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Kapitał jako ekonomiczna zdolność do wykonywania pracy

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(1)Zeszyty Naukowe nr. 829. 2010. Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie. %DUWRV].XUHN .DWHGUD5DFKXQNRZRĂFL. .DSLWDãMDNRHNRQRPLF]QD]GROQRŋþ GRZ\NRQDQLDSUDF\ :SURZDG]HQLH 3RMĕFLHÅNDSLWDãµXŧ\ZDQHMHVWZUDFKXQNRZRŋFLLSRNUHZQ\FKMHMG\VF\SOL QDFKRGF]DVyZUHQHVDQVX8F]HQLGRW\FKF]DVQLHRVLćJQĕOLMHGQDNNRQVHQVXVX ZNZHVWLL]UR]XPLHQLDLVWRW\WHMNDWHJRULL&HOHPDUW\NXãXMHVWSU]HGVWDZLHQLH ZVSyãF]HVQHJRSRGHMŋFLDGRQDWXU\NDSLWDãX]JRGQLH]NWyU\PNDSLWDãWUDNWXMH VLĕMDNRNDWHJRULĕDEVWUDNF\MQć:W\PXMĕFLXMHVWRQXWRŧVDPLDQ\]HNRQRPLF]Qć ]GROQRŋFLćGRZ\NRQDQLDSUDF\NWyUDSRGOHJDŋFLŋOHRNUHŋORQ\P]DVDGRP7RŧH NDSLWDãVSHãQLD]GHILQLRZDQHZF]HŋQLHMUHJXã\GDMHEDGDF]RPPRŧOLZRŋþSRUyZ Q\ZDQLDVWyS]ZURWX]NDSLWDãXZRGHUZDQLXRGIRUP\MHJRXFLHOHŋQLHQLD 1DWXUDNDSLWDïX 7HUPLQÅNDSLWDãµSU]\SXV]F]DOQLHSRMDZLãVLĕZQDXFHZ;9ZZF]DVLHZãR VNLHJRUHQHVDQVXJG\/3DFLROLRSLVDãV\VWHPUDFKXQNRZRŋFLSRGZyMQHM2GWHM SRU\GDWXMHVLĕHUĕNDSLWDOL]PX (YRQ%|KP%DZHUN>@ ]RE>'RELMD0V@

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