SURVEY OF LITERATURE 315
the East Roman Empire, in the provinces which became Slavonic and Rumanian, and in Egypt. Only in this way we shall under-stand the all-European importance of the Roman institutions for the formation of the medieval legal culture.
J. G a u d e m e t , La formation du droit séculier et du droit de l'église au IV' et Ve siècles (Institut de Droit romain de l'Université de Paris X V , 1957) 220 pp.
This interesting study is also of importance for the papyrolo-gists, especially Chapt. IV, 119—131, in which the author gives precise definitions of such notions as "imperial law", "local law", "provincial law" and "vulgar law", and supplies the whole litera-ture concerned.
R. Monier — G. C a r d a s c i a — J. I m b e r t , Histoire des institu-tions et des faits sociaux des origines à Γ aube du moyen âge (Paris, cd. Montchrestien 1956) 633 pp.
The extent and variety of the new programme of the French Uni-versities prompted the prominent romanist R. Monier, lost for the Science last year, to incorporate the contribution of the orien-talist Cardascia as regards the matters of general problems and of oriental laws, and that of the hellenist I m b e r t as regards the institutions and political ideas of Greece, into the new edition of his excellent hand. Accordingly, the new manual treats of the pre-Roman ancient institutions (cuneiform, Egyptian, Hebrew and Greek laws), then of the Roman and finally of the Frankonian institutions.
The whole book will be of high interest and great value for the historians of law.
P R I У Α Τ Ε L A W THE LAW OF PERSONS
C. P r é a u x , Sur les "'fondations" dans VEgypte gréco-romaine (RIDA 3 sér. III [1956] 145—172).
In this interesting article the author shows that in Egypt in the Greco-Roman epoch the Greeks and Egyptians did not confer
316 R. TAUBENSCHLAG
to a f u n d t h e proceeds of which were destined for p e r p e t u a l servi-ces, civil personality. T h e e t e r n a l bodies — such as gods, r o y a l t y , cities, priests or m u m m i f i e r s — h a d t h e possibility to resort t o t h e r i g h t of p r o p e r t y over this f u n d in order t o establish the execution of t h e dispositions m a d e f o r e t e r n i t y . Therefore, t h e execution of these dispositions was accomplished in t h e u s u a l m a n n e r of obliga-tions imposed on t h e above mentioned bodies.
F . A. H o o p e r , Data from Kom Abou Billou of the Length of Life in Greco-Roman Egypt (Chron. d'Egypte X X X I , No. 62 [1956] 332—338).
According t o a s t u d y published in 1945 b y M. H o m b e r t a n d C. P r é a u x , t h e average age a t d e a t h for persons living in E g y p t during t h e Greco-Roman period was a b o u t t h i r t y - t w o years. Their e s t i m a t e was b a s e d on t h e s u r v e y of 813 ages o b t a i n e d f r o m f u n e -r a -r y insc-riptions a n d m u m m y t i c k e t s -r a n g i n g in d a t e f -r o m t h e 3d c e n t u r y B.C. T h e a u t h o r gives n e w m a t e r i a l corroborating for-mer f i n d i n g s .
E . L. K a z a k e v i t c h , Termin δοΰλος i poniatie 'rab' v Afinakh IV υ. do п.е. [= The Term δοϋλος and rhe Notion of 'Slave' in Athens in the IV cent, before our era] ( Vestnik Drevney Istorii 1956 No. 3, 119—136).
T h e a u t h o r investigates t h e t e r m δοϋλος a n d similar ones. T h i s interesting dissertation will b e also of use for p a p y r o l o g i s t s .
W . L. W e s t e r m a n n , Upon the Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity (Symbnlaa R. Taubenschlag dedicatae I = Eos 48, 1
[1956] 19—25).
I n this article t h e a u t h o r gives a short s u m m a r y of his work published p o s t h u m o u s l y : The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Anti-quity (The A m e r i c a n Philosophical Society, Philadelphia 1955). T h e article was sent h v the late Professor W e s t e r m a n n in a u t u m n 1954.
R . M a r t i n i , Mercenarius. Contribute alio studio dei rapporti di la-voro in diritto romano (Studi Senesi 48/49 [1956/7] fasc. 3—4, p . 214—290).
