZ\WHVąFRUD]SRZV]HFKQLHMLLQWHQV\ZQLHMRGQRWRZ\ZDQHZHZVSyáF]HVQ\FK VSRáHF]HĔVWZDFK2EURQDVHQVXRVWDWHF]QHJR9()UDQNOZLą]DQHJRZVSRVyENRQLHF]Q\ ]X]QDQLHP%RJDSRPDJDXVWU]HFVLĊRGSXáDSHNRZ\FK]DJURĪHĔ 6áRZDNOXF]RZHEH]SLHF]HĔVWZRHJ]\VWHQFMDOQHLMHGQRVWNL]DJURĪHQLDÄPLĊNNLH´QLHSRNyM HJ]\VWHQFMDOQ\IUXVWUDFMDSRWU]HE\VHQVX $EVWUDFW (;,67(17,$/6$)(7<$1'63(&,),&1$785( 2)7+(6(/(&7('³62)7´5,6.6 7KHSDSHUWDNHVXSDQDO\VLVRIWKHFRQFHSWRIKXPDQVHFXULW\DQGZLWKLQLWVIUDPHZRUNRIWKH H[LVWHQWLDOVHFXULW\7KHQLWDWWHPSWVWRGHWHUPLQHWKHLGHQWLW\RIWKHWKUHDWVWRWKHVHVRUWVRI VHFXULW\7KHWKUHDWVDVVXPHWKHVKDSHRIWKHÄVRIW´RQHVDWWDFNLQJWKHVHQVLWLYHQRHWLFVSKHUH RIKXPDQH[LVWHQFHZKLFKUHODWHVWROLIHXQGHUVWDQGLQJDQGH[SODLQVKRZLWLVIRUPHGE\WKH JUHDWFXOWXUDOQDUUDWLYHV7KHGDQJHUVRIWHQGHYHORSLQSDUDOOHOZLWKDQ[LHW\DQGIHDU±WZR V\PSWRPV WKDW DUH PRUH DQG PRUH FRPPRQ DQG LQWHQVLYH LQ D FRQWHPSRUDU\ VRFLHW\7KH GHIHQFHRIWKHXOWLPDWHPHDQLQJWKDWQHFHVVDULO\LQYROYHVWKHUHFRJQLWLRQRI*RG9()UDQNO KHOSVXVWRDYRLGWKHGDQJHUV