NOMINA INSTRUMENTIɋ ɋɍɎɎɂɄɋɈɆ -Ʉ(Ⱥ) ȼ ɋɈȼɊȿɆȿɇɇɈɆ ɊɍɋɋɄɈɆ əɁɕɄȿ
NOMINA INSTRUMENTI WITH THE SUFFIX -K(A)
IN THE CONTEMPORARY RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
ɄȺɌȺɀɂɇȺ ɄɍɅɂȽɈȼɋɄȺ
ABSTRACT. The purpose of the article is to present the status of the derivational category nomina instrumenti in the light of cognitive linguistics. The adoption of the prototype approach allows to broaden the category nomina instrumenti by the names, which have been often excluded from it. The results of structural and semantic analysis of nomina instrumenti with the suffix -k(a) in the contemporary Russian language have been presented.
Katarzyna Kuligowska, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza, PoznaĔ – Polska.
Ɉɪɭɞɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶ-ɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɭɞɢɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹ-ɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɟɛɵɜɚɥɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ. ɐɟɥɶɸ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɤɚɬɟ-ɝɨɪɢɢ nomina instrumenti ɜ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɢɫɶ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɥɨɠ-ɧɵɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɭɞɢɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ -ɤɚ(-ɥɤɚ). Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ, ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ 336 ɥɟɤɫɟɦ, ɩɨɱɟɪɩɧɭɬɵɯ ɢɡ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟɣ, ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟɣ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɫ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ1. ________________ 1 ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ. Ⱥɇ ɋɋɋɊ, ɬ. 1–4, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1981–1984; ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ 1950–1980 ɝɝ., ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɇ.Ɂ. Ʉɨɬɟɥɨɜɨɣ, ɋɚɧɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1995; Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɋ.Ⱥ. Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜɚ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1998; Ɉɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ɇ.ȼ. Ʌɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɢ Ɇ.ɋ. ɒɟɜɟɥɟɜɨɣ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1974; SzeĞciojĊzyczny słownik techniki rolniczej, pod red. T. Pawlickiego, PoznaĔ 1996; Słownik naukowo-techniczny rosyjsko-polski, Warszawa 2008.
Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ Ʉ. ȼɚɲɚɤɨɜɚ, ɞɚɟɬ ɧɨ-ɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɨ-ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ2. Ʉɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɭɸ ɭɠɟ ɡɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɬ ɞɨ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɢɡɦɚ ɦɵɫɥɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɬɪɚ-ɠɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱ-ɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɨɣ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ ɤɚɤ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ, ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɥɢɰɨ, ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɢ ɞɪ.3 Ʉɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɢɫɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɩɢ-ɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɵ ɢ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɜ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨ-ɱɢɦ Ɋ.ɍ. Ʌɚɧɝɚɤɤɟɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɥ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɭ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɮɢɧɢ-ɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɪɟɱɢ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ4. Ɉɧ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɜ ɨɬɪɵɜɟ ɨɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ5. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ Ⱦɠ.Ɋ. Ɍɟɣɥɨɪ, ɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɢ ɜ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɤɟ, ɢ ɜ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɢ ɜ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫɟ6. ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɸɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɵɦɢ, ɟɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ – ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɚ ɫɚɦɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɧɟ-ɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɯ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨ-ɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɦ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɹɞɪɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ7ɢɥɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ʉ. ȼɚɲɚɤɨɜɚ, ɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɱɟɪɬ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ8. ɑɟɦ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɭ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɰɟɧɬ-ɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹɦɢ Ɋ.ɍ. Ʌɚɧɝɚɤɤɟɪɚ ɢ Ⱦɠ.Ɋ. Ɍɟɣ-ɥɨɪɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ. Ɋ.ɍ. Ʌɚɧɝɚɤɤɟɪ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɧɭɠ-ɧɚ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɱɟɪɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɥɚ ɛɵ ɜɫɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ9. ɋ ɷɬɢɦ ɦɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɚɟɬɫɹ Ⱦɠ. Ɋ. Ɍɟɣɥɨɪ, ɫɱɢɬɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɚɧ-ɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɦ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ________________ 2
ɋɦ. K. W a s z a k o w a, Kategorie słowotwórcze z perspektywy semantyki kognityw-nej (zarys problematyki), [ɜ:] JĊzykowa kategoryzacja Ğwiata, pod red. R. Grzegorczykowej i A. PajdziĔskiej, Lublin 1996, ɫ. 285–295.
3
Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 286–287. 4
ɋɦ. R.W. L a n g a c k e r, Nouns and Verbs, „Language” 1987, vol. 63, nr 1, ɫ. 53–94. 5
Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 53. 6
ɋɦ. J.R. T a y l o r, Kategoryzacja w jĊzyku, tłum. A. SkuciĔska, Kraków 2001. 7
Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, c. 93–94. 8
K. W a s z a k o w a, Słowotwórstwo a niektóre załoĪenia kognitywizmu, „Poradnik JĊzykowy” 2004, z. 2, ɫ. 75.
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ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɤɚɤ-ɬɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɧɚ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶ-ɧɨ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɵ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɜɫɸ ɜɫɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɚɪɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɟ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɬɨɧɤɨɟ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ10. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɜ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ʉ. ȼɚɲɚɤɨɜɨɣ, ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-ɥɢɬɶ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɮɥɟɤɫɢɟɣ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɨɩɪɟɞɟ-ɥɢɬɶ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵ-ɦɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵ-ɦɢ11. Ɍɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ nomina instrumenti ɢ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɨɬ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ nomina agentis. ȼ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɢɬɭɚ-ɰɢɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɫɢɬɭɚ-ɰɢɢ, ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɠɟ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɟɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɚ-ɧɢɰ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦɢ12. Ʉɚɤ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ Ⱦɠ.Ɋ. Ɍɟɣɥɨɪ, „JĊzykoznawcy, którzy posługują siĊ klasycznymi modelami kategoryzacji, instynktownie wypatrują jasno okreĞlonych zasad, takĪe w badaniach nad jĊzykiem. Nastawienie prototypowe na-tomiast skłania badacza do przyjĊcia, nawet oczekiwania rozmytoĞci i stopniowal-noĞci”13.
Ⱦɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩ-ɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ nomina instrumenti, ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɟɣ ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɞɚɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɚ, ɢɧɚɱɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ ɤɚɬɟɝɨ-ɪɢɢ nomina instrumenti ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ nomina
instrumenti – ɷɬɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɚɪɚɮɪɚɡɵ: „ɬɨ, ɱɟɦ / ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɱɟɝɨ / ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤɨɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ; ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ”. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɤɚɬɟ-ɝɨɪɢɢ ɦɵ ɩɪɢɱɢɫɥɢɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɪɭɞɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ sensu stricto, ɧɨ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɧɢɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤɨɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɟɣ-ɫɬɜɢɟ. Nomina instrumenti ɫ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɨɦ -ɤɚ(-ɥɤɚ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞ-ɧɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɫɥɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ, ɭɩɨɬ-ɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɚɪɝɨɧɚɯ, ɢ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ʌɚɩɬɟ-ɜɚ, „ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɢɥ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɧɚ -ɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨ-ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɹ ɪɟɱɢ, ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɧɚ, ɬɟɩɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɪɨɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɞɥɹ ɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɢɪɨ-ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫ ɩɨɥɭɫɥɨɜɚ – ɷɬɨɦɭ ________________ 10 J.R. T a y l o r, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 92–100. 11 K. W a s z a k o w a, Słowotwórstwo…, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 77. 12 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ. 13 J.R. T a y l o r, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 171.
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɥɟɠɚɳɢɣ ɜ ɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɪɟɱɟɜɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ”14. ȿ.Ⱥ. Ɂɟɦɫɤɚɹ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɹ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ -ɥɤɚ, ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ: „ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɭɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɥɨɜ ɧɟɭɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɦɭ-ɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɚ”, ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ: „ɨɧɢ [ɧɨɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ -ɥɤɚ] ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɥɟɝɤɨ. Ɉɧɢ ɭɞɨɛɧɵ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɱɥɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ: ɭɦɵɜɚɥɶɧɢɤɢ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɯɥɢɩɚɥ-ɤɢ ɢ ɛɪɵɡɝɚɥɯɥɢɩɚɥ-ɤɢ, ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ – ɞɟɪɝɚɥɯɥɢɩɚɥ-ɤɢ, ɬɪɹɩɯɥɢɩɚɥ-ɤɢ – ɯɜɚɬɚɥɯɥɢɩɚɥ-ɤɢ ɢ ɜɵɬɢɪɚɥɯɥɢɩɚɥ-ɤɢ”15. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɬ.ɧ. ɭɧɢɜɟɪ-ɛɚɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɜɭɯɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɨɣ-ɱɢɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜɨɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ. ȿ. Ʉɚɥɢɲɚɧ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɫɥɨɜɨɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜ-ɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɟɦɤɢɦɢ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ16. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ȿ. ɓɟɩɚɧɶɫɤɚ17. Nomina instrumenti ɫ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɦ -ɤ(ɚ), ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɟ ɜ ɪɟ-ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɰɢɢ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɧɢɠɟ. ȼ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɦɢ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ 336 ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɪɭɞɢɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɦ -ɤ(ɚ), ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ 240 ɫɥɨɜ, ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɵ – ɝɪɭɩɩɭ 96 ɫɥɨɜ18. ɉɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚɦɢ. Ɉɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ 195 ɫɥɨɜ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɜɵɲɟ 81% ɜɫɟɯ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ nomina instrumenti. Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɚɦ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɦ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ – ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ ɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɩɪɢɥɚɝɚ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɫɜɟɪɥɢɥɤɚ < ɫɜɟɪɥɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ, ɨɛ-ɠɢɦɤɚ < ɨɛɠɢɦɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧ, ɥɭɞɢɥɤɚ < ɥɭɞɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ 42 ɫɥɨɜ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɜɵɲɟ 17% ɜɫɟɯ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɨɜ. ɇɟɡɚɦɟɬɧɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ ________________ 14 Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ʌ ɚ ɩ ɬ ɟ ɜ ɚ, ɇɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ „-ɤɚ” ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2008, ɫ. 3. 15 ȿ.Ⱥ. Ɂ ɟ ɦ ɫ ɤ ɚ ɹ, ɋɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2007, ɫ. 133. 16
ɋɦ. J. K a l i s z a n, Rosyjskie i polskie uniwerbizmy z formantem „-ka”, „Studia i Ma-teriały. Filologia Rosyjska” 1989, XXX, z. 8, ɫ. 59.
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ɋɦ. ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɱɢɦ: E. S z c z e p a Ĕ s k a, Substantywizacja jako jeden z rodzajów uniwerbizacji w jĊzyku polskim i czeskim, „Poradnik JĊzykowy” 1987, z. 3, ɫ. 169–176; ɟɟ ɠɟ, O dezintegracji w procesie tworzenia uniwerbizmów, „Poradnik JĊzykowy” 1992, z. 2, ɫ. 129–133. 18 ɋɥɨɜ ɫ ɦɨɪɮɟɦɨɣ -ɤ(ɚ) ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɪɭɞɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɵɲɟ 490, ɧɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɭɮɮɢɤ-ɫɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ. Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 150 ɟɞɢɧɢɰ) ɨɬɧɨ-ɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɱɢɫɬɵɦ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ. ɂɯ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɥɢɲɶ 3: ɤɨɪɦɭɲɤɚ (ɫ ɜɚɪɢɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɨɦ -ɭɲɤɚ) < ɤɨɪɦ, ɦɚɫɥɟɧɤɚ (ɫ ɜɚɪɢɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɧ-ɬɨɦ -ɟɧɤɚ) < ɦɚɫɥɨ, ɧɟɮɬɹɧɤɚ (ɜ ɡɧɚɱ. ‘ɫɭɞɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ’, ɫ ɜɚɪɢɚ-ɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɨɦ -ɹɧɤɚ) < ɧɟɮɬɶ. Ɉɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɵ ɧɚ -ɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ-ɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ (ɜ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ – 114 ɟɞɢɧɢɰ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɜɵɲɟ 58% ɜɫɟɯ ɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɨɜ). ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɭɞɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɦɨɬɢ-ɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚɦɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ (ɜ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɦɚɬɟ-ɪɢɚɥɟ – 61 ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɜɵɲɟ 31% ɜɫɟɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɨɜ), ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚɦɢ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɨɪɭɞɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɟ, ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɧɚɛɨɣɤɚ (‘ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ, ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɧɚ-ɛɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɝɨ-ɥ.’) < ɧɚɛɢɬɶ, ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ (‘ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ’) < ɧɚɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ, ɪɚɫɤɚɬɤɚ (‘ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɤɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɤɚɥɤɚ’) < ɪɚɫɤɚɬɚɬɶ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɟɪɢ-ɜɚɬɵ, ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɜɭɜɢɞɨɜɵɦɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚɦɢ (5 ɟɞɢɧɢɰ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɤɨɥɨ 2,5% ɜɫɟɯ ɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɨɜ), ɧɚɩɪ.: ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɚ < ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɤɚ < ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ. ɇɟɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟ-ɧɢɟɦ ɨɪɭɞɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ (ɜ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ – 15 ɟɞɢɧɢɰ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɤɨɥɨ 8% ɜɫɟɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɨɜ), ɧɚɩɪ.: ɛɪɵɡɝɚɥɤɚ < ɛɪɵɡɝɚɬɶ, ɦɚɯɚɥɤɚ < ɦɚɯɚɬɶ, ɩɪɵɝɚɥɤɚ < ɩɪɵɝɚɬɶ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ nomina instrumenti ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ 2 ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɟɣ – ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɣ: ɠɧɟɣɤɚ < ɠɚɬɶ, ɠɧɟɹ (ɜ ɡɧɚɱ. ‘ɠɚɬɜɟɧ-ɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ’); ɤɨɥɨɬɢɥɤɚ < ɤɨɥɨɬɢɬɶ, ɤɨɥɨɬɢɥɨ. ȿɫɬɶ ɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨ-ɪɵɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɞɜɭɯɫɥɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɦ (ɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶ-ɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶ(ɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶ-ɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶ(ɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶ-ɧɨɝɨ) ɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦ. Ɉɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɢɠɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɰɢɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ, ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶ-ɧɵɯ nomina instrumenti ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɦ -ɤ(ɚ) ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ – ɫɭɮ-ɮɢɤɫ -ɥɤ(ɚ), ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ, ɧɚɩɪ.: -ɢɥɤɚ (ɦɚɡɢɥɤɚ), -ɨɜɤɚ (ɤɨɥɨɬɨɜɤɚ), -ɭɲɤɚ (ɤɨɥɨɬɭɲɤɚ). ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɭɞɢɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɚɦ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ 42 ɟɞɢɧɢɰ. ȼɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɨɧ-ɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɜɪɭɛɨɜɤɚ < ɜɪɭɛɨɜɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ, ɞɨɠɞɟɜɚɥɤɚ < ɞɨɠɞɟɜɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ, ɪɟɥɶɫɨɪɟɡɤɚ < ɪɟɥɶɫɨɪɟɡɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɤ. Ȼóɥɶɲɚɹ ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɸ: 15 ɥɟɤɫɟɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɚɦɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɦɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɠ-ɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɫɥɨɠ-ɧɵɦ ɧɚ -ɥɶɧ- ɢɥɢ -ɧ-, ɢ ɱɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɥɶɧɨɬɟ-ɪɟɛɢɥɤɚ < ɥɶɧɨɬɟɪɟɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ // ɥɟɧ, ɬɟɪɟɛɢɬɶ; ɤɚɦɧɟɞɪɨɛɢɥɤɚ < ɤɚɦ-ɧɟɞɪɨɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ // ɤɚɦɟɧɶ, ɞɪɨɛɢɬɶ; ɬɟɫɬɨɦɟɫɢɥɤɚ < ɬɟɫɬɨɦɟɫɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ // ɬɟɫɬɨ, ɦɟɫɢɬɶ; 16 ɥɟɤɫɟɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɚɦɢ, ɥɢ-ɛɨ ɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɚɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɤɨɪɱɟɜɚɥɤɚ < ɤɨɪɱɟɜɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ,
ɤɨɪɱɟɜɚɬɶ; ɬɟɪɟɛɢɥɤɚ < ɬɟɪɟɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ, ɬɟɪɟɛɢɬɶ; ɩɪɨɦɨɤɚɲɤɚ < ɩɪɨ-ɦɨɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɭɦɚɝɚ // ɩɪɨɦɨɤɚɬɶ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɜ ɢɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɤ ɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɚɦ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɪɢɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫ -ɥɤ(ɚ). ɋɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ nomina instrumenti ɧɚ -ɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɛɪɚɧ-ɧɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ 96 ɫɥɨɜ. ȼ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ (91 ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ) ɨɧɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɢɦɟɧ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɝɜɨɡɞɟ-ɥɨɜɤɚ, ɤɚɪɬɨɧɨɪɟɡɤɚ, ɤɨɮɟɦɨɥɤɚ. ɗɬɢ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ, cɪ.: ɜɨɞɨɦɚɫɥɨɝɪɟɣɤɚ, ɫɨɥɨ-ɦɨɫɢɥɨɫɨɪɟɡɤɚ. Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ, ɫɪ. ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɥɤɚ, ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ, ɫɪ. ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɲɩɚɥɨɩɨɞɛɨɣɤɚ, ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ, ɫɪ. ɫɚɦɨɫɛɪɨɫɤɚ. ɋɥɨɠɧɵɟ nomina instrumenti ɫ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɦ -ɤ(ɚ) ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚ-ɡɨɦ ɤ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɡɤɨɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɦ, ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ. ɉɨ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ-ɥɹɸɬ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɦɚɲɢɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ, ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟ-ɦɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɜɪɭɛɨɜɤɚ, ɡɟɦɥɟɱɟɪɩɚɥɤɚ (ɝɨɪɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ), ɤɚɲɢɪɨɜɤɚ, ɜɟɪɫɬɚɬɤɚ (ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɹ), ɠɦɵɯɨɨɛɪɟɡɚɥɤɚ, ɤɪɭɩɨɞɟɪɤɚ (ɩɢɳɟɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ), ɩɚɥɢɥɤɚ, ɲɢɪɢɥɤɚ (ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ), ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɨɪɟɡɤɚ, ɲɜɵɪɹɥɤɚ (ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ). Nomina instrumenti ɧɚ -ɤɚ(-ɥɤɚ) ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɭɱɧɵɯ ɨɪɭɞɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɛɪɭɫɨɜɤɚ, ɜɵɱɢɳɚɥɤɚ, ɦɟɲɚɥ-ɤɚ, ɬɪɟɩɚɥɦɟɲɚɥ-ɤɚ, ɬɹɩɤɚ. ȼ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɪɭɞɢɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɦ -ɤ(ɚ) ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɨɛɢɯɨɞɚ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɤɨɮɟɦɨɥ-ɤɚ, ɡɚɠɢɝɚɥɤɨɮɟɦɨɥ-ɤɚ, ɫɬɢɪɚɥɤɨɮɟɦɨɥ-ɤɚ, ɬɺɪɤɨɮɟɦɨɥ-ɤɚ, ɦɵɲɟɥɨɜɤɨɮɟɦɨɥ-ɤɚ, ɫɨɤɨɜɵɠɢɦɚɥɤɨɮɟɦɨɥ-ɤɚ, ɤɢɩɹɬɢɥɤɨɮɟɦɨɥ-ɤɚ, ɥɟɣɤɚ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. ȼ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɟɳɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɡɚɛɟɥɤɚ, ɦɨɪɢɥɤɚ, ɨɬɞɭɲɤɚ, ɫɦɚɡɤɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɡɟɪɧɨɜɨɡɤɚ, ɤɚɬɚɥɤɚ, ɧɟɮɬɹɧɤɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ nomina instrumenti ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ; ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ (ɧɚɡɜɚ-ɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ), ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɟɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧ-ɬɚɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ. ȼɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɢɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚ -ɤ(ɚ). ɋɪɟɞɢ ɚɧɚ-ɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɤɨɥɨ 27% ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɨɥɢɫɟɦɢɱɧɵɦ ɫɥɨ-ɜɚɦ19. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɭɞɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɨɱɟɬɚ-ɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɤɨɧɨɩɚɬɤɚ, ɦɨɣɤɚ, ɦɚɫɤɢɪɨɜɤɚ, ________________ 19 ȼ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɫɟɦɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɭɮ-ɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɵ; ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ-ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ nomina instrumenti ɨɬɧɨ-ɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɨɧɨɫɟɦɢɱɧɵɦ ɥɟɤɫɟɦɚɦ.
ɬɪɚɦɛɨɜɤɚ, ɜɚɥɶɰɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɞɪ. ȿɫɬɶ ɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɢɧ-ɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɥɨɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɦɚɫɥɨɛɨɣɤɚ, ɤɢɩɹɬɢɥɤɚ, ɲɟɪɫɬɨɦɨɣɤɚ, ɝɥɚɞɢɥɤɚ, ɩɚɪɢɥɤɚ, ɜɟɲɚɥɤɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɦɧɨɝɨɡɧɚɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɥɟɤ-ɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɛɨɥɬɭɲɤɚ, ɫɧɨɜɚɥɤɚ, ɪɟɡɚɥɤɚ, ɯɥɟɛɨɪɟɡɤɚ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɭɞɢɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɦ -ɤ(ɚ) ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɹɞɵ ɫ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɫ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɦ -ɬɟɥɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɢɡ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɫɪ.: ɤɨɪɱɟɜɚɥɤɚ – ɤɨɪɱɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ, ɞɟɪɠɚɥɤɚ – ɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶ, ɝɜɨɡɞɟɥɨɜɤɚ – ɝɜɨɡɞɟɥɨɜɢ-ɬɟɥɶ, ɬɟɫɬɨɞɟɥɢɥɤɚ – ɬɟɫɬɨɞɟɥɢɝɜɨɡɞɟɥɨɜɢ-ɬɟɥɶ, ɞɨɠɞɟɜɚɥɤɚ – ɞɨɠɞɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ. ɉɨɞɵɬɨɠɢɜɚɹ ɜɵɲɟɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɤɨɧ-ɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɜ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ nomina instrumenti ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɧɚ ɬɟ ɧɚɡɜɚ-ɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɥɢɫɶ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ, ɚ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ – ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɟ-ɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ. Nomina instrumentiɧɚ -ɤɚ(-ɥɤɚ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɭɸ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɢ ɭɡɤɨɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ. Ɉɧɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɦɨɬɢ-ɜɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚɦɢ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ, ɯɨɬɹ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɢɦɟ-ɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɰɢɢ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫ -ɤ(ɚ), ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦ nomina instrumenti, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɨɥɢɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɰɚ.
