ɎȺɇɌɈɆ ɂɋɌɈɊɂɂ ɂ ɂɋɌɈɊɂə ɎȺɇɌɈɆȺ
ȼ ɊɈɆȺɇȿ ɘ. ȾɊɍɀɇɂɄɈȼȺ ɉȿɊȼɕɃ Ⱦȿɇɖ ɈɋɌȺȼɒȿɃɋə ɀɂɁɇɂ Ɍɇȿ PHANTOM OF HISTORY AND Ɍɇȿ HISTORY OF PHANTOM IN YU. DRUZHNIKOV'S NOVEL Ɍɇȿ FIRST DAɍ OF Ɍɇȿ REMAINING LIFE
ȽȺɅɂɇȺ ɇȿɎȺȽɂɇȺ
ABSTRACT. The article studies the originality of the latest Yu. Druzhnikov's nɨvɟl which accumulated the features of detective, historic, ɚdvɟnturɟ, ɚnd espionage gɟnrɟs. ɋɨlliding different stylistic systems the author provokes unɟɯɪɟɫtɟd synthesis which generates ɚ work bɟlɨnging to ɚ new artistic type. It melts historically true and historically possible facts into ɚ single unity. ȼɨrn bɭ the writer's imagination the historic phantom looks absolutely rɟɚl and is perceived as ɚ true historic fact. It is the history of this phantom that creates the peripeteia of the nɨvɟl The first day of the remaiɩiɩg life.
Galina Nefagina, Akademia Pomorska w Słupsku, Słupsk – Polska.
ɏɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ ɘ. Ⱦɪɭɠɧɢɤɨɜɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɪɟɞɤɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ: ɜ ɧɟɦ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɟ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢ-ɦɨɟ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɤɪɭɩɭɥɟɡɧɨ ɜɵɜɟɪɟɧ-ɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ, ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɬɨɱɜɵɜɟɪɟɧ-ɧɵɯ ɦɟɥɨɱɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ ɜɵɡɵ-ɜɚɸɬ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ, ɚ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɮɚɧɬɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠe ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɧɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɧɚ-ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɧɬɨɦɚ ɡɚɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɩɟɪɢɩɟɬɢɢ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ɘ. Ⱦɪɭɠɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɬɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɚ, ɱɬɨ ɋɬɚɥɢɧɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɟɧɨ ɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɫɫɢɦɭɫɚ, ɢ ɟɫɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɡɧɚɤ ɨɬ-ɥɢɱɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɶɫɤɚɹ Ɂɜɟɡɞɚ, ɬɨ ɩɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɧɟɤɚɹ Ɂɜɟɡɞɚ ɝɟɧɟɪaɥɢɫɫɢɦɭɫɚ. ɂ ɷɬɨ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɢ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶ-ɧɨ, ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶ-ɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɲɶ ɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ Ɂɜɟɡɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨ-ɪɚɹ, ɞɭɦɚɟɬɫɹ, ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɧɬɨɦɨɦ. Ɂɜɟɡɞɚ ɜɞɪɭɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɭɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɭ, ɢ ɨɥɢɝɚɪɯɭ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɤɚɤ „ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɠɢɜɨɣ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ”1. ________________ 1 ɘ. Ⱦ ɪ ɭ ɠ ɧ ɢ ɤ ɨ ɜ, ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2008, ɫ. 23.
ɉɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɢɫɤɭɫɧɨ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɦɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟ-ɫɤɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɠe ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɚ ɤɚɤɢɟ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɵ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɪɢɲɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɧɟɦɚ-ɥɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɨɤɨɩɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ, ɜ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɚɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɫɨɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɉɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɮɨɧɨɜɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɜɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɨɨɛɳɟ, ɧɚɞɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɋɬaɥɢɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɨ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɢ-ɮɨɜ, ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɚɜɞɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɞɢɜɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɣ, ɱɬɨ, ɩɨɧɢɦɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɜɵɦɵɫɟɥ, ɜɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɲɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɮɚɧɬɚɡɢɢ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ Ⱦɪɭɠɧɢɤɨɜɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɵɦɵɫɥɨɦ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨ-ɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɧɤɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɞɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɨɩɢ-ɫɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɋɬɚɥɢɧɭ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɭɧɞɢɪɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɫɫɢɦɭɫɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ, ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣ-ɬɢ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ Ɇɨɧɬɟɮɢɨɪɟ ɋɢɦɨɧ ɋɟɛɚɝ ɋɬɚɥɢɧ: ɞɜɨɪ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɚ2, ɜ ɜɨɫ-ɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹɯ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɚ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ ɋ.Ɇ. ɒɬɟɦɟɧɤɨ. ɒɬɟɦɟɧɤɨ ɩɢɲɟɬ: Ʉɚɤ-ɬɨ, ɩɪɢɛɵɜ ɧɚ ɞɨɤɥɚɞ ɜ Ʉɪɟɦɥɶ, ɦɵ ɫ Ⱥ.ɂ. Ⱥɧɬɨɧɨɜɵɦ (ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɦ Ƚɟɧɲɬɚ-ɛɚ – ɋ. Ɇ.) ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɨɣ ɋɬɚɥɢɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɞɚɧɬɚ Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɣ Ⱥɪɦɢɢ ɝɟɧɟ-ɪɚɥ-ɩɨɥɤɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɉ.ɂ. Ⱦɪɚɱɟɜɚ. Ɉɧ ɛɵɥ ɨɞɟɬ ɜ ɩɵɲɧɭɸ ɜɨɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɹ. Ɇɭɧɞɢɪ ɛɵɥ ɫɲɢɬ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ Ʉɭɬɭɡɨɜɚ, ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɬɨɹɱɢɦ ɜɨɪɨɬ-ɧɢɤɨɦ. Ȼɪɸɤɢ ɠe ɜɵɝɥɹɞɟɥɢ ɩɨ-ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ, ɧɨ ɛɥɢɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɡɨɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɥɚɦɩɚɫɚ-ɦɢ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ, ɭɞɢɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɨɩɟɪɟɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɧɚɪɹɞɨɦ, ɦɵ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɫɬɸɦ, Ⱦɪɚɱɟɜ ɬɢɯɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɥ ɧɚɦ: „ɇɨɜɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɞɥɹ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɫɫɢɦɭɫɚ...”. ȼ ɤɚɛɢɧɟɬɟ ɭ ɋɬɚɥɢɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɉɨɥɢɬɛɸɪɨ. Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɥ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤ ɬɵɥɚ ɝɟ-ɧɟɪɚɥ ɚɪɦɢɢ Ⱥ.ȼ. ɏɪɭɥɟɜ. Ɂɚɤɨɧɱɢɜ ɞɨɤɥɚɞ, ɨɧ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɥ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɫɭɬ-ɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɜɨɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ. ɂ.ȼ. ɋɬɚɥɢɧ ɛɵɥ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɫɤɚɡɚɥ: „Ⱦɚɜɚɣɬɟ, ɜɨɬ ɢ Ƚɟɧɲɬɚɛ ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɢɬ”. Ⱦɚɥɢ ɡɧɚɤ ɜ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɭɸ. ȼɨɲɟɥ ɉ.ɂ. Ⱦɪɚɱɟɜ. ɂ.ȼ. ɋɬɚɥɢɧ ɨɤɢɧɭɥ ɟɝɨ ɛɟɝɥɵɦ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɦɪɚɱɧɟɥ. ȼɢɞɢɦɨ, ɨɧ ɞɨɝɚɞɚɥɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɡɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ. – Ʉɨɝɨ ɷɬɨ ɜɵ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɬɟɫɶ ɬɚɤ ɨɞɟɜɚɬɶ? – ɫɩɪɨɫɢɥ ɨɧ Ⱥ.ȼ. ɏɪɭɥɟɜɚ, ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɤɢɜɧɭɜ ɝɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɞɚɧɬɚ. – ɗɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɞɥɹ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɫɫɢɦɭɫɚ, ɨɬɜɟɬɢɥ Ⱥ.ȼ. ɏɪɭɥɟɜ – Ⱦɥɹ ɤɨɝɨ? – ɩɟɪɟɫɩɪɨɫɢɥ ɋɬɚɥɢɧ. – Ⱦɥɹ ɜɚɫ, ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳ ɋɬɚɥɢɧ... ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɵɣ Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɤɨɦɚɧɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɜɟɥɟɥ Ⱦɪɚɱɟɜɭ ɭɞɚɥɢɬɶɫɹ, ɚ ɫɚɦ, ɧɟ ɫɬɟɫɧɹɹɫɶ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ, ɪɚɡɪɚɡɢɥɫɹ ɞɥɢɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɝɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɬɢɪɚɞɨɣ. Ɉɧ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɨɜɚɥ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɭɦɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɨɠɢ-ɞɚɥ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɬɵɥɚ. Ʉɨɧɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɷɬɚ ɡɚɬɟɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɚ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɫɫɢɦɭɫɚ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ. ɂ.ȼ. ɋɬɚɥɢɧ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɞɧɟɣ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɧɨɫɢɥ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɵ3. ȼ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ ɷɬɨɬ ɷɩɢɡɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɤɚɤ ɫɰɟɧɚ ɪɚɡɵɝɪɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɋɬɚɥɢɧɵɦ ɫɩɟɤɬɚɤɥɹ – ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɭɣɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ, ɤɫɬɚɬɢ, ɬɨɠɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɫɩɨ-ɦɢɧɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ (ɞɨɱɟɪɢ ɋɬɚɥɢɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɥɚɧɵ Ⱥɥɥɢɥɭɟɜɨɣ, ɚɞɦɢɪɚɥɚ ________________ 2 Ɇ.ɋ. ɋ ɟ ɛ ɚ ɝ, ɋɬɚɥɢɧ: ɞɜɨɪ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2005. 3 C.Ɇ. ɒ ɬ ɟ ɦ ɟ ɧ ɤ ɨ, Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɒɬɚɛ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɜɨɣɧɵ. Ɉɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2005, ɫ. 463.
ɮɥɨɬɚ ɇ.Ƚ. Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜɚ4). Ⱦɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɋɬɚ-ɥɢɧ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɞɟɥ ɧɢ ɪɚɡɭ, ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɜ ȼɨɟɧɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɭɡɟɟ. Ɍɚɤ ɠɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ ɉɨɬɫɞɚɦ– Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ (ɩɭɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɧɜɨɹ ɢ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɣ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.), ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ ɋɟɛɚɝ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɝɚɡɟɬɟ „ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɚɹ Ȼɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɢɹ”, ɚɪɯɢɜɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ. ȼ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɟ Ȼɟɪɢɢ, ɚɞɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɋɬɚɥɢɧɭ ɢ Ɇɨɥɨɬɨɜɭ, ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ: ɇɄȼȾ ɋɋɋɊ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɛ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ. ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɨ 62 ɜɢɥɥɵ (10.000 ɤɜ. ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɞɜɭɯɷɬɚɠɧɵɣ ɨɫɨɛɧɹɤ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɚ ɋɬɚɥɢɧɚ: 15 ɤɨɦɧɚɬ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɜɟ-ɪɚɧɞɚ. Ɇɚɧɫɚɪɞɚ, 400 ɤɜ. ɦɟɬɪɨɜ). Ɉɫɨɛɧɹɤ ɜɫɟɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧ, ɟɫɬɶ ɭɡɟɥ ɫɜɹɡɢ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɡɚɩɚɫɵ ɞɢɱɢ, ɠɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɛɚɤɚɥɟɣɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɧɚɩɢɬɤɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɞɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ 7 ɤɦ ɨɬ ɉɨɬɫɞɚɦɚ ɫ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɬɢɰɟɮɟɪɦɚɦɢ, ɨɜɨɳɧɵɦɢ ɛɚɡɚɦɢ; ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ 2 ɯɥɟɛɨɩɟɤɚɪɧɢ, ɜɟɫɶ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɢɡ Ɇɨɫɤɜɵ. ɇɚɝɨɬɨɜɟ ɞɜɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɷɪɨɞɪɨɦɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ 7 ɩɨɥɤɨɜ ɜɨɣɫɤ ɇɄȼȾ ɢ 1.500 ɱɟɥɨ-ɜɟɤ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɨɯɪɚɧɚ ɜ 3 ɤɨɥɶɰɚ. ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɨɫɨɛɧɹ-ɤɚ – ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ-ɥɟɣɬɟɧɚɧɬ ȼɥɚɫɢɤ. Ɉɯɪɚɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ – Ʉɪɭɝɥɨɜ. ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɟɡɞ. Ɇɚɪɲɪɭɬ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɜ 1.923 ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɪɚ (ɩɨ ɋɋɋɊ – 1.095, ɉɨɥɶɲɟ – 594, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ – 234). Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɭɬɢ 17 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɫɨɥɞɚɬ ɢ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɨɜ ɜɨɣɫɤ ɇɄȼȾ, 1.515 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ. ɇɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɤɢ-ɥɨɦɟɬɪɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɨɬ 6 ɞɨ 15 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ. ɉɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɭ-ɞɭɬ ɤɭɪɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ 8 ɛɪɨɧɟɩɨɟɡɞɨɜ ɇɄȼȾ. Ⱦɥɹ Ɇɨɥɨɬɨɜɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɨ 2-ɷɬɚɠɧɨɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɟ (11 ɤɨɦɧɚɬ). Ⱦɥɹ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɰɢɢ 55 ɜɢɥɥ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ 8 ɨɫɨɛɧɹɤɨɜ. 2 ɢɸɥɹ 1945 ɝɨɞɚ. Ʌ. Ȼɟɪɢɹ5. ȼ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ Ⱦɪɭɠɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɋɬɚɥɢɧɚ – ɢɡ ɉɨɬɫɞɚɦɚ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɭ, ɧɨ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɨɛ-ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ. ɉɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ ɫ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɬɚɤ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬ-ɪɚɫɫɥɟɞɨ-ɜɚɬɟɥɶ: ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ ɜɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɚɜɬɨɪ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ. Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɹ ɫɤɨɩɢɥ ɢɡɪɹɞɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɜɲɟɦ, ɢɧɚɱɟ ɛɵ ɜɵ ɷɬɨ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɧɟ ɱɢɬɚɥɢ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɵ ɪɚɫɤɚɩɵɜɚɥ ɜ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ ɚɪ-ɯɢɜɚɯ. Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɥɚɤɨɦɢɥɫɹ ɩɵɥɶɸ ɜ ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚɯ ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧɚ ɢ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɚ, ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɭɠ ɨ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɯ6. Ⱦɪɭɠɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɨɱɟɧ ɞɚɠɟ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨ, ɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ, ɧɟ-ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɥɧɟɟ ________________ 4 ɇ.Ƚ. Ʉ ɭ ɡ ɧ ɟ ɰ ɨ ɜ, Ʉɪɭɬɵɟ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɵ. ɂɡ ɡɚɩɢɫɨɤ ɚɞɦɢɪɚɥɚ, „ȼɨɟɧɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟ-ɫɤɢɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ”, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1993, ʋ 7, ɫ. 54. 5 Ɇ.ɋ. ɋ ɟ ɛ ɚ ɝ, yɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 515. 6 ɘ. Ⱦ ɪ ɭ ɠ ɧ ɢ ɤ ɨ ɜ, yɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 23.
ɢ ɝɥɭɛɠɟ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɋɬɚɥɢɧɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɜ Ɉɞɟɫɫɭ ɬɟɩɥɨɯɨɞ „Ⱥɞɨɥɶɮ Ƚɢɬɥɟɪ”, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɬɚɥ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ „Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ”, ɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨ ɪɟɩɚɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɞɧɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɤɚɥɶɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɮɪɚɡɚ ɨ ɬɚɣɧɨɣ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɟ ɜ 1942 ɝɨɞɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ Ƚɨɫɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ Ƚɟɫɬɚɩɨ, ɬɨ ɩɭɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠ-ɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɦɭ, ɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɵɫɤɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɤɟ7. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɫɤɪɭɩɭɥɟɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɠɚɧɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɨɣ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɘ. Ⱦɪɭɠɧɢɤɨɜɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɠɚɧɪɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ, ɯɨɬɹ ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ... ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ, ɢ ɜɵɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ, ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɚɦ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɫ ɠɟɧɨɣ Ʌɟɪɨɣ – ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɢ ɢɝɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɚ, ɢɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ „ɬɟɚɬɪɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ” (ɨ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɢ ɚɮɢɲɚ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ). Ɋɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɵ Ⱦɪɭɠɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɫ ɞɨɦɵɫɥɨɦ, ɞɨɩɭ-ɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɞɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɪɚɜɞɨɩɨɞɨɛɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɞɚ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ: ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɉɚ-ɪɚɞɨɦ ɉɨɛɟɞɵ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɜɚɥ ɧɟ ɋɬɚɥɢɧ, ɚ ɝɚɪɰɟɜɚɜɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɛɟɥɨɦ ɤɨɧɟ ɦɚɪɲɚɥ ɀɭɤɨɜ? ȼ ɫɜɨɢɯ ȼɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹɯ ɀɭɤɨɜ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥ: ȼɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɉɚɪɚɞ ɉɨɛɟɞɵ ɢ ɤɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɚɪɚ-ɞɨɦ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɫɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɧɚɫ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɉɚɪɚɞ ɉɨɛɟɞɵ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɵɣ Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɤɨɦɚɧɞɭɸɳɢɣ. ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɠɟ ɋɬɚɥɢɧ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɉɚɪɚɞ? ɂɡ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɨɫɬɢ? ɂɡ ɭɜɚ-ɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɫɥɭɝ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɚ ɀɭɤɨɜɚ? ɂɡ ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɫɬɜɚ? Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ Ⱦɪɭɠɧɢɤɨɜɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɬ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ ȼ. Ʉɚɪ-ɩɨɜɚ Ɇɚɪɲɚɥ ɀɭɤɨɜ: Onaɥa. ȼ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ ɄɚɪɄɚɪ-ɩɨɜɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɪɚɫ-ɫɤɚɡɵ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɹ ɋɬɚɥɢɧɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɀɭɤɨɜɚ ɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ „ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ” ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ8. ɋɬɚɥɢɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɭɦɟɥ ɟɡɞɢɬɶ ɜɟɪɯɨɦ, ɚ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɭɞɚ-ɥɚɫɶ: ɤɨɧɶ ɫɤɢɧɭɥ ɧɟɨɩɵɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɚɞɧɢɤɚ. ȼ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɬɚɥɢɧ ɨɬɤɚ-ɡɚɥɫɹ ɨɬ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɞɨɦ, ɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɧɟɩɨɤɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɹ ɀɭɤɨɜɭ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɧɚɞɟɹɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɦɚɪɲɚɥ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ. Ⱦɪɭɠɧɢ-ɤɨɜ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɷɩɢɡɨɞ, ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɢɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɜɹɡɤɭ ɟɝɨ: ȼɥɚɫɢɤ ɧɚ ɝɥɚ-ɡɚɯ ɭ ɋɬɚɥɢɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɟɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɹ. ɗɬɨɬ, ɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ, ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤ-ɬɭɪɟ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ ɧɸɚɧɫ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɋɬɚɥɢɧɚ, ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɤ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɦ, ɢ ɢɯ ɥɚɤɟɣɫɬɜɨ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɭɛɢɣɫɬɜɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɫɬɚɥɢɧ-ɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɥɟ ɤɨɧɹ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɟ ɡɥɨɜɟɳɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ: ɭɛɢɣɫɬɜɨ ________________ 7
Cɦ. Ɇ. Ɏ ɢ ɧ ɬ ɭ ɲ ɚ ɥ, ɇɟɫɨɫɬɨɹɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɚɥɶɹɧɫ, „The Yonge street review” 2002, nr 263; ɋ. ɋ ɟ ɪ ɝ ɟ ɟ ɜ, Ⱦɨɝɨɜɚɪɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɥɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɥɢɫɫɢɦɭɫ ɫ Ƚɢɬɥɟɪɨɦ ɨ ɜɨɣɧɟ ɫ ɫɨɸɡ-ɧɢɤɚɦɢ?, „ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ” 2007, 5 ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ, ɫ. 3; ȼ. Ʉ ɚ ɪ ɩ ɨ ɜ, Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɫɫɢɦɭɫ, Ʉɚɥɢɧɢɧ-ɝɪɚɞ 2002.
8
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɥɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɭɤɨɣ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. (ɉɨɩɭɬɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɱɭ, ɱɬɨ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɜ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ, Ⱦɪɭɠɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɩɚɞɟ-ɧɢɹ ɋɬɚɥɢɧɚ ɫ ɤɨɧɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɥ ɨɞɧɭ ɨɩɥɨɲɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɧ ɩɢɲɟɬ: „ɉɨɤɭɫɚɣ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɩɨɞɯɜɚɬɢɥ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɚ ɋɬɚɥɢɧɚ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ, ɟɞɜɚ ɥɢ ɧɟ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɪɭɫ-ɱɚɬɤɢ”. ɇɨ ɜɟɞɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ Ɇɚɧɟɠɟ, ɝɞɟ ɩɨɥ ɛɵɥ ɡɚɫɵɩɚɧ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɨɩɢɥɨɤ! Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɫɩɚɫɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɞɚɪɟ ɨ ɛɪɭɫɱɚɬɤɭ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɚɦɨɨɬɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɟɦ ɨɬɪɹɯɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɢɥɨɤ ɫ ɨɞɟɠɞɵ, ɢ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ – ɞɨɜɟɪɢɟɦ ɤ ɫɩɚɫɢɬɟɥɸ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɢ-ɫɚɬɟɥɶ). ɂɥɥɸɡɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ-ɧɵɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɪɨɦɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɝɨɞɚ, ɞɚ-ɬɵ, ɞɧɹ ɧɟɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɧɚɯ: 1945 ɝɨɞ ɢ 2005 ɝɨɞ. ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ 1945 ɝɨɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, ɞɚɱɢ ɋɬɚɥɢɧɚ ɜ Ʉɭɧɰɟɜɨ, ɜ ɉɢɰɭɧɞɟ ɢ ɋɨɱɢ, Ʉɭɜɟɣɬ; ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ paɡɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜ-ɧɨɦ ɜ ɲɬɚɬɟ Ʉɚɥɢɮɨɪɧɢɹ ɋɒȺ, ɯɨɬɹ ɡɚɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ 2005 ɝɨɞɚ. Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɢ ɋɒȺ ɞɚɧɵ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɣɡɚɠɟɣ, ɧɪɚɜɨɜ, ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɢɯ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɜ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɨɤɭɫɵ: ɞɟɬɞɨɦ ɧɚ Ȼɟɫɨɜɨɣ ɝɨɪɟ, ɝɞɟ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɱɢɰɚ Ɇɚɜɪɚ, ɢ ɪɚɧɱɨ Ⱦɶɹɜɨɥɚ, ɝɞɟ ɜɵɪɨɫɥɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɫɥɭɲɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ ɪɚɡɜɟɞ-ɲɤɨɥɵ ɇɢɤɨɥɶ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɧɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɚɹ ɨɧɨɦɚɫɬɢɤɚ: Ȼɟɫ = ɞɶɹɜɨɥ – ɩɨɤɪɨ-ɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɢ ɜɞɨɯɧɨɩɨɤɪɨ-ɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɢɯ ɞɭɲɚɯ. Ⱦɪɭɠɧɢɤɨɜ – ɨɩɵɬɧɵɣ ɦɢɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ. ɋɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɸ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ. ȼ ɫɬɚɥɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɷɬɨ „ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɤɚ” ɨ ɜɵɫɲɟɦ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɡɜɚɧɢɢ „ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɫɫɢɦɭɫ”, ɹɤɨɛɵ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ Mapɤca--ɗɧɝɟɥɶɫɚ-Ʌɟɧɢɧɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɨɦ ɒɚɞɥɢɧɵɦ. Ʉɫɬɚɬɢ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨ-ɪɨɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɜ 1944–1949 ɝɨɞɚɯ ɛɵɥ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ Ʉɪɚɬɤɨɣ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɂ.ȼ. ɋɬɚɥɢɧɚ ȼ.ɋ. Ʉɪɭɠɤɨɜ. ɉɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɟɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɤɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɟ ɥɢɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɜ. ɋɬɚɥɢɧɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɭɲɚɬɶ ɞɨɬɨɲɧɵɯ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɜɟɞɨɜ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨɜ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɉɪɚɜɞɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ Ɇɚɜɪɵ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɵ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ, ɚɞɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɱɟɪɢ ɢ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɟɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ. Ɉɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ „Ʌɨɫ-Ⱥɧɞɠɟɥɟɫ Ɍɚɣɦɫ” ɨ ɠɟɧɢɬɶɛɟ ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɟɪɚ ɉɨɥɚ Ɋɢɜɟɪɫɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɜɟɧɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɪɨ-ɦɚɧɚ ɢ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ peaɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ɇɚɜɪɵ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɞɶɛɟ ɞɨɱɟɪɢ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɢɹ Ɂɜɟɡɞɵ. ɉɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɝɟɪɨɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɟ-ɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɜ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɷɩɢɡɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɚɪɚɛɢɫɬɚ ɉɟɪɨ-ɱɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɸ ɫɨɫɥɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɥɚɝɟɪɹ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪɚ Ⱥɞɚɦɨɜɢɱɚ ɒɭɦɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ. ɂɬɚɤ, ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ – ɮɚɧɬɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɦɚɧ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɸɠɟɬ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢ-ɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦ.
ȼ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ ɥɢɯɨ ɡɚɤɪɭɱɟɧɚ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɢɧɬɪɢɝɚ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɤɪɨɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɟ-ɬɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɨɢɫɤɚɯ ɭɛɢɣɰɵ Ɇɚɜɪɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɞɨɡɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɬɨ ɉɨɤɭɫɚɣ, ɬɨ ɚɜɬɨɪ, ɬɨ Ⱥɥɟɤɫ. ɇɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɬɵ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɜɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɜɚɧɬɸɪɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ. Ɂɜɟɡɞɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɫɫɢɦɭɫɚ, ɤɨɱɭɸɳɚɹ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɦ, ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɢ ɥɸɞɹɦ, ɫɬɚɧɨ-ɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɸɠɟɬɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɚɜɚɧɬɸɪɧɨ-ɩɪɢɤɥɸɱɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɥɢɯɨ ɡɚɤɪɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ, ɪɨɥɶɸ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɧɟ-ɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɵ ɫɸɠɟɬɚ, ɫ ɹɪɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɝɟɪɨɹ-ɩɥɭɬɚ (ɬɚɤɢɯ – ɨɯɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɚ Ɂɜɟɡɞɨɣ – ɜ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ ɞɜɨɟ: Ɍɢɦɨɮɟɣ ɉɨɤɭɫɚɣ ɢ Ⱥɥɟɤɫ Ƚɪɚɱ, ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɵ). ɂɧɬɪɢɝɚ ɫɨ Ɂɜɟɡɞɨɣ, ɛɟɪɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɜ ɫɬɚɥɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ, ɜɬɹɝɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɭɞɶɛɵ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹɯ Ɂɟɦɥɢ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɜɫɟɥɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛ, ɢɛɨ ɟɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɚ ɬɨ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ Ȼɨɝ ɢ Ⱦɶɹɜɨɥ, ɚ ɝɥɚɜ-ɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɵ (ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɡɧɚɤ ɬɨɬɚɥɢɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ) – ɋɬɚɥɢɧ, ɲɟɣɯ Ⱥɯɦɚɬ ɢ ɉɨɥ Ɋɢɜɟɪɫ – ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɟɫɶ ɦɢɪ. ȼ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɚɜɚɧɬɸɪɧɨɦ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɝɟɪɨɹ-ɩɥɭɬɚ: ɨɞɢɧ ɩɥɭɬ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɢɸ, ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɩɨɧɟɜɨɥɟ, ɜɵɧɭɠɞɚɟɦɵɣ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ-ɦɢ. ɍ Ⱦɪɭɠɧɢɤɨɜɚ ɷɬɨ Ⱥɥɟɤɫ Ƚɪɚɱ ɢ Ɍɢɦɨɮɟɣ ɉɨɤɭɫɚɣ. Ʉɚɤ ɝɟɪɨɢ ɚɜɚɧɬɸɪɧɨ-ɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ, ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ. Ɉɛɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɠɢ-ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɢ, ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɰɟɥɢ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫ Ƚɪɚɱ – ɚɜɚɧɬɸɪɢɫɬ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɢɸ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɤɪɚɫɨɬɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, Ⱥɥɟɤɫ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɬɟɧ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɬɨ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ. Ɉɧ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ: ɯɨɱɟɬ ɞɨɛɵɬɶ Ɂɜɟɡɞɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɥɢɝɚɪɯɚ, ɫɬɪɟɦɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɨɦ. ȿɫɬɟ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɜ ɚɜɚɧɬɸɪɭ ɨɧ ɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɢɡ ɢɞɟɣɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɡ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨ ɬɢɩ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ-ɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɰɢɧɢɤɚ, ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɱɟɦ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɚ-ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɭɛɢɣɫɬɜɨ. Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɱɨ Ⱥɥɟɤɫ Ƚɪɚɱ [...] ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɜɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɣ ɰɢɜɢɥɢ-ɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɧ ɝɢɛɪɢɞ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɧɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɪɡɚɜɰɟɦ. Ƚɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɫɩɨɪɭ ɧɟɬ, ɧɟɡɚɭɪɹɞɧɚɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫ ɜɨɥɟɣ ɢ ɚɭɪɨɣ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɠɟ ɬɢɩ – ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɟɰ ɛɟɡ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɢɦɢɬɨɜ9. ȼ ɞɭɯɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɨ „ɛɪɚɬɤɚɯ” Ⱦɪɭɠɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɟɰ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚ, ɧɟ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɩɵɬɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɢ ɥɸɞɢ ɇɟɦɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɚɹɧɢɟ. ɉɨɤɭɫɚɣ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɝɟɪɨɸ ɚɜɚɧɬɸɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɧɢ-ɡɨɜ. Ⱦɟɪɟɜɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɩɚɪɟɧɶ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɋɬɚɥɢɧɵɦ ɜ ɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɟɥɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɢ. Ɍɟɥɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɬɪɢɤɫɬɟɪɚ, ɫɥɟ-ɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɩɥɭɬɨɦ ɢ ɚɜɚɧɬɸɪɢ-________________ 9 ɘ. Ⱦ ɪ ɭ ɠ ɧ ɢ ɤ ɨ ɜ, yɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 342.
ɫɬɨɦ, ɩɨ ɡɚɞɭɦɤɟ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɋɬɚɥɢɧ. „ɉɨɤɭɫɚɣ, ɉɨɤɭɫɚɣ, ɜɫɟɯ ɦɨɢɯ ɜɪɚɝɨɜ ɩɨɤɭɫɚɣ”, – ɩɨɲɭɬɢɥ ɜɨɠɞɶ ɢ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥ ɜɫɸ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ Ɍɢɦɨɮɟɹ ɤɚɤ ɷɧɤɚɜɟɞɢɫɬɚ, ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ. ɉɨɤɭ-ɫɚɣ ɜɬɹɝɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɜɚɧɬɸɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɜɨɥɟ. ɋɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɹ ɞɟɜɭɲɟɤ, ɩɨɫɥɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɪɨɤ ɲɟɣɯɭ Ʉɭɜɟɣɬɚ, ɨɧ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɝɚɪɟɦ ɲɟɣɯɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɟɜɧɭɯɚ, ɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɚɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ. Ɋɚɡɨɛɥɚɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɜɟɬ-ɫɤɢɣ ɲɩɢɨɧ, ɨɧ ɛɟɠɢɬ ɜ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɭ ɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ Ʉɚɥɢɮɨɪɧɢɢ. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɛɵ ɩɟɪɢɩɟɬɢɢ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɢ, ɨɧ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɟɬ. ɗɬɚ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɚɹ ɠɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɶ – ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɨɬ ɚɜɚɧɬɸɪɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɧ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɥɭ ɏɨɡɹɢɧɚ, ɧɟ ɢɞɟɟ, ɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɟɦɭ ɫɚɦɨɦɭ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɦɨɬɢɜɨɦ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ Ɂɜɟɡɞɭ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɫɫɢɦɭɫɚ, ɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɥɭɬɨɜɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɯɢɬ-ɪɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ. ɋɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɥɭɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɬɨɣ ɞɶɹɜɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɯɢɬɪɨɫɬɶɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɚɫɶ ɭ ɉɨɤɭɫɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɟ ɭ ɋɬɚɥɢɧɚ. ɉɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɢ Ɂɜɟɡɞɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɚɜɬɨɪɭ ɚɜɚɧɬɸɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɛɵɬ ɢ ɧɪɚɜɵ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ – Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ (ɫɬɚɥɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ) ɢ ɋɒȺ. ɉɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɫɦɟɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɚ-ɪɚɤɬɟɪɚɯ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɲɬɚɦɩɚ „ɡɚɝɚɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɭɲɚ”, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɞɚɜɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ. Ɂɚɝɚɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɞɭɲɚ: ɩɪɢɜɟɬɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɫ ɬɟɦɢ, ɤɬɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢ-ɜɚɟɬ, ɫɚɦɨɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɞɨɜɟ-ɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɨ ɚɛɫɭɪɞɚ, ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ, ɧɢɡɜɟɞɨɜɟ-ɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɨ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɨɣ, ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɡɦ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚ, ɡɚɤɭɬɚɧɧɚɹ, ɤɚɤ ɦɭɦɢɹ ɮɚɪɚɨɧɚ, ɜ ɛɢɧɬɵ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ10. Ɂɚɝɚɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɞɭɲɚ: ɫɚɦɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɧɟɥɟɩɨɫɬɢ, ɫɚɦɚɹ ɰɟɥɟ-ɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɧɚɹ, ɯɨɬɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ, ɝɞɟ ɰɟɥɶ, ɫɚɦɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɟɝɨ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɧɟɬ11. ɋɢɧɬɟɡ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɚɜɚɧɬɸɪɧɨɝɨ ɠɚɧɪɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɝɪɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ. Ɉɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ: ɝɪɨɬɟɫɤɚ, ɢɪɨɧɢɢ, ɤɚɪɧɚɜɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ, ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɪɚɤɭɪɫɨɜ. ɉɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɫɸɠɟɬɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɭɸ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɭ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɤɥɚɫɫɧɢɤɨɦ, ɧɨ ɬɭɬ ɠɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɟɬ ɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟɦ ɨ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɦɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ. ȼɨɨɛɳɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ ɫɥɭ-ɱɚɣɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɫɸɠɟɬɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɧɚ ɱɬɨ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ: Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɬɟɱɟɬ ɜɟɪɟɧɢɰɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɨɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɜɚɫ ɤɭɞɚ-ɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬ12. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɩɭɬɚɧɧɭɸ ɥɨɝɢɤɭ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹ-ɳɟɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɢɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɟɦɭ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ________________ 10 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 419. 11 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 319. 12 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 419.
ɪɨɦɚɧɚ, ɚ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ. Ɉɩɢɪɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟ-ɧɢɟ ɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɬɢɹ, Ⱦɪɭɠɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɞ-ɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ. Ɉɧ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɨɛɦɚɧɧɵɣ ɠɟɫɬ: ɭɛɟɠɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɛɟɫɯɢɬɪɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɸ ɩɪɚɜɞɨɩɨɞɨɛɢɹ ɢ – ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɟɦ, ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɹ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ, ɩɪɢɧɹɜɲɟɝɨ ɪɨɦɚɧ ɡɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɟɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɰɨɦ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠ ɨɧ ɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɩɟɬɢɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜ Ɂɜɟɡɞɵ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɰɟɧ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɥɸɞɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɧ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɨɞɟ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɹ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɹ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɥɭ-ɯɨɜ, ɫɬɚɪɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɟ ɜɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɯɨɞ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ. Ɉɧ ɧɟ ɭɬɚɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢ-ɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɚ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ-ɬɜɨɪɰɚ. ȼ ɪɨɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ Ⱦɪɭɠɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɭɸ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɜɧɟɧɚɯɨɞɢɦɨ-ɫɬɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ. ɉɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɨɦɚɧ, ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɵɱɤɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ, ɧɪɚɜɵ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɰɟɜ, ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ ɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɛɵɬɟ, ɭɬɨɱɧɹɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɚɟɬ ɢɧ-ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɯ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɛ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɝɚɪɟɦɚ ɲɟɣɯɚ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ. Ɉɧ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ, ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ-ɧɨɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɚ ɬɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ, ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɨ ɫɭɯɢɦ ɢ ɛɟɡɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɦ, ɬɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɬɨ ɫ ɹɪɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨ-ɫɬɶɸ. ɇɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ-ɬɜɨɪɰɚ – ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɵɦ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɫɥɨ-ɜɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɩɨɫɥɟɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ Ɂɜɟɡɞɵ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɦ ɦɢɪ ɡɪɟɥɢɳɟɧ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɧ, ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ, ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɋɨɦɚɧ ɧɚ-ɫɤɜɨɡɶ ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɧ ɢ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɦɨɝ ɛɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɷɤɪɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧ. ȼ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɞɭɦɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ-ɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɷɩɢɡɨɞɵ ɫ Ȼɨɝɨɦ ɢ Ⱦɶɹɜɨɥɨɦ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ-ɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɧɟ ɩɨ-ɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɞɟ Ʉɸɫɬɢɧɚ ɜ Ⱥɧɝɟɥɚɯ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɱɢɤɟ ɢɝɥɵ, ɧɨ ɬɚɦ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ Ȼɨɝ ɢ Ⱦɶɹɜɨɥ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ ɜɫɬɚɜɧɵɦɢ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɬɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ, ɠɟɥɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪ ɜɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ⱦɨɛɪɚ ɢ Ɂɥɚ, ɩɪɢɞɚɬɶ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬ-ɧɵɦ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦ. ɉɪɢɧɹɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧ-ɫɬɜɟ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ, ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɝɨɬɨɜ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɮɚɧɬɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɋɬɚɥɢɧɚ ɜ ɮɨɤɭɫɚɯ Ʉɢɹ (ɫɭɞɹ ɩɨ ɪɨɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɨɣ, ɩɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥ-ɠɚɬɟɥɶ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɨɧɢɫɬɨɜ Ʉɢɨ). ɇɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɬɨɠɟ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɨɧɢɫɬ: ɨɧ ɪɚɡ-ɪɭɲɚɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɨɤɭɫ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɟ ɋɬɚɥɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɚɤɬɟɪ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɩɪɢɬɭɩɥɹɸɬ ɜɧɢɦɚ-ɧɢɟ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ, ɢ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɜɟɪ-ɲɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ.
ɂɥɥɸɡɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɨ-ɦɭ ɩɪɢɟɨɞɧɨ-ɦɭ: ɚɜɬɨɪ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨ ɪɢɫɭɟɬ ɷɩɢɡɨɞɵ ɢ ɫɰɟɧɵ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɧ ɫɚɦ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɠɟɧɚ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɯ ɞɟɣ-ɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɮɚɤɬɚɦɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ, ɫ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɟ, ɩɨɟɡɞɤɚɦɢ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɭ, ɞɪɭɡɶɹɦɢ ɫɟɦɶɢ, ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɚɜ-ɬɨɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɡɦ, ɜɤɪɚɩɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɬɤɚɧɶ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɝɪɨɜɵɦ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɦ, ɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɨɦ ɪɹɞɭ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɝɟɪɨɢ. ȼ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɟ ɋɬɚɥɢɧ ɢ ɲɟɣɯ Ɇɭɛɚɪɚɤ; ɜ ɚɜɚɧɬɸɪɧɨɦ – ɉɨɤɭɫɚɣ ɢ Ƚɪɚɱ, Ɇɚɪɬɚ ɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɶ; ɜ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ – Ɂɜɟɡɞɚ, ɜ ɢɝɪɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ – ɚɜɬɨɪ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɠɟɧɚ. ɉɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɩɨɫɥɟɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨ ɨɬɨɡɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɢɪɚ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. ȿɝɨ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɨɦɵɫɟɥ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɫɶ ɩɪɢɡɪɚɱɧɨɣ, ɮɚɧɬɨɦɧɨɣ, ɤɚɤ ɛɵ-ɜɚɟɬ ɮɚɧɬɨɦɧɚɹ ɛɨɥɶ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɚɧɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɮɚɧɬɨɦɚ – ɧɢɤɟɦ ɧɟ ɜɢɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɟɣ Ɂɜɟɡɞɵ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɫɫɢɦɭɫɚ – ɜɨɜɫɟ ɧɟ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ.
